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Zhang L, Zhang Z, Khan A, Zheng H, Yuan C, Jiang H. Advances in drug therapy for mitochondrial diseases. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:17. [PMID: 32055608 PMCID: PMC6995731 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.10.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders driven by oxidative phosphorylation dysfunction of the mitochondrial respiratory chain which due to pathogenic mutations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or nuclear DNA (nDNA). Recent progress in molecular genetics and biochemical methodologies has provided a better understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of mitochondrial diseases, and this has expanded the clinical spectrum of this conditions. But the treatment of mitochondrial diseases is largely symptomatic and thus does not significantly change the course of the disease. Few clinical trials have led to the design of drugs aiming at enhancing mitochondrial function or reversing the consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction which are now used in the clinical treatment of mitochondrial diseases. Several other drugs are currently being evaluated for clinical management of patients with mitochondrial diseases. In this review, the current status of treatments for mitochondrial diseases is described systematically, and newer potential treatment strategies for mitochondrial diseases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhaoyong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Aisha Khan
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Haishan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Borella R, Forti L, Gibellini L, De Gaetano A, De Biasi S, Nasi M, Cossarizza A, Pinti M. Synthesis and Anticancer Activity of CDDO and CDDO-Me, Two Derivatives of Natural Triterpenoids. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224097. [PMID: 31766211 PMCID: PMC6891335 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Triterpenoids are natural compounds synthesized by plants through cyclization of squalene, known for their weak anti-inflammatory activity. 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO), and its C28 modified derivative, methyl-ester (CDDO-Me, also known as bardoxolone methyl), are two synthetic derivatives of oleanolic acid, synthesized more than 20 years ago, in an attempt to enhance the anti-inflammatory behavior of the natural compound. These molecules have been extensively investigated for their strong ability to exert antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, and antimetastatic activities, and to induce apoptosis and differentiation in cancer cells. Here, we discuss the chemical properties of natural triterpenoids, the pathways of synthesis and the biological effects of CDDO and its derivative CDDO-Me. At nanomolar doses, CDDO and CDDO-Me have been shown to protect cells and tissues from oxidative stress by increasing the transcriptional activity of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). At doses higher than 100 nM, CDDO and CDDO-Me are able to modulate the differentiation of a variety of cell types, both tumor cell lines or primary culture cell, while at micromolar doses these compounds exert an anticancer effect in multiple manners; by inducing extrinsic or intrinsic apoptotic pathways, or autophagic cell death, by inhibiting telomerase activity, by disrupting mitochondrial functions through Lon protease inhibition, and by blocking the deubiquitylating enzyme USP7. CDDO-Me demonstrated its efficacy as anticancer drugs in different mouse models, and versus several types of cancer. Several clinical trials have been started in humans for evaluating CDDO-Me efficacy as anticancer and anti-inflammatory drug; despite promising results, significant increase in heart failure events represented an obstacle for the clinical use of CDDO-Me.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Borella
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.B.); (L.F.); (A.D.G.)
| | - Luca Forti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.B.); (L.F.); (A.D.G.)
| | - Lara Gibellini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (L.G.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Anna De Gaetano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.B.); (L.F.); (A.D.G.)
| | - Sara De Biasi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (L.G.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Milena Nasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.B.); (L.F.); (A.D.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39 059 205 5386; Fax: +39 059 205 5426
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Granatiero V, Konrad C, Bredvik K, Manfredi G, Kawamata H. Nrf2 signaling links ER oxidative protein folding and calcium homeostasis in health and disease. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/5/e201900563. [PMID: 31658977 PMCID: PMC6819749 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative protein folding in the ER generates ROS, leading to Nrf2-dependent feedback on protein folding via ER calcium level modulation. This feedback loop is suppressed in ALS-associated mutant astrocytes but can be rescued by dimethyl fumarate. We report a signaling pathway linking two fundamental functions of the ER, oxidative protein folding, and intracellular calcium regulation. Cells sense ER oxidative protein folding through H2O2, which induces Nrf2 nuclear translocation. Nrf2 regulates the expression of GPx8, an ER glutathione peroxidase that modulates ER calcium levels. Because ER protein folding is dependent on calcium, this pathway functions as rheostat of ER calcium levels. Protein misfolding and calcium dysregulation contribute to the pathophysiology of many diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, in which astrocytic calcium dysregulation participates in causing motor neuron death. In human-derived astrocytes harboring mutant SOD1 causative of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, we show that impaired ER redox signaling decreases Nrf2 nuclear translocation, resulting in ER calcium overload and increased calcium-dependent cell secretion, leading to motor neuron death. Nrf2 activation in SOD1 mutant astrocytes with dimethyl fumarate restores calcium homeostasis and ameliorates motor neuron death. These results highlight a regulatory mechanism of intracellular calcium homeostasis by ER redox signaling and suggest that this mechanism could be a therapeutic target in SOD1 mutant astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Granatiero
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Csaba Konrad
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kirsten Bredvik
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giovanni Manfredi
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hibiki Kawamata
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
Motor neuron disorders are highly debilitating and mostly fatal conditions for which only limited therapeutic options are available. To overcome this limitation and develop more effective therapeutic strategies, it is critical to discover the pathogenic mechanisms that trigger and sustain motor neuron degeneration with the greatest accuracy and detail. In the case of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), several genes have been associated with familial forms of the disease, whilst the vast majority of cases develop sporadically and no defined cause can be held responsible. On the contrary, the huge majority of Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) occurrences are caused by loss-of-function mutations in a single gene, SMN1. Although the typical hallmark of both diseases is the loss of motor neurons, there is increasing awareness that pathological lesions are also present in the neighbouring glia, whose dysfunction clearly contributes to generating a toxic environment in the central nervous system. Here, ALS and SMA are sequentially presented, each disease section having a brief introduction, followed by a focussed discussion on the role of the astrocytes in the disease pathogenesis. Such a dissertation is substantiated by the findings that built awareness on the glial involvement and how the glial-neuronal interplay is perturbed, along with the appraisal of this new cellular site for possible therapeutic intervention.
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Zhang C, Liang W, Wang H, Yang Y, Wang T, Wang S, Wang X, Wang Y, Feng H. γ-Oryzanol mitigates oxidative stress and prevents mutant SOD1-Related neurotoxicity in Drosophila and cell models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuropharmacology 2019; 160:107777. [PMID: 31521619 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a critical role in mutant copper/zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1)-linked amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by selective loss of motor neurons. Thus, an anti-oxidative stress remedy might be a promising means for the treatment of ALS. The aim of the present study is to investigate the neuroprotective effects of γ-oryzanol (Orz) and elucidate its relevant molecular mechanisms in mutant hSOD1-linked Drosophila and cell models of ALS. Orz treatment provided neuroprotection in flies with expression of hSOD1-G85R in motor neurons, as demonstrated by the prolonged survival, improvement of motor deficits, reduced oxidative damage and regulated redox homeostasis when compared with those in controls. Moreover, Orz significantly decreased neuronal apoptosis and upregulated the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) antioxidant pathway via activating Akt in hSOD1-G93A-expressing NSC-34 cells. In addition, our results showed that both in vivo and in vitro, Akt served as an upstream regulator of signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat) 3 stimulated by Orz, which further increased the level of another anti-oxidative stress factor heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70). Altogether, these findings provide evidence that Orz has potential neuroprotective effects that may be beneficial in the treatment of ALS disease with SOD1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunting Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150001, PR China
| | - Weiwei Liang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150001, PR China; Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150001, PR China
| | - Hongyong Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150001, PR China
| | - Yueqing Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150001, PR China
| | - Tianhang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150001, PR China
| | - Shuyu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150001, PR China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150001, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150001, PR China
| | - Honglin Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150001, PR China.
