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Wang H, Li H, Wang Y, Zhao C, Tian QW, Wang Q, He GW, Lun LM, Xuan C. Hematological parameters and early-onset coronary artery disease: a retrospective case-control study based on 3366 participants. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2023; 14:20406223221142670. [PMID: 36699111 PMCID: PMC9869207 DOI: 10.1177/20406223221142670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thrombosis and inflammation are crucial elements in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Hematological parameters elucidate information involving the inflammatory and blood coagulation processes. Objectives The current study explored the association of hematological parameters with EOCAD to identify specific risk factors. Design A single-center retrospective case-control study was conducted with 1693 coronary artery disease patients and 1693 controls. Methods Hematological parameters were examined through an automated analyzer. Results The basophil percentage was significantly reduced in EOCAD (0.43 ± 0.26, p < 0.001) and MI (0.33 ± 0.24, p < 0.001) groups compared with controls (0.54 ± 0.28). The eosinophil percentage was also significantly lower in EOCAD (2.21 ± 1.71, p < 0.001) and MI (1.71 ± 2.44, p < 0.001) groups compared with controls (2.41 ± 1.75). The lymphocyte percentage in patients of EOCAD and MI and controls was 31.65 ± 7.93, 25.48 ± 9.43, and 34.82 ± 7.28, respectively. A significant difference was observed among the groups (p < 0.001). Except for the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), other red blood cell (RBC) parameters significantly differed between EOCAD patients and controls. The red blood cell distribution width (RDW), hematocrit (HCT), RBC count, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and hemoglobin level were associated with EOCAD prevalence after adjusting for baseline differences. Platelet volume distribution width (PDW) also correlated with EOCAD prevalence (ORadjust = 1.087, 95% CI: 1.044-1.131). Conclusions Hematological parameters are closely associated with EOCAD. Moreover, leukocyte parameters correlated with the presence and severity of the disease. In addition, erythrocyte parameters were associated with the disease presence but not with the disease severity. Among the platelet parameters, only PDW was related to the disease presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Health Management Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cong Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qing-Wu Tian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guo-Wei He
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Li-Min Lun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chao Xuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 1677, Wutai Mountain Road, Qingdao 266500, China
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Dolmaci OB, Ayyildiz T, Poelmann RE, Driessen AHG, Koolbergen DR, Klautz RJM, Lindeman JHN, Grewal N. Risk for acquired coronary artery disease in genetic vs. congenital thoracic aortopathy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 9:1036522. [PMID: 36712236 PMCID: PMC9877288 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1036522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Patients with Marfan syndrome (MFS) and patients with a bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) have a significantly increased risk to develop thoracic aortopathy. Both conditions share many pathophysiological mechanisms leading to aortic complications. Bicuspidy is known to have a low risk for acquired coronary artery sclerosis. The aim of this study is to determine the risk of coronary sclerosis in MFS patients. Methods Marfan syndrome patients with an aortic root dilatation, which were surgically treated between 1999 and 2017, were included and matched with BAV and tricuspid aortic valves (TAV) patients based on sex and age. Cardiovascular risk profiles were determined in all three groups. Coronary sclerosis was graded in all patients on coronary imaging (coronary angiography or computed tomography) using a coronary artery scoring method, which divides the coronaries in 28 segments and scores non-obstructive (20-49% sclerosis) and obstructive coronary sclerosis (>49% sclerosis) in each segment. Results A total of 90 matched patients (30 within each group) were included. MFS patients showed less cardiovascular risk factors compared to BAV and TAV patients. TAV patients had higher amounts of obstructive coronary sclerosis as compared to BAV patients (p = 0.039) and MFS patients (p = 0.032). No difference in non- and obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) was found between the MFS and BAV population. Conclusion Marfan syndrome and bicuspid aortic valve patients have a significantly lower risk for, and prevalence of CAD as compared to TAV individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur B. Dolmaci
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tugay Ayyildiz
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert E. Poelmann
- Institute of Biology, Animal Sciences and Health, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Antoine H. G. Driessen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dave R. Koolbergen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert J. M. Klautz
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan H. N. Lindeman
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Nimrat Grewal
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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53
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Tonelli A, Lumngwena EN, Ntusi NAB. The oral microbiome in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2023; 20:386-403. [PMID: 36624275 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-022-00825-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of many cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and expansion of available therapies, the global burden of CVD-associated morbidity and mortality remains unacceptably high. Important gaps remain in our understanding of the mechanisms of CVD and determinants of disease progression. In the past decade, much research has been conducted on the human microbiome and its potential role in modulating CVD. With the advent of high-throughput technologies and multiomics analyses, the complex and dynamic relationship between the microbiota, their 'theatre of activity' and the host is gradually being elucidated. The relationship between the gut microbiome and CVD is well established. Much less is known about the role of disruption (dysbiosis) of the oral microbiome; however, interest in the field is growing, as is the body of literature from basic science and animal and human investigations. In this Review, we examine the link between the oral microbiome and CVD, specifically coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease, heart failure, infective endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease. We discuss the various mechanisms by which oral dysbiosis contributes to CVD pathogenesis and potential strategies for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tonelli
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.,Cardiovascular Research Unit, Christiaan Barnard Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.,Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Extramural Research Unit on the Intersection of Noncommunicable Diseases and Infectious Disease, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Evelyn N Lumngwena
- Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Institute for Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Ntobeko A B Ntusi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Extramural Research Unit on the Intersection of Noncommunicable Diseases and Infectious Disease, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Cape Universities Body Imaging Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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54
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Al Qarawani OMAS, Kaur P, Vyas M, Sharma S. Atherosclerosis Potential Drug Targets: Current Scenario and Future Perspectives. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2023; 23:77-91. [PMID: 37888822 DOI: 10.2174/011871529x262041230922043156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global burden of atherosclerosis and its implication to cause coronary heart disease and ischemic cardiac problems is the most prevalent cause of morbidity and hospitalization. In the US, there has been an increase in the number of patients with cardiac problems in the last decade, and still remains the primary cause of death in Europe as well as in the US. OBJECTIVES Even though therapeutic interventions and early diagnosis the formation of the fatty lesion and its subsequent steps are possible, the therapeutic management of the disease remains questionable when clinical data is observed. There is still scope for proper target identification and biomarker recognition, which can serve as a baseline to develop efficient pharmacological agent and delivery systems so that the disease incidence and prevalence can be controlled. The present article highlights the current pathophysiological state of the disease and emerging strategies that are applied to manage the disease. FINDINGS This article gives an insight into the limitations of various conventionally used therapeutic agents for disease treatment. The emerging strategies that could prove efficacious in disease treatment. This article also gives an insight into current discoveries in the field of cellular and molecular biology, such as the genetic role in causing dyslipidemia and the role of immune cells and the role of non-coding small RNA, which can set the future direction to develop therapeutics interventions for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Palwinder Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144401, India
| | - Manish Vyas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144401, India
| | - Sandeep Sharma
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144401, India
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55
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Hashimoto K, Fujii K, Kawakami R, Shibutani H, Imanaka T, Kawai K, Otagaki M, Morishita S, Hirose T, Hao H, Hirota S, Shiojima I. Frequency and Distribution of Sheet and Nodular Calcification in Coronary Arteries in Japanese Patients. Int Heart J 2023; 64:894-900. [PMID: 37778992 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.23-149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Whether a nodular calcification (NC), which is the precursor to intracoronary thrombosis, is focally or diffusely distributed in the coronary tree has major implications for ongoing efforts to identify. This study aimed to investigate the frequency and spatial distribution patterns of sheet calcification (SC) and NC in a 3-vessel examination of autopsied human hearts.A total of 323 coronary artery specimens from 110 cadavers were obtained from autopsy cases. After fixation and decalcification, the coronary artery trees were cut every 5 mm into 4-μm transverse cross-sections for histological assessment. An SC was defined as a plate-like calcification of > 1 quadrant of the vessel or > 3 mm in diameter, and NC as nodular calcium deposits separated by fibrin, and a deposit size > 1 mm in diameter.Of the 6,306 histological cross-sections, SCs and NCs were identified in 1,627 (26%) and 233 (4%) cross-sections, respectively. SCs and NCs had a similar distribution pattern in all 3 coronary arteries. In the left anterior descending artery (LAD), NCs were predominantly located in the proximal segment: the first 45 mm from the LAD ostium (72%) and the first 60 mm from the LAD ostium (84%), respectively. However, NCs were evenly distributed throughout the length of the coronary artery in the right coronary artery (RCA) and left circumflex artery (LCX).NCs coexisted with SCs, and tended to cluster in predictable parts within the proximal segments of the LAD, but were evenly distributed throughout the RCA and LCX in coronary arteries from cadavers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Hashimoto
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine II, Kansai Medical University
| | - Kenichi Fujii
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine II, Kansai Medical University
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine
| | - Rika Kawakami
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine
| | - Hiroki Shibutani
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine II, Kansai Medical University
| | - Takahiro Imanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine
| | - Kenji Kawai
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine
| | - Munemitsu Otagaki
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine II, Kansai Medical University
| | - Shun Morishita
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine II, Kansai Medical University
| | - Takato Hirose
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine II, Kansai Medical University
| | - Hiroyuki Hao
- Division of Human Pathology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine
| | - Seiichi Hirota
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine
| | - Ichiro Shiojima
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine II, Kansai Medical University
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Xi J, Men S, Nan J, Yang Q, Dong J. The blood monocyte to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR) is a possible marker of carotid artery plaque. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:130. [PMID: 36463176 PMCID: PMC9719628 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01741-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MHR is the ratio of monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). It has been reported that MHR changes are associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Carotid plaque is a common vascular lesion of the carotid artery and is a manifestation of atherogenesis. This study investigated the relationships between the MHR and the incidence of carotid plaques. METHODS The data of 3848 physical examiners were analyzed for retrospective analysis, which included 1428 patients with noncarotid plaque, 1133 patients with single carotid plaque, and 1287 patients with bilateral or multiple carotid plaques. Statistical analysis was performed on SPSS 22.0 0 software and statistical software R and its GAM package. RESULTS The difference was statistically significant in the levels of MHR, body mass index (BMI), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), blood lipids (HDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (Tg)), blood glucose (Glu), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), renal function (urea, creatinine (Crea)), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and uric acid (Ua) in the carotid plaque groups (P < 0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference between the sex (P = 0.635) and age (P = 0.063) in the different groups. MHR levels were positively correlated with BMI (r = 0.364, P < 0.001), hs-CRP (r = 0.320, P < 0.001), Tg (r = 0.417, P < 0.001), Crea (r = 0.323, P < 0.001), eGFR (r = - 0.248, P < 0.001), Ua (r = 0.383, P < 0.001) and HbA1c (r = 0.197, P < 0.001). Levels of TC, Glu, and urea were slightly correlated with the MHR level (r = - 0.150, P < 0.001; r = 0.187, P < 0.001; r = 0.137, P < 0.001, respectively). The MHR level increased with elevated severity of carotid plaque in subjects without hypertension or diabetes (P < 0.001). In adjusted models, with the rise of MHR level, the probability of occurrence of carotid plaque had a 1.871-fold (95% CI: 1.015-3.450, P = 0.045) increase; the probability of multiple occurrences of carotid plaques had a 2.896-fold (95% CI: 1.415-5.928, P < 0.001) increase. The GAM curve showed a nonlinear correlation between the normalized MHR and the probability of carotid plaque occurrence. CONCLUSIONS MHR could be used as a possible marker for plaque formation and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xi
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Center of Translational Medicine Research, Medical Innovation Research Department of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Shasha Men
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Clinical Laboratory, the 1st Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Jingzhu Nan
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Clinical Laboratory, the 1st Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Qiuliang Yang
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Clinical Laboratory, the 1st Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Jin Dong
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Clinical Laboratory, the 1st Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
