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Snider P, Simmons O, Wang J, Hoang CQ, Conway SJ. Ectopic Noggin in a Population of Nfatc1 Lineage Endocardial Progenitors Induces Embryonic Lethality. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2014; 1:214-236. [PMID: 26090377 PMCID: PMC4469290 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd1030214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial heart is composed of a myocardial tube lined by endocardial cells. The TGFβ superfamily is known to play an important role, as BMPs from the myocardium signal to the overlying endocardium to create an environment for EMT. Subsequently, BMP and TGFβ signaling pathways synergize to form primitive valves and regulate myocardial growth. In this study, we investigated the requirement of BMP activity by transgenic over-expression of extracellular BMP antagonist Noggin. Using Nfatc1Cre to drive lineage-restricted Noggin within the endocardium, we show that ectopic Noggin arrests cardiac development in E10.5-11 embryos, resulting in small hearts which beat poorly and die by E12.5. This is coupled with hypoplastic endocardial cushions, reduced trabeculation and fewer mature contractile fibrils in mutant hearts. Moreover, Nfatc1Cre-mediated diphtheria toxin fragment-A expression in the endocardium resulted in genetic ablation and a more severe phenotype with lethality at E11 and abnormal linear hearts. Molecular analysis demonstrated that endocardial Noggin resulted in a specific alteration of TGFβ/BMP-mediated signal transduction, in that, both Endoglin and ALK1 were downregulated in mutant endocardium. Combined, these results demonstrate the cell-autonomous requirement of the endocardial lineage and function of unaltered BMP levels in facilitating endothelium-cardiomyocyte cross-talk and promoting endocardial cushion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Simon J. Conway
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +317-278-8781; Fax: +317-278-0138
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52
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Alexander C, Piloto S, Le Pabic P, Schilling TF. Wnt signaling interacts with bmp and edn1 to regulate dorsal-ventral patterning and growth of the craniofacial skeleton. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004479. [PMID: 25058015 PMCID: PMC4109847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial development requires signals from epithelia to pattern skeletogenic neural crest (NC) cells, such as the subdivision of each pharyngeal arch into distinct dorsal (D) and ventral (V) elements. Wnt signaling has been implicated in many aspects of NC and craniofacial development, but its roles in D-V arch patterning remain unclear. To address this we blocked Wnt signaling in zebrafish embryos in a temporally-controlled manner, using transgenics to overexpress a dominant negative Tcf3, (dntcf3), (Tg(hsp70I:tcf3-GFP), or the canonical Wnt inhibitor dickkopf1 (dkk1), (Tg(hsp70i:dkk1-GFP) after NC migration. In dntcf3 transgenics, NC cells in the ventral arches of heat-shocked embryos show reduced proliferation, expression of ventral patterning genes (hand2, dlx3b, dlx5a, msxe), and ventral cartilage differentiation (e.g. lower jaws). These D-V patterning defects resemble the phenotypes of zebrafish embryos lacking Bmp or Edn1 signaling, and overexpression of dntcf3 dramatically reduces expression of a subset of Bmp receptors in the arches. Addition of ectopic BMP (or EDN1) protein partially rescues ventral development and expression of dlx3b, dlx5a, and msxe in Wnt signaling-deficient embryos, but surprisingly does not rescue hand2 expression. Thus Wnt signaling provides ventralizing patterning cues to arch NC cells, in part through regulation of Bmp and Edn1 signaling, but independently regulates hand2. Similarly, heat-shocked dkk1+ embryos exhibit ventral arch reductions, but also have mandibular clefts at the ventral midline not seen in dntcf3+ embryos. Dkk1 is expressed in pharyngeal endoderm, and cell transplantation experiments reveal that dntcf3 must be overexpressed in pharyngeal endoderm to disrupt D-V arch patterning, suggesting that distinct endodermal roles for Wnts and Wnt antagonists pattern the developing skeleton. Craniofacial abnormalities are among the most common birth defects. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying craniofacial disorders is crucial for developing treatment strategies. Much of the craniofacial skeleton arises from specialized embryonic structures known as pharyngeal arches. Patterning of these arches requires precise spatial and temporal expression of multiple genes, which is coordinated between tissues by secreted signals. Wnts are secreted ligands expressed throughout the pharyngeal arches yet their role in craniofacial patterning remains unclear. In this study we examine the role of Wnts in craniofacial patterning using transgenic zebrafish to inhibit downstream Wnt signaling. We show that Wnt signaling deficient embryos have lower jaw specific defects, which strongly resembles loss-of-function phenotypes in both the Bmp and Edn1 signaling pathways. Through rescue experiments we find that Wnts are upstream regulators of both Bmp and Edn1 signaling. We thus have uncovered a crucial requirement for Wnt signaling in craniofacial patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Alexander
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah Piloto
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Pierre Le Pabic
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas F. Schilling
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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53
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Tilak A, Nelsen SM, Kim HS, Donley N, McKnite A, Lee H, Christian JL. Simultaneous rather than ordered cleavage of two sites within the BMP4 prodomain leads to loss of ligand in mice. Development 2014; 141:3062-71. [PMID: 24993941 DOI: 10.1242/dev.110130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ProBMP4 is generated as a latent precursor that is sequentially cleaved at two sites within the prodomain to generate an active ligand. An initial cleavage occurs adjacent to the ligand domain, which generates a non-covalently associated prodomain/ligand complex that is subsequently dissociated by cleavage at an upstream site. An outstanding question is whether the two sites need to be cleaved sequentially and in the correct order to achieve proper control of BMP4 signaling during development. In the current studies, we demonstrate that mice carrying a knock-in point mutation that causes simultaneous rather than sequential cleavage of both prodomain sites show loss of BMP4 function and die during mid-embryogenesis. Levels of mature BMP4 are severely reduced in mutants, although levels of precursor and cleaved prodomain are unchanged compared with wild type. Our biochemical analysis supports a model in which the transient prodomain/ligand complex that forms during sequential cleavage plays an essential role in prodomain-mediated stabilization of the mature ligand until it can acquire protection from degradation by other means. By contrast, simultaneous cleavage causes premature release of the ligand from the prodomain, leading to destabilization of the ligand and loss of signaling in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Tilak
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, School of Medicine, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Sylvia M Nelsen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, School of Medicine, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Hyung-Seok Kim
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy and Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 94132, USA
| | - Nathan Donley
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, School of Medicine, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Autumn McKnite
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy and Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 94132, USA
| | - Hyunjung Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, School of Medicine, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Jan L Christian
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy and Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 94132, USA
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54