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56
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Fernandes JG, Franco NH, Grierson AJ, Hultgren J, Furley AJW, Olsson IAS. Methodological standards, quality of reporting and regulatory compliance in animal research on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review. BMJ OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 3:e000016. [PMID: 35047680 PMCID: PMC8715942 DOI: 10.1136/bmjos-2018-000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) research community was one of the first to adopt methodology guidelines to improve preclinical research reproducibility. We here present the results of a systematic review to investigate how the standards in this field changed over the 10-year period during which the guidelines were first published (2007) and updated (2010). Methods We searched for papers reporting ALS research on SOD1 (superoxide dismutase 1) mice published between 2005 and 2015 on the ISI Web of Science database, resulting in a sample of 569 papers to review, after triage. Two scores-one for methodological quality, one for regulatory compliance-were built from weighted sums of separate sets of items, and subjected to multivariable regression analysis, to assess how these related to publication year, type of study, country of origin and journal. Results Reporting standards improved over time. Of papers published after the first ALS guidelines were made public, fewer than 9% referred specifically to these. Of key research parameters, only three (genetic background, number of transgenes and group size) were reported in >50% of the papers. Information on housing conditions, randomisation and blinding was absent in over two-thirds of the papers. Group size was among the best reported parameters, but the majority reported using fewer than the recommended sample size and only two studies clearly justified group size. Conclusions General methodological standards improved gradually over a period of 8-10 years, but remained generally comparable with related fields with no specific guidelines, except with regard to severity. Only 11% of ALS studies were classified in the highest severity level (animals allowed to reach death or moribund stages), substantially below the proportion in studies of comparable neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's. The existence of field-specific guidelines, although a welcome indication of concern, seems insufficient to ensure adherence to high methodological standards. Other mechanisms may be required to improve methodological and welfare standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana G Fernandes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno H Franco
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andrew J Grierson
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jan Hultgren
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skara, Sweden
| | - Andrew J W Furley
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - I Anna S Olsson
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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57
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Foster A, Scott D, Layfield R, Rea S. An FTLD-associated SQSTM1 variant impacts Nrf2 and NF-κB signalling and is associated with reduced phosphorylation of p62. Mol Cell Neurosci 2019; 98:32-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Lin H, Zhang J, Ni T, Lin N, Meng L, Gao F, Luo H, Liu X, Chi J, Guo H. Yellow Wine Polyphenolic Compounds prevents Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity through activation of the Nrf2 signalling pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:6034-6047. [PMID: 31225944 PMCID: PMC6714138 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is considered as the major culprit in chemotherapy‐induced cardiotoxicity. Yellow wine polyphenolic compounds (YWPC), which are full of polyphenols, have beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease. However, their role in DOX‐induced cardiotoxicity is poorly understood. Due to their antioxidant property, we have been suggested that YWPC could prevent DOX‐induced cardiotoxicity. In this study, we found that YWPC treatment (30 mg/kg/day) significantly improved DOX‐induced cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction. YWPC alleviated DOX‐induced increase in oxidative stress levels, reduction in endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities and inflammatory response. Besides, administration of YWPC could prevent DOX‐induced mitochondria‐mediated cardiac apoptosis. Mechanistically, we found that YWPC attenuated DOX‐induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and down‐regulation of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐β1)/smad3 pathway by promoting nuclear factor (erythroid‐derived 2)‐like 2 (Nrf2) nucleus translocation in cultured H9C2 cardiomyocytes. Additionally, YWPC against DOX‐induced TGF‐β1 up‐regulation were abolished by Nrf2 knockdown. Further studies revealed that YWPC could inhibit DOX‐induced cardiac fibrosis through inhibiting TGF‐β/smad3‐mediated ECM synthesis. Collectively, our results revealed that YWPC might be effective in mitigating DOX‐induced cardiotoxicity by Nrf2‐dependent down‐regulation of the TGF‐β/smad3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China.,The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tingjuan Ni
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Na Lin
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liping Meng
- Department of Cardiology, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Feidan Gao
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangqi Luo
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiatian Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Jufang Chi
- Department of Cardiology, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Hangyuan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
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Martin RM, Stallrich J, Bereman MS. Mixture designs to investigate adverse effects upon co-exposure to environmental cyanotoxins. Toxicology 2019; 421:74-83. [PMID: 31029734 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to implement powerful mixture design techniques, commonly used in process optimization, to investigate enhanced adverse effects upon co-exposure to environmental cyanotoxins. Exposure to cyanobacteria, which are found ubiquitously in environmental water reservoirs, have been linked to several neurodegenerative diseases. Despite the known co-occurrence of various cyanotoxins, the majority of studies investigating this link have focused on the investigation of a single cyanotoxin, a noncanonical amino acid called β-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), which poorly recapitulates an actual environmental exposure. Interactions amongst cyanotoxic compounds is an area of great concern and remains poorly understood. To this end, we describe the use of a simplex axial mixture design to screen for interactive adverse effects of cyanotoxic mixtures. Using a combination of basic toxicity assays coupled with contemporary proteomic techniques, our results show the existence of a significant (p ≤ 0.01) interaction between BMAA and its isomers aminoethyl glycine (AEG) and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (2,4DAB). Cyanotoxic mixtures significantly decreased cell viability by an average of 19% and increased caspases 3/7 activities by an average of 110% when compared to individual cyanotoxins (p ≤ 0.05). Cyanotoxic mixtures perturbed various biological pathways associated with neurodegeneration, including inhibition of protective autophagy and activation of mitochondrial dysfunction (z-score >|2|). Additionally, exposure to mixtures perturbed important upstream regulators involved in cellular dysfunction, morbidity, and development. Taken together, our results highlight: (1) the need to study combinations of cyanotoxins when investigating the link between cyanobacteria and neurodegenerative pathologies and (2) the application of design of experiment (DoE) as an efficient methodology to study mixtures of relevant environmental toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubia M Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Jonathan Stallrich
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Michael S Bereman
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.
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60
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Ranea-Robles P, Launay N, Ruiz M, Calingasan NY, Dumont M, Naudí A, Portero-Otín M, Pamplona R, Ferrer I, Beal MF, Fourcade S, Pujol A. Aberrant regulation of the GSK-3β/NRF2 axis unveils a novel therapy for adrenoleukodystrophy. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:emmm.201708604. [PMID: 29997171 PMCID: PMC6079538 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor erythroid 2‐like 2 (NRF2) is the master regulator of endogenous antioxidant responses. Oxidative damage is a shared and early‐appearing feature in X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X‐ALD) patients and the mouse model (Abcd1 null mouse). This rare neurometabolic disease is caused by the loss of function of the peroxisomal transporter ABCD1, leading to an accumulation of very long‐chain fatty acids and the induction of reactive oxygen species of mitochondrial origin. Here, we identify an impaired NRF2 response caused by aberrant activity of GSK‐3β. We find that GSK‐3β inhibitors can significantly reactivate the blunted NRF2 response in patients’ fibroblasts. In the mouse models (Abcd1− and Abcd1−/Abcd2−/− mice), oral administration of dimethyl fumarate (DMF/BG12/Tecfidera), an NRF2 activator in use for multiple sclerosis, normalized (i) mitochondrial depletion, (ii) bioenergetic failure, (iii) oxidative damage, and (iv) inflammation, highlighting an intricate cross‐talk governing energetic and redox homeostasis in X‐ALD. Importantly, DMF halted axonal degeneration and locomotor disability suggesting that therapies activating NRF2 hold therapeutic potential for X‐ALD and other axonopathies with impaired GSK‐3β/NRF2 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ranea-Robles
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERER U759, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nathalie Launay
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERER U759, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Ruiz
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERER U759, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noel Ylagan Calingasan
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Magali Dumont
- UMR S 1127, Inserm, U1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Alba Naudí
- Experimental Medicine Department, University of Lleida-IRB Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Manuel Portero-Otín
- Experimental Medicine Department, University of Lleida-IRB Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Reinald Pamplona
- Experimental Medicine Department, University of Lleida-IRB Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,IDIBELL-Bellvitge University Hospital, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - M Flint Beal
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stéphane Fourcade
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona, Spain .,CIBERER U759, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurora Pujol
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona, Spain .,CIBERER U759, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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61
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Zhang B, Wang G, He J, Yang Q, Li D, Li J, Zhang F. Icariin attenuates neuroinflammation and exerts dopamine neuroprotection via an Nrf2-dependent manner. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:92. [PMID: 31010422 PMCID: PMC6477740 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1472-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are considered the major central events in the process of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Nrf2 is a key regulator of endogenous defense systems. New finds have contacted activation of Nrf2 signaling with anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, the outstanding inhibition of neuroinflammation or potent Nrf2 signaling activation holds a promising strategy for PD treatment. Icariin (ICA), a natural compound derived from Herba Epimedii, presents a number of pharmacological properties, including anti-oxidation, anti-aging and anti-inflammatory actions. Recent studies have confirmed ICA exerted neuroprotection against neurodegenerative disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms were not fully elucidated. Methods In the present study, mouse nigral stereotaxic injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced PD model was performed to investigate ICA-conferred dopamine (DA) neuroprotection. In addition, adult Nrf2 knockout mice and primary rat midbrain neuron-glia co-culture was applied to elucidate whether ICA-exerted neuroprotection was through an Nrf2-dependent mechanism. Results Results indicated that ICA attenuated 6-OHDA-induced DA neurotoxicity and glial cells-mediated neuroinflammatory response. Furtherly, activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway in glial cells participated in ICA-produced neuroprotection, as revealed by the following observations. First, ICA enhanced Nrf2 signaling activation in 6-OHDA-induced mouse PD model. Second, ICA failed to generate DA neuroprotection and suppress glial cells-mediated pro-inflammatory factors production in Nrf2 knockout mice. Third, ICA exhibited neuroprotection in primary neuron-glia co-cultures but not in neuron-enriched cultures (without glial cells presence). Either, ICA-mediated neuroprotection was not discerned after Nrf2 siRNA treatment in neuron-glia co-cultures. Conclusions Our findings identify that ICA attenuated glial cells-mediated neuroinflammation and evoked DA neuroprotection via an Nrf2-dependent manner. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1472-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Jingyi He
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Qiuyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Daidi Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Jingjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.