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Fadaei S, Zarepour F, Parvaresh M, Motamedzadeh A, Tamehri Zadeh SS, Sheida A, Shabani M, Hamblin MR, Rezaee M, Zarei M, Mirzaei H. Epigenetic regulation in myocardial infarction: Non-coding RNAs and exosomal non-coding RNAs. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1014961. [PMID: 36440025 PMCID: PMC9685618 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1014961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the leading causes of deaths globally. The early diagnosis of MI lowers the rate of subsequent complications and maximizes the benefits of cardiovascular interventions. Many efforts have been made to explore new therapeutic targets for MI, and the therapeutic potential of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) is one good example. NcRNAs are a group of RNAs with many different subgroups, but they are not translated into proteins. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are the most studied type of ncRNAs, and have been found to regulate several pathological processes in MI, including cardiomyocyte inflammation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and fibrosis. These processes can also be modulated by circular RNAs and long ncRNAs via different mechanisms. However, the regulatory role of ncRNAs and their underlying mechanisms in MI are underexplored. Exosomes play a crucial role in communication between cells, and can affect both homeostasis and disease conditions. Exosomal ncRNAs have been shown to affect many biological functions. Tissue-specific changes in exosomal ncRNAs contribute to aging, tissue dysfunction, and human diseases. Here we provide a comprehensive review of recent findings on epigenetic changes in cardiovascular diseases as well as the role of ncRNAs and exosomal ncRNAs in MI, focusing on their function, diagnostic and prognostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fadaei
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Shohadae Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Zarepour
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Parvaresh
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Motamedzadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Amirhossein Sheida
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shabani
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Mehdi Rezaee
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Madani Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Maryam Zarei
- Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Current Concepts and Future Applications of Non-Invasive Functional and Anatomical Evaluation of Coronary Artery Disease. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12111803. [PMID: 36362957 PMCID: PMC9696378 DOI: 10.3390/life12111803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, significant advances have been achieved in the treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD). Proper non-invasive diagnosis and appropriate management based on functional information and the extension of ischemia or viability remain the cornerstone in the fight against adverse CAD events. Stress echocardiography and single photon emission computed tomography are often used for the evaluation of ischemia. Advancements in non-invasive imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) coronary angiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have not only allowed non-invasive imaging of coronary artery lumen but also provide additional functional information. Other characteristics regarding the plaque morphology can be further evaluated with the latest modalities achieving a morpho-functional evaluation of CAD. Advances in the utilization of positron emission tomography (PET), as well as software advancements especially regarding cardiac CT, may provide additional prognostic information to a more evidence-based treatment decision. Since the armamentarium on non-invasive imaging modalities has evolved, the knowledge of the capabilities and limitations of each imaging modality should be evaluated in a case-by-case basis to achieve the best diagnosis and treatment decision. In this review article, we present the most recent advances in the noninvasive anatomical and functional evaluation of CAD.
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Matr3 reshapes m6A modification complex to alleviate macrophage inflammation during atherosclerosis. Clin Immunol 2022; 245:109176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Liu T, Ji H, Jian X, Wang W, Fan Z. Novel nomogram for predicting coronary vulnerable plaque risk in patients with coronary artery disease. Biomark Med 2022; 16:1139-1149. [PMID: 36625283 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2022-0855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To develop and validate a nomogram for predicting coronary vulnerable plaques (VPs) in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. Methods: One hundred seventy-seven CAD patients were enrolled in the training group. Another 60 patients were included for validation. Based on the identified independent risk factors, a nomogram model was developed and then validated. Results: Type 2 diabetes, hypertension, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, MCP-1 and MMP-9 were found to be independent risk factors for coronary VPs. Both internal and external validation showed this nomogram had satisfactory discrimination via receiver operating characteristic curves, calibration via calibration plots and clinical application values via decision curve analysis. Conclusion: The authors established a nomogram model predicting coronary VP risk in CAD patients with promising clinical application value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Civil Aviation General Hospital, Civil Aviation Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hanhua Ji
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Civil Aviation General Hospital, Civil Aviation Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinwen Jian
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Civil Aviation General Hospital, Civil Aviation Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiyi Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Civil Aviation General Hospital, Civil Aviation Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zeyuan Fan
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Civil Aviation General Hospital, Civil Aviation Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, China
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61
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Kamato D, Ilyas I, Xu S, Little PJ. Non-Mouse Models of Atherosclerosis: Approaches to Exploring the Translational Potential of New Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12964. [PMID: 36361754 PMCID: PMC9656683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the largest single cause of disease-related mortality worldwide and the major underlying pathology is atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis develops as a complex process of vascular lipid deposition and retention by modified proteoglycans, endothelial dysfunction and unresolved chronic inflammation. There are a multitude of current therapeutic agents, most based on lowering plasma lipid levels, but, overall, they have a lower than optimum level of efficacy and many deaths continue to arise from cardiovascular disease world-wide. To identify and evaluate potential novel cardiovascular drugs, suitable animal models that reproduce human atherosclerosis with a high degree of fidelity are required as essential pre-clinical research tools. Commonly used animal models of atherosclerosis include mice (ApoE-/-, LDLR-/- mice and others), rabbits (WHHL rabbits and others), rats, pigs, hamster, zebrafish and non-human primates. Models based on various wild-type and genetically modified mice have been extensively reviewed but mice may not always be appropriate. Thus, here, we provide an overview of the advantages and shortcomings of various non-mouse animal models of atherosclerotic plaque formation, and plaque rupture, as well as commonly used interventional strategies. Taken together, the combinatorial selection of suitable animal models readily facilitates reproducible and rigorous translational research in discovering and validating novel anti-atherosclerotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Kamato
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Iqra Ilyas
- Laboratory of Metabolics and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Laboratory of Metabolics and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Peter J. Little
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- Sunshine Coast Health Institute and School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD 4575, Australia
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Henein MY, Vancheri S, Longo G, Vancheri F. The Role of Inflammation in Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12906. [PMID: 36361701 PMCID: PMC9658900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, in which the immune system has a prominent role in its development and progression. Inflammation-induced endothelial dysfunction results in an increased permeability to lipoproteins and their subendothelial accumulation, leukocyte recruitment, and platelets activation. Recruited monocytes differentiate into macrophages which develop pro- or anti-inflammatory properties according to their microenvironment. Atheroma progression or healing is determined by the balance between these functional phenotypes. Macrophages and smooth muscle cells secrete inflammatory cytokines including interleukins IL-1β, IL-12, and IL-6. Within the arterial wall, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol undergoes an oxidation. Additionally, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and remnant lipoproteins exert pro-inflammatory effects. Macrophages catabolize the oxidized lipoproteins and coalesce into a lipid-rich necrotic core, encapsulated by a collagen fibrous cap, leading to the formation of fibro-atheroma. In the conditions of chronic inflammation, macrophages exert a catabolic effect on the fibrous cap, resulting in a thin-cap fibro-atheroma which makes the plaque vulnerable. However, their morphology may change over time, shifting from high-risk lesions to more stable calcified plaques. In addition to conventional cardiovascular risk factors, an exposure to acute and chronic psychological stress may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease through inflammation mediated by an increased sympathetic output which results in the release of inflammatory cytokines. Inflammation is also the link between ageing and cardiovascular disease through increased clones of leukocytes in peripheral blood. Anti-inflammatory interventions specifically blocking the cytokine pathways reduce the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke, although they increase the risk of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y. Henein
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, 90187 Umea, Sweden
- Institute of Environment & Health and Societies, Brunel University, Middlesex SW17 0RE, UK
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s University, London UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Sergio Vancheri
- Interventional Neuroradiology Department, Besançon University Hospital, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Giovanni Longo
- Cardiovascular and Interventional Department, S.Elia Hospital, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy
| | - Federico Vancheri
- Department of Internal Medicine, S.Elia Hospital, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy
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Xu Q, Wu Q, Li H, Tian X, Zuo Y, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Lin Y, Wu Y, Wang Y, Wang A, Meng X. Joint High Level of Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein are Associated With Recurrent Stroke and Poor Functional Outcome in Minor Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e027665. [PMID: 36205258 PMCID: PMC9673654 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.027665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and hs‐CRP (high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein) plays an important role in cardiovascular diseases though inflammation and oxidative stress, etc. However, evidence on their combined effects on stroke prognosis is still limited. We aimed to explore the joint association of oxLDL and hs‐CRP with outcomes of minor stroke or transient ischemic attack. Methods and Results A subgroup of 3019 patients from the CHANCE trial (Clopidogrel in High‐Risk Patients With Acute Nondisabling Cerebrovascular Events) were analyzed. Baseline oxLDL and hs‐CRP levels were measured. The primary outcome was any stroke within 90 days. The secondary outcomes included any stroke within 1 year, and ischemic stroke, combined vascular events, and poor functional outcomes (modified Rankin Scale 2–6 or 3–6) at 90 days and 1 year. Vascular events outcomes were analyzed with Cox proportional hazards and poor functional outcomes with logistic models. Elevated oxLDL (>28.81 μg/dL) and hs‐CRP (>4.20 mg/L) was observed in 624 (20.67%) of the 3019 patients. Patients with oxLDL >28.81 μg/dL and hs‐CRP >4.20 mg/L had a higher risk of recurrent stroke within 90 days (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.17–1.97), compared with those with oxLDL ≤28.81 μg/dL and hs‐CRP ≤4.20 mg/L, after adjusting relevant confounding factors (P=0.002). Similar results were observed for secondary outcomes (P<0.05 for all). Conclusions In patients with minor stroke or transient ischemic attack, joint high levels of oxLDL and hs‐CRP was associated with increased risk of recurrent stroke, combined vascular events, and poor functional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Neurology The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University Dalian China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Xue Tian
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health Capital Medical University Beijing China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology Beijing China
| | - Yingting Zuo
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health Capital Medical University Beijing China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology Beijing China
| | - Yijun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Yongzhong Lin
- Department of Neurology The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University Dalian China
| | - Yiping Wu
- Department of Neurology HanDan Central Hospital Handan China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection Capital Medical University Beijing China.,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Anxin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Xia Meng
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
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64
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Daniels CC, Isaacs Z, Finelli R, Leisegang K. The efficacy of Zingiber officinale on dyslipidaemia, blood pressure, and inflammation as cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 51:72-82. [PMID: 36184251 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and chronic inflammation contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Zingiber officinale has been suggested to reduce these CVD risk factors; however, the clinical evidence remains unclear. This systematic review aims to analyse the effect of Z. officinale as a sole intervention on these risk factors. METHODS In this PRISMA-based systematic review, we included randomised clinical trials from PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (July 2020) analysing triglycerides, low- and high-density lipoprotein (LDL, HDL), total cholesterol, C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1, 6, 10, systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure as outcomes. Quality of studies was evaluated by JADAD and the Cochrane risk-of-bias tools. RESULTS A total of 24 studies were included, mostly (79.2%) showing low risk of bias. These were based on obesity and cardio-metabolic derangements (33.3%), type 2 diabetes mellitus (37.5%), and miscellaneous conditions (29.2%). While total cholesterol and triglycerides levels mostly improved after Z. officinale, results were inconsistent for other blood lipids markers. Inflammatory markers (CRP, TNF-α) were more consistently reduced by Z. officinale, while only 3 studies reported a non-significant reduction of blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS Although there remains a paucity of studies, Z. officinale may be beneficial for improving dyslipidaemia and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Courtney Daniels
- School of Natural Medicine, Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Zaiyaan Isaacs
- School of Natural Medicine, Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | | | - Kristian Leisegang
- School of Natural Medicine, Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa.
