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Zhao X, Gou X, Liu W, Ma E, Moussian B, Li S, Zhu K, Zhang J. The wing-specific cuticular protein LmACP7 is essential for normal wing morphogenesis in the migratory locust. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 112:103206. [PMID: 31425850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wings are an indispensable structure in many insects for their foraging, courtship, escape from predators, and migration. Cuticular proteins are major components of the insect cuticle and wings, but there is limited information on how cuticular proteins may play an essential role in wing morphogenesis. We identified a wing-specific cuticular protein, LmACP7, which belongs to the RR-2 subfamily of CPR chitin-binding proteins in the migratory locust. LmACP7 was initially produced in epidermal cells and subsequently migrated to the exocuticle at the pre-ecdysial stage in adult wings. Depletion of LmACP7 transcripts by RNA interference markedly reduced its protein amounts, which consequently led to abnormal wing morphogenesis. The deformed wings were curved, wrinkled, and failed to fully expand. We further demonstrated that the deformation was caused by both severe damage of the endocuticle and death of the epidermal cells in the wings. Based on these data, we propose that LmACP7 not only serves as an essential structural protein in the wing but is also required for the integrity of wing epithelial cells. LmACP7 contributes to production of the wing endocuticle and to the morphogenesis of functional wings in the migratory locust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhao
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Xin Gou
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China; College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Enbo Ma
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Bernard Moussian
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Institute of Biology Valrose, Parc Valrose, 06108, Nice CEDEX 2, France
| | - Sheng Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Sciences and School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - KunYan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, 123 Waters Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China.
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Liu J, Li S, Li W, Peng L, Chen Z, Xiao Y, Guo H, Zhang J, Cheng T, Goldsmith MR, Arunkumar KP, Xia Q, Mita K. Genome-wide annotation and comparative analysis of cuticular protein genes in the noctuid pest Spodoptera litura. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 110:90-97. [PMID: 31009677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Insect cuticle is considered an adaptable and versatile building material with roles in the construction and function of exoskeleton. Its physical properties are varied, as the biological requirements differ among diverse structures and change during the life cycle of the insect. Although the bulk of cuticle consists basically of cuticular proteins (CPs) associated with chitin, the degree of cuticular sclerotization is an important factor in determining its physical properties. Spodoptera litura, the tobacco cutworm, is an important agricultural pest in Asia. Compared to the domestic silkworm, Bombyx mori, another lepidopteran whose CP genes have been well annotated, S. litura has a shorter life cycle, hides in soil during daytime beginning in the 5th instar and is exposed to soil in the pupal stage without the protection of a cocoon. In order to understand how the CP genes may have been adapted to support the characteristic life style of S. litura, we searched its genome and found 287 putative cuticular proteins that can be classified into 9 CP families (CPR with three groups (RR-1, RR-2, RR-3), CPAP1, CPAP3, CPF, CPFL, CPT, CPG, CPCFC and CPLCA), and a collection of unclassified CPs named CPH. There were also 112 cuticular proteins enriched in Histidine residues with content varying from 6% to 30%, comprising many more His-rich cuticular proteins than B. mori. A phylogenetic analysis between S. litura, M. sexta and B. mori uncovered large expansions of RR-1 and RR-2 CPs, forming large gene clusters in different regions of S. litura chromosome 9. We used RNA-seq analysis to document the expression profiles of CPs in different developmental stages and tissues of S. litura. The comparative genomic analysis of CPs between S. litura and B. mori integrated with the unique behavior and life cycle of the two species offers new insights into their contrasting ecological adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Shenglong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Wanshun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Li Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Yingdan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Huizhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Jiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Tingcai Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Marian R Goldsmith
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; University of Rhode Island, Kingston, 02881, USA
| | - Kallare P Arunkumar
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Central Muga Eri Research and Training Institute, (CMER&TI), Central Silk Board, Lahdoigarh, Jorhat, 785700, India
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Kazuei Mita
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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Li Z, Tian S, Yang H, Zhou X, Xu S, Zhang Z, Gong J, Hou Y, Xia Q. Genome-wide identification of chitin-binding proteins and characterization of BmCBP1 in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 26:400-412. [PMID: 29087606 PMCID: PMC7379184 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The insect cuticle plays important roles in numerous physiological functions to protect the body from invasion of pathogens, physical injury and dehydration. In this report, we conducted a comprehensive genome-wide search for genes encoding proteins with peritrophin A-type (ChtBD2) chitin-binding domain (CBD) in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. One of these genes, which encodes the cuticle protein BmCBP1, was additionally cloned, and its expression and location during the process of development and molting in B. mori were investigated. In total, 46 protein-coding genes were identified in the silkworm genome, including those encoding 15 cuticle proteins analogous to peritrophins with one CBD (CPAP1s), nine cuticle proteins analogous to peritrophins with three CBD (CPAP3s), 15 peritrophic membrane proteins (PMPs), four chitinases, and three chitin deacetylases, which contained at least one ChtBD2 domain. Microarray analysis indicated that CPAP-encoding genes were widely expressed in various tissues, whereas PMP genes were highly expressed in the midgut. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting showed that the cuticle protein BmCBP1 was highly expressed in the epidermis and head, particularly during molting and metamorphosis. An immunofluorescence study revealed that chitin co-localized with BmCBP1 at the epidermal surface during molting. Additionally, BmCBP1 was notably up-regulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone treatment. These results provide a genome-level view of the chitin-binding protein in silkworm and suggest that BmCBP1 participates in the formation of the new cuticle during molting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi‐Lang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome BiologyCollege of BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Sha Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome BiologyCollege of BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Huan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome BiologyCollege of BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome BiologyCollege of BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Shu‐Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome BiologyCollege of BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Zi‐Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome BiologyCollege of BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Jing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome BiologyCollege of BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome BiologyCollege of BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Qing‐You Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome BiologyCollege of BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
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Wang YW, Li YZ, Li GQ, Wan PJ, Li C. Identification of Cuticular Protein Genes in the Colorado Potato Beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:912-923. [PMID: 30615165 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Structural cuticular proteins (CPs) are the primary components of insect cuticle, linings of salivary gland, foregut, hindgut and tracheae, and midgut peritrophic membrane. Variation of CPs in insect cuticle can cause penetration resistance to insecticides. Moreover, depletion of specific CP by RNA interference may be a suitable way for the development of potential pest control traits. Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) CPs are poorly characterized at present, and therefore, we mined the genome and transcriptome data to better annotate and classify L. decemlineata CPs in this study, by comparison with the annotated CPs of Tribolium castaneum Browse (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). We identified 175 CP genes. Except one miscellaneous CP with an 18-amino acid motif, these CPs were classified into 7 families based on motifs and phylogenetic analyses (CPs with a Rebers and Riddiford motif, CPR; CPs analogous to peritrophins, CPAP3 and CPAP1; CPs with a tweedle motif, TWDL; CPs with a 44-amino acid motif, CPF; CPs that are CPF-like, CPFL; and CPs with two to three copies of C-X5-C motif, CPCFC). Leptinotarsa decemlineata CPRs could be categorized into three subfamilies: RR-1 (50), RR-2 (85), and RR-3 (2). The RR-1 proteins had an additional motif with a conserved YTADENGF sequence. The RR-2 members possessed a conserved RDGDVVKG region and three copes of G-x(3)-VV. Few genes were found in TWDL (9), CPAP1 (9), CPAP3 (8), CPF (5), CPFL (4), and CPCFC (2) families. The findings provide valuable information to explore molecular modes of penetration resistance to insecticides and to develop dsRNA-based control method in L. decemlineata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management in Eastern China (Agricultural Ministry of China), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Zhe Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Qing Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management in Eastern China (Agricultural Ministry of China), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pin-Jun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Li
- Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
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Comparative proteomic analysis provides new insight into differential transmission of two begomoviruses by a whitefly. Virol J 2019; 16:32. [PMID: 30857562 PMCID: PMC6413443 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Viruses in the genus Begomovirus (Family Geminiviridae) include many important economic plant viruses transmitted by whiteflies of the Bemisia tabaci species complex. In general, different begomoviruses may be acquired and transmitted by the same whitefly species with different efficiencies. For example, the species Mediterranean (MED) in this whitefly species complex transmits tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) at a higher efficiency than papaya leaf curl China virus (PaLCuCNV). However, the proteomic responses of whitefly to the infection of different begomoviruses remain largely unknown. Methods We used iTRAQ-based proteomics coupled with RT-qPCR to investigate and compare responses of the MED whitefly to the infection of TYLCV and PaLCuCNV. Results Totally, 259, 395 and 74 differently expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in the comparisons of TYLCV-infected vs. un-infected, PaLCuCNV-infected vs. un-infected, and TYLCV-infected vs. PaLCuCNV-infected whiteflies, respectively. These proteins appear associated with catabolic process, metabolic process, transport, defense response, cell cycle, and receptor. The comparisons of TYLCV-infected vs. un-infected and PaLCuCNV-infected vs. un-infected shared some similar DEPs, indicating possible involvement of laminin subunit alpha, dystroglycan, integrin alpha-PS2 and cuticle proteins in viral transport as well as the role of putative defense proteins 3 and PITH in anti-viral response. However, 20S proteasome subunits associated with regulation of virus degradation and accumulation were up-regulated in PaLCuCNV-infected but not in TYLCV-infected whiteflies, which may be related to the constraints of PaLCuCNV accumulation in MED. Conclusions These findings provide valuable clues for unravelling the roles of some whitefly proteins in begomovirus transmission. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-019-1138-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Structural glycoprotein LmAbd-9 is required for the formation of the endocuticle during locust molting. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 125:588-595. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhou S, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Chen J, Pang L, Pan Z, Li C, Shi M, Huang J, Chen X. The developmental transcriptome of Trichopria drosophilae (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) and insights into cuticular protein genes. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2019; 29:245-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Liu X, Zhang J, Zhu KY. Chitin in Arthropods: Biosynthesis, Modification, and Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1142:169-207. [PMID: 31102247 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7318-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chitin is a structural constituent of extracellular matrices including the cuticle of the exoskeleton and the peritrophic matrix (PM) of the midgut in arthropods. Chitin chains are synthesized through multiple biochemical reactions, organized in several hierarchical levels and associated with various proteins that give their unique physicochemical characteristics of the cuticle and PM. Because, arthropod growth and morphogenesis are dependent on the capability of remodeling chitin-containing structures, chitin biosynthesis and degradation are highly regulated, allowing ecdysis and regeneration of the cuticle and PM. Over the past 20 years, much progress has been made in understanding the physiological functions of chitinous matrices. In this chapter, we mainly discussed the biochemical processes of chitin biosynthesis, modification and degradation, and various enzymes involved in these processes. We also discussed cuticular proteins and PM proteins, which largely determine the physicochemical properties of the cuticle and PM. Although rapid advances in genomics, proteomics, RNA interference, and other technologies have considerably facilitated our research in chitin biosynthesis, modification, and metabolism in recent years, many aspects of these processes are still partially understood. Further research is needed in understanding how the structural organization of chitin synthase in plasma membrane accommodate chitin biosynthesis, transport of chitin chain across the plasma membrane, and release of the chitin chain from the enzyme. Other research is also needed in elucidating the roles of chitin deacetylases in chitin organization and the mechanism controlling the formation of different types of chitin in arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Liu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China.