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Pignatti E, Zeller R, Zuniga A. To BMP or not to BMP during vertebrate limb bud development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 32:119-27. [PMID: 24718318 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of vertebrate limb bud development provides insight of general relevance into the signaling networks that underlie the controlled proliferative expansion of large populations of mesenchymal progenitors, cell fate determination and initiation of differentiation. In particular, extensive genetic analysis of mouse and experimental manipulation of chicken limb bud development has revealed the self-regulatory feedback signaling systems that interlink the main morphoregulatory signaling pathways including BMPs and their antagonists. It this review, we showcase the key role of BMPs and their antagonists during limb bud development. This review provides an understanding of the key morphoregulatory interactions that underlie the highly dynamic changes in BMP activity and signal transduction as limb bud development progresses from initiation and setting-up the signaling centers to determination and formation of the chondrogenic primordia for the limb skeletal elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Pignatti
- Developmental Genetics, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Zeller
- Developmental Genetics, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aimée Zuniga
- Developmental Genetics, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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55
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Li N, Pasha Z, Ashraf M. Reversal of ischemic cardiomyopathy with Sca-1+ stem cells modified with multiple growth factors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93645. [PMID: 24705272 PMCID: PMC3976296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We hypothesized that bone marrow derived Sca-1+ stem cells (BM Sca-1+) transduced with multiple therapeutic cytokines with diverse effects will induce faster angiomyogenic differentiation in the infarcted myocardium. Methods and Results BM Sca-1+ were purified from transgenic male mice expressing GFP. Plasmids encoding for select quartet of growth factors, i.e., human IGF-1, VEGF, SDF-1α and HGF were prepared and used for genetic modification of Sca-1+ cells (GFSca-1+). Scramble transfected cells (ScSca-1+) were used as a control. RT-PCR and western blotting showed significantly higher expression of the growth factors in GFSca-1+. Besides the quartet of the therapeutic growth factors, PCR based growth factor array showed upregulation of multiple angiogenic and prosurvival factors such as Ang-1, Ang-2, MMP9, Cx43, BMP2, BMP5, FGF2, and NGF in GFSca-1+ (p<0.01 vsScSca-1+). LDH and TUNEL assays showed enhanced survival of GFSca-1+ under lethal anoxia (p<0.01 vs ScSca-1+). MTS assay showed significant increased cell proliferation in GFSca-1+ (p<0.05 vsScSca-1+). For in vivo study, female mice were grouped to receive the intramyocardial injection of 15 μl DMEM without cells (group-1) or containing 2.5×105ScSca-1+ (group-2) or GFSca-1+ (group-3) immediately after coronary artery ligation. As indicated by Sry gene, a higher survival of GFSca-1+ in group-3 on day4 (2.3 fold higher vs group-2) was observed with massive mobilization of stem and progenitor cells (cKit+, Mdr1+, Cxcr4+ cells). Heart tissue sections immunostained for actinin and Cx43 at 4 weeks post engraftment showed extensive myofiber formation and expression of gap junctions. Immunostaining for vWF showed increased blood vessel density in both peri-infarct and infarct regions in group-3. Infarct size was attenuated and the global heart function was improved in group-3 as compared to group-2. Conclusions Administration of BM Sca-1+ transduced with multiple genes is a novel approach to treat infarcted heart for its regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Zeeshan Pasha
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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56
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Edlund RK, Ohyama T, Kantarci H, Riley BB, Groves AK. Foxi transcription factors promote pharyngeal arch development by regulating formation of FGF signaling centers. Dev Biol 2014; 390:1-13. [PMID: 24650709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The bones of the vertebrate face develop from transient embryonic branchial arches that are populated by cranial neural crest cells. We have characterized a mouse mutant for the Forkhead family transcription factor Foxi3, which is expressed in branchial ectoderm and endoderm. Foxi3 mutant mice are not viable and display severe branchial arch-derived facial skeleton defects, including absence of all but the most distal tip of the mandible and complete absence of the inner, middle and external ear structures. Although cranial neural crest cells of Foxi3 mutants are able to migrate, populate the branchial arches, and display some elements of correct proximo-distal patterning, they succumb to apoptosis from embryonic day 9.75 onwards. We show this cell death correlates with a delay in expression of Fgf8 in branchial arch ectoderm and a failure of neural crest cells in the arches to express FGF-responsive genes. Zebrafish foxi1 is also expressed in branchial arch ectoderm and endoderm, and morpholino knock-down of foxi1 also causes apoptosis of neural crest in the branchial arches. We show that heat shock induction of fgf3 in zebrafish arch tissue can rescue cell death in foxi1 morphants. Our results suggest that Foxi3 may play a role in the establishment of signaling centers in the branchial arches that are required for neural crest survival, patterning and the subsequent development of branchial arch derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée K Edlund
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM295, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston TX 77030
| | - Takahiro Ohyama
- Division of Cell Biology and Genetics, House Research Institute, 2100 W 3rd St., Los Angeles, CA 90057
| | - Husniye Kantarci
- Biology Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3258
| | - Bruce B Riley
- Biology Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3258
| | - Andrew K Groves
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM295, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston TX 77030.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM295, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston TX 77030.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM295, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston TX 77030
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57
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Fausett SR, Brunet LJ, Klingensmith J. BMP antagonism by Noggin is required in presumptive notochord cells for mammalian foregut morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2014; 391:111-24. [PMID: 24631216 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF) is a serious human birth defect, in which the esophagus ends before reaching the stomach, and is aberrantly connected with the trachea. Several mouse models of EA/TEF have recently demonstrated that proper dorsal/ventral (D/V) patterning of the primitive anterior foregut endoderm is essential for correct compartmentalization of the trachea and esophagus. Here we elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the EA/TEF that occurs in mice lacking the BMP antagonist Noggin, which display correct dorsal/ventral patterning. To clarify the mechanism of this malformation, we use spatiotemporal manipulation of Noggin and BMP receptor 1A conditional alleles during foregut development. Surprisingly, we find that the expression of Noggin in the compartmentalizing endoderm is not required to generate distinct tracheal and esophageal tubes. Instead, we show that Noggin and BMP signaling attenuation are required in the early notochord to correctly resolve notochord cells from the dorsal foregut endoderm, which in turn, appears to be a prerequisite for foregut compartmentalization. Collectively, our findings support an emerging model for a mechanism underlying EA/TEF in which impaired notochord resolution from the early endoderm causes the foregut to be hypo-cellular just prior to the critical period of compartmentalization. Our further characterizations suggest that Noggin may regulate a cell rearrangement process that involves reciprocal E-cadherin and Zeb1 expression in the resolving notochord cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Fausett
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Lisa J Brunet
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - John Klingensmith
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.