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Kondakov A, Berdalin A, Beregov M, Lelyuk V. Emerging Nuclear Medicine Imaging of Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation. J Imaging 2022; 8:261. [PMID: 36286355 PMCID: PMC9605050 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging8100261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic widespread cardiovascular disease and a major predisposing factor for cardiovascular events, among which there are myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Atherosclerotic plaque formation is a process that involves different mechanisms, of which inflammation is the most common. Plenty of radiopharmaceuticals were developed to elucidate the process of plaque formation at different stages, some of which were highly specific for atherosclerotic plaque. This review summarizes the current nuclear medicine imaging landscape of preclinical and small-scale clinical studies of these specific RPs, which are not as widespread as labeled FDG, sodium fluoride, and choline. These include oxidation-specific epitope imaging, macrophage, and other cell receptors visualization, neoangiogenesis, and macrophage death imaging. It is shown that specific radiopharmaceuticals have strength in pathophysiologically sound imaging of the atherosclerotic plaques at different stages, but this also may induce problems with the signal registration for low-volume plaques in the vascular wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Kondakov
- Ultrasound and Functional Diagnostics Department, Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, 117513 Moscow, Russia
- Radiology and Radiotherapy Department, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Berdalin
- Ultrasound and Functional Diagnostics Department, Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, 117513 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Beregov
- Ultrasound and Functional Diagnostics Department, Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, 117513 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Lelyuk
- Ultrasound and Functional Diagnostics Department, Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, 117513 Moscow, Russia
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66
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Chu X, Lu Y, Mei M, Peng P, Zhao Y, Fu G, Qiu F, Jin C. Correlation Between Serum Uric Acid Levels and Coronary Plaque Characteristics on Optical Coherence Tomography. Int Heart J 2022; 63:806-813. [PMID: 36104242 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.21-826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Elevated serum uric acid (sUA) is associated with increasing risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). However, existing research is limited by potential confounders. Herein, our study aims to probe the association between sUA levels and the morphological characteristics of coronary plaque by a propensity score matching (PSM) analysis.All 420 patients with CHD who had undergone optical coherence tomography of culprit lesions were included. Eligible patients were assigned into 2 groups according to sUA level: high-sUA group (sUA ≥ 6.0 mg/dL) and low-sUA group (sUA < 6.0 mg/dL). PSM was applied to control the balance of baseline characteristics.After PSM, a total of 112 patients were included in our study (56 in each group). The high-sUA group showed a higher prevalence of TCFA (35.7% versus 16.1%, P = 0.03) and macrophage infiltration (33.9% versus 14.3%, P = 0.026) compared with the low-sUA group. Plaques in the high-sUA group had a wider maximum lipid arc (166.51° (115.77°, 224.14°) versus 142.29° (93.95°, 169.06°), P = 0.048), longer calcification length (6.77 (3.90, 20.55) mm versus 4.20 (1.95, 7.45) mm, P = 0.040), and thinner minimum fibrous cap thickness (43.81 (28.17, 62.26) μm versus 92.57 (46.25, 135.37) μm, P = 0.003). Correlation analysis indicated that the sUA value was inversely associated with the minimum fibrous cap thickness (r = -0.332, P = 0.015) and positively associated with the maximum lipid arc (r = 0.399, P = 0.003), average lipid arc (r = 0.347, P = 0.011), and calcification length (r = 0.386, P = 0.006).The relationship between high-sUA levels and typical vulnerable features of plaques persisted after balancing the traditional risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Chu
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
| | - Yanli Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
| | - Menghan Mei
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College
| | - Peng Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
| | - Yanbo Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
| | - Guosheng Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
| | - Fuyu Qiu
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
| | - Chongying Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
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Fiz F, Piccardo A, Morbelli S, Bottoni G, Piana M, Cabria M, Bagnasco M, Sambuceti G. Longitudinal analysis of atherosclerotic plaques evolution: an 18F-NaF PET/CT study. J Nucl Cardiol 2022; 29:1713-1723. [PMID: 33630243 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-021-02556-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE 18F-NaF-PET/CT can detect mineral metabolism within atherosclerotic plaques. To ascertain whether their 18F-NaF uptake purports progression, this index was compared with subsequent morphologic evolution. METHODS 71 patients underwent two consecutive 18F-NaF-PET/CTs (PET1/PET2). In PET1, non-calcified 18F-NaF hot spots were identified in the abdominal aorta. Their mean/max HU was compared with those of a non-calcified control region (CR) and with corresponding areas in PET2. A target-to-background ratio (TBR), mean density (HU), and calcium score (CS) were calculated on calcified atherosclerotic plaques in PET1 and compared with those in PET2. A VOI including the entire abdominal aorta was drawn; mean TBR and total CS were calculated on PET1 and compared with those PET2. RESULTS Hot spots in PET1 (N = 179) had a greater HU than CR (48 ± 8 vs 37 ± 9, P < .01). Mean hot spots HU increased to 59 ± 12 in PET2 (P < .001). New calcifications appeared at the hot spots site in 73 cases (41%). Baseline atherosclerotic plaque's (N = 375) TBR was proportional to percent HU and CS increase (P < .01 for both). Aortic CS increased (P < .001); the whole-aorta TBR in PET1 correlated with the CS increase between the baseline and the second PET/CT (R = .63, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS 18F-NaF-PET/CT depicts the early stages of plaques development and tracks their evolution over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Fiz
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni, 56, Rozzano, 20089, Milan, Italy.
| | - Arnoldo Piccardo
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, E. O. Ospedali Galliera, Mura delle Cappuccine, 14, 16128, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Morbelli
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Via Antonio Pastore, 1, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianluca Bottoni
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, E. O. Ospedali Galliera, Mura delle Cappuccine, 14, 16128, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michele Piana
- Department of Mathematics, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso, 35, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - Manlio Cabria
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, E. O. Ospedali Galliera, Mura delle Cappuccine, 14, 16128, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marcello Bagnasco
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical specialties, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianmario Sambuceti
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Via Antonio Pastore, 1, 16132, Genoa, Italy
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68
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Moreno KGT, Marques AAM, da Silva GP, Lourençone BR, Fortini CS, Leite PRT, dos Santos AC, Souza RIC, da Siva LI, Gasparotto Junior A. A New Approach for the Development of Multiple Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Two Rat Models of Hypertension. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070853. [PMID: 35890152 PMCID: PMC9318210 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among non-communicable diseases. There is a lack of valid animal models that mimic associations among multiple cardiovascular risk factors in humans. The present study developed an animal model that uses multiple cardiovascular risk factors—namely, hypertension, hypothyroidism, and a high-fat diet (HFD). Two models of hypertension were used: renovascular hypertension (two-kidney, one clip [2K1C]) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The naive group was composed of normotensive rats. Twelve weeks after surgery to induce renovascular hypertension, rats in the 2K1C and SHR groups underwent thyroidectomy. The HFD was then implemented for 6 weeks. Renal function, serum redox status, biochemical CVD markers, electrocardiographic profile, blood pressure, mesenteric vascular bed reactivity, histopathology, and morphometry were investigated. Both experimental models induced dyslipidemia, renal function impairment, and hepatic steatosis, accompanied by higher levels of different inflammatory markers and serum oxidative stress. These alterations contributed to end-organ damage in all hypertensive rats. Our findings corroborate a viable alternative model that involves multiple cardiovascular risk factors and resembles conditions that are seen in humans. Both models mimicked CVD, but our data show that SHRs exhibit more significant pathophysiological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyne Garcia Tafarelo Moreno
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology (LaFAC), Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79825-070, Brazil; (K.G.T.M.); (A.A.M.M.); (G.P.d.S.); (B.R.L.); (C.S.F.); (P.R.T.L.)
| | - Aline Aparecida Macedo Marques
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology (LaFAC), Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79825-070, Brazil; (K.G.T.M.); (A.A.M.M.); (G.P.d.S.); (B.R.L.); (C.S.F.); (P.R.T.L.)
| | - Gabriela Pereira da Silva
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology (LaFAC), Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79825-070, Brazil; (K.G.T.M.); (A.A.M.M.); (G.P.d.S.); (B.R.L.); (C.S.F.); (P.R.T.L.)
| | - Bethânia Rosa Lourençone
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology (LaFAC), Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79825-070, Brazil; (K.G.T.M.); (A.A.M.M.); (G.P.d.S.); (B.R.L.); (C.S.F.); (P.R.T.L.)