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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Abstract
Chitin is a linear polysaccharide of the amino sugar N-acetyl glucosamine. It is present in the extracellular matrix of a variety of invertebrates including sponges, molluscs, nematodes and arthropods and fungi. Generally, it is an important component of protective or supportive extracellular matrices that cover the tissue that produces it or the whole body of the organism. Chitin fibres associate with each other adopting one of three possible crystalline organisations, i.e. α-, β- or γ-chitin. Usually, chitin fibre bundles interact with chitin-binding proteins forming higher order structures. Chitin laminae, which are two-dimensional sheets of α-chitin crystals with antiparallel running chitin fibres in association with β-folded proteins, are primary constituents of the arthropod cuticle and the fibrous extracellular matrix in sponges. A tri-dimensional composite material of proteins coacervates and β-chitin constitute hard biomaterials such as the squid beak. The molecular composition of γ-chitin-based structures that contribute to the physical barrier found in insect cocoons is less well studied. In principle, chitin is a versatile extracellular polysaccharide that in association with proteins defines the mechanical properties of tissues and organisms.
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Zhou Y, Wang Y, Li X, Peprah FA, Wang X, Liu H, Lin F, Gu J, Yu F, Shi H. Applying microarray-based technique to study and analyze silkworm (Bombyx mori) transcriptomic response to long-term high iron diet. Genomics 2018; 111:1504-1513. [PMID: 30391296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the biological processes affected by long-term iron supplementation, newly hatched silkworms were exposed to high iron mulberry diet (10 and 100 ppm) and its effect on silkworm transcriptom was determined. The results showed that the silkworm was responsive to iron by increasing iron concentration and ferritin levels in the hemolymph and by regulating the expression of many other genes. A total of 523 and 326 differentially expressed genes were identified in 10 and 100 ppm Fe group compared to the control, respectively. Of these genes, 249 were shared between in both the 10 ppm and 100 ppm Fe group, including 152 up-regulated and 97 down-regulated genes. These shared genes included 19 known Fe regulated, 24 immune-related, 12 serine proteases and serine proteases homologs, 41 cuticular and cuticle genes. Ten genes (carboxypeptidases A, serine protease homologs 85, fibrohexamerin/P25, transferrin, sex-specific storage-protein 2, fungal protease inhibitor F, insect intestinal mucin, peptidoglycan recognition protein B, cuticle protein CPH45, unknown gene) were involved in the regulation of iron overload responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Frank Addai Peprah
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Feng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou 313001, PR China
| | - Jie Gu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Feng Yu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Haifeng Shi
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
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Wang L, Dong Z, Wang J, Yin Y, Liu H, Hu W, Peng Z, Liu C, Li M, Banno Y, Shimada T, Xia Q, Zhao P. Proteomic Analysis of Larval Integument in a Dominant Obese Translucent (Obs) Silkworm Mutant. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2018; 18:5168485. [PMID: 30412263 PMCID: PMC6225826 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iey098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The dominant obese translucent (Obs) mutant of the silkworm (Bombyx mori) results in a short and stout larval body, translucent phenotype, and abnormal pigmentation in the integument. The Obs mutant also displays deficiency in ecdysis and metamorphosis. In the present study, to gain an understanding of multiple Obs phenotypes, we investigated the phenotypes of Obs and performed a comparative analysis of the larval integument proteomes of Obs and normal silkworms. The phenotypic analysis revealed that the Obs larvae were indeed short and fat, and that chitin and uric acid content were lower but melanin content was higher in the Obs mutant. Proteomic analysis revealed that 244 proteins were significantly differentially expressed between Obs and normal silkworms, some of which were involved in uric acid metabolism and melanin pigmentation. Twenty-six proteins were annotated as cuticular proteins, including RR motif-rich cuticular proteins (CPR), glycine-rich cuticular protein (CPG), hypothetical cuticular protein (CPH), cuticular protein analogous to peritrophins (CPAPs), and the chitin_bind_3 motif proteins, and accounted for over 84% of the abundance of the total significantly differentially expressed proteins. Moreover, 22 of the 26 cuticular proteins were downregulated in the Obs mutant. Comparative proteomic analysis suggested that the multiple phenotypes of the Obs mutant might be related to changes in the expression of proteins that participate in cuticular formation, uric acid metabolism, and melanin pigmentation. These results could lay a basis for further identification of the gene responsible for the Obs mutant. The data have been deposited to ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD010998.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaoming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaru Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Huawei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenbo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhangchuan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Muwang Li
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yutaka Banno
- Institute of Genetic Resources, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toru Shimada
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, China
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Tan D, Hu H, Tong X, Han M, Wu S, Ding X, Dai F, Lu C. Comparative Analysis of the Integument Transcriptomes between Stick Mutant and Wild-Type Silkworms. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103158. [PMID: 30322193 PMCID: PMC6214029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In insects, the integument provides mechanical support for the whole body and protects them from infections, physical and chemical injuries, and dehydration. Diversity in integument properties is often related to body shape, behavior, and survival rate. The stick (sk) silkworm is a spontaneous mutant with a stick-like larval body that is firm to the touch and, thus, less flexible. Analysis of the mechanical properties of the cuticles at day 3 of the fifth instar (L5D3) of sk larvae revealed higher storage modulus and lower loss tangent. Transcriptome sequencing identified a total of 19,969 transcripts that were expressed between wild-type Dazao and the sk mutant at L5D2, of which 11,596 transcripts were novel and detected in the integument. Differential expression analyses identified 710 upregulated genes and 1009 downregulated genes in the sk mutant. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis indicated that four chitin-binding peritrophin A domain genes and a chitinase gene were upregulated, whereas another four chitin-binding peritrophin A domain genes, a trehalase, and nine antimicrobial peptides were downregulated. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis indicated that two functional pathways, namely, fructose and mannose metabolism and tyrosine metabolism, were significantly enriched with differentially-expressed transcripts. This study provides a foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of the stiff exoskeleton in the sk mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Hai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Xiaoling Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Minjin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Songyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Xin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Fangyin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Cheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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63
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Liu BQ, Qiao L, He QY, Zhou Y, Ren S, Chen B. Genome-wide identification, characterization and evolution of cuticular protein genes in the malaria vector Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae). INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 25:739-750. [PMID: 28544438 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen cuticular protein (CP) families have been recognized in arthropods. In this study, 250 Anopheles sinensis CP genes were identified and named based on genome and transcriptome sequences. They were classified into 10 families based on motifs and phylogenetic analyses. In 11 other insect species, nine had CP numbers > 150 while Apis mellifera and Tribolium castaneum had CP numbers less than 52. The CPs of eight species occupied > 1.4% of the total genomic gene number, whereas in three species the CPs occupied < 1%. The phylogenies for each CP family in An. sinensis were constructed and discussed. The 250 CPs each had 1-8 exons with 144 CPs (57.6%) having two exons. The intron length ranged from 66-3888 bp with 174 introns (54.0%) being 66-100 bp long. Except for two CPs on two contigs, 248 CPs were mapped onto 28 scaffolds with 136 genes (54.4%) restricted to five scaffolds. A total of 107 CPs were clustered and located at 27 loci. The CPR family had the conserved motif GSYSLVEPDGTVRTV. The RR-1 subfamily had an additional 21 amino acid (aa) motifs with the YVADENGF sequence that is common in insects. The RR-2 subfamily had an additional 50 aa motifs with two additional regions RDGDVVKG and G-x(3)-VV. A comparison with 115 orthologous counterparts of An. gambiae CPs suggested purifying selection for all of these genes. This study provides basic information useful for further studies on biological functions of An. sinensis CPs as well as for comparative genomics of insect CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Qi Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Qiao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi-Yi He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuang Ren
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
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64
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Extensive characterization and differential analysis of endogenous peptides from Bombyx batryticatus using mass spectrometric approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 163:78-87. [PMID: 30286438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bombyx batryticatus, the dried larva of Bombyx mori L. (4th-5th instars) infected with Beauveria bassiana Vuill, is an important animal-derived medicine effective against several diseases. The metamorphosis of silkworm can result insignificant changes in the levels of proteins and polypeptides in the 4th and 5th instar larvae. Here, we performed extensive characterization of Bombyx batryticatus peptides, including polypeptides containing cysteines, using an MS-based data mining strategy. A total of 779 peptides with various PTMs (post-translational modifications) were identified through database search and de novo sequencing. Some of these peptides might have important biological activities. Besides, the differential analysis of polypeptides between the head and body of Bombyx batryticatus was performed to provide a clinical basis for rational use of the drugs derived from it. This study illustrates the abundance and sequences of endogenous Bombyx batryticatus polypeptides, and thus, provides potential candidates for the screening of active compounds for future biological research and drug discovery studies.