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58
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Bard-Chapeau EA, Szumska D, Jacob B, Chua BQL, Chatterjee GC, Zhang Y, Ward JM, Urun F, Kinameri E, Vincent SD, Ahmed S, Bhattacharya S, Osato M, Perkins AS, Moore AW, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG. Mice carrying a hypomorphic Evi1 allele are embryonic viable but exhibit severe congenital heart defects. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89397. [PMID: 24586749 PMCID: PMC3937339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecotropic viral integration site 1 (Evi1) oncogenic transcription factor is one of a number of alternative transcripts encoded by the Mds1 and Evi1 complex locus (Mecom). Overexpression of Evi1 has been observed in a number of myeloid disorders and is associated with poor patient survival. It is also amplified and/or overexpressed in many epithelial cancers including nasopharyngeal carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, ependymomas, and lung and colorectal cancers. Two murine knockout models have also demonstrated Evi1's critical role in the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cell renewal with its absence resulting in the death of mutant embryos due to hematopoietic failure. Here we characterize a novel mouse model (designated Evi1fl3) in which Evi1 exon 3, which carries the ATG start, is flanked by loxP sites. Unexpectedly, we found that germline deletion of exon3 produces a hypomorphic allele due to the use of an alternative ATG start site located in exon 4, resulting in a minor Evi1 N-terminal truncation and a block in expression of the Mds1-Evi1 fusion transcript. Evi1δex3/δex3 mutant embryos showed only a mild non-lethal hematopoietic phenotype and bone marrow failure was only observed in adult Vav-iCre/+, Evi1fl3/fl3 mice in which exon 3 was specifically deleted in the hematopoietic system. Evi1δex3/δex3 knockout pups are born in normal numbers but die during the perinatal period from congenital heart defects. Database searches identified 143 genes with similar mutant heart phenotypes as those observed in Evi1δex3/δex3 mutant pups. Interestingly, 42 of these congenital heart defect genes contain known Evi1-binding sites, and expression of 18 of these genes are also effected by Evi1 siRNA knockdown. These results show a potential functional involvement of Evi1 target genes in heart development and indicate that Evi1 is part of a transcriptional program that regulates cardiac development in addition to the development of blood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorota Szumska
- Welcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Gouri C. Chatterjee
- MYSM School of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Jerrold M. Ward
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fatma Urun
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Emi Kinameri
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Stéphane D. Vincent
- Department of Development and Stem Cells, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7104, Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Sayadi Ahmed
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Archibald S. Perkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Adrian W. Moore
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Neal G. Copeland
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Dyer L, Wu Y, Moser M, Patterson C. BMPER-induced BMP signaling promotes coronary artery remodeling. Dev Biol 2014; 386:385-94. [PMID: 24373957 PMCID: PMC4112092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The connection of the coronary vasculature to the aorta is one of the last essential steps of cardiac development. However, little is known about the signaling events that promote normal coronary artery formation. The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway regulates multiple aspects of endothelial cell biology but has not been specifically implicated in coronary vascular development. BMP signaling is tightly regulated by numerous factors, including BMP-binding endothelial cell precursor-derived regulator (BMPER), which can both promote and repress BMP signaling activity. In the embryonic heart, BMPER expression is limited to the endothelial cells and the endothelial-derived cushions, suggesting that BMPER may play a role in coronary vascular development. Histological analysis of BMPER(-/-) embryos at early embryonic stages demonstrates that commencement of coronary plexus differentiation is normal and that endothelial apoptosis and cell proliferation are unaffected in BMPER(-/-) embryos compared with wild-type embryos. However, analysis between embryonic days 15.5-17.5 reveals that, in BMPER(-/-) embryos, coronary arteries are either atretic or connected distal to the semilunar valves. In vitro tubulogenesis assays indicate that isolated BMPER(-/-) endothelial cells have impaired tube formation and migratory ability compared with wild-type endothelial cells, suggesting that these defects may lead to the observed coronary artery anomalies seen in BMPER(-/-) embryos. Additionally, recombinant BMPER promotes wild-type ventricular endothelial migration in a dose-dependent manner, with a low concentration promoting and high concentrations inhibiting migration. Together, these results indicate that BMPER-regulated BMP signaling is critical for coronary plexus remodeling and normal coronary artery development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dyer
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yaxu Wu
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Martin Moser
- Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Freiburg, D-79106, Germany
| | - Cam Patterson
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Hou J, Lü AL, Liu BW, Xing YJ, Da J, Hou ZL, Ai SY. Combination of BMP-2 and 5-AZA is advantageous in rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells differentiation into cardiomyocytes. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:1291-9. [PMID: 23881855 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) has a crucial role in the development of cardiogenesis, and is used in inducing bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) to differentiate into cardiomyocytes. We have examined a combination of BMP-2 and 5-azacytidine (5-AZA) in inducing these differentiation effects. BMMSCs were collected and purified from bone marrow of 4-week-old Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by density-gradient centrifugation and differential attachment. The fourth passage subculture of BMMSCs, selected by cytometry for purity and identification, was divided into four groups: a control group, BMP-2 treated, 5-AZA treated, and a combination of BMP-2 and 5-AZA treatment. Expression of cardiac Troponin I (cTnI) and Connexin 43 (CX-43) in BMMSCs after induction were detected by immunofluorescence and Western blot. Flow cytometry analysis was used for differentiation rates and apoptosis of induced BMMSCs, through the expression of cardiac Troponin T (cTnT) and Annexin V-FITC & PI kit, respectively. BMP-2 can ameliorate apoptosis of BMMSCs caused by 5-AZA and promote the differentiation of BMMSCs into cardiomyocyte-like cells. Thus a combination of BMP-2 and 5-AZA can significantly improve the cardiac differentiation with fewer cell damage effects, making it a safe and effective method of induction in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
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61