| | - Clara Soligo Fortini
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology (LaFAC), Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79825-070, Brazil; (K.G.T.M.); (A.A.M.M.); (G.P.d.S.); (B.R.L.); (C.S.F.); (P.R.T.L.)
| | - Patrícia Regina Terço Leite
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology (LaFAC), Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79825-070, Brazil; (K.G.T.M.); (A.A.M.M.); (G.P.d.S.); (B.R.L.); (C.S.F.); (P.R.T.L.)
| | - Ariany Carvalho dos Santos
- Laboratory of Histopathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79825-070, Brazil; (A.C.d.S.); (R.I.C.S.)
| | - Roosevelt Isaías Carvalho Souza
- Laboratory of Histopathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79825-070, Brazil; (A.C.d.S.); (R.I.C.S.)
| | - Leila Isabel da Siva
- Post-Graduate Program in Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture, Paranaense University, Umuarama 87502-210, Brazil;
| | - Arquimedes Gasparotto Junior
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology (LaFAC), Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79825-070, Brazil; (K.G.T.M.); (A.A.M.M.); (G.P.d.S.); (B.R.L.); (C.S.F.); (P.R.T.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-(67)-3410-2333; Fax: +55-(67)-3410-2321
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Elishaev M, Hodonsky CJ, Ghosh SKB, Finn AV, von Scheidt M, Wang Y. Opportunities and Challenges in Understanding Atherosclerosis by Human Biospecimen Studies. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:948492. [PMID: 35872917 PMCID: PMC9300954 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.948492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, new high-throughput biotechnologies and bioinformatic methods are revolutionizing our way of deep profiling tissue specimens at the molecular levels. These recent innovations provide opportunities to advance our understanding of atherosclerosis using human lesions aborted during autopsies and cardiac surgeries. Studies on human lesions have been focusing on understanding the relationship between molecules in the lesions with tissue morphology, genetic risk of atherosclerosis, and future adverse cardiovascular events. This review will highlight ways to utilize human atherosclerotic lesions in translational research by work from large cardiovascular biobanks to tissue registries. We will also discuss the opportunities and challenges of working with human atherosclerotic lesions in the era of next-generation sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elishaev
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chani J. Hodonsky
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | | | - Aloke V. Finn
- Cardiovascular Pathology Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Moritz von Scheidt
- Department of Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Rizvi AA, Popovic DS, Papanas N, Pantea Stoian A, Al Mahmeed W, Sahebkar A, Janez A, Rizzo M. Current and emerging drugs for the treatment of atherosclerosis: the evidence to date. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2022; 20:515-527. [PMID: 35786159 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2022.2094771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Atherosclerosis can be considered a chronic inflammatory process that stands out as a dominant cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Since blood lipids are the leading risk factor for atherosclerosis development, lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and other apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins reduces the risk of future cardiovascular events. However, there has been significant progress in developing lipid-lowering drugs for aggressive management of dyslipidemia, the rates of CVD events remain unacceptably high, so there is great need to identify novel therapeutic pathways targeting the atherosclerosis process. AREAS COVERED We discussed the current guidelines on CVD prevention, the role of novel lipid-lowering drugs, as well as emerging drugs for atherosclerosis, emphasizing the current data on compounds targeting inflammatory and oxidant pathways. EXPERT OPINION Although novel lipid-lowering drugs all showed their therapeutic efficacy in LDL-C lowering, data regarding their impact on cardiovascular outcomes is still inconclusive. On the other hand, some of the agents targeting inflammatory pathways, especially colchicine, showed promising results in terms of reducing CVD events. In contrast, those pointed at oxidant pathways failed to do so. Finally, exploring ways of targeting new therapeutic venues, such as adaptive immunity and clonal hematopoiesis, is a goal in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Rizvi
- Department of Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Djordje S Popovic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Centre of Vojvodina, and Medical Faculty, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nikolaos Papanas
- Diabetes Centre, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Anca Pantea Stoian
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Wael Al Mahmeed
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Andrej Janez
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and9Medical Specialties (Promise), University of Palermo, Italy
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Wang Y, Pei W, Lu P. Circ_ARHGAP32 acts as miR-665 sponge to upregulate FGF2 to promote ox-LDL induced vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation and migration. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2022; 82:169-182. [PMID: 35662113 DOI: 10.3233/ch-221469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Circular RNA (circRNA) is considered to be an important regulator of human diseases, including atherosclerosis (AS). However, the role of circ_ARHGAP32 in AS formation needs further confirmation. OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of circ_ARHGAP32 in AS formation. METHODS: Oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) was used to treat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) to mimic AS cell models in vitro. The expression of circ_ARHGAP32, microRNA (miR)-665, and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. VSMCs function was measured by EdU assay, cell counting kit 8 assay and transwell assay. Protein expression was determined using western blot analysis. Dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA pull-down assay were performed to verify RNA interaction. RESULTS: Circ_ARHGAP32 was highly expressed in AS patients and ox-LDL-induced VSMCs. Knockdown of circ_ARHGAP32 repressed ox-LDL-induced proliferation and migration in VSMCs. Circ_ARHGAP32 sponged miR-665 to positively regulate FGF2. MiR-665 inhibitor reversed the regulation of sh-circ_ARHGAP32 on ox-LDL-induced VSMCs proliferation and migration. MiR-665 also had a suppressive effect on the proliferation and migration of ox-LDL-induced VSMCs, and this effect could be reversed by FGF2 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS: Circ_ARHGAP32 might be a potential target for AS treatment, which promoted ox-LDL-induced VSMCs proliferation and migration by regulating miR-665/FGF2 network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisheng Wang
- Department of Dardiology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Pei
- Department of Dardiology, Jing’an Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Department of Dardiology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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72
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Cysteine-Rich LIM-Only Protein 4 (CRP4) Promotes Atherogenesis in the ApoE -/- Mouse Model. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081364. [PMID: 35456043 PMCID: PMC9032522 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) can switch from their contractile state to a synthetic phenotype resulting in high migratory and proliferative capacity and driving atherosclerotic lesion formation. The cysteine-rich LIM-only protein 4 (CRP4) reportedly modulates VSM-like transcriptional signatures, which are perturbed in VSMCs undergoing phenotypic switching. Thus, we hypothesized that CRP4 contributes to adverse VSMC behaviours and thereby to atherogenesis in vivo. The atherogenic properties of CRP4 were investigated in plaque-prone apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and CRP4 double-knockout (dKO) as well as ApoE-deficient CRP4 wildtype mice. dKO mice exhibited lower plaque numbers and lesion areas as well as a reduced content of α-smooth muscle actin positive cells in the lesion area, while lesion-associated cell proliferation was elevated in vessels lacking CRP4. Reduced plaque volumes in dKO correlated with significantly less intra-plaque oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), presumably due to upregulation of the antioxidant factor peroxiredoxin-4 (PRDX4). This study identifies CRP4 as a novel pro-atherogenic factor that facilitates plaque oxLDL deposition and identifies the invasion of atherosclerotic lesions by VSMCs as important determinants of plaque vulnerability. Thus, targeting of VSMC CRP4 should be considered in plaque-stabilizing pharmacological strategies.
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73
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Cheng P, Wirka RC, Kim JB, Kim HJ, Nguyen T, Kundu R, Zhao Q, Sharma D, Pedroza A, Nagao M, Iyer D, Fischbein MP, Quertermous T. Smad3 regulates smooth muscle cell fate and mediates adverse remodeling and calcification of the atherosclerotic plaque. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2022; 1:322-333. [PMID: 36246779 PMCID: PMC9560061 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-022-00042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaques consist mostly of smooth muscle cells (SMC), and genes that influence SMC phenotype can modulate coronary artery disease (CAD) risk. Allelic variation at 15q22.33 has been identified by genome-wide association studies to modify the risk of CAD and is associated with the expression of SMAD3 in SMC. However, the mechanism by which this gene modifies CAD risk remains poorly understood. Here we show that SMC-specific deletion of Smad3 in a murine atherosclerosis model resulted in greater plaque burden, more outward remodelling and increased vascular calcification. Single-cell transcriptomic analyses revealed that loss of Smad3 altered SMC transition cell state toward two fates: a SMC phenotype that governs both vascular remodelling and recruitment of inflammatory cells, as well as a chondromyocyte fate. Together, the findings reveal that Smad3 expression in SMC inhibits the emergence of specific SMC phenotypic transition cells that mediate adverse plaque features, including outward remodelling, monocyte recruitment, and vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cheng
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Robert C. Wirka
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Juyong Brian Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Hyun-Jung Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Trieu Nguyen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Ramendra Kundu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Quanyi Zhao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Disha Sharma
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Albert Pedroza
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Manabu Nagao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Dharini Iyer
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Michael P. Fischbein
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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74
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Yurdagul A. Crosstalk Between Macrophages and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Atherosclerotic Plaque Stability. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:372-380. [PMID: 35172605 PMCID: PMC8957544 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.316233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Most acute cardiovascular events are due to plaque rupture, with atheromas containing large necrotic cores and thin fibrous caps being more susceptible to rupture and lesions with small necrotic cores and thick fibrous caps being more protected from rupture. Atherosclerotic plaques are comprised various extracellular matrix proteins, modified lipoprotein particles, and cells of different origins, that is, vascular cells and leukocytes. Although much has been revealed about the mechanisms that lead to plaque instability, several key areas remain incompletely understood. This In-Focus Review highlights processes related to cellular crosstalk and the role of the tissue microenvironment in determining cell function and plaque stability. Recent advances highlight critical underpinnings of atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability, particularly impairments in the ability of macrophages to clear dead cells and phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells. However, these processes do not occur in isolation, as crosstalk between macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells and interactions with their surrounding microenvironment play a significant role in determining plaque stability. Understanding these aspects of cellular crosstalk within an atherosclerotic plaque may shed light on how to modify cell behavior and identify novel approaches to transform rupture-prone atheromas into stable lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Yurdagul
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences, Shreveport
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75