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65
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Lu JB, Luo XM, Zhang XY, Pan PL, Zhang CX. An ungrouped cuticular protein is essential for normal endocuticle formation in the brown planthopper. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 100:1-9. [PMID: 29885440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Using transcriptome analysis of tissues of the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, we identified a gene tentatively designated NlCP21.92 that was expressed at high levels in the integument. Spatiotemporal expression profiling with quantitative PCR and Western blotting verified its integument-specific expression and showed periodic expression during molting. The open reading frame was GC-rich and encoded a hydrophobic polypeptide. The polypeptide contained AAPA/V repeat motifs and other sequence features similar to several reported cuticular proteins but lacked an R&R consensus and other chitin-binding domains. Double-stranded RNA-mediated RNA interference of the NlCP21.92 resulted in abnormal and lethal morphological phenotypes, and transmission electron microscopy revealed the corresponding ultrastructural defects. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that the NlCP21.92 protein was primarily located in the procuticle. Our results suggest that NlCP21.92 is a novel ungrouped cuticular protein essential for normal endocuticle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Bao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xu-Mei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Ya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Peng-Lu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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66
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Balabanidou V, Grigoraki L, Vontas J. Insect cuticle: a critical determinant of insecticide resistance. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 27:68-74. [PMID: 30025637 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Intense use of insecticides has resulted in the selection of extreme levels of resistance in insect populations. Therefore understanding the molecular basis of insecticide resistance mechanisms becomes critical. Penetration resistance refers to modifications in the cuticle that will eventually slow down the penetration of insecticide molecules within insects' body. So far, two mechanisms of penetration resistance have been described, the cuticle thickening and the altering of cuticle composition. Cuticular modifications are attributed to the over-expression of diversified genes or proteins, which belong to structural components (cuticular proteins mainly), enzymes that catalyze enzymatic reactions (CYP4G16 and laccase 2) or ABC transporters that promote cuticular translocation. In the present review we summarize recent studies and discuss future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileia Balabanidou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 73100 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Linda Grigoraki
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 71409 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 73100 Heraklion, Greece; Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece.
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67
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Chen EH, Hou QL, Dou W, Wei DD, Yue Y, Yang RL, Yang PJ, Yu SF, De Schutter K, Smagghe G, Wang JJ. Genome-wide annotation of cuticular proteins in the oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis), changes during pupariation and expression analysis of CPAP3 protein genes in response to environmental stresses. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 97:53-70. [PMID: 29729388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular proteins (CPs) are essential components of the insect cuticle as they create a structural and protective shield and may have a role in insect development. In this paper, we studied the CPs in the oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis), one of the most economically important pests in the Tephritidae family around the world. The availability of a complete genome sequence (NCBI Assembly: ASM78921v2) allowed the identification of 164 CP genes in B. dorsalis. Comparative analysis of the CPs in B. dorsalis with those in the model insect Drosophila melanogaster and the closely related Ceratitis capitata, and CPs from mosquitoes, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Coleoptera identified Diptera-specific genes and cuticle development patterns. Analysis of their evolutionary relationship revealed that some CP families had evolved according to the phylogeny of the different insect species, while others shared a closer relationship based on domain architecture. Subsequently, transcriptome analysis showed that while most of the CPs (60-100% of the family members) are expressed in the epidermis, some were also present in internal organs such as the fat body and the reproductive organs. Furthermore, the study of the expression profiles throughout development revealed a profound change in the expression of CPs during the formation of the puparium (pupariation). Further analysis of the expression profiles of the CPAP3 genes under various environmental stresses revealed them to be involved in the response to pesticides and arid and extreme temperatures conditions. In conclusion, the data provide a particular overview of CPs and their evolutionary and transcriptional dynamics, and in turn they lay a molecular foundation to explore their roles in the unique developmental process of insect metamorphosis and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er-Hu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Qiu-Li Hou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Dan-Dan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yong Yue
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Rui-Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Pei-Jin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Shuai-Feng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | | | - Guy Smagghe
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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68
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Liao C, Upadhyay A, Liang J, Han Q, Li J. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde synthase and cuticle formation in insects. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:44-50. [PMID: 29155013 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cuticle is the most important structure that protects mosquitoes and other insect species from adverse environmental conditions and infections of microorganism. The physiology and biochemistry of insect cuticle formation have been studied for many years and our understanding of cuticle formation and hardening has increased considerably. This is especially true for flexible cuticle. The recent discovery of a novel enzyme that catalyzes the production of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) in insects provides intriguing insights concerning the flexible cuticle formation in insects. For convenience, the enzyme that catalyzes the production DOPAL from l-dopa is named DOPAL synthase. In this mini-review, we summarize the biochemical pathways of cuticle formation and hardening in general and discuss DOPAL synthase-mediated protein crosslinking in insect flexible cuticle in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China; Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Archana Upadhyay
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China; Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Jing Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Qian Han
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China; Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China.
| | - Jianyong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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69
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Shahin R, Iwanaga M, Kawasaki H. Expression profiles of cuticular protein genes in wing tissues during pupal to adult stages and the deduced adult cuticular structure of Bombyx mori. Gene 2018; 646:181-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Masson V, Arafah K, Voisin S, Bulet P. Comparative Proteomics Studies of Insect Cuticle by Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Application of a Novel Proteomics Approach to the Pea Aphid Cuticular Proteins. Proteomics 2018; 18. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Philippe Bulet
- Platform BioPark Archamps; Archamps France
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences; CR Inserm U1209; CNRS UMR 5309; University of Grenoble-Alpes; Grenoble France
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71
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Microscopic cuticle structure comparison of pupal melanic and wild strain of Spodoptera exigua and their gene expression profiles in three time points. Microb Pathog 2017; 114:483-493. [PMID: 29196168 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), is one of the major crop pests and is a target for current pest control approaches using insecticides. S. exigua melanic mutants (SEM) spontaneously occurred in the S. exigua wild type (SEW) strain and have been maintained under laboratory conditions on an artificial diet. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the inner cuticle of the SEM had a denser and less orderly structure. We investigated the cuticle protein genes using RNA-seq at three different developmental stages of both SEM and SEW. Comparison of cDNA libraries showed that 7257 CPs were significantly up-regulated and 664 genes were significantly downregulated in SEM at the developmental stage of 46-h in the fifth instar. In addition, 460 genes were significantly up-regulated and 439 genes were significantly down-regulated in the SEM at the development stage of 4-h before pupation. Moreover, 162 genes were significantly up-regulated and 293 genes were significantly downregulated in the SEM, just after pupation. Two genes CPR63 and CPR97 were identified from RNA sequences to verify the differentially expressed gene (DEG) results through quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results show that expression of both CPR63 and CPR97 structural cuticular proteins were significantly different between SEM and SEW. This functional analysis may help in understanding the role that these genes play in the cuticle pattern of the SEM.