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Makanga M, Dewachter C, Maruyama H, Vuckovic A, Rondelet B, Naeije R, Dewachter L. Downregulated bone morphogenetic protein signaling in nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Surg Int 2013; 29:823-34. [PMID: 23832098 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-013-3340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) have been shown to play crucial roles in not only lung and heart development, but also in the pathogenesis of pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension (PH). We therefore hypothesized that BMP signaling could be altered in nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and associated PH. METHODS Pregnant rats were exposed to either 100 mg nitrofen or vehicle on embryonic day (E) 9.5. On E17 and E21, fetuses were delivered by cesarean section, killed and checked for left-sided CDH. The tissue was then harvested for pathobiological evaluation. RESULTS In nitrofen-induced CDH, pulmonary expressions of BMP4, BMP receptor (BMPR) type 2 and Id1 decreased on E17 and E21. On E17, pulmonary gremlin-1 expression increased, while BMP7 decreased. In the lungs, Id1 expression was correlated to BMP4 and BMPR2 and inversely correlated to gremlin-1 expression. Myocardial expressions of BMPR2, BMPR1A, BMP7 and SERCA-2A decreased, while gremlin-1 and noggin expressions increased on E17. On E21, myocardial expressions of Id1 and SERCA-2A decreased, while gremlin-1 expression increased. Moreover, BMPR2 and BMPR1A expressions were correlated to SERCA-2A expression and inversely correlated to pro-apoptotic Bax/Bcl2 ratio within the myocardium. CONCLUSION Downregulation of BMP signaling seems to contribute to pulmonary and myocardial anomalies observed in nitrofen-induced CDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Makanga
- Laboratory of Physiology and Physiopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808, Lennik Road, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
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Han ME, Oh SO. Gastric stem cells and gastric cancer stem cells. Anat Cell Biol 2013; 46:8-18. [PMID: 23560232 PMCID: PMC3615616 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2013.46.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastric epithelium is continuously regenerated by gastric stem cells, which give rise to various kinds of daughter cells, including parietal cells, chief cells, surface mucous cells, mucous neck cells, and enteroendocrine cells. The self-renewal and differentiation of gastric stem cells need delicate regulation to maintain the normal physiology of the stomach. Recently, it was hypothesized that cancer stem cells drive the cancer growth and metastasis. In contrast to conventional clonal evolution hypothesis, only cancer stem cells can initiate tumor formation, self-renew, and differentiate into various kinds of daughter cells. Because gastric cancer can originate from gastric stem cells and their self-renewal mechanism can be used by gastric cancer stem cells, we review here how critical signaling pathways, including hedgehog, Wnt, Notch, epidermal growth factor, and bone morphogenetic protein signaling, may regulate the self-renewal and differentiation of gastric stem cells and gastric cancer stem cells. In addition, the precancerous change of the gastric epithelium and the status of isolating gastric cancer stem cells from patients are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung-Eun Han
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea. ; Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
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63
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The etiology of cleft palate formation in BMP7-deficient mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59463. [PMID: 23516636 PMCID: PMC3597594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Palatogenesis is a complex process implying growth, elevation and fusion of the two lateral palatal shelves during embryogenesis. This process is tightly controlled by genetic and mechanistic cues that also coordinate the growth of other orofacial structures. Failure at any of these steps can result in cleft palate, which is a frequent craniofacial malformation in humans. To understand the etiology of cleft palate linked to the BMP signaling pathway, we studied palatogenesis in Bmp7-deficient mouse embryos. Bmp7 expression was found in several orofacial structures including the edges of the palatal shelves prior and during their fusion. Bmp7 deletion resulted in a general alteration of oral cavity morphology, unpaired palatal shelf elevation, delayed shelf approximation, and subsequent lack of fusion. Cell proliferation and expression of specific genes involved in palatogenesis were not altered in Bmp7-deficient embryos. Conditional ablation of Bmp7 with Keratin14-Cre or Wnt1-Cre revealed that neither epithelial nor neural crest-specific loss of Bmp7 alone could recapitulate the cleft palate phenotype. Palatal shelves from mutant embryos were able to fuse when cultured in vitro as isolated shelves in proximity, but not when cultured as whole upper jaw explants. Thus, deformations in the oral cavity of Bmp7-deficient embryos such as the shorter and wider mandible were not solely responsible for cleft palate formation. These findings indicate a requirement for Bmp7 for the coordination of both developmental and mechanistic aspects of palatogenesis.
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Chen J, Sun W, Zheng Y, Xiong H, Cai Y. Bone morphogenetic protein 4, inhibitor of differentiation 1, and epidermal growth factor receptor regulate the survival of cochlear sensory epithelial cells. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:515-26. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Bone morphogenetic protein 4 expression in multiple normal and tumor tissues reveals its importance beyond development. Mod Pathol 2013; 26:10-21. [PMID: 22899288 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are extracellular signaling molecules that belong to the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily and are known to regulate cell proliferation, differentiation and motility, especially during development. BMP4 has an indispensable role in vertebrate development while limited information on BMP4 expression and function exists in adult tissues. Nevertheless, its contribution to cancer development and progression has gained increasing interest in recent years. Functional studies, especially in breast cancer, have implicated BMP4 both in inhibition of cell proliferation and in promotion of cell migration and invasion. To gain an insight into the function of BMP4 in normal and cancer tissues, BMP4 protein expression levels were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 34 different normal organs/tissues, 34 different tumor types and finally in 486 breast cancer samples where possible associations between BMP4 and clinicopathological parameters were statistically evaluated. In over 20% of normal and malignant tissues, BMP4 was expressed at high level. Strong expression was observed particularly in some normal epithelial cells, such as bladder and stomach, and in squamous cell carcinomas. In breast cancer, strong BMP4 expression was detected in 25% of patients, and was associated with low proliferation index and increased frequency of tumor recurrence. Taken together, BMP4 is expressed in a subset of normal adult tissues and is likely to contribute to tissue homeostasis. However, in tumors, BMP4 expression levels vary considerably, implying diverse roles in different tumor types. This role is biphasic in breast cancer as BMP4 expression is linked to reduced proliferation and increased recurrence, thus corroborating our previous in-vitro functional data.