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Tada T, Miura K, Ikuta A, Ohya M, Shimada T, Osakada K, Takamatsu M, Taguchi Y, Kubo S, Tanaka H, Fuku Y, Kadota K. Prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of in-stent restenosis with calcified nodules. EUROINTERVENTION 2022; 17:1352-1361. [PMID: 34483090 PMCID: PMC9743251 DOI: 10.4244/eij-d-21-00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcified nodules (CN) have been reported as being associated with stent failure including in-stent restenosis (ISR). However, there is no systematic study of this condition. AIMS We aimed to clarify the prevalence, predictors, and midterm results of ISR lesions with CN. METHODS We examined the clinical characteristics of 651 ISR lesions in patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with optical coherence tomography (OCT) between October 2008 and July 2016, and their 6- to 8-month follow-up angiography results. CN was defined as a high backscattering mass with small nodular calcium depositions which protruded into the vessel lumen. RESULTS Thirty-two ISR lesions (4.9%) had CN. Multivariable analysis showed that calcified lesion (odds ratio [OR] 12.441, p<0.001), incomplete stent apposition (OR 3.228, p=0.005), haemodialysis (OR 3.633, p=0.024), and female gender (OR 3.212, p=0.036) were independently associated with ISR lesions with CN. Midterm follow-up was performed on 612 ISR lesions. Both ISR and target lesion revascularisation (TLR) rates were significantly higher in lesions with CN compared with those without CN (43.8% vs 25.0%, p=0.023; 37.5% vs 18.8%, p=0.020, respectively). However, multivariate analysis did not show the presence of CN as an independent predictor of re-TLR (OR 1.690, p=0.286). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of ISR lesions with CN was 4.9%. Calcified lesions, incomplete stent apposition, haemodialysis, and female gender are probably associated with CN formation. ISR lesions with CN may have poor midterm outcomes compared with ISR lesions without CN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Tada
- Department of Cardiology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Katsuya Miura
- Department of Cardiology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ikuta
- Department of Cardiology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Masanobu Ohya
- Department of Cardiology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Takenobu Shimada
- Department of Cardiology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Kohei Osakada
- Department of Cardiology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Makoto Takamatsu
- Department of Cardiology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Yuya Taguchi
- Department of Cardiology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kubo
- Department of Cardiology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Department of Cardiology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Fuku
- Department of Cardiology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Kazushige Kadota
- Department of Cardiology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan
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Kunio M, Gardecki JA, Watanabe K, Nishimiya K, Verma S, Jaffer FA, Tearney GJ. Histopathological correlation of near infrared autofluorescence in human cadaver coronary arteries. Atherosclerosis 2022; 344:31-39. [PMID: 35134654 PMCID: PMC9106423 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Prior coronary optical coherence tomography (OCT)-near infrared auto-fluorescence (NIRAF) imaging data has shown a correlation between high-risk morphological features and NIRAF signal intensity. This study aims to understand the histopathological origins of NIRAF in human cadaver coronary arteries. METHODS Ex vivo intracoronary OCT-NIRAF imaging was performed on coronary arteries prosected from 23 fresh human cadaver hearts. Arteries with elevated NIRAF were formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded. Microscopic images of immunostained Glycophorin A (indicating intraplaque hemorrhage) and Sudan Black (indicating ceroid after fixation) stained slides were compared with confocal NIRAF images (ex. 635 nm, em. 655-755 nm) from adjacent unstained slides in each section. Different images from the same section were registered via luminal morphology. Confocal NIRAF-positive 45° sectors were compared to immunohistochemistry and colocalization between NIRAF and intraplaque hemorrhage or ceroid was quantified by Manders' overlap and Dice similarity coefficients. RESULTS Thirty-one coronary arteries from 14 hearts demonstrated ≥1.5 times higher NIRAF signal than background, and 429 sections were created from them, including 54 sections (12.6%) with high-risk plaques. Within 112 confocal NIRAF-positive 45° sectors, 65 sectors (58.0%) showed both Glycophorin A-positive and Sudan Black-positive, while 7 sectors (6.3%) and 40 sectors (33.6%) only showed Glycophorin A-positive or Sudan black-positive, respectively. A two-tailed McNemar's test showed that Sudan Black more closely corresponded to confocal NIRAF than Glycophorin A (p < 1.0 × 10-6). NIRAF was also found to spatially associate with both Glycophorin A and Sudan Black, with stronger colocalization between Sudan Black and NIRAF (Manders: 0.19 ± 0.15 vs. 0.13 ± 0.14, p < 0.005; Dice: 0.072 ± 0.096 vs. 0.060 ± 0.090, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS As ceroid associates with oxidative stress and intraplaque hemorrhage is implicated in rapid lesion progression, these results suggest that NIRAF provides additional, complementary information to morphologic imaging that may aid in identifying high-risk coronary plaques via translatable intracoronary OCT-NIRAF imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Kunio
- Canon U.S.A., Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA; Wellman Center of Photomedicine, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Joseph A. Gardecki
- Wellman Center of Photomedicine, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kohei Watanabe
- Canon U.S.A., Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA,Wellman Center of Photomedicine, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kensuke Nishimiya
- Wellman Center of Photomedicine, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Farouc A. Jaffer
- Wellman Center of Photomedicine, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guillermo J. Tearney
- Wellman Center of Photomedicine, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Corresponding author. 55 Fruit Street, BHX 604A, Boston, MA, 02114, USA. (M. Kunio), (G.J. Tearney)
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77
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Atherosclerotic Lesion of the Carotid Artery in Indonesian Cynomolgus Monkeys Receiving a Locally Sourced Atherogenic Diet. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9030105. [PMID: 35324833 PMCID: PMC8954025 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The atherosclerotic lesion is a principal hallmark of atherosclerotic animal models. This study aimed to assess lesions of the carotid artery in Indonesian cynomolgus monkeys exposed to an IPB-1 atherogenic diet. A total of 20 adult male cynomolgus monkeys received the local IPB-1 diet for two years. Blood lipid profiles, morphology, and carotid ultrasound of monkeys were measured. Nine of them were euthanized to confirm atherosclerotic lesions. Common carotid arteries (CCA) and carotid bifurcation (BIF) samples were collected and stained using Verhoef-van Giessen and CD68 immunohistochemistry. The results reveal the presence of severe atherosclerosis plaques in six out of nine animals (66.7%) corresponding to intermediately and hyper-responsive groups. The hyper-responsive group displayed the highest response in the developing intimal area (IA) at the CCA (0.821 mm2), whereas the hyporesponsive group had the smallest IA (0.045 mm2) (p = 0.0001). At the BIF, the hyporesponsive group showed the smallest IA (p = 0.001), but there was no difference between the intermediately and hyper-responsive groups (p = 0.312). The macrophage marker CD68 was also expressed on the cartotid of the intermediately and hyper-responsive groups. These results indicate that severe atherosclerotic lesions with high infiltration of macrophages were formed in the carotid arteries of intermediately and hyper-responsive Indonesian cynomolgus monkeys fed with the local atherogenic diet IPB-1 over two years, thus confirming atherosclerosis in a nonhuman primate model.
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78
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Molecular imaging in atherosclerosis. Clin Transl Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40336-022-00483-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
As atherosclerosis is a prominent cause of morbidity and mortality, early detection of atherosclerotic plaques is vital to prevent complications. Imaging plays a significant role in this goal. Molecular imaging and structural imaging detect different phases of atherosclerotic progression. In this review, we explain the relation between these types of imaging with the physiopathology of plaques, along with their advantages and disadvantages. We also discuss in detail the most commonly used positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers for atherosclerosis imaging.
Method
A comprehensive search was conducted to extract articles related to imaging of atherosclerosis in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. The obtained papers were reviewed regarding precise relation with our topic. Among the search keywords utilized were "atherosclerosis imaging", "atherosclerosis structural imaging", "atherosclerosis CT scan" "positron emission tomography", "PET imaging", "18F-NaF", "18F-FDG", and "atherosclerosis calcification."
Result
Although structural imaging such as computed tomography (CT) offers essential information regarding plaque structure and morphologic features, these modalities can only detect macroscopic alterations that occur later in the disease’s progression, when the changes are frequently irreversible. Molecular imaging modalities like PET, on the other hand, have the advantage of detecting microscopic changes and allow us to treat these plaques before irreversible changes occur. The two most commonly used tracers in PET imaging of atherosclerosis are 18F-sodium fluoride (18F-NaF) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG). While there are limitations in the use of 18F-FDG for the detection of atherosclerosis in coronary arteries due to physiological uptake in myocardium and high luminal blood pool activity of 18F-FDG, 18F-NaF PET is less affected and can be utilized to analyze the coronary arteries in addition to the peripheral vasculature.
Conclusion
Molecular imaging with PET/CT has become a useful tool in the early detection of atherosclerosis. 18F-NaF PET/CT shows promise in the early global assessment of atherosclerosis, but further prospective studies are needed to confirm its role in this area.
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79
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Parel PM, Berg AR, Hong CG, Florida EM, O'Hagan R, Sorokin AV, Mehta NN. Updates in the Impact of Chronic Systemic Inflammation on Vascular Inflammation by Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Curr Cardiol Rep 2022; 24:317-326. [PMID: 35171444 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-022-01651-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we focus on the clinical and epidemiological studies pertaining to systemic and vascular inflammation by positron emission tomography (PET) in patients with chronic inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and psoriasis to highlight the importance of chronic systemic inflammation on vascular inflammation by PET in these disease states. RECENT FINDINGS Recent clinical and translation advancements have demonstrated the durable relationship between chronic systemic inflammation and cardiovascular disease (CVD). In chronic inflammatory states, this relationship is robustly evident in the form of increased vascular inflammation, yet traditional risk estimates often underestimate the subclinical cardiovascular risk conferred by chronic inflammation. PET has emerged as a novel, non-invasive imaging modality capable of both quantifying the degree of systemic and vascular inflammation and detecting residual inflammation prior to cardiovascular events. We begin by demonstrating the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, discussing how PET has been utilized to measure systemic and vascular inflammation and their effect on subclinical atherosclerosis, and finally reviewing recent applications of PET in constructing improved risk stratification for patients at high risk for stroke and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Parel
- Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Clinical Research Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander R Berg
- Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Clinical Research Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christin G Hong
- Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Clinical Research Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Florida
- Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Clinical Research Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ross O'Hagan
- Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Clinical Research Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander V Sorokin
- Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Clinical Research Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nehal N Mehta
- Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Clinical Research Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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80
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Dasagrandhi D, Muthuswamy A, Swaminathan JK. Atherosclerosis: nexus of vascular dynamics and cellular cross talks. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:571-584. [PMID: 34845570 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04307-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the foremost cause of mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis is the underlying pathology behind CVDs. Atherosclerosis is manifested predominantly by lipid deposition, plaque formation, and inflammation in vascular intima. Initiation and progression of plaque require many years. With aging, atherosclerotic plaques become vulnerable. Localization of these plaques in the coronary artery leads to myocardial infarction. A complete understanding of the pathophysiology of this multifaceted disease is necessary to achieve the clinical goal to provide early diagnosis and the best therapeutics. The triggering factors of atherosclerosis are biomechanical forces, hyperlipidemia, and chronic inflammatory response. The current review focuses on crucial determinants involved in the disease, such as location, hemodynamic factors, oxidation of low-density lipoproteins, and the role of endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and immune cells, and better therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Dasagrandhi
- Drug Discovery and Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, India
| | - Anusuyadevi Muthuswamy
- Molecular Neurogerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, India
| | - Jayachandran Kesavan Swaminathan
- Drug Discovery and Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, India.