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Korhonen P, Pollari E, Kanninen KM, Savchenko E, Lehtonen Š, Wojciechowski S, Pomeshchik Y, Van Den Bosch L, Goldsteins G, Koistinaho J, Malm T. Long-term interleukin-33 treatment delays disease onset and alleviates astrocytic activation in a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. IBRO Rep 2019; 6:74-86. [PMID: 30705990 PMCID: PMC6348738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Th2-type cytokine IL-33 delayed the disease onset of female SOD1-G93 A transgenic ALS mice. IL-33 decreased the proportion of T cells in the spleens and lymph nodes of female mice. IL-33 decreased astrocytic activation in the spinal cord of female mice. Male mice were unresponsive to the treatment.
Inflammation is a prominent feature of the neuropathology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Emerging evidence suggests that inflammatory cascades contributing to the disease progression are not restricted to the central nervous system (CNS) but also occur peripherally. Indeed, alterations in T cell responses and their secreted cytokines have been detected in ALS patients and in animal models of ALS. One key cytokine responsible for the shift in T cell responses is interleukin-33 (IL-33), which stimulates innate type 2 immune cells to produce a large amount of Th2 cytokines that are possibly beneficial in the recovery processes of CNS injuries. Since the levels of IL-33 have been shown to be decreased in patients affected with ALS, we sought to determine whether a long-term recombinant IL-33 treatment of a transgenic mouse model of ALS expressing G93A-superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1-G93A) alters the disease progression and ameliorates the ALS-like disease pathology. SOD1-G93A mice were treated with intraperitoneal injections of IL-33 and effects on disease onset and inflammatory status were determined. Spinal cord (SC) neurons, astrocytes and T-cells were exposed to IL-33 to evaluate the cell specific responses to IL-33. Treatment of SOD1-G93A mice with IL-33 delayed the disease onset in female mice, decreased the proportion of CD4+ and CD8 + T cell populations in the spleen and lymph nodes, and alleviated astrocytic activation in the ventral horn of the lumbar SC. Male SOD1-G93A mice were unresponsive to the treatment. In vitro studies showed that IL-33 is most likely not acting directly on neurons and astrocytes, but rather conveying its effects through peripheral T-cells. Our results suggest that strategies directed to the peripheral immune system may have therapeutic potential in ALS. The effect of gender dimorphisms to the treatment efficacy needs to be taken into consideration when designing new therapeutic strategies for CNS diseases.
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Key Words
- ALS
- ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- Arg-1, arginine-1
- Astrocyte
- CM, conditioned medium
- CNS, central nervous system
- Cytokine
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s minimum essential medium
- EAE, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
- GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- HO-1, hemeoxygenase-1
- IFN-γ, interferon gamma
- IL-10, interleukin-10
- IL-1RAcP, interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein
- IL-33, interleukin-33
- IL-33R, interleukin-33 receptor
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- Iba-1, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1
- Inflammation
- Interleukin-33
- MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- Microglia
- NFE2L2, the gene encoding Nrf2
- Nrf2, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- RT, room temperature
- SC, spinal cord
- SD, standard deviation
- SOD1, superoxide dismutase 1
- Spinal cord
- T cell
- TG, transgenic
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- WT, wildtype
- fALS, familial ALS
- sALS, sporadic ALS
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Korhonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eveliina Pollari
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Box 912, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katja M Kanninen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ekaterina Savchenko
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Šárka Lehtonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sara Wojciechowski
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yuriy Pomeshchik
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Box 912, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gundars Goldsteins
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Malm
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
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Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders. The underlying dysfunction of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation is caused by variants of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins. Despite substantial advances in the understanding of the mechanism of these diseases, there are still no satisfactory therapies available. Therapeutic strategies include the use of antioxidants, inducers of mitochondrial biogenesis, enhancers of electron transfer chain function, energy buffers, amino acids restoring NO production, nucleotide bypass therapy, liver transplantation, and gene therapy. Although there are some promising projects underway, to date satisfactory therapies are missing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian B Lagler
- Institute for Inborn Errors of Metabolism and Department of Paediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
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Murphy K, Llewellyn K, Wakser S, Pontasch J, Samanich N, Flemer M, Hensley K, Kim DS, Park J. Mini-GAGR, an intranasally applied polysaccharide, activates the neuronal Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defense system. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:18242-18269. [PMID: 30282635 PMCID: PMC6254342 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress triggers and exacerbates neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Various antioxidants reduce oxidative stress, but these agents have little efficacy due to poor blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Additionally, single-modal antioxidants are easily overwhelmed by global oxidative stress. Activating nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream antioxidant system are considered very effective for reducing global oxidative stress. Thus far, only a few BBB-permeable agents activate the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant system. Here, we discovered a BBB-bypassing Nrf2-activating polysaccharide that may attenuate AD pathogenesis. Mini-GAGR, a 0.7-kDa cleavage product of low-acyl gellan gum, increased the levels and activities of Nrf2-dependent antioxidant enzymes, decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) under oxidative stress in mouse cortical neurons, and robustly protected mitochondria from oxidative insults. Moreover, mini-GAGR increased the nuclear localization and transcriptional activity of Nrf2 similarly to known Nrf2 activators. Mechanistically, mini-GAGR increased the dissociation of Nrf2 from its inhibitor, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), and induced phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in a protein kinase C (PKC)- and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR1)-dependent manner. Finally, 20-day intranasal treatment of 3xTg-AD mice with 100 nmol of mini-GAGR increased nuclear p-Nrf2 and growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43) levels in hippocampal neurons, reduced p-tau and β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide-stained neurons, and improved memory. The BBB-bypassing Nrf2-activating polysaccharide reported here may be effective in reducing oxidative stress and neurodegeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kenneth Hensley
- Pathology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43614 and
| | - Dong-Shik Kim
- the Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43607
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Dinkova‐Kostova AT, Kostov RV, Kazantsev AG. The role of Nrf2 signaling in counteracting neurodegenerative diseases. FEBS J 2018; 285:3576-3590. [PMID: 29323772 PMCID: PMC6221096 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2) functions at the interface of cellular redox and intermediary metabolism. Nrf2 target genes encode antioxidant enzymes, and proteins involved in xenobiotic detoxification, repair and removal of damaged proteins and organelles, inflammation, and mitochondrial bioenergetics. The function of Nrf2 is altered in many neurodegenerative disorders, such as Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Friedreich's ataxia. Nrf2 activation mitigates multiple pathogenic processes involved in these neurodegenerative disorders through upregulation of antioxidant defenses, inhibition of inflammation, improvement of mitochondrial function, and maintenance of protein homeostasis. Small molecule pharmacological activators of Nrf2 have shown protective effects in numerous animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, and in cultures of human cells expressing mutant proteins. Targeting Nrf2 signaling may provide a therapeutic option to delay onset, slow progression, and ameliorate symptoms of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albena T. Dinkova‐Kostova
- Division of Cancer ResearchSchool of MedicineUniversity of DundeeUK
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Rumen V. Kostov
- Division of Cancer ResearchSchool of MedicineUniversity of DundeeUK
| | - Aleksey G. Kazantsev
- Department of NeurologyMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Present address:
Effective TherapeuticsCambridgeMAUSA
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Kerr F, Bjedov I, Sofola-Adesakin O. Molecular Mechanisms of Lithium Action: Switching the Light on Multiple Targets for Dementia Using Animal Models. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:297. [PMID: 30210290 PMCID: PMC6121012 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium has long been used for the treatment of psychiatric disorders, due to its robust beneficial effect as a mood stabilizing drug. Lithium’s effectiveness for improving neurological function is therefore well-described, stimulating the investigation of its potential use in several neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimer’s (AD), Parkinson’s (PD) and Huntington’s (HD) diseases. A narrow therapeutic window for these effects, however, has led to concerted efforts to understand the molecular mechanisms of lithium action in the brain, in order to develop more selective treatments that harness its neuroprotective potential whilst limiting contraindications. Animal models have proven pivotal in these studies, with lithium displaying advantageous effects on behavior across species, including worms (C. elegans), zebrafish (Danio rerio), fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) and rodents. Due to their susceptibility to genetic manipulation, functional genomic analyses in these model organisms have provided evidence for the main molecular determinants of lithium action, including inhibition of inositol monophosphatase (IMPA) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). Accumulating pre-clinical evidence has indeed provided a basis for research into the therapeutic use of lithium for the treatment of dementia, an area of medical priority due to its increasing global impact and lack of disease-modifying drugs. Although lithium has been extensively described to prevent AD-associated amyloid and tau pathologies, this review article will focus on generic mechanisms by which lithium preserves neuronal function and improves memory in animal models of dementia. Of these, evidence from worms, flies and mice points to GSK-3 as the most robust mediator of lithium’s neuro-protective effect, but it’s interaction with downstream pathways, including Wnt/β-catenin, CREB/brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-κB (NFκB), have identified multiple targets for development of drugs which harness lithium’s neurogenic, cytoprotective, synaptic maintenance, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and protein homeostasis properties, in addition to more potent and selective GSK-3 inhibitors. Lithium, therefore, has advantages as a multi-functional therapy to combat the complex molecular pathology of dementia. Animal studies will be vital, however, for comparative analyses to determine which of these defense mechanisms are most required to slow-down cognitive decline in dementia, and whether combination therapies can synergize systems to exploit lithium’s neuro-protective power while avoiding deleterious toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Kerr