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72
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Li W, Tang X, Chen Y, Sun W, Liu Y, Gong Y, Wen X, Li S. Characterize a typically Dscam with alternative splicing in mud crab Scylla paramamosain. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 71:305-318. [PMID: 29042325 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam) could function in the innate immunity of invertebrates. Recently, it is shown that arthropod Dscams play similar functions as antibodies in the adaptive immune system. Dscam could produce thousands of isoforms by alternative splicing and specifically bind to various pathogens. In the present study, we cloned the first Dscam from mud crab Scylla paramamosain (SpDscam), with full-length cDNA 7363 bp containing an open reading frame (ORF) of 6069bp and encoding 2022 amino acids, which had typical domain architecture as other arthropods, i.e., 10 immunoglobulin domains (Ig), 6 fibronectin type 3 domains (FN III), transmembrane and cytoplasmic tail. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that SpDscam was highly expressed in brain, skin, muscle, intestine and hepatopancreas, but weakly expressed in hemolymph, heart and gill. SpDscam had three alternative splicing regions, located at the N-terminal of Ig2 and Ig3 as well as on the whole Ig7. In these regions, 32, 41 and 14 exons were detected, together with the two exon types of transmembrane domain, indicating SpDscam could potentially encode at least 36,736 unique isoforms. SpDscam induced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge had strong binding ability to V. parahaemolyticus. Further, SpDscam induced by V. parahaemolyticus possessed a clearance of V. parahaemolyticus in S. paramamosain. Collectively, the results indicated SpDscam was a hypervariable pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) by alternative splicing in innate immunity system of mud crab S. paramamosain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Xixiang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Wanwei Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yi Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Xiaobo Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
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73
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Jan S, Liu S, Hafeez M, Zhang X, Dawar FU, Guo J, Gao C, Wang M. Isolation and functional identification of three cuticle protein genes during metamorphosis of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16061. [PMID: 29167522 PMCID: PMC5700046 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16435-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), is one of the major crop pests and is a target for current pest control approaches using insecticides. In this study three cuticular protein genes CPG316, CPG860 and CPG4855 have been cloned from 0 h pupal integument of S. exigua through race PCR Strategy. The deduced amino acid sequences were found to contain the RR-2 consensus region of other insect cuticular proteins and construct phylogenetic trees for each protein. Using quantitative RT-PCR, the developmental expression of the three genes through several larval and the early pupal stages was studied. All three genes contribute to the endocuticle although CPG316 may have a different role from the other two genes. All three newly isolated genes were analyzed and their functions were determined by using direct injection of the dsRNA into early 5th instar larvae. All genes are expressed in the larvae and early pupae but in different patterns. Furthermore, phenotypic results show that these genes have differing effects on the development of cuticle, its flexibility and a big role in metamorphosis in both larval and pupal stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Jan
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Sisi Liu
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Muhammad Hafeez
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangmei Zhang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Farman Ullah Dawar
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyun Guo
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Gao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Mo Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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74
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Body Shape and Coloration of Silkworm Larvae Are Influenced by a Novel Cuticular Protein. Genetics 2017; 207:1053-1066. [PMID: 28923848 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of body shape and coloration patterns on caterpillars is often assumed to be regulated separately, but it is possible that common molecules affect both types of trait simultaneously. Here we examine the genetic basis of a spontaneous cuticle defect in silkworm, where larvae exhibit a bamboo-like body shape and decreased pigmentation. We performed linkage mapping and mutation screening to determine the gene product that affects body shape and coloration simultaneously. In these mutant larvae we identified a null mutation in BmorCPH24, a gene encoding a cuticular protein with low complexity sequence. Spatiotemporal expression analyses showed that BmorCPH24 is expressed in the larval epidermis postecdysis. RNAi-mediated knockdown and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of BmorCPH24 produced the abnormal body shape and the inhibited pigment typical of the mutant phenotype. In addition, our results showed that BmorCPH24 may be involved in the synthesis of endocuticle and its disruption-induced apoptosis of epidermal cells that accompanied the reduced expression of R&R-type larval cuticle protein genes and pigmentation gene Wnt1 Strikingly, BmorCPH24, a fast-evolving gene, has evolved a new function responsible for the assembly of silkworm larval cuticle and has evolved to be an indispensable factor maintaining the larval body shape and its coloration pattern. This is the first study to identify a molecule whose pleiotropic function affects the development of body shape and color patterns in insect larvae.
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75
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Wang P, Bi S, Wu F, Xu P, Shen X, Zhao Q. Differentially expressed genes in the head of the 2nd instar pre-molting larvae of the nm2 mutant of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180160. [PMID: 28727825 PMCID: PMC5519023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Molting is an important physiological process in the larval stage of Bombyx mori and is controlled by various hormones and peptides. The silkworm mutant that exhibits the phenotype of non-molting in the 2nd instar (nm2) is incapable of molting in the 2nd instar and dies after seven or more days. The ecdysone titer in the nm2 mutant is lower than that in the wildtype, and the mutant can be rescued by feeding with 20E and cholesterol. The results of positional cloning indicated that structural alteration of BmCPG10 is responsible for the phenotype of the nm2 mutant. To explore the possible relationship between BmCPG10 and the ecdysone titer as well as the genes affected by BmCPG10, digital gene expression (DGE) profile analysis was conducted in the nm2 mutant, with the wildtype strain C603 serving as the control. The results revealed 1727 differentially expressed genes, among which 651 genes were upregulated and 1076 were downregulated in nm2. BLASTGO analysis showed that these differentially expressed genes were involved in various biological processes, cellular components and molecular functions. KEGG analysis indicated an enrichment of these differentially expressed genes in 240 pathways, including metabolic pathways, pancreatic secretion, protein digestion and absorption, fat digestion and absorption and glycerolipid metabolism. To verify the accuracy of the DGE results, quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed, focusing on key genes in several related pathways, and the results were highly consistent with the DGE results. Our findings indicated significant differences in cuticular protein genes, ecdysone biosynthesis genes and ecdysone-related nuclear receptors genes, but no significant difference in juvenile hormone and chitin biosynthesis genes was detected. Our research findings lay the foundation for further research on the formation mechanism of the nm2 mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyang Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang Jiangsu, China
- The Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang Jiangsu, China
| | - Simin Bi
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang Jiangsu, China
- The Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang Jiangsu, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Industrial Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Pingzhen Xu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang Jiangsu, China
- The Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang Jiangsu, China
| | - Xingjia Shen
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang Jiangsu, China
- The Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiaoling Zhao
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang Jiangsu, China
- The Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
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76
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Zhao X, Gou X, Qin Z, Li D, Wang Y, Ma E, Li S, Zhang J. Identification and expression of cuticular protein genes based on Locusta migratoria transcriptome. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45462. [PMID: 28368027 PMCID: PMC5377371 DOI: 10.1038/srep45462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many types of cuticular proteins are found in a single insect species, and their number and features are very diversified among insects. The cuticle matrix consists of many different proteins that confer the physical properties of the exoskeleton. However, the number and properties of cuticle proteins in Locusta migratoria remain unclear. In the present study, Illumina sequencing and de novo assembly were combined to characterize the transcriptome of L. migratoria. Eighty-one cuticular protein genes were identified and divided into five groups: the CPR family (51), Tweedle (2), CPF/CPFLs (9), CPAP family (9), and other genes (10). Based on the expression patterns in different tissues and stages, most of the genes as a test were distributed in the integument, pronotum and wings, and expressed in selected stages with different patterns. The results showed no obvious correlation between the expression patterns and the conservative motifs. Additionally, each cluster displayed a different expression pattern that may possess a different function in the cuticle. Furthermore, the complexity of the large variety of genes displayed differential expression during the molting cycle may be associated with cuticle formation and may provide insights into the gene networks related to cuticle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhao
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Xin Gou
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China.,College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Zhongyu Qin
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China.,College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Daqi Li
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China.,College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Enbo Ma
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Sciences and School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
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77
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Yang CH, Yang PC, Zhang SF, Shi ZY, Kang L, Zhang AB. Identification, expression pattern, and feature analysis of cuticular protein genes in the pine moth Dendrolimus punctatus (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae). INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 83:94-106. [PMID: 28284855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular proteins (CPs) are vital components of the insects' cuticle that support movement and protect insect from adverse environmental conditions. The CPs exist in a large number and diversiform structures, thus, the accurate annotation is the first step to interpreting their roles in insect growth. The rapid development of sequencing technology has simplified the access to the information on protein sequences, especially for non-model species. Dendrolimus punctatus is a Lepidopteran defoliator, and its periodic outbreaks cause severe damage to the coniferous forests. The transcriptome of D. punctatus integrating the whole developmental periods are available for the potential investigation of CPs. In this study, we identified 216 CPs from D. punctatus, including 147 from CPR family, 4 from TWDL family, 3 from CPF/CPFL families, 22 from CPAP families, 8 low complexity proteins, 1 CPCPC and 31 from other CP families. The putative CPs were compared with homologs in other species such as Bombyx mori, Manduca sexta and Drosophila melanogaster. We further identified five co-orthologous groups have highly similar sequences of CRPs in nine lepidopteran species, which exclusively presented in RR-2 subfamily rather than RR-1. We inferred that in Lepidoptera the difference in RR-2 numbers was maintained by homologs in co-orthologous groups, coincided with observation in Drosophila and Anopheles that gene cluster was the model and source for the expansion of RR-2 genes. In combination with the variation of members in each CP family among different species, these results indicated the evolution of CPs was highly correlated to the adaptation of insect to environment. Furthermore, we compared the amino acid composition of the different types CPRs, and examined the expression patterns of CP genes in various developmental stages. The comprehensive overview of CPs from our study provides an insight into their evolution and the association between them and insect development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Hui Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Yang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Su-Fang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Le Kang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ai-Bing Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China.