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81
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Palioura D, Lazou A, Drosatos K. Krüppel-like factor (KLF)5: An emerging foe of cardiovascular health. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 163:56-66. [PMID: 34653523 PMCID: PMC8816822 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) are DNA-binding transcriptional factors, which regulate various pathways that pertain to development, metabolism and other cellular mechanisms. KLF5 was first cloned in 1993 and by 1999, it was reported as the intestinal-enriched KLF. Beyond findings that have associated KLF5 with normal development and cancer, it has been associated with various types of cardiovascular (CV) complications and regulation of metabolic pathways in the liver, heart, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Specifically, increased KLF5 expression has been linked with cardiomyopathy in diabetes, end-stage heart failure, and as well as in vascular atherosclerotic lesions. In this review article, we summarize research findings about transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation of KLF5, as well as the role of KLF5 in the biology of cells and organs that affect cardiovascular health either directly or indirectly. Finally, we propose KLF5 inhibition as an emerging approach for cardiovascular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Palioura
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA;,School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR, Greece
| | - Antigone Lazou
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Drosatos
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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82
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Lycopene: A Natural Arsenal in the War against Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020232. [PMID: 35204115 PMCID: PMC8868303 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycopene is a bioactive red pigment found in plants, especially in red fruits and vegetables, including tomato, pink guava, papaya, pink grapefruit, and watermelon. Several research reports have advocated its positive impact on human health and physiology. For humans, lycopene is an essential substance obtained from dietary sources to fulfil the body requirements. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causing oxidative stress and downstream complications include one of the major health concerns worldwide. In recent years, oxidative stress and its counter strategies have attracted biomedical research in order to manage the emerging health issues. Lycopene has been reported to directly interact with ROS, which can help to prevent chronic diseases, including diabetes and neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. In this context, the present review article was written to provide an accumulative account of protective and ameliorative effects of lycopene on coronary artery disease (CAD) and hypertension, which are the leading causes of death worldwide. Lycopene is a potent antioxidant that fights ROS and, subsequently, complications. It reduces blood pressure via inhibiting the angiotensin-converting enzyme and regulating nitrous oxide bioavailability. It plays an important role in lowering of LDL (low-density lipoproteins) and improving HDL (high-density lipoproteins) levels to minimize atherosclerosis, which protects the onset of coronary artery disease and hypertension. Various studies have advocated that lycopene exhibited a combating competence in the treatment of these diseases. Owing to all the antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-hypertensive properties, lycopene provides a potential nutraceutical with a protective and curing ability against coronary artery disease and hypertension.
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83
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Theoretical and Experimental Study on Assessment of Flow-Mediated Dilatation Using the Cuff Method in Brachial Arteries. ELECTRONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics11030351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction has been shown to be an important risk factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, hypertension, and heart failure. The flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) of the peripheral arteries is an endothelium-dependent function, which is assessed by measuring the diameter change in the brachial artery before and after ischemic stress. Brachial-artery ultrasound scanning (BAUS) is the gold standard for assessing the FMD in clinical practice. However, ultrasonography requires an operator or physician with a professional training to perform accurate measurement of the diameter of the brachial artery. Thus, some studies have used the cuff method to measure the FMD in percentage, the value of which is significantly larger than that using BAUS. The goal of this study was to explore this phenomenon. We explain the interaction between the volume changes (oscillation magnitudes in volume due to cardiac pulsations) of the artery and cuff bladder under different transmural pressures when a sphygmomanometer is wrapped around an upper arm. The compliance of the cuff bladder would be of a fixed value when the cuff pressure is low. The cuff-volume change could be replaced with a cuff-pressure change (oscillation magnitude in cuff pressure due to cardiac pulsation). With the cuff method, the FMDc could be assessed with pressure changes. Then, an inequality formula regarding FMD values by both BAUS (FMDu) and the cuff method (FMDc) was derived; FMDc > 2*FMDu + FMDu2. In order to experimentally verify this inequality formula, fifty-one subjects, including thirty-eight healthy adults and thirteen patients with hypertension, participated in this study. The systolic and diastolic diameters of their brachial arteries and cuff-pressure changes due to cardiac pulsations were separately measured by BAUS and a pressure sensor before and after an ischemic stress. The results showed that FMDu and FMDc were 8.1 ± 4.3% and 121.6 ± 48.6% in the healthy group and 4.5 ± 1.1% and 55.2 ± 22.8% in the patient group, respectively. Thus, the experimental findings comply with the theoretically derived inequality formula.
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84
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Yoo JY, Sniffen S, McGill Percy KC, Pallaval VB, Chidipi B. Gut Dysbiosis and Immune System in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ACVD). Microorganisms 2022; 10:108. [PMID: 35056557 PMCID: PMC8780459 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease and mortality worldwide. Alterations in the gut microbiota composition, known as gut dysbiosis, have been shown to contribute to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) development through several pathways. Disruptions in gut homeostasis are associated with activation of immune processes and systemic inflammation. The gut microbiota produces several metabolic products, such as trimethylamine (TMA), which is used to produce the proatherogenic metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including acetate, butyrate, and propionate, and certain bile acids (BAs) produced by the gut microbiota lead to inflammation resolution and decrease atherogenesis. Chronic low-grade inflammation is associated with common risk factors for atherosclerosis, including metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and obesity. Novel strategies for reducing ACVD include the use of nutraceuticals such as resveratrol, modification of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) levels, supplementation with probiotics, and administration of prebiotic SCFAs and BAs. Investigation into the relationship between the gut microbiota, and its metabolites, and the host immune system could reveal promising insights into ACVD development, prognostic factors, and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Youn Yoo
- College of Nursing, University of Tennessee, 1200 Volunteer Blvd, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Sarah Sniffen
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kyle Craig McGill Percy
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | - Bojjibabu Chidipi
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 78, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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85
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De Novo Sphingolipid Biosynthesis in Atherosclerosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1372:31-46. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-0394-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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86
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Comprehensive Analysis to Identify Key Genes Involved in Advanced Atherosclerosis. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:4026604. [PMID: 34925641 PMCID: PMC8683248 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4026604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background The study was aimed at finding accurate and effective therapeutic targets and deepening our understanding of the mechanisms of advanced atherosclerosis (AA). Methods We downloaded the gene expression datasets GSE28829, GSE120521, and GSE43292 from Gene Expression Omnibus. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed for GSE28829, and functional enrichment analysis and protein–protein interaction network analysis were conducted on the key module. Significant genes in the key module were analyzed by molecular complex detection, and genes in the most important subnetwork were defined as hub genes. Multiple dataset analyses for hub genes were conducted. Genes that overlapped between hub genes and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of GSE28829 and GSE120521 were defined as key genes. Further validation for key genes was performed using GSE28829 and GSE43292. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was applied to key genes. Results A total of 77 significant genes in the key module of GSE28829 were screened out that were mainly associated with inflammation and immunity. The subnetwork was obtained from significant genes, and 18 genes in this module were defined as hub genes, which were related to immunity and expressed in multiple diseases, particularly systemic lupus erythematosus. Some hub genes were regulated by SPI1 and associated with the blood, spleen, and lung. After overlapping with DEGs of GSE28829 and GSE120521, a total of 10 genes (HCK, ITGAM, CTSS, TYROBP, LAPTM5, FCER1G, ITGB2, NCF2, AIF1, and CD86) were identified as key genes. All key genes were validated and evaluated successfully and were related to immune response pathways. Conclusion Our study suggests that the key genes related to immune and inflammatory responses are involved in the development of AA. This may deepen our understanding of the mechanisms of and provide valuable therapeutic targets for AA.
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87
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Xu M, Mao C, Chen H, Liu L, Wang Y, Hussain A, Li S, Zhang X, Tuguntaev RG, Liang XJ, Guo W, Cao F. Osteopontin targeted theranostic nanoprobes for laser-induced synergistic regression of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 12:2014-2028. [PMID: 35847489 PMCID: PMC9279717 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque (VASPs) is the major pathological cause of acute cardiovascular event. Early detection and precise intervention of VASP hold great clinical significance, yet remain a major challenge. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) realizes potent ablation efficacy under precise manipulation of laser irradiation. In this study, we constructed theranostic nanoprobes (NPs), which could precisely regress VASPs through a cascade of synergistic events triggered by local irradiation of lasers under the guidance of fluorescence/MR imaging. The NPs were formulated from human serum albumin (HSA) conjugated with a high affinity-peptide targeting osteopontin (OPN) and encapsulated with photosensitizer IR780 and hypoxia-activatable tirapazamine (TPZ). After intravenous injection into atherosclerotic mice, the OPN-targeted NPs demonstrated high specific accumulation in VASPs due to the overexpression of OPN in activated foamy macrophages in the carotid artery. Under the visible guidance of fluorescence and MR dual-model imaging, the precise near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation generated massive reactive oxygen species (ROS), which resulted in efficient plaque ablation and amplified hypoxia within VASPs. In response to the elevated hypoxia, the initially inactive TPZ was successively boosted to present potent biological suppression of foamy macrophages. After therapeutic administration of the NPs for 2 weeks, the plaque area and the degree of carotid artery stenosis were markedly reduced. Furthermore, the formulated NPs displayed excellent biocompatibility. In conclusion, the developed HSA-based NPs demonstrated appreciable specific identification ability of VASPs and realized precise synergistic regression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Xu
- Department of Cardiology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases & Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Cong Mao
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Haoting Chen
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Laboratory of Controllable Nanopharmaceuticals, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yabin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases & Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Abid Hussain
- Laboratory of Controllable Nanopharmaceuticals, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Sulei Li
- Department of Cardiology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases & Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ruslan G. Tuguntaev
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- Laboratory of Controllable Nanopharmaceuticals, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Weisheng Guo
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Feng Cao
- Department of Cardiology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases & Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
- Corresponding authors.