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Health & Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ivana Bjedov
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oyinkan Sofola-Adesakin
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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67
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Feng FB, Qiu HY. Neuroprotective effect of tanshinone IIA against neuropathic pain in diabetic rats through the Nrf2/ARE and NF-κB signaling pathways. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2018; 34:428-437. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Abdalkader M, Lampinen R, Kanninen KM, Malm TM, Liddell JR. Targeting Nrf2 to Suppress Ferroptosis and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:466. [PMID: 30042655 PMCID: PMC6048292 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a newly described form of regulated cell death, distinct from apoptosis, necroptosis and other forms of cell death. Ferroptosis is induced by disruption of glutathione synthesis or inhibition of glutathione peroxidase 4, exacerbated by iron, and prevented by radical scavengers such as ferrostatin-1, liproxstatin-1, and endogenous vitamin E. Ferroptosis terminates with mitochondrial dysfunction and toxic lipid peroxidation. Although conclusive identification of ferroptosis in vivo is challenging, several salient and very well established features of neurodegenerative diseases are consistent with ferroptosis, including lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial disruption and iron dysregulation. Accordingly, interest in the role of ferroptosis in neurodegeneration is escalating and specific evidence is rapidly emerging. One aspect that has thus far received little attention is the antioxidant transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). This transcription factor regulates hundreds of genes, of which many are either directly or indirectly involved in modulating ferroptosis, including metabolism of glutathione, iron and lipids, and mitochondrial function. This potentially positions Nrf2 as a key deterministic component modulating the onset and outcomes of ferroptotic stress. The minimal direct evidence currently available is consistent with this and indicates that Nrf2 may be critical for protection against ferroptosis. In contrast, abundant evidence demonstrates that enhancing Nrf2 signaling is potently neuroprotective in models of neurodegeneration, although the exact mechanism by which this is achieved is unclear. Further studies are required to determine to extent to which the neuroprotective effects of Nrf2 activation involve the prevention of ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataz Abdalkader
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riikka Lampinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Katja M Kanninen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja M Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jeffrey R Liddell
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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69
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Yamamoto M, Kensler TW, Motohashi H. The KEAP1-NRF2 System: a Thiol-Based Sensor-Effector Apparatus for Maintaining Redox Homeostasis. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1169-1203. [PMID: 29717933 PMCID: PMC9762786 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00023.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1053] [Impact Index Per Article: 175.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1-NF-E2-related factor 2 (KEAP1-NRF2) system forms the major node of cellular and organismal defense against oxidative and electrophilic stresses of both exogenous and endogenous origins. KEAP1 acts as a cysteine thiol-rich sensor of redox insults, whereas NRF2 is a transcription factor that robustly transduces chemical signals to regulate a battery of cytoprotective genes. KEAP1 represses NRF2 activity under quiescent conditions, whereas NRF2 is liberated from KEAP1-mediated repression on exposure to stresses. The rapid inducibility of a response based on a derepression mechanism is an important feature of the KEAP1-NRF2 system. Recent studies have unveiled the complexities of the functional contributions of the KEAP1-NRF2 system and defined its broader involvement in biological processes, including cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as cytoprotection. In this review, we describe historical milestones in the initial characterization of the KEAP1-NRF2 system and provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms governing the functions of KEAP1 and NRF2, as well as their roles in physiology and pathology. We also refer to the clinical significance of the KEAP1-NRF2 system as an important prophylactic and therapeutic target for various diseases, particularly aging-related disorders. We believe that controlled harnessing of the KEAP1-NRF2 system is a key to healthy aging and well-being in humans.
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70
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Lee SH, Suk K. Identification of glia phenotype modulators based on select glial function regulatory signaling pathways. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:627-641. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1465925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hwa Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Ahn B, Pharaoh G, Premkumar P, Huseman K, Ranjit R, Kinter M, Szweda L, Kiss T, Fulop G, Tarantini S, Csiszar A, Ungvari Z, Van Remmen H. Nrf2 deficiency exacerbates age-related contractile dysfunction and loss of skeletal muscle mass. Redox Biol 2018; 17:47-58. [PMID: 29673700 PMCID: PMC6006677 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bumsoo Ahn
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Gavin Pharaoh
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Pavithra Premkumar
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Kendra Huseman
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Rojina Ranjit
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Michael Kinter
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Luke Szweda
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Tamas Kiss
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Gabor Fulop
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Translational Geroscience Laboratory, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Stefano Tarantini
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Translational Geroscience Laboratory, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Anna Csiszar
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Translational Geroscience Laboratory, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Zoltan Ungvari
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Translational Geroscience Laboratory, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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Potential Synergies of β-Hydroxybutyrate and Butyrate on the Modulation of Metabolism, Inflammation, Cognition, and General Health. J Nutr Metab 2018; 2018:7195760. [PMID: 29805804 PMCID: PMC5902005 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7195760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The low-carbohydrate high-fat diet (LCHFD), also known as the ketogenic diet, has cycled in and out of popularity for decades as a therapeutic program to treat metabolic syndrome, weight mismanagement, and drug-resistant disorders as complex as epilepsy, cancer, dementia, and depression. Despite the benefits of this diet, health care professionals still question its safety due to the elevated serum ketones it induces and the limited dietary fiber. To compound the controversy, patient compliance with the program is poor due to the restrictive nature of the diet and symptoms related to energy deficit and gastrointestinal adversity during the introductory and energy substrate transition phase of the diet. The studies presented here demonstrate safety and efficacy of the diet including the scientific support and rationale for the administration of exogenous ketone bodies and ketone sources as a complement to the restrictive dietary protocol or as an alternative to the diet. This review also highlights the synergy provided by exogenous ketone, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), accompanied by the short chain fatty acid, butyrate (BA) in the context of cellular and physiological outcomes. More work is needed to unveil the molecular mechanisms by which this program provides health benefits.
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Gualou Guizhi Granule Protects Against Oxidative Injury by Activating Nrf2/ARE Pathway in Rats and PC12 Cells. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1003-1009. [PMID: 29564698 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2507-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Stroke involves numerous pathophysiological processes and oxidative stress is considered as a main cellular event in its pathogenesis. The nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway plays a key role in inducing phase II detoxifying enzymes and antioxidant proteins and is now considered as a interesting therapeutic target for the treatment of stroke. The objective of this study is to investigate the protective effect of Gualou Guizhi granule (GLGZG) against oxidative stress and explore the protective mechanism of the Nrf2/ARE pathway. In vivo, administration of GLGZG in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia significantly suppressed oxidative injury by increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione level and decreasing reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels. Western blot analysis showed that GLGZG induced nuclear translocation of Nrf2, and combined with real-time PCR results, which indicated that GLGZG up-regulated the Nrf2/ARE pathway. In addition, in cultured PC12 cells, GLGZG protected against H2O2 induced oxidative injury and activated the Nrf2/ARE pathway. All the results demonstrated that GLGZG in the management of cerebral ischemia and H2O2 induced oxidative injury may be associated with activation of Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway.