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66
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Jorge EC, Ahmed MU, Bothe I, Coutinho LL, Dietrich S. RGMa and RGMb expression pattern during chicken development suggest unexpected roles for these repulsive guidance molecules in notochord formation, somitogenesis, and myogenesis. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:1886-900. [PMID: 23073896 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repulsive guidance molecules (RGM) are high-affinity ligands for the Netrin receptor Neogenin, and they are crucial for nervous system development including neural tube closure; neuronal and neural crest cell differentiation and axon guidance. Recent studies implicated RGM molecules in bone morphogenetic protein signaling, which regulates a variety of developmental processes. Moreover, a role for RGMc in iron metabolism has been established. This suggests that RGM molecules may play important roles in non-neural tissues. RESULTS To explore which tissues and processed may be regulated by RGM molecules, we systematically investigated the expression of RGMa and RGMb, the only RGM molecules currently known for avians, in the chicken embryo. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests so far unknown roles of RGM molecules in notochord, somite and skeletal muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Cristina Jorge
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais-Departamento de Morfologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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67
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Saito H, Yamamura KI, Suzuki N. Reduced bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1A signaling in neural-crest-derived cells causes facial dysmorphism. Dis Model Mech 2012; 5:948-55. [PMID: 22773757 PMCID: PMC3484876 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.009274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor type 1A (BMPR1A) mutations are associated with facial dysmorphism, which is one of the main clinical signs in both juvenile polyposis and chromosome 10q23 deletion syndromes. Craniofacial development requires reciprocal epithelial/neural crest (NC)-derived mesenchymal interactions mediated by signaling factors, such as BMP, in both cell populations. To address the role of mesenchymal BMP signaling in craniofacial development, we generated a conditional knockdown mouse by expressing the dominant-negative Bmpr1a in NC-derived cells expressing the myelin protein zero(Mpz)-Cre transgene. At birth, 100% of the conditional mutant mice had wide-open anterior fontanelles, and 80% of them died because of cleft face and cleft palate soon after birth. The other 20% survived and developed short faces, hypertelorism and calvarial foramina. Analysis of the NC-derived craniofacial mesenchyme of mutant embryos revealed an activation of the P53 apoptosis pathway, downregulation of both c-Myc and Bcl-XL, a normal growth rate but an incomplete expansion of mesenchymal cells. These findings provide genetic evidence indicating that optimal Bmpr1a-mediated signaling is essential for NC-derived mesenchymal cell survival in both normal nasal and frontal bone development and suggest that our model is useful for studying some aspects of the molecular etiology of human craniofacial dysmorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Saito
- Department of Animal Genomics, Functional Genomics Institute, Mie University Life Science Research Center, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Yamamura
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Noboru Suzuki
- Department of Animal Genomics, Functional Genomics Institute, Mie University Life Science Research Center, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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68
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Gao H, Chakraborty G, Lee-Lim AP, Mo Q, Decker M, Vonica A, Shen R, Brogi E, Brivanlou AH, Giancotti FG. The BMP inhibitor Coco reactivates breast cancer cells at lung metastatic sites. Cell 2012; 150:764-79. [PMID: 22901808 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic underpinnings of metastatic dormancy and reactivation are poorly understood. A gain-of-function cDNA screen reveals that Coco, a secreted antagonist of TGF-β ligands, induces dormant breast cancer cells to undergo reactivation in the lung. Mechanistic studies indicate that Coco exerts this effect by blocking lung-derived BMP ligands. Whereas Coco enhances the manifestation of traits associated with cancer stem cells, BMP signaling suppresses it. Coco induces a discrete gene expression signature, which is strongly associated with metastatic relapse to the lung, but not to the bone or brain in patients. Experiments in mouse models suggest that these latter organs contain niches devoid of bioactive BMP. These findings reveal that metastasis-initiating cells need to overcome organ-specific antimetastatic signals in order to undergo reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Gao
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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69
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Javier AL, Doan LT, Luong M, Reyes de Mochel NS, Sun A, Monuki ES, Cho KWY. Bmp indicator mice reveal dynamic regulation of transcriptional response. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42566. [PMID: 22984405 PMCID: PMC3439458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular responses to Bmp ligands are regulated at multiple levels, both extracellularly and intracellularly. Therefore, the presence of these growth factors is not an accurate indicator of Bmp signaling activity. While a common approach to detect Bmp signaling activity is to determine the presence of phosphorylated forms of Smad1, 5 and 8 by immunostaining, this approach is time consuming and not quantitative. In order to provide a simpler readout system to examine the presence of Bmp signaling in developing animals, we developed BRE-gal mouse embryonic stem cells and a transgenic mouse line that specifically respond to Bmp ligand stimulation. Our reporter identifies specific transcriptional responses that are mediated by Smad1 and Smad4 with the Schnurri transcription factor complex binding to a conserved Bmp-Responsive Element (BRE), originally identified among Drosophila, Xenopus and human Bmp targets. Our BRE-gal mES cells specifically respond to Bmp ligands at concentrations as low as 5 ng/ml; and BRE-gal reporter mice, derived from the BRE-gal mES cells, show dynamic activity in many cellular sites, including extraembryonic structures and mammary glands, thereby making this a useful scientific tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Javier
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Linda T. Doan
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Mui Luong
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - N. Soledad Reyes de Mochel
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Aixu Sun
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Edwin S. Monuki
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Ken W. Y. Cho
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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70
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Bone morphogenetic protein 4-a fascinating regulator of cancer cell behavior. Cancer Genet 2012; 205:267-77. [PMID: 22749032 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are extracellular signaling molecules that belong to the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily and are well-known for their indispensable roles in vertebrate development. In recent years, important new information has been generated on the contribution of BMP family members, such as BMP4, in cancer pathogenesis. First of all, BMP4 gene variants have been shown to predispose to colorectal cancer. In sporadic cancer, BMP4 expression levels are commonly altered in many tumor types and have been linked to patient prognosis in hepatocellular and ovarian cancer. In terms of BMP4 function in cancer cells, the majority of studies demonstrate that BMP4 suppresses cell growth both in vitro and in vivo, and at the same time is able to induce migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. These latter phenotypes are typically associated with cancer metastasis and progression, and thus BMP4 seems to elicit effects that are both detrimental and beneficial for the cancer cells. The functional effects of BMP4 are not restricted to the control of cell proliferation and mobility, since it also contributes to the regulation of differentiation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. The latter is especially intriguing since the formation of new blood vessels is a prerequisite for sustained tumor growth and cancer progression. Mainly due to its growth suppressive abilities, BMP4 has been suggested as a possible therapeutic target in cancer cells. However, the other functional characteristics of BMP4, especially the promotion of cell mobility, make such strategies less appealing. Improved knowledge of the downstream mediators of BMP4 effects in cancer cells may allow dissection of the different BMP4-induced phenotypes and thereby generation of specific targeted therapies.