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88
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Hossaini Nasr S, Huang X. Nanotechnology for Targeted Therapy of Atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:755569. [PMID: 34867370 PMCID: PMC8633109 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.755569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the major cause of heart attack and stroke that are the leading causes of death in the world. Nanomedicine is a powerful tool that can be engineered to target atherosclerotic plaques for therapeutic and diagnosis purposes. In this review, advances in designing nanoparticles with therapeutic effects on atherosclerotic plaques known as atheroprotective nanomedicine have been summarized to stimulate further development and future translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedmehdi Hossaini Nasr
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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89
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Zhang J, Xu Y, Ding W, Zhao M, Liu J, Ye J, Wang Z, Ye D, Wang M, Wan J. Increased expression of IL-20 is associated with ischemic cardiomyopathy and acute myocardial infarction. Biomark Med 2021; 15:1641-1650. [PMID: 34704818 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2020-0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The expression and clinical significance of IL-20 in coronary artery diseases needs to be analyzed. Methods: IL-20 and its receptors were analyzed in coronary artery tissues. In a separate study, plasma IL-20 was also evaluated. Results: IL-20 and its receptors were significantly higher in coronary artery stenosis tissues from ischemic cardiomyopathy patients than that from controls. T lymphocytes and macrophages were the main source of IL-20 and expressed its receptors abundantly. Plasma IL-20 was significantly higher in acute myocardial infarction patients than that in controls. Conclusion: IL-20 was closely associated with the presence of acute myocardial infarction. IL-20 may participate in the progression of coronary artery stenosis and plaque vulnerability via regulating T lymphocytes and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishou Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yao Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Wen Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Jianfang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Di Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Menglong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, China
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90
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Kott KA, Morel-Kopp MC, Vernon ST, Takagi Y, Di Bartolo BA, Peter K, Yang JY, Grieve SM, Ward C, Figtree GA. Association of Global Coagulation Profiles With Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Atherosclerosis: A Sex Disaggregated Analysis From the BioHEART-CT Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e020604. [PMID: 34622670 PMCID: PMC8751896 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.020604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Although the association between dysregulated coagulation and atherosclerosis is well recognized, individual assays have been of minimal value in understanding disease susceptibility. Here we investigated the association of global coagulation profiles with coronary artery disease with consideration of sex differences. Methods and Results The study included patients from the BioHEART‐CT (The BioHEART Study: Assessing Patients With Suspected Cardiovascular Disease for New Disease Markers and Risk Factors) biobank who had computed tomography coronary angiograms scored for coronary artery calcium score (CACS) and Gensini score. The cohort included 206 adult patients who were referred for clinically indicated computed tomography coronary angiography and had a median of 2 major cardiac risk factors; 50% were women and the average age was 62.6 years (±9.9 years). The overall hemostatic potential (OHP) and calibrated automated thrombography generation assays were performed on platelet‐poor plasma. CACS and Gensini score in men were significantly correlated in bivariate analysis with measures from the OHP assay, and regression models predicting disease severity by CACS or Gensini score were improved by adding the OHP assay variables in men but not in women. The calibrated automated thrombography generation assay demonstrated a more hypercoagulable profile in women than in men. The OHP assay showed hypercoagulable profiles in women with hyperlipidemia and men with obesity. Conclusions The OHP assay identified hypercoagulable profiles associated with different risk factors for each sex and was associated with CACS and Gensini score severity in men, emphasizing the associations between increased fibrin generation and reduced fibrinolysis with cardiac risk factors and early atherosclerosis. Registration Information www.anzctr.org.au. Identifier: ACTRN12618001322224.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine A Kott
- Cardiovascular Discovery Group Kolling Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of Sydney Sydney Australia.,Department of Cardiology Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney Australia.,Northern Clinical School Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - Marie-Christine Morel-Kopp
- Department of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney Australia.,Northern Blood Research Centre Kolling Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - Stephen T Vernon
- Cardiovascular Discovery Group Kolling Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of Sydney Sydney Australia.,Department of Cardiology Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney Australia.,Northern Clinical School Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - Yuki Takagi
- Northern Blood Research Centre Kolling Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - Belinda A Di Bartolo
- Cardiovascular Discovery Group Kolling Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute Melbourne Australia
| | - Jean Y Yang
- Charles Perkins Centre University of Sydney Sydney Australia.,School of Mathematics and Statistics University of Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - Stuart M Grieve
- Northern Clinical School Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney Sydney Australia.,Department of Radiology Royal Price Alfred Hospital Sydney Australia.,Imaging and Phenotyping Laboratory Charles Perkins Centre Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney Australia
| | - Christopher Ward
- Northern Clinical School Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney Sydney Australia.,Department of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney Australia.,Northern Blood Research Centre Kolling Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - Gemma A Figtree
- Cardiovascular Discovery Group Kolling Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of Sydney Sydney Australia.,Department of Cardiology Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney Australia.,Northern Clinical School Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney Sydney Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre University of Sydney Sydney Australia
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91
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Cornelian Cherry ( Cornus mas L.) Iridoid and Anthocyanin Extract Enhances PPAR-α, PPAR-γ Expression and Reduces I/M Ratio in Aorta, Increases LXR-α Expression and Alters Adipokines and Triglycerides Levels in Cholesterol-Rich Diet Rabbit Model. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103621. [PMID: 34684622 PMCID: PMC8537201 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) fruits possess potential cardiovascular, lipid-lowering and hypoglycemic bioactivities. The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of resin-purified cornelian cherry extract rich in iridoids and anthocyanins on several transcription factors, intima/media ratio in aorta and serum parameters, which determine or are valuable indicators of the adverse changes observed in the course of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome. For this purpose, male New Zealand rabbits were fed a diet enriched in 1% cholesterol for 60 days. Additionally, one group received 10 mg/kg b.w. of cornelian cherry extract and the second group 50 mg/kg b.w. of cornelian cherry extract. PPAR-α and PPAR-γ expression in the aorta, LXR-α expression in the liver; cholesterol, triglycerides, adipokines, apolipoproteins, glucose and insulin levels in serum; the intima and media diameter in the thoracic and abdominal aorta were determined. Administration of cornelian cherry extract resulted in an enhancement in the expression of all tested transcription factors, a decrease in triglycerides, leptin and resistin, and an increase in adiponectin levels. In addition, a significant reduction in the I/M ratio was observed for both the thoracic and abdominal aorta. The results we have obtained confirm the potential contribution of cornelian cherry extract to mitigation of the risk of developing and the intensity of symptoms of obesity-related cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders such as atherosclerosis or metabolic syndrome.
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92
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Shami A, Edsfeldt A, Bengtsson E, Nilsson J, Shore AC, Natali A, Khan F, Lutgens E, Gonçalves I. Soluble CD40 Levels in Plasma Are Associated with Cardiovascular Disease and in Carotid Plaques with a Vulnerable Phenotype. J Stroke 2021; 23:367-376. [PMID: 34649381 PMCID: PMC8521258 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2021.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE CD40 and CD40 ligand (CD40L) are costimulatory molecules of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and well known for their involvement in inflammatory diseases: atherosclerotic mouse models with disrupted CD40 signalling develop lesions of reduced size with a more stable plaque profile. This study investigated the potential of plasma and intraplaque levels of CD40 and CD40L as markers for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in humans and their association with plaque stability. METHODS Soluble CD40 and CD40L (sCD40L) were measured in plasma in 1,437 subjects from The SUrrogate markers for Micro- and Macro-vascular hard endpoints for Innovative diabetes Tools (SUMMIT) cohort. Intra-plaque levels of sCD40 and sCD40L were measured in atherosclerotic plaque homogenates from 199 subjects of the Carotid Plaque Imaging Project (CPIP) cohort. RESULTS Both plasma sCD40 and sCD40L levels were elevated in individuals with prevalent stroke, while sCD40 levels also were higher in individuals with a prior acute myocardial infarction. Plasma levels of sCD40 correlated with carotid intima-media thickness and total carotid plaque area and were associated with risk of cardiovascular events over a 3-year follow-up period. Intra-plaque levels of sCD40 and sCD40L were associated with plaque components characteristic for plaque vulnerability and extracellular matrix remodelling. CONCLUSIONS Higher plasma sCD40 and sCD40L levels are associated with prevalent CVD. Plasma sCD40 levels also correlate with the severity of carotid atherosclerosis and predict future cardiovascular events, while intra-plaque levels correlate with a vulnerable plaque phenotype. Our findings thus demonstrate that elevated levels of sCD40 and sCD40L are markers of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelie Shami
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmo, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Andreas Edsfeldt
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmo, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden.,Department of Cardiology, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Eva Bengtsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmo, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmo, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Angela C Shore
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, University of Exeter Medical School, National Institute for Health Research Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Exeter, UK
| | - Andrea Natali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Faisel Khan
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Isabel Gonçalves
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmo, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden.,Department of Cardiology, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
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93
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Kondakov A, Lelyuk V. Clinical Molecular Imaging for Atherosclerotic Plaque. J Imaging 2021; 7:jimaging7100211. [PMID: 34677297 PMCID: PMC8538040 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging7100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a well-known disease leading to cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. These conditions lead to a high mortality rate, which explains the interest in their prevention, early detection, and treatment. Molecular imaging is able to shed light on the basic pathophysiological processes, such as inflammation, that cause the progression and instability of plaque. The most common radiotracers used in clinical practice can detect increased energy metabolism (FDG), macrophage number (somatostatin receptor imaging), the intensity of cell proliferation in the area (labeled choline), and microcalcifications (fluoride imaging). These radiopharmaceuticals, especially FDG and labeled sodium fluoride, can predict cardiovascular events. The limitations of molecular imaging in atherosclerosis include low uptake of highly specific tracers, possible overlap with other diseases of the vessel wall, and specific features of certain tracers’ physiological distribution. A common protocol for patient preparation, data acquisition, and quantification is needed in the area of atherosclerosis imaging research.
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Dual-energy CT plaque characteristics of post mortem thin-cap fibroatheroma in comparison to infarct-related culprit lesions. Heart Vessels 2021; 37:400-410. [PMID: 34608510 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-021-01942-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Improvement of non-invasive identification of high-risk plaque may increase the preventive options of acute coronary syndrome. To describe the characteristics of thin-cap fibroatheroma (TCFA) in a post mortem model in comparison to characteristics of culprit lesions in patients with non-ST-elevation-myocardial-infarction (NSTEMI) using the dual energy computed tomography (DECT). Three post mortem hearts were prepared with iodine-contrast, inserted in a Kyoto phantom and scanned by DECT. Six TCFA were identified using histopathological analysis (cap thickness < 65 μm and necrotic core > 10% of the plaque area). In the NSTEMI group, 29 patients were scheduled to DECT prior to coronary angiography and invasive treatment. Culprit lesions were identified blinded for the patient history by two independent invasive cardiologists using the coronary angiography. The DECT analysis of TCFA and culprit lesions was performed retrospectively with determination of effective atomic number (Effective-Z), Hounsfield Unit (HU), plaque type (non-calcified, predominantly non-calcified, predominantly calcified or calcified), spotty calcification,, plaque length, plaque volume and plaque burden and the remodeling index. The Effective-Z, HU and plaqueburden were significantly different between TCFA and culprit lesions (P < 0.05).The TCFA plaques were more calcified in comparison to culprit lesions (P < 0.05). No significant difference in the other plaque characteristics was observed. The use of DECT demonstrated different Effective-Z values and different characteristics of post mortem TCFA in comparison to in vivo culprit lesions. This finding may highlight, that not all TCFA should be considered as vulnerable.