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Vallarola A, Sironi F, Tortarolo M, Gatto N, De Gioia R, Pasetto L, De Paola M, Mariani A, Ghosh S, Watson R, Kalmes A, Bonetto V, Bendotti C. RNS60 exerts therapeutic effects in the SOD1 ALS mouse model through protective glia and peripheral nerve rescue. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:65. [PMID: 29495962 PMCID: PMC5833072 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects the motor neuromuscular system leading to complete paralysis and premature death. The multifactorial nature of ALS that involves both cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous processes contributes to the lack of effective therapies, usually targeted to a single pathogenic mechanism. RNS60, an experimental drug containing oxygenated nanobubbles generated by modified Taylor-Couette-Poiseuille flow with elevated oxygen pressure, has shown anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties in different experimental paradigms. Since RNS60 interferes with multiple cellular mechanisms known to be involved in ALS pathology, we evaluated its effect in in vitro and in vivo models of ALS. METHODS Co-cultures of primary microglia/spinal neurons exposed to LPS and astrocytes/spinal neurons from SOD1G93A mice were used to examine the effect of RNS60 or normal saline (NS) on the selective motor neuron degeneration. Transgenic SOD1G93A mice were treated with RNS60 or NS (300 μl/mouse intraperitoneally every other day) starting at the disease onset and examined for disease progression as well as pathological and biochemical alterations. RESULTS RNS60 protected motor neurons in in vitro paradigms and slowed the disease progression of C57BL/6-SOD1G93A mice through a significant protection of spinal motor neurons and neuromuscular junctions. This was mediated by the (i) activation of an antioxidant response and generation of an anti-inflammatory environment in the spinal cord; (ii) activation of the PI3K-Akt pro-survival pathway in the spinal cord and sciatic nerves; (iii) reduced demyelination of the sciatic nerves; and (iv) elevation of peripheral CD4+/Foxp3+ T regulatory cell numbers. RNS60 did not show the same effects in 129Sv-SOD1G93A mice, which are unable to activate a protective immune response. CONCLUSION RNS60 demonstrated significant therapeutic efficacy in C57BL/6-SOD1G93A mice by virtue of its effects on multiple disease mechanisms in motor neurons, glial cells, and peripheral immune cells. These findings, together with the excellent clinical safety profile, make RNS60 a promising candidate for ALS therapy and support further studies to unravel its molecular mechanism of action. In addition, the differences in efficacy of RNS60 in SOD1G93A mice of different strains may be relevant for identifying potential markers to predict efficacy in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Vallarola
- Molecular Neurobiology Lab, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Mario Negri Institute, Via La Masa, 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Sironi
- Molecular Neurobiology Lab, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Mario Negri Institute, Via La Masa, 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Tortarolo
- Molecular Neurobiology Lab, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Mario Negri Institute, Via La Masa, 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Noemi Gatto
- Molecular Neurobiology Lab, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Mario Negri Institute, Via La Masa, 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta De Gioia
- Molecular Neurobiology Lab, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Mario Negri Institute, Via La Masa, 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Pasetto
- Translational Biomarkers Lab, Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS - Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano De Paola
- Analytical Biochemistry Lab, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS- Mario Negri Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mariani
- Analytical Biochemistry Lab, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS- Mario Negri Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Valentina Bonetto
- Translational Biomarkers Lab, Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS - Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Bendotti
- Molecular Neurobiology Lab, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Mario Negri Institute, Via La Masa, 19, 20156, Milan, Italy.
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Rizzi N, Brunialti E, Cerri S, Cermisoni G, Levandis G, Cesari N, Maggi A, Blandini F, Ciana P. In vivo imaging of early signs of dopaminergic neuronal death in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 114:74-84. [PMID: 29486298 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Parkinson's disease (PD) evolves over an extended period of time with the onset occurring long before clinical signs begin to manifest. Characterization of the molecular events underlying the PD onset is instrumental for the development of diagnostic markers and preventive treatments, progress in this field is hindered by technical limitations. We applied an imaging approach to demonstrate the activation of Nrf2 transcription factor as a hallmark of neurodegeneration in neurotoxin-driven models of PD. In dopaminergic SK-N-BE neuroblastoma cells, Nrf2 activation was detected in cells committed to die as proven by time lapse microscopy; in the substantia nigra pars compacta area of the mouse brain, the Nrf2 activation preceded dopaminergic neurodegeneration as demonstrated by in vivo and ex vivo optical imaging, a finding confirmed by co-localization experiments carried out by immunohistochemistry. Collectively, our results identify the Nrf2 signaling as an early marker of neurodegeneration, anticipating dopaminergic neurodegeneration and motor deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Rizzi
- Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Electra Brunialti
- Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Cerri
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Greta Cermisoni
- Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Levandis
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Cesari
- Centro Clinico-Veterinario e Zootecnico-Sperimentale d'Ateneo, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Adriana Maggi
- Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Blandini
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Ciana
- Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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77
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Schiavone S, Trabace L. Small Molecules: Therapeutic Application in Neuropsychiatric and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020411. [PMID: 29438357 PMCID: PMC6017408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing number of studies have been published, focusing on the potential therapeutic use of small catalytic agents with strong biological properties. So far, most of these works have only regarded specific clinical fields, such as oncology, infectivology and general pathology, in particular with respect to the treatment of significant inflammatory processes. However, interesting data on possible therapeutic applications of small molecules for the treatment of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative illnesses are emerging, especially with respect to the possibility to modulate the cellular redox state. Indeed, a crucial role of redox dysregulation in the pathogenesis of these disorders has been widely demonstrated by both pre-clinical and clinical studies, being the reduction of the total amount of free radicals a promising novel therapeutic approach for these diseases. In this review, we focused our interest on studies published during the last ten years reporting therapeutic potential of small molecules for the treatment of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, also based on the biological efficiency of these compounds in detecting intracellular disturbances induced by increased production of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Schiavone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
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Crowley VM, Ayi K, Lu Z, Liby KT, Sporn M, Kain KC. Synthetic oleanane triterpenoids enhance blood brain barrier integrity and improve survival in experimental cerebral malaria. Malar J 2017; 16:463. [PMID: 29137631 PMCID: PMC5686938 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection associated with high mortality and neurocognitive impairment in survivors. New anti-malarials and host-based adjunctive therapy may improve clinical outcome in CM. Synthetic oleanane triterpenoid (SO) compounds have shown efficacy in the treatment of diseases where inflammation and oxidative stress contribute to pathogenesis. Methods A derivative of the SO 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO), CDDO-ethyl amide (CDDO-EA) was investigated for the treatment of severe malaria in a pre-clinical model. CDDO-EA was evaluated in vivo as a monotherapy as well as adjunctive therapy with parenteral artesunate in the Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) model. Results CDDO-EA alone improved outcome in ECM and, given as adjunctive therapy in combination with artesunate, it significantly improved outcome over artesunate alone (p = 0.009). Improved survival was associated with reduced inflammation, enhanced endothelial stability and blood–brain barrier integrity. Survival was improved even when administered late in the disease course after the onset of neurological symptoms. Conclusions These results indicate that SO are a new class of immunomodulatory drugs and support further studies investigating this class of agents as potential adjunctive therapy for severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie M Crowley
- S. A. Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kodjo Ayi
- S. A. Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ziyue Lu
- S. A. Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Karen T Liby
- Department of Pharmacology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Michael Sporn
- Department of Pharmacology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Kevin C Kain
- S. A. Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Tropical Diseases Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UHN-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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79
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El-Hattab AW, Zarante AM, Almannai M, Scaglia F. Therapies for mitochondrial diseases and current clinical trials. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 122:1-9. [PMID: 28943110 PMCID: PMC5773113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders that result from dysfunction of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation due to molecular defects in genes encoding mitochondrial proteins. Despite the advances in molecular and biochemical methodologies leading to better understanding of the etiology and mechanism of these diseases, there are still no satisfactory therapies available for mitochondrial disorders. Treatment for mitochondrial diseases remains largely symptomatic and does not significantly alter the course of the disease. Based on limited number of clinical trials, several agents aiming at enhancing mitochondrial function or treating the consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction have been used. Several agents are currently being evaluated for mitochondrial diseases. Therapeutic strategies for mitochondrial diseases include the use of agents enhancing electron transfer chain function (coenzyme Q10, idebenone, riboflavin, dichloroacetate, and thiamine), agents acting as energy buffer (creatine), antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, lipoic acid, cysteine donors, and EPI-743), amino acids restoring nitric oxide production (arginine and citrulline), cardiolipin protector (elamipretide), agents enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis (bezafibrate, epicatechin, and RTA 408), nucleotide bypass therapy, liver transplantation, and gene therapy. Although, there is a lack of curative therapies for mitochondrial disorders at the current time, the increased number of clinical research evaluating agents that target different aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction is promising and is expected to generate more therapeutic options for these diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman W El-Hattab