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78
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Noh MY, Muthukrishnan S, Kramer KJ, Arakane Y. Cuticle formation and pigmentation in beetles. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 17:1-9. [PMID: 27720067 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Adult beetles (Coleoptera) are covered primarily by a hard exoskeleton or cuticle. For example, the beetle elytron is a cuticle-rich highly modified forewing structure that shields the underlying hindwing and dorsal body surface from a variety of harmful environmental factors by acting as an armor plate. The elytron comes in a variety of colors and shapes depending on the coleopteran species. As in many other insect species, the cuticular tanning pathway begins with tyrosine and is responsible for production of a variety of melanin-like and other types of pigments. Tanning metabolism involves quinones and quinone methides, which also act as protein cross-linking agents for cuticle sclerotization. Electron microscopic analyses of rigid cuticles of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, have revealed not only numerous horizontal chitin-protein laminae but also vertically oriented columnar structures called pore canal fibers. This structural architecture together with tyrosine metabolism for cuticle tanning is likely to contribute to the rigidity and coloration of the beetle exoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Young Noh
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Karl J Kramer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Yasuyuki Arakane
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
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79
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Ma K, Li X, Hu H, Zhou D, Sun Y, Ma L, Zhu C, Shen B. Pyrethroid-resistance is modulated by miR-92a by targeting CpCPR4 in Culex pipiens pallens. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 203:20-24. [PMID: 27627779 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The wide use of pyrethroids has resulted in the emergence and spread of resistance in mosquito populations, which represent a major obstacle in the struggle against vector-borne diseases. Resistance to pyrethroids is a complex genetic phenomenon attributed by polygenetic inheritance. We previously have sequenced and analyzed the miRNA profiles of Culex pipiens pallens. MiR-92a was found to be overexpressed in a deltamethrin-resistant (DR) strain. The association of miR-92a with pyrethroid-resistance was investigated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Expression levels of miR-92a were 2.72-fold higher in the DR strain than in the deltamethrin-susceptible (DS) strain. Bioinformatic analysis suggested that CpCPR4, a mosquito cuticle gene, is the target of miR-92a. Dual luciferase reporter assays further confirmed that CpCPR4 is modulated by miR-92a through binding to a specific target site in the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR). Microinjection of the miR-92a inhibitor upregulated CpCPR4 expression levels, leading to an increase in the susceptibility of the DR strain in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) bottle bioassay (a surveillance tool for detecting resistance to insecticides in vector populations). Taken together, our findings indicate that miR-92a regulates pyrethroid-resistance through its interaction with CpCPR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ma
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China
| | - Xixi Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China
| | - Hongxia Hu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China
| | - Changliang Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China.
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80
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Kanost MR, Arrese EL, Cao X, Chen YR, Chellapilla S, Goldsmith MR, Grosse-Wilde E, Heckel DG, Herndon N, Jiang H, Papanicolaou A, Qu J, Soulages JL, Vogel H, Walters J, Waterhouse RM, Ahn SJ, Almeida FC, An C, Aqrawi P, Bretschneider A, Bryant WB, Bucks S, Chao H, Chevignon G, Christen JM, Clarke DF, Dittmer NT, Ferguson LCF, Garavelou S, Gordon KHJ, Gunaratna RT, Han Y, Hauser F, He Y, Heidel-Fischer H, Hirsh A, Hu Y, Jiang H, Kalra D, Klinner C, König C, Kovar C, Kroll AR, Kuwar SS, Lee SL, Lehman R, Li K, Li Z, Liang H, Lovelace S, Lu Z, Mansfield JH, McCulloch KJ, Mathew T, Morton B, Muzny DM, Neunemann D, Ongeri F, Pauchet Y, Pu LL, Pyrousis I, Rao XJ, Redding A, Roesel C, Sanchez-Gracia A, Schaack S, Shukla A, Tetreau G, Wang Y, Xiong GH, Traut W, Walsh TK, Worley KC, Wu D, Wu W, Wu YQ, Zhang X, Zou Z, Zucker H, Briscoe AD, Burmester T, Clem RJ, Feyereisen R, Grimmelikhuijzen CJP, Hamodrakas SJ, Hansson BS, Huguet E, Jermiin LS, Lan Q, Lehman HK, Lorenzen M, Merzendorfer H, Michalopoulos I, Morton DB, Muthukrishnan S, Oakeshott JG, Palmer W, Park Y, Passarelli AL, Rozas J, Schwartz LM, Smith W, Southgate A, Vilcinskas A, Vogt R, Wang P, Werren J, Yu XQ, Zhou JJ, Brown SJ, Scherer SE, Richards S, Blissard GW. Multifaceted biological insights from a draft genome sequence of the tobacco hornworm moth, Manduca sexta. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 76:118-147. [PMID: 27522922 PMCID: PMC5010457 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Manduca sexta, known as the tobacco hornworm or Carolina sphinx moth, is a lepidopteran insect that is used extensively as a model system for research in insect biochemistry, physiology, neurobiology, development, and immunity. One important benefit of this species as an experimental model is its extremely large size, reaching more than 10 g in the larval stage. M. sexta larvae feed on solanaceous plants and thus must tolerate a substantial challenge from plant allelochemicals, including nicotine. We report the sequence and annotation of the M. sexta genome, and a survey of gene expression in various tissues and developmental stages. The Msex_1.0 genome assembly resulted in a total genome size of 419.4 Mbp. Repetitive sequences accounted for 25.8% of the assembled genome. The official gene set is comprised of 15,451 protein-coding genes, of which 2498 were manually curated. Extensive RNA-seq data from many tissues and developmental stages were used to improve gene models and for insights into gene expression patterns. Genome wide synteny analysis indicated a high level of macrosynteny in the Lepidoptera. Annotation and analyses were carried out for gene families involved in a wide spectrum of biological processes, including apoptosis, vacuole sorting, growth and development, structures of exoskeleton, egg shells, and muscle, vision, chemosensation, ion channels, signal transduction, neuropeptide signaling, neurotransmitter synthesis and transport, nicotine tolerance, lipid metabolism, and immunity. This genome sequence, annotation, and analysis provide an important new resource from a well-studied model insect species and will facilitate further biochemical and mechanistic experimental studies of many biological systems in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Kanost
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Estela L Arrese
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Xiaolong Cao
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Yun-Ru Chen
- Boyce Thompson Institute at Cornell University, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Sanjay Chellapilla
- KSU Bioinformatics Center, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Marian R Goldsmith
- Biological Sciences Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Ewald Grosse-Wilde
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse, 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - David G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicolae Herndon
- KSU Bioinformatics Center, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Alexie Papanicolaou
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Jiaxin Qu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jose L Soulages
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - James Walters
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Robert M Waterhouse
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, 415 Main Street, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Seung-Joon Ahn
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Francisca C Almeida
- Departament de Genètica and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chunju An
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peshtewani Aqrawi
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Anne Bretschneider
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - William B Bryant
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Sascha Bucks
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse, 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Hsu Chao
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Germain Chevignon
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Jayne M Christen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - David F Clarke
- CSIRO Land and Water, Clunies Ross St, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Neal T Dittmer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | | | - Spyridoula Garavelou
- Centre of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Karl H J Gordon
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Clunies Ross St, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Ramesh T Gunaratna
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Yi Han
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Frank Hauser
- Center for Functional and Comparative Insect Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-21oo, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yan He
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Hanna Heidel-Fischer
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ariana Hirsh
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Yingxia Hu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Hongbo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Divya Kalra
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Christian Klinner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse, 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christopher König
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse, 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christie Kovar
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ashley R Kroll
- Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, OR, 97202, USA
| | - Suyog S Kuwar
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sandy L Lee
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Rüdiger Lehman
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Bioresources Project Group, Winchesterstrasse 2, 35394, Gießen, Germany
| | - Kai Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Zhaofei Li
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Hanquan Liang
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Shanna Lovelace
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, 04104, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jennifer H Mansfield
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Kyle J McCulloch
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Tittu Mathew
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Brian Morton
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David Neunemann
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Fiona Ongeri
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yannick Pauchet
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ling-Ling Pu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ioannis Pyrousis
- Centre of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Xiang-Jun Rao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Amanda Redding
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Charles Roesel
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alejandro Sanchez-Gracia
- Departament de Genètica and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah Schaack
- Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, OR, 97202, USA
| | - Aditi Shukla
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Guillaume Tetreau
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Guang-Hua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Walther Traut
- Institut fuer Biologie, Universitaet Luebeck, D-23538, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Tom K Walsh
- CSIRO Land and Water, Clunies Ross St, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Kim C Worley
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Wenbi Wu
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Yuan-Qing Wu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xiufeng Zhang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hannah Zucker
- Neuroscience Program, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY, 13323, USA
| | - Adriana D Briscoe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | | | - Rollie J Clem
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - René Feyereisen
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cornelis J P Grimmelikhuijzen
- Center for Functional and Comparative Insect Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-21oo, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stavros J Hamodrakas
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse, 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Huguet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Lars S Jermiin
- CSIRO Land and Water, Clunies Ross St, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Que Lan
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Herman K Lehman
- Biology Department and Neuroscience Program, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY, 13323, USA
| | - Marce Lorenzen
- Dept. Entomology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Hans Merzendorfer
- University of Siegen, School of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Biology - Molecular Biology, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse. 2, AR-C3010, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Ioannis Michalopoulos
- Centre of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - David B Morton
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, School of Dentistry, BRB421, L595, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - John G Oakeshott
- CSIRO Land and Water, Clunies Ross St, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Will Palmer
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Yoonseong Park
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | | | - Julio Rozas
- Departament de Genètica and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Wendy Smith
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Agnes Southgate
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, 29424, USA
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Richard Vogt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29205, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
| | - John Werren
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5007 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Jing-Jiang Zhou
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Susan J Brown
- KSU Bioinformatics Center, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Steven E Scherer
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Stephen Richards
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Gary W Blissard
- Boyce Thompson Institute at Cornell University, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Hu W, Liu C, Cheng T, Li W, Wang N, Xia Q. Histomorphometric and transcriptomic features characterize silk glands' development during the molt to intermolt transition process in silkworm. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 76:95-108. [PMID: 27395780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The molt-intermolt cycle is an essential feature in holometabolous and hemimetabolous insects' development. In the silkworm, silk glands are under dramatic morphological and functional changes with fibroin genes' transcription being repeatedly turned off and on during the molt-intermolt cycles. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling it are still unknown. Here, silk gland's histomorphology and transcriptome analysis were used to characterize changes in its structure and gene expression patterns from molt to intermolt stages. By using section staining and transmission electron microscope, a renewable cell damage was detected in the silk gland at the molt stage, and an increased number of autophagosomes and lysosomes were found in silk gland cells' cytoplasm. Next, by using RNA sequencing, 54,578,413 reads were obtained, of which 85% were mapped to the silkworm reference genome. The expression level analysis of silk protein genes and silk gland transcription factors revealed that fibroin heavy chain, fibroin light chain, P25/fhx, sericin1, sericin3 and Dimm had consistent alteration trends in temporal expression. In addition, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and most of the DEGs associated with ecdysone signal transduction, mRNA degradation, protein proteolysis, and autophagy were significantly down-regulated in the transition from molt to intermolt, suggesting that these pathways were activated for the silk gland renewal. These findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of silk gland development and silk protein genes transcriptional regulation during the molt to intermolt transition process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Chun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Tingcai Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Niannian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Chongqing 400716, China.
