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Duan W, Bu H, Chen Z. COVID-19-related stigma profiles and risk factors among people who are at high risk of contagion. Soc Sci Med 2020; 266:113425. [PMID: 33059301 PMCID: PMC7540249 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Rationale COVID-19 is likely to be stigmatized. The people of Hubei province perceived courtesy and affiliate stigma due to the geographic linkage to COVID-19. Perceived courtesy stigma refers to the perception of stigma of people who are associated with COVID-19 (e.g., the geographic linkage). Affiliate stigma is the internalization and psychological responses of perceived courtesy stigma among the associates. Objective The current study aims to reveal different patterns of perceived courtesy and affiliate stigma among people who are at high risk of contagion of COVID-19, and to examine the possible risk factors. Method A sample including 2813 adults who located in Hubei Province, China (female: n = 2,184, 77.64%; male: n = 629, 22.36%; mean age = 37.85 years, SD = 6.61 years, range = 18–63 years) were employed in the current study, using latent profile analysis for searching stigma profiles. Results Three profiles of stigma were found: the “Denier” (35.98%), “Confused moderate” (48.13%) and “Perceiver” (15.89%) displaying the low, moderate and high level of perceived courtesy and affiliate stigma, respectively. Multinomial logistic regression analyses revealed that generally people with a high level of education, perceived threats, anxiety symptoms, and familiarity with quarantined cases have a high likelihood to be distributed into the “Perceiver”. Discussion and Conclusions Our findings highlight the issues of COVID-19-related stigma and provide evidence for launching effective health actions to promote a cohesive society and culture of health. The media can transmit scientific knowledge, promote positive interactions and social cohesion between the stigmatized group and the dominant group, and create spaces for stories that nurture group identification among the implicated people. Future studies should use more representative sample and improve the measures. People at high risk of contagion of COVID-19 may experience stigma. Stigma may concern perceived courtesy and/or affiliate stigma. Three distinct profiles of stigma were identified. Risk factors were measured at the interface of individuals and the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Duan
- Social and Public Administration School, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - He Bu
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
| | - Zheng Chen
- Institute of Education, Wuhan University, 229 Bayi Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China.
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Byrd-Bredbenner C, Eck K, Quick V. Psychometric Properties of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-Mini in United States University Students. Front Psychol 2020; 11:550533. [PMID: 33071867 PMCID: PMC7541941 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.550533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is common in young adults, yet few studies have established the psychometric properties of the GAD-7 screener in college students. Methods: A secondary analysis of three studies was conducted to determine GAD-7 factor structure stability, create a GAD-Mini version using standard procedures, and evaluate the psychometric properties, validity, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of both versions in young adults. Results: Exploratory and confirmatory principal components analysis indicated the GAD-7 has a single factor structure with strong loadings, reliability, and stability across data collected in three studies. Data from all studies met criteria indicative of good to excellent model fit. Iterative confirmatory principal components analyses revealed the most parsimonious group of items that maintained scale unidimensionality, strong loadings, and high reliability was two items (not able to stop or control worrying and worried too much). Both the GAD-7 and GAD-Mini exhibited good construct and convergent validity. Specificity, sensitivity, and negative predictive value were high, and positive predictive value was moderate to high for the GAD-Mini. Conclusions: The GAD-Mini is a psychometrically sound tool that can serve as a step toward universal screening in clinical practice and contribute to early treatment and improved health outcomes for GAD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaitlyn Eck
- Department of Nutritional Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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Zhou L, Zhang H, Luo Z, Liu X, Yang L, Hu H, Wang Y, Wang C, Wang F. Abnormal night sleep duration and inappropriate sleep initiation time are associated with elevated anxiety symptoms in Chinese rural adults: the Henan Rural Cohort. Psychiatry Res 2020; 291:113232. [PMID: 32574900 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sleep problems have been demonstrated to cause mental symptoms, such as anxiety. However, research on the association of the night sleep duration and sleep initiation time on anxiety symptoms in rural China is still lacking. The current study, therefore, explored the independent and combined association of the night sleep duration and sleep initiation time on anxiety symptoms. This study included 28, 054 participants from the Henan Rural Cohort. Sleep was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Anxiety was assessed by the two-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-2). Multivariable logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline with anxiety symptoms as a dependent variable were fitted. Among the participants in this study, 11, 209 (39.96%) were males, and 16,845 (60.04%) were females, 1574 (5.61%) had anxiety symptoms. Both shorter and longer night sleep duration were significantly related to elevated prevalence of anxiety symptoms. Extreme sleep initiation time was also significantly associated with elevated anxiety symptoms. Additionally, night sleep duration and sleep initiation time had a combined effect on the prevalent anxiety symptoms. In conclusion, there was a dose-response association of night sleep duration and sleep initiation time with anxiety among Chinese rural population. Moreover, they might jointly increase the odds of prevalent anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, PR. China
| | - Haiqing Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhicheng Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaotian Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Liuye Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, PR. China
| | - Haiyuan Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, PR. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chongjian Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, PR. China.