- Division of Clinical Genetics and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics Department, Tawam Hospital, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Mohammed Almannai
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fernando Scaglia
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
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80
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Hwang ES, Ok JS, Song S. Chemical and Physical Approaches to Extend the Replicative and Differentiation Potential of Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 12:315-26. [PMID: 27085715 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell therapies using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are increasing in regenerative medicine, with applications to a growing number of aging-associated dysfunctions and degenerations. For successful therapies, a certain mass of cells is needed, requiring extensive ex vivo expansion of the cells. However, the proliferation of both MSCs and EPCs is limited as a result of telomere shortening-induced senescence. As cells approach senescence, their proliferation slows down and differentiation potential decreases. Therefore, ways to delay senescence and extend the replicative lifespan these cells are needed. Certain proteins and pathways play key roles in determining the replicative lifespan by regulating ROS generation, damage accumulation, or telomere shortening. And, their agonists and gene activators exert positive effects on lifespan. In many of the treatments, importantly, the lifespan is extended with the retention of differentiation potential. Furthermore, certain culture conditions, including the use of specific atmospheric conditions and culture substrates, exert positive effects on not only the proliferation rate, but also the extent of proliferation and differentiation potential as well as lineage determination. These strategies and known underlying mechanisms are introduced in this review, with an evaluation of their pros and cons in order to facilitate safe and effective MSC expansion ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Seong Hwang
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoulsiripdaero 163, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong Soo Ok
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoulsiripdaero 163, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - SeonBeom Song
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoulsiripdaero 163, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
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81
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Koopman WJ, Beyrath J, Fung CW, Koene S, Rodenburg RJ, Willems PH, Smeitink JA. Mitochondrial disorders in children: toward development of small-molecule treatment strategies. EMBO Mol Med 2017; 8:311-27. [PMID: 26951622 PMCID: PMC4818752 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201506131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents our current understanding of the pathophysiology and potential treatment strategies with respect to mitochondrial disease in children. We focus on pathologies due to mutations in nuclear DNA‐encoded structural and assembly factors of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system, with a particular emphasis on isolated mitochondrial complex I deficiency. Following a brief introduction into mitochondrial disease and OXPHOS function, an overview is provided of the diagnostic process in children with mitochondrial disorders. This includes the impact of whole‐exome sequencing and relevance of cellular complementation studies. Next, we briefly present how OXPHOS mutations can affect cellular parameters, primarily based on studies in patient‐derived fibroblasts, and how this information can be used for the rational design of small‐molecule treatment strategies. Finally, we discuss clinical trial design and provide an overview of small molecules that are currently being developed for treatment of mitochondrial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Jh Koopman
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Centre for Systems Biology and Bioenergetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cheuk-Wing Fung
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Saskia Koene
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J Rodenburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Hgm Willems
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Centre for Systems Biology and Bioenergetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Am Smeitink
- Centre for Systems Biology and Bioenergetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Khondrion BV, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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82
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Beri J, Nash T, Martin RM, Bereman MS. Exposure to BMAA mirrors molecular processes linked to neurodegenerative disease. Proteomics 2017; 17. [PMID: 28837265 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study is to investigate the molecular pathways perturbed by in vitro exposure of beta-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) to NSC-34 cells via contemporary proteomics. Our analysis of differentially regulated proteins reveals significant enrichment (p < 0.01) of pathways related to ER stress, protein ubiquitination, the unfolded protein response, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Upstream regulator analysis indicates that exposure to BMAA induces activation of transcription factors (X-box binding protein 1; nuclear factor 2 erythroid like 2; promyelocytic leukemia) involved in regulation of the UPR, oxidative stress, and cellular senescence. Furthermore, the authors examine the hypothesis that BMAA causes protein damage via misincorporation in place of L-Serine. The authors are unable to detect misincorporation of BMAA into protein via analysis of cellular protein, secreted protein, targeted detection of BMAA after protein hydrolysis, or through the use of in vitro protein translation kits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Beri
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Tara Nash
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Rubia M Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Michael S Bereman
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Are Astrocytes the Predominant Cell Type for Activation of Nrf2 in Aging and Neurodegeneration? Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6030065. [PMID: 28820437 PMCID: PMC5618093 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that regulates hundreds of antioxidant genes, and is activated in response to oxidative stress. Given that many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s disease and multiple sclerosis are characterised by oxidative stress, Nrf2 is commonly activated in these diseases. Evidence demonstrates that Nrf2 activity is repressed in neurons in vitro, and only cultured astrocytes respond strongly to Nrf2 inducers, leading to the interpretation that Nrf2 signalling is largely restricted to astrocytes. However, Nrf2 activity can be observed in neurons in post-mortem brain tissue and animal models of disease. Thus this interpretation may be false, and a detailed analysis of the cell type expression of Nrf2 in neurodegenerative diseases is required. This review describes the evidence for Nrf2 activation in each cell type in prominent neurodegenerative diseases and normal aging in human brain and animal models of neurodegeneration, the response to pharmacological and genetic modulation of Nrf2, and clinical trials involving Nrf2-modifying drugs.
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84
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A Cystine-Rich Whey Supplement (Immunocal®) Provides Neuroprotection from Diverse Oxidative Stress-Inducing Agents In Vitro by Preserving Cellular Glutathione. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:3103272. [PMID: 28894506 PMCID: PMC5574309 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3103272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a principal mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration. Therefore, nutritional enhancement of endogenous antioxidant defenses may represent a viable treatment option. We investigated the neuroprotective properties of a unique whey protein supplement (Immunocal®) that provides an essential precursor (cystine) for synthesis of the endogenous antioxidant, glutathione (GSH). Primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs), NSC34 motor neuronal cells, or HT22 hippocampal cells were preincubated in medium containing Immunocal and then subsequently treated with agents known to induce oxidative stress. Immunocal protected CGNs against neurotoxicity induced by the Bcl-2 inhibitor, HA14-1, the nitric oxide donor, sodium nitroprusside, CuCl2, and AlCl3. Immunocal also significantly reduced NSC34 cell death due to either H2O2 or glutamate and mitigated toxicity in HT22 cells overexpressing β-amyloid1-42. The neuroprotective effects of Immunocal were blocked by inhibition of γ-glutamyl-cysteine ligase, demonstrating dependence on de novo GSH synthesis. These findings indicate that sustaining GSH with Immunocal significantly protects neurons against diverse inducers of oxidative stress. Thus, Immunocal is a nutritional supplement worthy of testing in preclinical animal models of neurodegeneration and in future clinical trials of patients afflicted by these diseases.
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85
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Zhang CX, Wang T, Ma JF, Liu Y, Zhou ZG, Wang DC. Protective effect of CDDO-ethyl amide against high-glucose-induced oxidative injury via the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Spine J 2017; 17:1017-1025. [PMID: 28343048 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is the main cause of low back pain, and nucleus pulposus (NP) cell apoptosis is an important risk factor of IDD. However, the molecular mechanism of this disease remains unknown. PURPOSE To assess the potential protective effect of CDDO-ethyl amide (EA) against high-glucose-induced oxidative stress injury in NP cells and to investigate the mechanism of antioxidative effects and apoptotic inhibition. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING To find new molecule to inhibit intervertebral disc degeneration. METHODS Viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and apoptosis were examined in NP cells. The protein expression levels of HO-1 and Nrf2 were measured through Western blot RESULTS: CDDO-EA elicited cytoprotective effects against NP cell apoptosis and ROS accumulation induced by high glucose. CDDO-EA treatment increased the HO-1 and Nrf2 expression abrogated by HO-1, Nrf2, and mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS The phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 are crucial for HO-1 overexpression induced by CDDO-EA, which is essential for the cytoprotection against high-glucose-induced oxidative stress in NP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cun-Xin Zhang
- Qingdao Spine Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, 5# Donghai Rd, Shinan District, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266000, China
| | - Jin-Feng Ma
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266000, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhucheng People's Hospital, Zhucheng 262200, China
| | - Zheng-Gang Zhou
- Department of Spine and Joint Surgery, Chengyang People's Hospital, Qingdao 266108, China
| | - De-Chun Wang
- Qingdao Spine Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, 5# Donghai Rd, Shinan District, Qingdao 266061, China.