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82
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Bi R, Pan Y, Shang Q, Peng T, Yang S, Wang S, Xin X, Liu Y, Xi J. Comparative proteomic analysis in Aphis glycines Mutsumura under lambda-cyhalothrin insecticide stress. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2016; 19:90-96. [PMID: 27395796 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lambda-cyhalothrin is now widely used in China to control the soybean aphid Aphis glycines. To dissect the resistance mechanism, a laboratory-selected resistant soybean aphid strain (CRR) was established with a 43.42-fold resistance ratio to λ-cyhalothrin than the susceptible strain (CSS) in adult aphids. In this study, a comparative proteomic analysis between the CRR and CSS strains revealed important differences between the susceptible and resistant strains of soybean aphids for λ-cyhalothrin. Approximately 493 protein spots were detected in two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Thirty-six protein spots displayed differential expression of >2-fold in the CRR strain compared to the CSS strain. Out of these 36 protein spots, 21 had elevated and 15 had decreased expression. Twenty-four differentially expressed proteins were identified by MALDI TOF MS/MS and categorized into the functional groups cytoskeleton-related protein, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, protein folding, antioxidant system, and nucleotide and amino acid metabolism. Function analysis showed that cytoskeleton-related proteins and energy metabolism proteins have been associated with the λ-cyhalothrin resistance of A. glycines. The differential expression of λ-cyhalothrin responsive proteins reflected the overall change in cellular structure and metabolism after insecticide treatment in aphids. In summary, our studies improve understanding of the molecular mechanism resistance of soybean aphid to lambda-cyhalothrin, which will facilitate the development of rational approaches to improve the management of this pest and to improve the yield of soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Bi
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, ChangChun 130062, PR China; College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, ChangChun 130118, PR China
| | - Yiou Pan
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, ChangChun 130062, PR China
| | - Qingli Shang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, ChangChun 130062, PR China
| | - Tianfei Peng
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, ChangChun 130062, PR China
| | - Shuang Yang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, ChangChun 130062, PR China
| | - Shang Wang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, ChangChun 130062, PR China
| | - Xuecheng Xin
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, ChangChun 130062, PR China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, ChangChun 130062, PR China
| | - Jinghui Xi
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, ChangChun 130062, PR China.
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83
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Transcriptome Characterization of Dendrolimus punctatus and Expression Profiles at Different Developmental Stages. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161667. [PMID: 27560151 PMCID: PMC4999207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pine moth Dendrolimus punctatus (Walker) is a common insect pest that confers serious damage to conifer forests in south of China. Extensive physiology and ecology studies on D. punctatus have been carried out, but the lack of genetic information has limited our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind its development and resistance. Using RNA-seq approach, we characterized the transcriptome of this pine moth and investigated its developmental expression profiles during egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages. A total of 107.6 million raw reads were generated that were assembled into 70,664 unigenes. More than 30% unigenes were annotated by searching for homology in protein databases. To better understand the process of metamorphosis, we pairwise compared four developmental phases and obtained 17,624 differential expression genes. Functional enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes showed positive correlation with specific physiological activities of each stage, and these results were confirmed by qRT-PCR experiments. This study provides a valuable genomic resource of D. punctatus covering all its developmental stages, and will promote future studies on biological processes at the molecular level.
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84
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Song TQ, Yang ML, Wang YL, Liu Q, Wang HM, Zhang J, Li T. Cuticular protein LmTwdl1 is involved in molt development of the migratory locust. INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 23:520-530. [PMID: 27430427 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle, an essential structure for insects, is produced from cuticular proteins and chitin via a series of biochemical reactions. Tweedle genes are important members of the cuticular protein family and have four conserved motifs binding to chitin. Tweedle family genes have been found to play a profound effect on cuticle development. Here, we report that the cuticular protein gene LmTwdl1 of Locusta migratoria belongs to the Tweedle family. In situ hybridization showed that LmTwdl1 is localized to epidermal cells of the cuticle. The expression patterns of LmTwdl1 showed low expression in the cuticle during the early and middle stages of the fifth-instar nymphs; in contrast, its expression rapidly increased in the late stages of fifth-instar nymphs. We performed RNA interference to examine the function of LmTwdl1 in locusts. Silencing of LmTwdl1 resulted in high mortality during the molting process before the next stage. Also, the epicuticle of nymphs failed to molt, tended to be thinner and the arrangement of chitin in the procuticle appeared to be disordered compare to the control group. These results demonstrate that LmTwdl1 plays a critical role in molting, which contributes to a better understanding of the distinct functions of the Tweedle family in locusts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Qi Song
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mei-Ling Yang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Li Wang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Min Wang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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85
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Comparative analysis of the integument transcriptomes of the black dilute mutant and the wild-type silkworm Bombyx mori. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26114. [PMID: 27193628 PMCID: PMC4872147 DOI: 10.1038/srep26114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The insect cuticle is a critical protective shell that is composed predominantly of chitin and various cuticular proteins and pigments. Indeed, insects often change their surface pigment patterns in response to selective pressures, such as threats from predators, sexual selection and environmental changes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the construction of the epidermis and its pigmentation patterns are not fully understood. Among Lepidoptera, the silkworm is a favorable model for color pattern research. The black dilute (bd) mutant of silkworm is the result of a spontaneous mutation; the larval body color is notably melanized. We performed integument transcriptome sequencing of the wild-type strain Dazao and the mutant strains +/bd and bd/bd. In these experiments, during an early stage of the fourth molt, a stage at which approximately 51% of genes were expressed genome wide (RPKM ≥1) in each strain. A total of 254 novel transcripts were characterized using Cuffcompare and BLAST analyses. Comparison of the transcriptome data revealed 28 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that may contribute to bd larval melanism, including 15 cuticular protein genes that were remarkably highly expressed in the bd/bd mutant. We suggest that these significantly up-regulated cuticular proteins may promote melanism in silkworm larvae.
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86
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Dong Z, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Zhao P, Xia Q. Identification and Characterization of Novel Chitin-Binding Proteins from the Larval Cuticle of Silkworm, Bombyx mori. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:1435-45. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoming Dong
- State Key Laboratory
of Silkworm Genome Biology, ‡Chongqing Engineering and Technology
Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, and §College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
of Silkworm Genome Biology, ‡Chongqing Engineering and Technology
Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, and §College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
of Silkworm Genome Biology, ‡Chongqing Engineering and Technology
Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, and §College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
of Silkworm Genome Biology, ‡Chongqing Engineering and Technology
Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, and §College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory
of Silkworm Genome Biology, ‡Chongqing Engineering and Technology
Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, and §College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory
of Silkworm Genome Biology, ‡Chongqing Engineering and Technology
Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, and §College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
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87
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Mutation of a Cuticle Protein Gene, BmCPG10, Is Responsible for Silkworm Non-Moulting in the 2nd Instar Mutant. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153549. [PMID: 27096617 PMCID: PMC4838254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the silkworm, metamorphosis and moulting are regulated by ecdysone hormone and juvenile hormone. The subject in the present study is a silkworm mutant that does not moult in the 2nd instar (nm2). Genetic analysis indicated that the nm2 mutation is controlled by a recessive gene and is homozygous lethal. Based on positional cloning, nm2 was located in a region approximately 275 kb on the 5th linkage group by eleven SSR polymorphism markers. In this specific range, according to the transcriptional expression of thirteen genes and cloning, the relative expression level of the BmCPG10 gene that encodes a cuticle protein was lower than the expression level of the wild-type gene. Moreover, this gene’s structure differs from that of the wild-type gene: there is a deletion of 217 bp in its open reading frame, which resulted in a change in the protein it encoded. The BmCPG10 mRNA was detectable throughout silkworm development from the egg to the moth. This mRNA was low in the pre-moulting and moulting stages of each instar but was high in the gluttonous stage and in newly exuviated larvae. The BmCPG10 mRNA showed high expression levels in the epidermis, head and trachea, while the expression levels were low in the midgut, Malpighian tubule, prothoracic gland, haemolymph and ventral nerve cord. The ecdysone titre was determined by ELISA, and the results demonstrated that the ecdysone titre of nm2 larvae was lower than that of the wild-type larvae. The nm2 mutant could be rescued by feeding 20-hydroxyecdysone, cholesterol and 7—dehydrocholesterol (7dC), but the rescued nm2 only developed to the 4th instar and subsequently died. The moulting time of silkworms could be delayed by BmCPG10 RNAi. Thus, we speculated that the mutation of BmCPG10 was responsible for the silkworm mutant that did not moult in the 2nd instar.