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71
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Scholl C, Weiβmüller K, Holenya P, Shaked-Rabi M, Tucker KL, Wölfl S. Distinct and overlapping gene regulatory networks in BMP- and HDAC-controlled cell fate determination in the embryonic forebrain. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:298. [PMID: 22748179 PMCID: PMC3460768 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) have previously been established to play a role in the development of the three major cell types of the central nervous system: neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. We have previously established a connection between these two protein families, showing that HDACs suppress BMP-promoted astrogliogenesis in the embryonic striatum. Since HDACs act in the nucleus to effect changes in transcription, an unbiased analysis of their transcriptional targets could shed light on their downstream effects on BMP-signaling. Results Using neurospheres from the embryonic striatum as an in vitro system to analyze this phenomenon, we have performed microarray expression profiling on BMP2- and TSA-treated cultures, followed by validation of the findings with quantitative RT-PCR and protein analysis. In BMP-treated cultures we first observed an upregulation of genes involved in cell-cell communication and developmental processes such as members of BMP and canonical Wnt signaling pathways. In contrast, in TSA-treated cultures we first observed an upregulation of genes involved in chromatin modification and transcription. Interestingly, we could not record direct changes in the protein levels of canonical members of BMP2 signaling, but we did observe an upregulation of both the transcription factor STAT3 and its active isoform phospho-STAT3 at the protein level. Conclusions STAT3 and SMAD1/5/8 interact synergistically to promote astrogliogenesis, and thus we show for the first time that HDACs act to suppress BMP-promoted astrogliogenesis by suppression of the crucial partner STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Scholl
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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72
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Ornitz DM, Yin Y. Signaling networks regulating development of the lower respiratory tract. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 4:4/5/a008318. [PMID: 22550231 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The lungs serve the primary function of air-blood gas exchange in all mammals and in terrestrial vertebrates. Efficient gas exchange requires a large surface area that provides intimate contact between the atmosphere and the circulatory system. To achieve this, the lung contains a branched conducting system (the bronchial tree) and specialized air-blood gas exchange units (the alveoli). The conducting system brings air from the external environment to the alveoli and functions to protect the lung from debris that could obstruct airways, from entry of pathogens, and from excessive loss of fluids. The distal lung enables efficient exchange of gas between the alveoli and the conducting system and between the alveoli and the circulatory system. In this article, we highlight developmental and physiological mechanisms that specify, pattern, and regulate morphogenesis of this complex and essential organ. Recent advances have begun to define molecular mechanisms that control many of the important processes required for lung organogenesis; however, many questions remain. A deeper understanding of these molecular mechanisms will aid in the diagnosis and treatment of congenital lung disease and in the development of strategies to enhance the reparative response of the lung to injury and eventually permit regeneration of functional lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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73
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Howell JC, Wells JM. Generating intestinal tissue from stem cells: potential for research and therapy. Regen Med 2012; 6:743-55. [PMID: 22050526 DOI: 10.2217/rme.11.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal resection and malformations in adult and pediatric patients result in devastating consequences. Unfortunately, allogeneic transplantation of intestinal tissue into patients has not been met with the same measure of success as the transplantation of other organs. Attempts to engineer intestinal tissue in vitro include disaggregation of adult rat intestine into subunits called organoids, harvesting native adult stem cells from mouse intestine and spontaneous generation of intestinal tissue from embryoid bodies. Recently, by utilizing principles gained from the study of developmental biology, human pluripotent stem cells have been demonstrated to be capable of directed differentiation into intestinal tissue in vitro. Pluripotent stem cells offer a unique and promising means to generate intestinal tissue for the purposes of modeling intestinal disease, understanding embryonic development and providing a source of material for therapeutic transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Howell
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
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74
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Meadows SM, Fletcher PJ, Moran C, Xu K, Neufeld G, Chauvet S, Mann F, Krieg PA, Cleaver O. Integration of repulsive guidance cues generates avascular zones that shape mammalian blood vessels. Circ Res 2011; 110:34-46. [PMID: 22076636 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.249847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Positive signals, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, direct endothelial cells (ECs) to specific locations during blood vessel formation. Less is known about repulsive signal contribution to shaping vessels. Recently, "neuronal guidance cues" have been shown to influence EC behavior, particularly in directing sprouting angiogenesis by repelling ECs. However, their role during de novo blood vessel formation remains unexplored. OBJECTIVE To identify signals that guide and pattern the first mammalian blood vessels. METHODS AND RESULTS Using genetic mouse models, we show that blood vessels are sculpted through the generation of stereotyped avascular zones by EC-repulsive cues. We demonstrate that Semaphorin3E (Sema3E) is a key factor that shapes the paired dorsal aortae in mouse, as sema3E(-/-) embryos develop an abnormally branched aortic plexus with a markedly narrowed avascular midline. In vitro cultures and avian grafting experiments show strong repulsion of ECs by Sema3E-expressing cells. We further identify the mouse notochord as a rich source of multiple redundant neuronal guidance cues. Mouse embryos that lack notochords fail to form cohesive aortic vessels because of loss of the avascular midline, yet maintain lateral avascular zones. We demonstrate that lateral avascular zones are directly generated by the lateral plate mesoderm, a critical source of Sema3E. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that Sema3E-generated avascular zones are critical regulators of mammalian cardiovascular patterning and are the first to identify a repulsive role for the lateral plate mesoderm. Integration of multiple, and in some cases redundant, repulsive cues from various tissues is critical to patterning the first embryonic blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stryder M Meadows
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, NA8.300, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA
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75
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Expression of Wnt9, TCTP, and Bmp1/Tll in sea cucumber visceral regeneration. Gene Expr Patterns 2011; 12:24-35. [PMID: 22079950 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We employ non-radioactive in situ hybridization techniques, which combine good tissue morphology preservation with high sensitivity of transcript detection, to map gene expression in the regenerating digestive tube of the sea cucumber Holothuriaglaberrima. We investigated localization of transcripts of Wnt9, TCTP, and Bmp1/Tll, the genes that have been previously known to be implicated in embryogenesis and cancer. The choice was determined by our long-term goal of trying to understand how the developmental regulatory pathways known to be involved in tumor development can be activated in post-traumatic regeneration without leading to malignant growth. The gene expression data combined with the available morphological information highlight the gut mesothelium (the outer layer of the digestive tube) as a highly dynamic tissue, whose cells undergo remarkable changes in their phenotype and gene expression in response to injury. This reversible transition of the gut mesothelium from a complex specialized tissue to a simple epithelium composed of rapidly proliferating multipotent cells seems to depend on the expression of genes from multiple developmental/cancer-related pathways.