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Delgado-Roche L, Riera-Romo M, Mesta F, Hernández-Matos Y, Barrios JM, Martínez-Sánchez G, Al-Dalaien SM. Medical ozone promotes Nrf2 phosphorylation reducing oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines in multiple sclerosis patients. Eur J Pharmacol 2017. [PMID: 28623000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation play key roles in the pathogenesis of Multiple sclerosis (MS). Different drugs have been used in the clinical practice, however, there is not a completely effective treatment. Due to its potential therapeutic action, medical ozone represents a promising approach for neurodegenerative disorders. The aim of the present study was to address the role of ozone therapy on the cellular redox state in MS patients. Ozone (20μg/ml) was administered three times per week during a month by rectal insufflation. The effect of ozone therapy on biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation was addressed by spectrophotometric and immunoenzymatic assays. Furthermore, we investigated the action of ozone on CK2 expression and Nrf2 phosphorylation by western blotting analysis. Medical ozone significantly improved (P < 0.05) the activity of antioxidant enzymes and increased the levels of cellular reduced glutathione. In accordance, a significant reduction (P < 0.05) of oxidative damage on lipids and proteins was observed in ozone-treated patients. As well, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1β were lower after ozone treatment. Ozone therapy incremented the CK2 expression together with Nrf2 phosphorylation in mononuclear cells of MS patients. These findings suggest that ozone´s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects might be partially associated with an induction of Nrf2 phosphorylation and activation. These results provide new insights on the molecular events modulated by ozone, and pointed out ozone therapy as a potential therapeutic alternative for MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livan Delgado-Roche
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Havana 10600, Cuba.
| | - Mario Riera-Romo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Fernando Mesta
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez 32315, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | | | - Juan M Barrios
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress, Mexican Association of Oxidative Stress, Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Gregorio Martínez-Sánchez
- Medical Center Beauty Benefit - San Biagio di Osimo, Via Mons. Oscar Romero, 31, 60027 Osimo, Ancona, Italy
| | - Said M Al-Dalaien
- Department of Pharmacology, Medicine College, Mutah University, Jordan
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Identification of Non-Electrophilic Nrf2 Activators from Approved Drugs. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22060883. [PMID: 28587109 PMCID: PMC6152778 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative damage can lead to a wide range of diseases. Nrf2 is an important transcription factor that regulates many of the cytoprotective enzymes involved in the oxidative stress response. Therefore, targeting the regulation of Nrf2 activation is one logical and effective strategy to prevent or lower the risk of oxidative stress-related diseases. Until now, most research has focused on electrophilic indirect Nrf2 activators, but the risk of 'off-target' effects may be associated with these activators. To find novel small non-electrophilic modulators of Nrf2, we started from chemical agents derived from a connectivity map (cMap) and identified 22 non-electrophilic potential Nrf2-activating drugs through a drug repositioning tactic. By determining the expression changes of antioxidant genes in MCF7 cells that were treated with the potential Nrf2 activators using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction RT-PCR (real-time polymerase chain reaction) (qRT-PCR), astemizole was found to have a greater scale of upregulating antioxidant genes NQO1, HO-1, and GCLM than the positive control d,l-sulforaphane, although the testing concentration was lower than that of the control. Astemizole is a good potential redox regulator and deserves more pharmacodynamic experimentation to test and verify its feasibility for use as an Nrf2 activator.
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88
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Moujalled D, Grubman A, Acevedo K, Yang S, Ke YD, Moujalled DM, Duncan C, Caragounis A, Perera ND, Turner BJ, Prudencio M, Petrucelli L, Blair I, Ittner LM, Crouch PJ, Liddell JR, White AR. TDP-43 mutations causing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are associated with altered expression of RNA-binding protein hnRNP K and affect the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:1732-1746. [PMID: 28334913 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is a major disease-associated protein involved in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions (FTLD-U). Our previous studies found a direct association between TDP-43 and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K). In this study, utilizing ALS patient fibroblasts harboring a TDP-43M337V mutation and NSC-34 motor neuronal cell line expressing TDP-43Q331K mutation, we show that hnRNP K expression is impaired in urea soluble extracts from mutant TDP-43 cell models. This was confirmed in vivo using TDP-43Q331K and inducible TDP-43A315T murine ALS models. We further investigated the potential pathological effects of mutant TDP-43-mediated changes to hnRNP K metabolism by RNA binding immunoprecipitation analysis. hnRNP K protein was bound to antioxidant NFE2L2 transcripts encoding Nrf2 antioxidant transcription factor, with greater enrichment in TDP-43M337V patient fibroblasts compared to healthy controls. Subsequent gene expression profiling revealed an increase in downstream antioxidant transcript expression of Nrf2 signaling in the spinal cord of TDP-43Q331K mice compared to control counterparts, yet the corresponding protein expression was not up-regulated in transgenic mice. Despite the elevated expression of antioxidant transcripts, we observed impaired levels of glutathione (downstream Nrf2 antioxidant) in TDP-43M337V patient fibroblasts and astrocyte cultures from TDP-43Q331K mice, indicative of elevated oxidative stress and failure of some upregulated antioxidant genes to be translated into protein. Our findings indicate that further exploration of the interplay between hnRNP K (or other hnRNPs) and Nrf2-mediated antioxidant signaling is warranted and may be an important driver for motor neuron degeneration in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Moujalled
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alexandra Grubman
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Karla Acevedo
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Shu Yang
- The Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Yazi D Ke
- Dementia Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Donia M Moujalled
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases (ACBD), The Alfred Centre, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Clare Duncan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Nirma D Perera
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Bradley J Turner
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | | | - Ian Blair
- The Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Lars M Ittner
- Dementia Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Peter J Crouch
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jeffrey R Liddell
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anthony R White
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
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89
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Fu L, Lin QX, Onyango EO, Liby KT, Sporn MB, Gribble GW. Design, synthesis, and biological activity of second-generation synthetic oleanane triterpenoids. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:6001-6005. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01420a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic manipulation of oleanolic acid affords a novel and biologically active C-24 demethylated CDDO-Me.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangfeng Fu
- Department of Chemistry
- Dartmouth College
- Hanover
- USA
| | - Qi-xian Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- Dartmouth College
- Hanover
- USA
| | | | - Karen T. Liby
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Geisel School of Medicine
- Hanover
- USA
| | - Michael B. Sporn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Geisel School of Medicine
- Hanover
- USA
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90
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Pehar M, Harlan BA, Killoy KM, Vargas MR. Role and Therapeutic Potential of Astrocytes in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Curr Pharm Des 2017; 23:5010-5021. [PMID: 28641533 PMCID: PMC5740017 DOI: 10.2174/1381612823666170622095802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by the progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord, brain stem, and motor cortex. The molecular mechanism underlying the progressive degeneration of motor neuron remains uncertain but involves a non-cell autonomous process. In acute injury or degenerative diseases astrocytes adopt a reactive phenotype known as astrogliosis. Astrogliosis is a complex remodeling of astrocyte biology and most likely represents a continuum of potential phenotypes that affect neuronal function and survival in an injury-specific manner. In ALS patients, reactive astrocytes surround both upper and lower degenerating motor neurons and play a key role in the pathology. It has become clear that astrocytes play a major role in ALS pathology. Through loss of normal function or acquired new characteristics, astrocytes are able to influence motor neuron fate and the progression of the disease. The use of different cell culture models indicates that ALS-astrocytes are able to induce motor neuron death by secreting a soluble factor(s). Here, we discuss several pathogenic mechanisms that have been proposed to explain astrocyte-mediated motor neuron death in ALS. In addition, examples of strategies that revert astrocyte-mediated motor neuron toxicity are reviewed to illustrate the therapeutic potential of astrocytes in ALS. Due to the central role played by astrocytes in ALS pathology, therapies aimed at modulating astrocyte biology may contribute to the development of integral therapeutic approaches to halt ALS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Pehar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Benjamin A. Harlan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kelby M. Killoy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Marcelo R. Vargas
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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91
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Wang L, Wang M, Hu J, Shen W, Hu J, Yao Y, Wang X, Afzal CM, Ma R, Li G. Protective effect of 3H-1, 2-dithiole-3-thione on cellular model of Alzheimer's disease involves Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 795:115-123. [PMID: 27939991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a major regulator for a battery of genes encoding detoxifying and antioxidative enzymes. 3H-1, 2-dithiole-3-thione (D3T), a potent free radical scavenger, is able to activate Nrf2 signaling pathway. In the present study, N2a/APPswe cells were used as the Alzheimer's disease (AD) cellular model and we investigated the protective effect of D3T on N2a/APPswe cells and the potential mechanisms. Our assays demonstrated that D3T was able to attenuate reactive oxygen species generation, increase MMP level as well as decrease MDA content. Furthermore, treatment of the cells with 40μM D3T for 24h, showed significant suppression of Aβ level in N2a/APPswe cells. The current study also found that D3T significantly upregulated the Nrf2 mRNA level and protein expression, and subsequently enhanced mRNA expression of HO-1 and NQO1 in N2a/APPswe cells. Meanwhile, down-regulation of Nrf2 by small interference RNA abolished cytoprotection of D3T. Taken together, these results demonstrate that D3T provides neuroprotection in vitro model and therefore may be a potential complement for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Neurology, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430033, China; Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Neurology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng 47500, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of Neurology, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yi Yao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Curimbacus M Afzal
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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92
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Therapeutic progress in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-beginning to learning. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 121:903-917. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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93
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Obuobi S, Karatayev S, Chai CLL, Ee PLR, Mátyus P. The role of modulation of antioxidant enzyme systems in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:194-204. [PMID: 27389167 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1205047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a much-appreciated phenomenon associated with the progression of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) due to imbalances in redox homeostasis. The poor correlations between the in vitro benefits and clinical trials of direct radical scavengers have prompted research into indirect antioxidant enzymes such as Nrf2. Activation of Nrf2 leads to the upregulation of a myriad of cytoprotective and antioxidant enzymes/proteins. Traditionally, early Nrf2-activators were studied as chemoprotective agents. There is a consequential lack of clinical trials testing Nrf2 activation in NDDs. However, there is abundant evidence of their utility in pre-clinical studies. Herein, we review the endogenous Nrf2 regulatory pathway and avenues for targeting this pathway. Furthermore, we provide updated information on pre-clinical studies for natural and synthetic Nrf2 activators. On the basis of our findings, we posit that successful therapeutics for NDDs rely on the design of potent synthetic Nrf2 activators with a careful combination of other neuroprotective activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybil Obuobi
- a Department of Pharmacy , National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Sanzhar Karatayev
- a Department of Pharmacy , National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | | | - Pui Lai Rachel Ee
- a Department of Pharmacy , National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Peter Mátyus
- b Department of Organic Chemistry , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary , and.,c Bionics Innovation Center Nonprofit Ltd , Budapest , Hungary
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94
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DeCoteau W, Heckman KL, Estevez AY, Reed KJ, Costanzo W, Sandford D, Studlack P, Clauss J, Nichols E, Lipps J, Parker M, Hays-Erlichman B, Leiter JC, Erlichman JS. Cerium oxide nanoparticles with antioxidant properties ameliorate strength and prolong life in mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:2311-2320. [PMID: 27389143 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeNPs) neutralize reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Since oxidative stress plays a role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in humans and in the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS, we tested whether administration of CeNPs would improve survival and reduce disease severity in SOD1G93A transgenic mice. Twice a week intravenous treatment of SOD1G93A mice with CeNPs started at the onset of muscle weakness preserved muscle function and increased longevity in males and females. Median survival after the onset of CeNP treatment was 33.0±3.7days (N=20), and only 22.0±2.5days in mice treated with vehicle, control injections (N=27; P=0.022). Since these citrate-EDTA stabilized CeNPs exhibited catalase and oxidase activity in cell-free systems and in in vitro models of ischemic oxidative stress, we hypothesize that antioxidant activity is the protective mechanism prolonging survival in the SOD1G93A mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- William DeCoteau
- Department of Psychology, St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY, USA
| | - Karin L Heckman
- Department of Biology, St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY, USA
| | - Ana Y Estevez
- Department of Psychology, St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY, USA; Department of Biology, St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Paige Studlack
- Department of Psychology, St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer Clauss
- Department of Biology, St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Lipps
- Department of Biology, St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY, USA
| | - Matthew Parker
- Department of Biology, St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY, USA
| | | | - J C Leiter
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.