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95
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Nakagawa K, Tanaka M, Hahm TH, Nguyen HN, Matsui T, Chen YX, Nakashima Y. Accumulation of Plasma-Derived Lipids in the Lipid Core and Necrotic Core of Human Atheroma: Imaging Mass Spectrometry and Histopathological Analyses. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:e498-e511. [PMID: 34470476 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.316154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Nakagawa
- Pathophysiological and Experimental Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.N., Y.-X.C., Y.N.), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Tanaka
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture (M.T., T.-H.H., T.M.), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tae-Hun Hahm
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture (M.T., T.-H.H., T.M.), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Huu-Nghi Nguyen
- Department of Science and International Collaboration, Institute for Research and Development of Organic Products, Hanoi, Vietnam (H.-N.N.)
| | - Toshiro Matsui
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture (M.T., T.-H.H., T.M.), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yong-Xiang Chen
- Pathophysiological and Experimental Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.N., Y.-X.C., Y.N.), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (Y.-X.C.)
| | - Yutaka Nakashima
- Pathophysiological and Experimental Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.N., Y.-X.C., Y.N.), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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96
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Fahrmann ER, Adkins L, Driscoll HK. Modification of the Association Between Severe Hypoglycemia and Ischemic Heart Disease by Surrogates of Vascular Damage Severity in Type 1 Diabetes During ∼30 Years of Follow-up in the DCCT/EDIC Study. Diabetes Care 2021; 44:2132-2139. [PMID: 34233927 PMCID: PMC8740933 DOI: 10.2337/dc20-2757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Literature suggests that severe hypoglycemia (SH) may be linked to cardiovascular events only in older individuals with high cardiovascular risk score (CV-score). Whether a potential relationship between any-SH and cardiovascular disease exists and whether it is conditional on vascular damage severity in a young cohort with type 1 diabetes (T1D) without apparent macrovascular and no or mild-to-moderate microvascular complications at baseline is unknown. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We evaluated data of 1,441 Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications study volunteers (diabetes duration 1-15 years) followed for ∼30 years. Time-dependent associations between any-SH and ischemic heart disease (IHD: death, silent/nonfatal myocardial infarct, revascularization, or confirmed angina) and associations between interactions of any-SH with surrogates of baseline micro-/macrovascular damage severity and IHD were analyzed. Diabetes duration, steps on DCCT Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study severity scale (DCCT-ETDRS), Diabetes Complications Severity Index (DCSI), and CV-scores were considered as surrogates of baseline micro-/macrovascular damage severity. RESULTS Without interactions, in the minimally adjusted model controlling for confounding bias by age and HbA1c, SH was a significant IHD factor (P = 0.003). SH remained a significant factor for IHD in fully adjusted models (P < 0.05). In models with interactions, interactions between SH and surrogates of microvascular complications severity, but not between SH and CV-score, were significant. Hazard ratios for IHD based on SH increased 1.19-fold, 1.32-fold, and 2.21-fold for each additional year of diabetes duration, DCCT-ETDRS unit, and DCSI unit, respectively. At time of IHD event, ∼15% of 110 participants with SH had high CV-scores. CONCLUSIONS In a young cohort with T1D with no baseline macrovascular complications, surrogates of baseline microvascular damage severity impact the effect of SH on IHD. Older age with high CV-score per se is not mandatory for an association of SH with IHD. However, the association is multifactorial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke R Fahrmann
- Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV
| | - Laura Adkins
- Department of Mathematics, Marshall University, Huntington, WV
| | - Henry K Driscoll
- Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV.,VA Medical Center, Huntington, WV
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97
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Plazas Guerrero CG, Acosta Cota SDJ, Castro Sánchez FH, Vergara Jiménez MDJ, Ríos Burgueño ER, Sarmiento Sánchez JI, Picos Corrales LA, Osuna Martínez U. Evaluation of sucrose-enriched diet consumption in the development of risk factors associated to type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a murine model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2021; 31:651-669. [PMID: 31668088 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2019.1680817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Overconsumption of sucrose, the main contributor of the total added sugar intake in the world, has been associated with negative metabolic effects related to non-communicable diseases. However, this relationship continues to be a controversial topic and further studies are needed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sucrose-enriched diet consumption in the development of risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a murine model. Sucrose-enriched diet-fed rats showed a decrease in food, lipids and protein intake as well as in serum total cholesterol levels, an increase in carbohydrates intake, glucose, insulin, triglycerides, VLDL-c and HDL-c levels and a greater degree of insulin resistance, steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Our results show that sucrose-enriched diet consumption during 25 weeks contribute to the development of risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in male Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Efrén Rafael Ríos Burgueño
- Centro de Investigación y Docencia en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán de Rosales, Mexico
| | | | | | - Ulises Osuna Martínez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán de Rosales, Mexico
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98
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Farrington L, Mortimore G. Chronic limb ischaemia: case study and clinical literature review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:846-851. [PMID: 34288743 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2021.30.14.846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This article will discuss chronic limb ischaemia as the result of peripheral artery disease (PAD) using a case study. The patient's concurrent diagnosis of metastases meant clinical decision making was complex and treatment options were limited. PAD is the third most common clinical presentation of atherosclerosis after coronary artery disease and stroke. Although advances in radiological technology and biochemical screening offer the potential for earlier intervention and improved survival rates for patients with PAD, a review of the evidence suggests that commitment to more conservative approaches, such as exercise therapy and health promotion, could have more sustainable, longer-term benefits for patients with chronic limb ischaemia. The therapeutic nature of the nurse-patient relationship makes nurses ideally placed for encouraging lifestyle changes and signposting to support services. Active participation from the patient is imperative for any potential modifications, which should be individualised as part of a holistic care plan, to ensure patient engagement and compliance. Therefore emphasis should remain on the management and prevention of modifiable risk factors, for which the nurse's role is an integral part to ensure success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liz Farrington
- Trainee Advanced Clinical Practitioner, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Gerri Mortimore
- Senior Lecturer in Advanced Practice, College of Health, Psychology and Social Care, University of Derby
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99
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Jeong SJ, Park JG, Oh GT. Peroxiredoxins as Potential Targets for Cardiovascular Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081244. [PMID: 34439492 PMCID: PMC8389283 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress (OS) is considered a common etiology in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Therefore, the precise regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cardiovascular cells is essential to maintain normal physiological functions. Numerous regulators of cellular homeostasis are reportedly influenced by ROS. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as an endogenous ROS in aerobic cells, is a toxic substance that can induce OS. However, many studies conducted over the past two decades have provided substantial evidence that H2O2 acts as a diffusible intracellular signaling messenger. Antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutases, catalase, glutathione peroxidases, and peroxiredoxins (Prdxs), maintain the balance of ROS levels against augmentation of ROS production during the pathogenesis of CVD. Especially, Prdxs are regulatory sensors of transduced intracellular signals. The intracellular abundance of Prdxs that specifically react with H2O2 act as regulatory proteins. In this review, we focus on the role of Prdxs in the regulation of ROS-induced pathological changes in the development of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Jin Jeong
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Jong-Gil Park
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-G.P.); (G.T.O.); Tel.: +82-42-860-4122 (J.-G.P.); +82-2-3277-4128 (G.T.O.); Fax: +82-42-860-4149 (J.-G.P.); +82-2-3277-3760 (G.T.O.)
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, Heart-Immune-Brain Network Research Center, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-G.P.); (G.T.O.); Tel.: +82-42-860-4122 (J.-G.P.); +82-2-3277-4128 (G.T.O.); Fax: +82-42-860-4149 (J.-G.P.); +82-2-3277-3760 (G.T.O.)
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100
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Peng J, Le CY, Xia B, Wang JW, Liu JJ, Li Z, Zhang QJ, Zhang Q, Wang J, Wan CW. Research on the correlation between activating transcription factor 3 expression in the human coronary artery and atherosclerotic plaque stability. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2021; 21:356. [PMID: 34320932 PMCID: PMC8317287 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-021-02161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is an early response gene that is activated in response to atherosclerotic stimulation and may be an important factor in inhibiting the progression of atherosclerosis. In this study, we directly measured the expression of ATF3 and inflammatory factors in human coronary atherosclerotic plaques to examine the relationship between ATF3 expression, inflammation and structural stability in human coronary atherosclerotic plaques. Methods A total of 68 coronary artery specimens were collected from the autopsy group, including 36 cases of sudden death from coronary heart disease (SCD group) and 32 cases of acute death caused by mechanical injury with coronary atherosclerosis (CHD group). Twenty-two patients who had no coronary heart disease were collected as the control group (Con group). The histological structure of the coronary artery was observed under a light microscope after routine HE staining, and the intimal and lesion thicknesses, thickness of the fibrous cap, thickness of necrosis core, degree of lumen stenosis were assessed by image analysis software. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to measure the expression and distribution of ATF3, inflammatory factors (CD45, IL-1β, TNF-α) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) in the coronary artery. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyse the correlation between ATF3 protein expression and inflammatory factors and between ATF3 protein expression and structure-related indexes in the lesion group. Results Compared with those in the control group, the intima and necrotic core in the coronary artery were thickened, the fibrous cap became thin and the degree of vascular stenosis was increased in the lesion group, while the intima and necrotic core became thicker and the fibrous cap became thinner in the SCD group than in the CHD group (P < 0.05). There was no or low expression of ATF3, inflammatory factors, VCAM1 and MMP-9 in the control group, and the expression of inflammatory factors, VCAM1 and MMP-9 in the SCD group was higher than that in CHD group, while the expression of ATF3 in the SCD group was significantly lower than that in CHD group (P < 0.05). In the lesion group, the expression of ATF3 was negatively correlated with intimal and necrotic focus thickness, positively correlated with fibrous cap thickness (P < 0.01), and negatively correlated with inflammatory factors, VCAM1 and MMP-9 (P < 0.01). Conclusions The expression of ATF3 may be related to the progression and stability of atherosclerotic plaques, and may affect the structural stability of atherosclerotic plaques by regulating the inflammatory response, thus participating in the regulation of atherosclerotic progression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12872-021-02161-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Peng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - C Y Le
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - B Xia
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - J W Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - J J Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - Z Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - Q J Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - Q Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - J Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China.
| | - C W Wan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China.
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