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76
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Tremblay KD. Inducing the liver: understanding the signals that promote murine liver budding. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:1727-31. [PMID: 20857423 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The endoderm emerges as an epithelial sheet that covers the surface of the developing murine embryo. This tissue will produce the entire gut tube as well as associated digestive and respiratory organs including the thyroid, thymus, lung, liver, and pancreas. The emergence of each endodermal organ occurs in a temporally distinct manner that is dependant upon reciprocal inductive interactions between the endoderm and the underlying mesoderm. The emergence of the hepatic endoderm, which occurs using a morphological process termed liver budding, initiates during early somitogenesis in the mouse at approximately 8.25 days post-coitum (dpc). Explant and transplant studies performed in chicken and mouse have demonstrated that secreted signals from adjacent mesodermal tissues initiate the hepatic gene program from ventral-fated endoderm. Here, we review the data in support of the roles of members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), and Wnt signaling pathways in liver budding and discover that little is known about the precise endogenous signals involved in the molecular and morphological induction of liver budding in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D Tremblay
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
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77
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BMPR1A-mediated BMP1 signalling is disrupted in the cadmium-induced omphalocele in the chick model. Pediatr Surg Int 2011; 27:617-21. [PMID: 21258932 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-010-2842-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the chick embryo, administration of cadmium (Cd) induces omphalocele phenotype. The earliest histological changes in this model are observed commencing at 4-h post treatment (4H). The molecular mechanisms by which Cd acts during the critical period of embryogenesis remain unclear. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their receptors (BMPRs) regulate many fundamental biological processes and are involved in various embryonic morphogenesis, including ventral body wall (VBW) formation. Homozygous BMP1 mutant mice cause VBW defects. It has been reported that BMPR1A conditional knockouts also exhibit omphalocele phenotype. We designed this study to test the hypothesis that gene expression levels of BMP1 and BMPR1A are downregulated during the critical period of embryogenesis in the Cd chick model. METHODS After 60-h incubation, chick embryos were exposed to either Cd or saline and then harvested 1H, 4H and 8H. Chicks were divided into control (n = 24) and Cd (n = 24). RT-PCR was performed and differences between the two groups were tested statistically (significance was accepted at p < 0.05). Immunohistochemical study was also performed to evaluate those proteins expression/distribution. RESULTS The gene expression levels of BMP1 and BMPR1A at 4H were significantly downregulated in Cd group compared to controls. Immunoreactivity of BMP1 and BMPR1A was also markedly decreased in Cd-treated embryos compared to controls. CONCLUSION Disruption of BMPR1A-mediated BMP1 signalling during the narrow window of early embryogenesis may interfere with normal VBW formation, causing omphalocele phenotype in the Cd chick model.
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78
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Domyan ET, Ferretti E, Throckmorton K, Mishina Y, Nicolis SK, Sun X. Signaling through BMP receptors promotes respiratory identity in the foregut via repression of Sox2. Development 2011; 138:971-81. [PMID: 21303850 DOI: 10.1242/dev.053694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian foregut gives rise to the dorsally located esophagus and stomach and the ventrally located trachea and lung. Proper patterning and morphogenesis of the common foregut tube and its derived organs is essential for viability of the organism at birth. Here, we show that conditional inactivation of BMP type I receptor genes Bmpr1a and Bmpr1b (Bmpr1a;b) in the ventral endoderm leads to tracheal agenesis and ectopic primary bronchi. Molecular analyses of these mutants reveal a reduction of ventral endoderm marker NKX2-1 and an expansion of dorsal markers SOX2 and P63 into the prospective trachea and primary bronchi. Subsequent genetic experiments show that activation of canonical WNT signaling, previously shown to induce ectopic respiratory fate in otherwise wild-type mice, is incapable of promoting respiratory fate in the absence of Bmpr1a;b. Furthermore, we find that inactivation of Sox2 in Bmpr1a;b mutants does not suppress ectopic lung budding but does rescue trachea formation and NKX2-1 expression. Together, our data suggest that signaling through BMPR1A;B performs at least two roles in early respiratory development: first, it promotes tracheal formation through repression of Sox2; and second, it restricts the site of lung bud initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Domyan
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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79
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Ishii Y, Garriock RJ, Navetta AM, Coughlin LE, Mikawa T. BMP signals promote proepicardial protrusion necessary for recruitment of coronary vessel and epicardial progenitors to the heart. Dev Cell 2010; 19:307-16. [PMID: 20708592 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2010.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The coronary vessels and epicardium arise from an extracardiac rudiment called the proepicardium. Failed fusion of the proepicardium to the heart results in severe coronary and heart defects. However, it is unknown how the proepicardium protrudes toward and attaches to the looping heart tube. Here, we show that ectopic expression of BMP ligands in the embryonic myocardium can cause proepicardial cells to target aberrant regions of the heart. Additionally, misexpression of a BMP antagonist, Noggin, suppresses proepicardium protrusion and contact with the heart. Finally, proepicardium explant preferentially expands toward a cocultured heart segment. This preference can be mimicked by BMP2/4 and suppressed by Noggin. These results support a model in which myocardium-derived BMP signals regulate the entry of coronary progenitors to the specific site of the heart by directing their morphogenetic movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Ishii
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 94158, USA