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Zhao R, Zhou Q, Wang XW, Liu CH, Wang M, Yang Q, Zhai YH, Zhu DQ, Chen J, Fang XY, Tang XS, Zhang H, Shen Q, Xu H. COVID-19 Outbreak and Management Approach for Families with Children on Long-Term Kidney Replacement Therapy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 15:1259-1266. [PMID: 32665227 PMCID: PMC7480563 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.03630320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES During the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak, the treatment of families with children on long-term KRT is challenging. This study was conducted to identify the current difficulties, worries regarding the next 2 months, and mental distress experienced by families with children on long-term KRT during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak and to deliver possible management approaches to ensure uninterrupted treatment for children on long-term KRT. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS A multicenter online survey was conducted between February 10 and 15, 2020, among the families with children on long-term KRT from five major pediatric dialysis centers in mainland China. The primary caregivers of children currently on long-term KRT were eligible and included. Demographic information, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection status, current difficulties, and worries regarding the next 2 months were surveyed using a self-developed questionnaire. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and the General Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 were used to screen for depressive symptoms and anxiety, respectively. RESULTS Among the children in the 220 families included in data analysis, 113 (51%) children were on dialysis, and the other 107 (49%) had kidney transplants. No families reported confirmed or suspected cases of coronavirus disease 2019. Overall, 135 (61%) and 173 (79%) caregivers reported having difficulties now and having worries regarding the next 2 months, respectively. Dialysis supply shortage (dialysis group) and hard to have blood tests (kidney transplantation group) were most commonly reported. A total of 29 (13%) caregivers had depressive symptoms, and 24 (11%) had anxiety. After the survey, we offered online and offline interventions to address their problems. At the time of the submission of this paper, no treatment interruption had been reported. CONCLUSIONS The coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak has had physical, mental, logistical, and financial effects on families with children on long-term KRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Wuhan Children's Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cui-Hua Liu
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mo Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yi-Hui Zhai
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Da-Qian Zhu
- Department of Psychology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Fang
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Shan Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Shen
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Luo Z, Li Y, Hou Y, Liu X, Jiang J, Wang Y, Liu X, Qiao D, Dong X, Li R, Wang F, Wang C. Gender-specific prevalence and associated factors of major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder in a Chinese rural population: the Henan rural cohort study. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1744. [PMID: 31881870 PMCID: PMC6935131 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-8086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) by gender in Chinese rural adults. Methods A total of 29,993 participants aged from 18 to 79 years from the Henan Rural Cohort Study were included in this study. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 (GAD-2) were used to assess MDD and GAD through a face-to-face interview. Multivariate logistic regression model was conducted to analyze the associated factors for MDD and GAD. Results The age-standardized prevalence of MDD and GAD (and 95%CI) in the total sample were 5.41% (5.17–5.66%) and 4.94% (4.71–5.18%), respectively. Besides, the crude prevalence in women were significantly higher than men for both MDD (6.81% vs. 4.77%) and GAD (6.63% vs. 3.93%) (both P < 0.001). Tetrachoric correlation test showed high comorbidity between MDD and GAD (r = 0.88, P = 0.01). Further analysis revealed that age, sex, marital status, educational level, per capita monthly income, drinking, physical activity, and body mass index were associated with MDD and GAD in the overall sample. Gender difference was found among age groups for MDD (Pinteraction < 0.001). Conclusions These findings showed that Chinese rural adults were at low risk for prevalence of MDD and GAD. Women had higher prevalence and risks for MDD and GAD compared with men, indicating that women deserved more attention. Gender-specific interventions on the modifiable associated factors are urgently needed to improve the mental conditions for Chinese rural population. Clinical trial registration The Henan Rural Cohort Study has been registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Register (Registration number: ChiCTR-OOC-15006699). Date of registration: 2015-07-06.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqian Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yitan Hou
- Department of Global Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaotian Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Dou Qiao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaokang Dong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiying Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chongjian Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
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