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88
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Hou Y, Zhang Y, Gong J, Tian S, Li J, Dong Z, Guo C, Peng L, Zhao P, Xia Q. Comparative proteomics analysis of silkworm hemolymph during the stages of metamorphosis via liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Proteomics 2016; 16:1421-31. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology; Southwest University; Beibei, Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology; Southwest University; Beibei, Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Jing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology; Southwest University; Beibei, Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Sha Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology; Southwest University; Beibei, Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Jianwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology; Southwest University; Beibei, Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Zhaoming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology; Southwest University; Beibei, Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Chao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology; Southwest University; Beibei, Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Li Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology; Southwest University; Beibei, Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology; Southwest University; Beibei, Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology; Southwest University; Beibei, Chongqing P. R. China
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89
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Shahin R, Iwanaga M, Kawasaki H. Cuticular protein and transcription factor genes expressed during prepupal-pupal transition and by ecdysone pulse treatment in wing discs of Bombyx mori. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 25:138-152. [PMID: 26748620 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to understand the underlying mechanism that regulates successively expressed cuticular protein (CP) genes around pupation in Bombyx mori. Quantitative PCR was conducted to clarify the expression profile of CP genes and ecdysone-responsive transcription factor (ERTF) genes around pupation. Ecdysone pulse treatment was also conducted to compare the developmental profiles and the ecdysone induction of the CP and ERTF genes. Fifty-two CP genes (RR-1 13, RR-2 18, CPG 8, CPT 3, CPFL 2, CPH 8) in wing discs of B. mori were examined. Different expression profiles were found, which suggests the existence of a mechanism that regulates CP genes. We divided the genes into five groups according to their peak stages of expression. RR-2 genes were expressed until the day of pupation and RR-1 genes were expressed before and after pupation and for longer than RR-2 genes; this suggests different construction of exo- and endocuticular layers. CPG, CPT, CPFL and CPH genes were expressed before and after pupation, which implies their involvement in both cuticular layers. Expression profiles of ERTFs corresponded with previous reports. Ecdysone pulse treatment showed that the induction of CP and ERTF genes in vitro reflected developmental expression, from which we speculated that ERTFs regulate CP gene expression around pupation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shahin
- Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Iwanaga
- Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - H Kawasaki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
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90
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91
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Unique features of a global human ectoparasite identified through sequencing of the bed bug genome. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10165. [PMID: 26836814 PMCID: PMC4740739 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The bed bug, Cimex lectularius, has re-established itself as a ubiquitous human ectoparasite throughout much of the world during the past two decades. This global resurgence is likely linked to increased international travel and commerce in addition to widespread insecticide resistance. Analyses of the C. lectularius sequenced genome (650 Mb) and 14,220 predicted protein-coding genes provide a comprehensive representation of genes that are linked to traumatic insemination, a reduced chemosensory repertoire of genes related to obligate hematophagy, host–symbiont interactions, and several mechanisms of insecticide resistance. In addition, we document the presence of multiple putative lateral gene transfer events. Genome sequencing and annotation establish a solid foundation for future research on mechanisms of insecticide resistance, human–bed bug and symbiont–bed bug associations, and unique features of bed bug biology that contribute to the unprecedented success of C. lectularius as a human ectoparasite. The bed bug, Cimex lectularius, is a ubiquitous human ectoparasite with global distribution. Here, the authors sequence the genome of the bed bug and identify reductions in chemosensory genes, expansion of genes associated with blood digestion and genes linked to pesticide resistance.
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92
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Glazer L, Roth Z, Weil S, Aflalo ED, Khalaila I, Sagi A. Proteomic analysis of the crayfish gastrolith chitinous extracellular matrix reveals putative protein complexes and a central role for GAP 65. J Proteomics 2015; 128:333-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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93
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Vannini L, Bowen JH, Reed TW, Willis JH. The CPCFC cuticular protein family: Anatomical and cuticular locations in Anopheles gambiae and distribution throughout Pancrustacea. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 65:57-67. [PMID: 26164413 PMCID: PMC4628598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Arthropod cuticles have, in addition to chitin, many structural proteins belonging to diverse families. Information is sparse about how these different cuticular proteins contribute to the cuticle. Most cuticular proteins lack cysteine with the exception of two families (CPAP1 and CPAP3), recently described, and the one other that we now report on that has a motif of 16 amino acids first identified in a protein, Bc-NCP1, from the cuticle of nymphs of the cockroach, Blaberus craniifer (Jensen et al., 1997). This motif turns out to be present as two or three copies in one or two proteins in species from many orders of Hexapoda. We have named the family of cuticular proteins with this motif CPCFC, based on its unique feature of having two cysteines interrupted by five amino acids (C-X(5)-C). Analysis of the single member of the family in Anopheles gambiae (AgamCPCFC1) revealed that its mRNA is most abundant immediately following ecdysis in larvae, pupae and adults. The mRNA is localized primarily in epidermis that secretes hard cuticle, sclerites, setae, head capsules, appendages and spermatheca. EM immunolocalization revealed the presence of the protein, generally in endocuticle of legs and antennae. A phylogenetic analysis found proteins bearing this motif in 14 orders of Hexapoda, but not in some species for which there are complete genomic data. Proteins were much longer in Coleoptera and Diptera than in other orders. In contrast to the 1 and occasionally 2 copies in other species, a dragonfly, Ladona fulva, has at least 14 genes coding for family members. CPCFC proteins were present in four classes of Crustacea with 5 repeats in one species, and motifs that ended C-X(7)-C in Malacostraca. They were not detected, except as obvious contaminants, in any other arthropod subphyla or in any other phylum. The conservation of CPCFC proteins throughout the Pancrustacea and the small number of copies in individual species indicate that, when present, these proteins are serving important functions worthy of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vannini
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - John Hunter Bowen
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Tyler W Reed
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Judith H Willis
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Chang H, Cheng T, Wu Y, Hu W, Long R, Liu C, Zhao P, Xia Q. Transcriptomic Analysis of the Anterior Silk Gland in the Domestic Silkworm (Bombyx mori) - Insight into the Mechanism of Silk Formation and Spinning. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139424. [PMID: 26418001 PMCID: PMC4587926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Silk proteins are synthesized in the middle and posterior silk glands of silkworms, then transit into the anterior of the silk gland, where the silk fibers are produced, stored and processed. The mechanism of formation and spinning of the silk fibers has not been fully elucidated, and transcriptome analyses specific to the anterior silk gland have not been reported. In the present study, we explored gene expression profiles in five regions of silk gland samples using the RNA-Seq method. As a result, there were 959,979,570 raw reads obtained, of which 583,068,172 reads were mapped to the silkworm genome. A total of 7419 genes were found to be expressed in terms of reads per kilobase of exon model per million mapped reads ≥ 5 in at least one sample. The gene numbers and expression levels of the expressed genes differed between these regions. The differentially expressed genes were analyzed, and 282 genes were detected as up-regulated in the anterior silk gland, compared with the other parts. Functions of these genes were addressed using the gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases, and seven key pathways were enriched. It suggested that the ion transportation, energy metabolism, protease inhibitors and cuticle proteins played essential roles in the process of silk formation and spinning in the anterior silk gland. In addition, 210 genes were found differently expressed between males and females, which should help to elucidate the mechanism of the quality difference in silk fibers from male and female silkworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaipu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingcai Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuqian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenbo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Renwen Long
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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95
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Fang F, Wang W, Zhang D, Lv Y, Zhou D, Ma L, Shen B, Sun Y, Zhu C. The cuticle proteins: a putative role for deltamethrin resistance in Culex pipiens pallens. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:4421-9. [PMID: 26337265 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4683-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance has been a major public health challenge. It is impendent to study the mechanism on insecticide resistance. In our previous study, 14 differentially accumulated insect cuticle proteins (ICPs) based on insecticide resistance proteomes and transcriptomes were found in the deltamethrin-resistant (DR) and -susceptible (DS) strains of Culex pipiens pallens. To investigate if these ICPs are associated with deltamethrin resistance, different transcriptional levels of the 14 ICPs were detected in the DS and DR strains from laboratory and field populations by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The expression levels of the 14 ICPs were also measured after short-term exposure of the DS strain to deltamethrin. The full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) of CpCPLCG5 gene, which encodes one of the 14 ICPs, was cloned from Cx. pipiens pallens. Homology analysis and phylogenetic analysis were carried out with some other insects. Furthermore, small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to knockdown the expression level of CpCPLCG5 gene for characterizing its contribution to deltamethrin resistance. The results showed that the expression level of CpCPLCG5 gene was higher in DR strain than in DS strain both in laboratory and field populations while the other 13 ICPs were downregulated. The full-length cDNA of CpCPLCG5 gene was 732 bp, with the ORF of 390 bp and deduced 129 amino acids (GenBank/KF723314,2013). Knockdown of CpCPLCG5 gene increased the susceptibility of the DR strain while the expression level of the other 13 ICPs elevated. Our findings indicate that the cuticle proteins are associated with deltamethrin resistance in Cx. pipiens pallens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujin Fang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