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Tilleman H, Hakim V, Novikov O, Liser K, Nashelsky L, Di Salvio M, Krauthammer M, Scheffner O, Maor I, Mayseless O, Meir I, Kayam G, Sela-Donenfeld D, Simeone A, Brodski C. Bmp5/7 in concert with the mid-hindbrain organizer control development of noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 45:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 05/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Tasian G, Cunha G, Baskin L. Smooth muscle differentiation and patterning in the urinary bladder. Differentiation 2010; 80:106-17. [PMID: 20541860 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 05/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Smooth muscle differentiation and patterning is a fundamental process in urinary bladder development that involves a complex array of local environmental factors, epithelial-mesenchymal interaction, and signaling pathways. An epithelial signal is necessary to induce smooth muscle differentiation in the adjacent bladder mesenchyme. The bladder epithelium (urothelium) also influences the spatial organization of the bladder wall. Sonic hedgehog (Shh), which is expressed by the urothelium, promotes mesenchymal proliferation and induces differentiation of smooth muscle from embryonic bladder mesenchyme. Shh, whose signal is mediated through various transcription factors including Gli2 and BMP4, is likely also important in the patterning of bladder smooth muscle. However, it is not known to what extent early mediators of mesenchymal migration, other Shh-associated transcription factors, and crosstalk between the Shh signaling cascade and other pathways are involved in the patterning of bladder smooth muscle. Here we review the role of epithelial-mesenchymal interaction and Shh signaling in smooth muscle differentiation and patterning in the bladder. We also discuss emerging signaling molecules, transcription factors, and mesenchyme properties that might be fruitful areas of future research in the process of smooth muscle formation in the bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Tasian
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, Frank Hinman Jr. Urological Research Laboratory, 513 Parnassus Avenue, HSW 1434, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Yang C, Yang L, Wan M, Cao X. Generation of a mouse model with expression of bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor lacking the cytoplasmic domain in osteoblasts. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1192:286-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wen B, Mi JJ, Hou TH, Guo XH, Bai CA, Xu CP. Expression of serum bone morphogenetic protein 2 in patients with primary hepatic carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2010; 18:397-399. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v18.i4.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the diagnostic value of serum bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) in patients with primary hepatic carcinoma (PHC) by measuring serum BMP2 levels in patients with chronic liver disease.
METHODS: Seventy serum samples, including 20 from patients with chronic hepatitis, 20 from those with hepatic cirrhosis and 30 from those with PHC, were detected in the study. Seventeen serum samples from normal donors were used as normal controls. The serum level of BMP2 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The content of serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was determined by radioimmunoassay.
RESULTS: The level of serum BMP2 in PHC patients was significantly lower than those in chronic hepatitis patients, hepatic cirrhosis patients and normal controls (all P < 0.05). The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of serum BMP2 measurement in diagnosis of PHC were 90%, 100% and 96.55%, respectively. The sensitivity of serum BMP2 measurement in diagnosis of PHC was higher than that of serum AFP measurement (χ2 = 22.78, P = 0.001).
CONCLUSION: Serum BMP2 level has appreciable value in the diagnosis of PHC.
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Heath JK. Transcriptional Networks and Signaling Pathways that Govern Vertebrate Intestinal Development. Curr Top Dev Biol 2010; 90:159-92. [DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(10)90004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Khurana S, Mills JC. The gastric mucosa development and differentiation. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 96:93-115. [PMID: 21075341 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381280-3.00004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The development and differentiation of the gastric mucosa are controlled by a complex interplay of signaling proteins and transcriptional regulators. This process is complicated by the fact that the stomach is derived from two germ layers, the endoderm and the mesoderm, with the first giving rise to the mature epithelium and the latter contributing the smooth muscle required for peristalsis. Reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions dictate the formation of the stomach during fetal development, and also contribute to its continuous regeneration and differentiation throughout adult life. In this chapter, we discuss the discoveries that have been made in different model systems, from zebrafish to human, which show that the Hedgehog, Wnt, Notch, bone morphogenetic protein, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling systems play essential roles during various stages of stomach development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha Khurana
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Feiner N, Begemann G, Renz AJ, Meyer A, Kuraku S. The origin of bmp16, a novel Bmp2/4 relative, retained in teleost fish genomes. BMC Evol Biol 2009; 9:277. [PMID: 19951429 PMCID: PMC2801517 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whole genome sequences have allowed us to have an overview of the evolution of gene repertoires. The target of the present study, the TGFβ superfamily, contains many genes involved in vertebrate development, and provides an ideal system to explore the relationships between evolution of gene repertoires and that of developmental programs. Results As a result of a bioinformatic survey of sequenced vertebrate genomes, we identified an uncharacterized member of the TGFβ superfamily, designated bmp16, which is confined to teleost fish species. Our molecular phylogenetic study revealed a high affinity of bmp16 to the Bmp2/4 subfamily. Importantly, further analyses based on the maximum-likelihood method unambiguously ruled out the possibility that this teleost-specific gene is a product of teleost-specific genome duplication. This suggests that the absence of a bmp16 ortholog in tetrapods is due to a secondary loss. In situ hybridization showed embryonic expression of the zebrafish bmp16 in the developing swim bladder, heart, tail bud, and ectoderm of pectoral and median fin folds in pharyngula stages, as well as gut-associated expression in 5-day embryos. Conclusion Comparisons of expression patterns revealed (1) the redundancy of bmp16 expression with its homologs in presumably plesiomorphic expression domains, such as the fin fold, heart, and tail bud, which might have permitted its loss in the tetrapod lineage, and (2) the loss of craniofacial expression and gain of swim bladder expression of bmp16 after the gene duplication between Bmp2, -4 and -16. Our findings highlight the importance of documenting secondary changes of gene repertoires and expression patterns in other gene families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Feiner
- Laboratory for Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.
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