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95
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Wang C, Li M, Jiang H, Tong H, Feng Y, Wang Y, Pi X, Guo L, Nie M, Feng H, Li E. Comparative Analysis of VOCs in Exhaled Breath of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy Patients. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26120. [PMID: 27212435 PMCID: PMC4876505 DOI: 10.1038/srep26120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an incurable neurological degenerative disease. It can cause irreversible neurological damage to motor neurons; typical symptoms include muscle weakness and atrophy, bulbar paralysis and pyramidal tract signs. The ALS-mimicking disease cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) presents similar symptoms, but analysis of breath volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can potentially be used to distinguish ALS from CSM. In this study, breath samples were collected from 28 ALS and 13 CSM patients. Subsequently, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCMS) was used to analyze breath VOCs. Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLSDA) were the statistical methods used to process the final data. We identified 4 compounds with significantly decreased levels in ALS patients compared with CSM controls: (1) carbamic acid, monoammonium salt; (2) 1-alanine ethylamide, (S)-; (3) guanidine, N,N-dimethyl-; and (4) phosphonic acid, (p-hydroxyphenyl)-. Currently, the metabolic origin of the VOCs remains unclear; however, several pathways might explain the decreasing trends observed. The results of this study demonstrate that there are specific VOC profiles associated with ALS and CSM patients that can be used to differentiate between the two. In addition, these metabolites could contribute to a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of critical care medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingjuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongquan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongshuang Tong
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Pi
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Maomao Nie
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Honglin Feng
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Enyou Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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96
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Moujalled D, White AR. Advances in the Development of Disease-Modifying Treatments for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. CNS Drugs 2016; 30:227-43. [PMID: 26895253 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-016-0317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive adult-onset, neurodegenerative disease characterized by the degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. Over recent years, numerous genes ha ve been identified that promote disease pathology, including SOD1, TARDBP, and the expanded hexanucleotide repeat (GGGGCC) within C9ORF72. However, despite these major advances in identifying genes contributing to ALS pathogenesis, there remains only one currently approved therapeutic: the glutamate antagonist, riluzole. Seminal breakthroughs in the pathomechanisms and genetic factors associated with ALS have heavily relied on the use of rodent models that recapitulate the ALS phenotype; however, while many therapeutics have proved to be significant in animal models by prolonging life and rescuing motor deficits, they have failed in human clinical trials. This may be due to fundamental differences between rodent models and human disease, the fact that animal models are based on overexpression of mutated genes, and confounding issues such as difficulties mimicking the dosing schedules and regimens implemented in mouse models to humans. Here, we review the major pathways associated with the pathology of ALS, the rodent models engineered to test efficacy of candidate drugs, the advancements being made in stem cell therapy for ALS, and what strategies may be important to circumvent the lack of successful translational studies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Moujalled
- Department of Pathology and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Anthony R White
- Department of Pathology and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
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97
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Papaevgeniou N, Chondrogianni N. UPS Activation in the Battle Against Aging and Aggregation-Related Diseases: An Extended Review. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1449:1-70. [PMID: 27613027 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3756-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a biological process accompanied by gradual increase of damage in all cellular macromolecules, i.e., nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. When the proteostasis network (chaperones and proteolytic systems) cannot reverse the damage load due to its excess as compared to cellular repair/regeneration capacity, failure of homeostasis is established. This failure is a major hallmark of aging and/or aggregation-related diseases. Dysfunction of the major cellular proteolytic machineries, namely the proteasome and the lysosome, has been reported during the progression of aging and aggregation-prone diseases. Therefore, activation of these pathways is considered as a possible preventive or therapeutic approach against the progression of these processes. This chapter focuses on UPS activation studies in cellular and organismal models and the effects of such activation on aging, longevity and disease prevention or reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoletta Papaevgeniou
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., Athens, 11635, Greece
| | - Niki Chondrogianni
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., Athens, 11635, Greece.
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98
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Nrf2–ARE pathway: An emerging target against oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 157:84-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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99
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Mathis BJ, Cui T. CDDO and Its Role in Chronic Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 929:291-314. [PMID: 27771930 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41342-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There has been a continued interest in translational research focused on both natural products and manipulation of functional groups on these compounds to create novel derivatives with higher desired activities. Oleanolic acid, a component of traditional Chinese medicine used in hepatitis therapy, was modified by chemical processes to form 2-cyano-3,12-dioxoolean-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO). This modification increased anti-inflammatory activity significantly and additional functional groups on the CDDO backbone have shown promise in treating conditions ranging from kidney disease to obesity to diabetes. CDDO's therapeutic effect is due to its upregulation of the master antioxidant transcription factor Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) through conformational change of Nrf2-repressing, Kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein with CNC homology-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and multiple animal and human studies have verified subsequent activation of Nrf2-controlled antioxidant genes via upstream Antioxidant Response Element (ARE) regions. At the present time, positive results have been obtained in the laboratory and clinical trials with CDDO derivatives treating conditions such as lung injury, inflammation and chronic kidney disease. However, clinical trials for cancer and cardiovascular disease have not shown equally positive results and further exploration of CDDO and its derivatives is needed to put these shortcomings into context for the purpose of future therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J Mathis
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Taixing Cui
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6439 Garners Ferry Rd., Columbia, South Carolina, 29209, USA.
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100
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Johnson DA, Johnson JA. Nrf2--a therapeutic target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 88:253-267. [PMID: 26281945 PMCID: PMC4809057 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.07.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The brain is very sensitive to changes in redox status; thus maintaining redox homeostasis in the brain is critical for the prevention of accumulating oxidative damage. Aging is the primary risk factor for developing neurodegenerative diseases. In addition to age, genetic and environmental risk factors have also been associated with disease development. The primary reactive insults associated with the aging process are a result of oxidative stress (OS) and nitrosative stress (NS). Markers of increased oxidative stress, protein and DNA modification, inflammation, and dysfunctional proteostasis have all been implicated in contributing to the progression of neurodegeneration. The ability of the cell to combat OS/NS and maintain a clearance mechanism for misfolded aggregating proteins determines whether or not it will survive. A critical pathway in this regard is the Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2)- antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway. Nrf2 activation has been shown to mitigate a number of pathologic mechanisms associated with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis. This review will focus on the role of Nrf2 in these diseases and the potential for Nrf2 activation to attenuate disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delinda A Johnson
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Jeffrey A Johnson
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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