- Clinical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Bengbu, 38 Middle Shengli Road, Bengbu, Anhui, 233000, China
| | - Weijie Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
| | - Donghui Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Yuan Lv
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
| | - Changliang Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
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96
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Dittmer NT, Tetreau G, Cao X, Jiang H, Wang P, Kanost MR. Annotation and expression analysis of cuticular proteins from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 62:100-13. [PMID: 25576653 PMCID: PMC4476932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The insect cuticle is a unique material that covers the exterior of the animal as well as lining the foregut, hindgut, and tracheae. It offers protection from predators and desiccation, defines body shape, and serves as an attachment site for internal organs and muscle. It has demonstrated remarkable variations in hardness, flexibility and elasticity, all the while being light weight, which allows for ease of movement and flight. It is composed primarily of chitin, proteins, catecholamines, and lipids. Proteomic analyses of cuticle from different life stages and species of insects has allowed for a more detailed examination of the protein content and how it relates to cuticle mechanical properties. It is now recognized that several groups of cuticular proteins exist and that they can be classified according to conserved amino acid sequence motifs. We have annotated the genome of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, for genes that encode putative cuticular proteins that belong to seven different groups: proteins with a Rebers and Riddiford motif (CPR), proteins analogous to peritrophins (CPAP), proteins with a tweedle motif (CPT), proteins with a 44 amino acid motif (CPF), proteins that are CPF-like (CPFL), proteins with an 18 amino acid motif (18 aa), and proteins with two to three copies of a C-X5-C motif (CPCFC). In total we annotated 248 genes, of which 207 belong to the CPR family, the most for any insect genome annotated to date. Additionally, we discovered new members of the CPAP family and determined that orthologous genes are present in other insects. We established orthology between the M. sexta and Bombyx mori genes and identified duplication events that occurred after separation of the two species. Finally, we utilized 52 RNAseq libraries to ascertain gene expression profiles that revealed commonalities and differences between different tissues and developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal T Dittmer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, 141 Chalmers Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Guillaume Tetreau
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Xiaolong Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Michael R Kanost
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, 141 Chalmers Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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97
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Cuticular protein with a low complexity sequence becomes cross-linked during insect cuticle sclerotization and is required for the adult molt. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10484. [PMID: 25994234 PMCID: PMC4440208 DOI: 10.1038/srep10484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the insect cuticle, structural proteins (CPs) and the polysaccharide chitin are the major components. It has been hypothesized that CPs are cross-linked to other CPs and possibly to chitin by quinones or quinone methides produced by the laccase2-mediated oxidation of N-acylcatechols. In this study we investigated functions of TcCP30, the third most abundant CP in protein extracts of elytra (wing covers) from Tribolium castaneum adults. The mature TcCP30 protein has a low complexity and highly polar amino acid sequence. TcCP30 is localized with chitin in horizontal laminae and vertically oriented columnar structures in rigid cuticles, but not in soft and membranous cuticles. Immunoblot analysis revealed that TcCP30 undergoes laccase2-mediated cross-linking during cuticle maturation in vivo, a process confirmed in vitro using recombinant rTcCP30. We identified TcCPR27 and TcCPR18, the two most abundant proteins in the elytra, as putative cross-linking partners of TcCP30. RNAi for the TcCP30 gene had no effect on larval and pupal growth and development. However, during adult eclosion, ~70% of the adults were unable to shed their exuvium and died. These results support the hypothesis that TcCP30 plays an integral role as a cross-linked structural protein in the formation of lightweight rigid cuticle of the beetle.
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98
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Ali MS, Rahman RF, Swapon AH. Transcriptional regulation of cuticular protein glycine-rich13 gene expression in wing disc of Bombyx mori, Lepidoptera. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2015; 15:iev019. [PMID: 25843580 PMCID: PMC4535481 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iev019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular protein genes are good models to study the molecular mechanisms of signaling by ecdysteroids, which regulate molting and metamorphosis in insects. The present research demonstrates on hormonal regulation and analysis of the regulatory sequences and transcription factors important for Bombyx mori cuticular protein glycine-rich13 (CPG13) gene expression. Expression of CPG13 was strong at prepupal stage in wing tissues of B. mori. CPG13 expression was induced by the addition of 20E, which was inhibited by cycloheximide in the wing disc. The upstream region of the CPG13 gene was analyzed using a transient reporter assay with a gene gun system and identified two BR-Z2 binding sites to be important cis-acting elements for the transcription activation of the luciferase reporter gene by an ecdysone pulse. Site-directed mutagenesis of these sites, followed by introduction into wing discs, significantly decreased the reporter activity. It was found that the regions carrying the binding sites for the ecdysone-responsive transcription factor BR-Z2 were responsible for the hormonal enhancement of the reporter gene activity in wing discs. Mutation of the BR-Z2 binding sites decreased the reporter activity suggesting that the BR-Z2 isoform can bind to the upstream region of the cuticle protein gene, CPG13 and activates its expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Saheb Ali
- Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Manik Mia Ave., Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - R F Rahman
- Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Manik Mia Ave., Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
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99
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Liang J, Wang T, Xiang Z, He N. Tweedle cuticular protein BmCPT1 is involved in innate immunity by participating in recognition of Escherichia coli. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 58:76-88. [PMID: 25449127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx mori, a lepidopteran insect, is one of the earliest models for pattern recognition of Gram-negative bacteria, which may induce the IMD pathway for production of antibacterial peptides. So far, several recognition proteins have been reported in B. mori. However, the connection between pattern recognition of Gram negative bacteria and activation of BmRelish1, a transcription factor controlled by the IMD pathway remains largely unknown. In the present study, we identify BmCPT1, a cuticle protein bearing a Tweedle domain. Its gene expression is co-regulated by NF-kappaB and juvenile hormone signals. BmCPT1 is induced by Escherichia coli in fat bodies and hemocytes, but is constitutively expressed in the epidermis. In vitro binding assays indicate that BmCPT1 protein recognizes and binds to E. coli peptidoglycan. Post-transcriptionally modified BmCPT1 in the hemolymph binds to E. coli cells through interactions with peptidoglycan recognition protein-5 (BmPGRP5) and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (BmLBP). Transgenic overexpression of BmCPT1 causes the upregulated expression of BmRelish1 and clear induction of two gloverin genes. Therefore, BmCPT1 may work along with BmPGRP-S5 and BmLBP to recognize E. coli in the hemolymph and indirectly activate BmRelish1 to induce antimicrobial peptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiubo Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Zhonghuai Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Ningjia He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
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100
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Noh MY, Muthukrishnan S, Kramer KJ, Arakane Y. Tribolium castaneum RR-1 cuticular protein TcCPR4 is required for formation of pore canals in rigid cuticle. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004963. [PMID: 25664770 PMCID: PMC4335487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect cuticle is composed mainly of structural proteins and the polysaccharide chitin. The CPR family is the largest family of cuticle proteins (CPs), which can be further divided into three subgroups based on the presence of one of the three presumptive chitin-binding sequence motifs denoted as Rebers-Riddiford (R&R) consensus sequence motifs RR-1, RR-2 and RR-3. The TcCPR27 protein containing the RR-2 motif is one of the most abundant CPs present both in the horizontal laminae and in vertical pore canals in the procuticle of rigid cuticle found in the elytron of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Depletion of TcCPR27 by RNA interference (RNAi) causes both unorganized laminae and pore canals, resulting in malformation and weakening of the elytron. In this study, we investigated the function(s) of another CP, TcCPR4, which contains the RR-1 motif and is easily extractable from elytra after RNAi to deplete the level of TcCPR27. Transcript levels of the TcCPR4 gene are dramatically increased in 3 d-old pupae when adult cuticle synthesis begins. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that TcCPR4 protein is present in the rigid cuticles of the dorsal elytron, ventral abdomen and leg but not in the flexible cuticles of the hindwing and dorsal abdomen of adult T. castaneum. Immunogold labeling and transmission electron microscopic analyses revealed that TcCPR4 is predominantly localized in pore canals and regions around the apical plasma membrane protrusions into the procuticle of rigid adult cuticles. RNAi for TcCPR4 resulted in an abnormal shape of the pore canals with amorphous pore canal fibers (PCFs) in their lumen. These results support the hypothesis that TcCPR4 is required for achieving proper morphology of the vertical pore canals and PCFs that contribute to the assembly of a cuticle that is both lightweight and rigid. The insect cuticle is a remarkable biomaterial primarily formed from two different types of structural biopolymers, cuticular proteins and chitin. Despite a rather limited composition, insects produce diverse cuticles with the proper combination of mechanical properties such as strength, hardness and flexibility. Adult beetles are covered mostly by a hard cuticle, but they can fly because their cuticle is lightweight. The rigid cuticle is comprised of three major functional layers, namely the outermost envelope, the protein-rich epicuticle and the innermost chitin-protein rich procuticle. In addition, there are a large number of vertically oriented columnar structures denoted as pore canals that contain chitinous fibers (pore canal fibers) that are absent in soft and flexible cuticles. We have identified a cuticular structural protein, TcCPR4, which is predominantly localized in the pore canals of rigid cuticles of the red flour beetle. Loss of function of TcCPR4 by RNA interference causes abnormal and amorphous pore canal fibers resulting in less organized pore canals that do not traverse the procuticle vertically. TcCPR4 plays a major role in determining the morphology of the vertical pore canals and pore canal fibers that contribute to the formation of a lightweight and rigid beetle cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Young Noh
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Karl J. Kramer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Yasuyuki Arakane
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
- * E-mail:
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