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De Berardinis A, Paludi D, Pennisi L, Vergara A. Toxoplasma gondii, a Foodborne Pathogen in the Swine Production Chain from a European Perspective. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 14:637-648. [PMID: 28759251 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a foodborne zoonosis transmitted by Toxoplasma gondii, a cosmopolitan protozoan that infects humans through exposure to different parasite stages, in particular by ingestion of tissue cysts or tachyzoites contained in meat, primary offal (viscera), and meat-derived products or ingestion of environmental sporulated oocysts in contaminated food or water. The pig is an important species for infection: raw or undercooked pork consumption not subject to treatment able to inactivate the parasite represents a risk to consumers' health. Broadening knowledge of transmission ways and prevalence concerning this important pathogen in swine, together with a thorough acquaintance with hazard management are key elements to avoid T. gondii spreading within the swine production chain. This review aims to illustrate why toxoplasmosis should be regarded as a veterinary public health issue through a careful description of the parasite, routes of infection, and inactivation treatments, highlighting the main prevention lines from pig breeding to pork consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Domenico Paludi
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo , Teramo, Italy
| | - Luca Pennisi
- 2 Post-Graduate Specialization School in Food Inspection, University of Teramo , Teramo, Italy
| | - Alberto Vergara
- 2 Post-Graduate Specialization School in Food Inspection, University of Teramo , Teramo, Italy
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Sharif M, Amouei A, Sarvi S, Mizani A, Aarabi M, Hosseini SA, Daryani A. Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from ruminants: A systematic review. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 258:38-49. [PMID: 28756372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan capable of infecting all warm-blooded animals. This parasite has been classified into three major lineages. Our aim was to assess and compare the identified Types and genotypes in ruminants. From November 2014 to April 2015, four English language databases and four Persian databases that reported data on the T. gondii genotyping in ruminants were searched. Overall, typing results of the 250/307 T. gondii isolates in all animals showed that Type II was a predominant Type (81.4%). In addition, genotyping data from the 82/215 T. gondii isolates or strains indicated that atypical genotypes were predominant (38.13%). This systematic review has demonstrated a large degree of genetic diversity in some countries. However, in the new nomenclature of genotyping, there are atypical or exotic genotypes, such as Chinese 1, Types Br (I, II, III and IV), and Type 12. Further genotyping studies are required to corroborate the current results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sharif
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Amouei
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran; Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Shahabeddin Sarvi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Mizani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Aarabi
- Health Science Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Seyed-Abdollah Hosseini
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran.
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The first detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in environmental air samples using gelatine filters, real-time PCR and loop-mediated isothermal (LAMP) assays: qualitative and quantitative analysis. Parasitology 2017; 144:1791-1801. [PMID: 28697821 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017001172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infections are acquired through the ingestion of oocysts present in the environment. However, there is no data about their occurrence in the air or about airborne transmission of these infections. In the present paper, we report on the identification of T. gondii using rapid molecular detection methods, supported by microscopic analysis, in environmental air samples. A total of 71 samples were collected, using gelatine filters, from kitchen gardens, recreational areas and sandpits located in northern and north-eastern Poland. Material recovered from the filters was analysed using real-time PCR and loop-mediated isothermal assays targeting the T. gondii B1 gene. Toxoplasma gondii DNA was found in two samples, as confirmed by both molecular assays. Genotyping at the SAG2 locus showed Toxoplasma SAG2 type I. Moreover, the presence of T. gondii oocysts was confirmed in one of the positive samples with the use of microscopy. The results showed that T. gondii may be present in environmental air samples and that respiratory tract infections may play a role in the high prevalence of toxoplasmosis in humans and animals. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first epidemiological evidence that oro-fecal and foodborne toxoplasmosis may be traceable to an airborne respiratory origin and that this may represent a new, previously unknown transmission route for this disease.
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da Silva JR, Maciel BM, de Santana Souza Santos LKN, Carvalho FS, de Santana Rocha D, Lopes CWG, Albuquerque GR. Isolation and Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in Brazilian Dogs. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2017; 55:239-246. [PMID: 28719948 PMCID: PMC5523891 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2017.55.3.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Strains of Toxoplasma gondii in Brazil are highly genetically diverse compared to strains from North America and Europe. Dogs are epidemiologically important because they act as sentinels for T. gondii infections in humans and are good indicators of environmental contamination. The aim of this study was to isolate and genetically characterize T. gondii strains from tissues of naturally infected Brazilian dogs. For this study, 21 blood samples were collected from dogs at the Zoonosis Control Centers of Ilhéus and Itabuna cities, Bahia, Brazil. The sera were examined for T. gondii antibodies using the indirect hemagglutination test. Brains and hearts of seropositive dogs were bioassayed in mice to isolate and characterize T. gondii parasites by PCR-RFLP using 10 genetic markers (SAG1, newSAG2, SAG3, BTUB, c22-8, c29-2, GRA6, PK1, APICO, and L358). However, T. gondii was isolated from only 4 (57.1%) dogs, designated TgDgBr6, 13, 17, and 21. All strains were virulent, causing clinical changes (rough hair coat, lethargy, and abdominal distention) and the death of all mice within 8-20 days after inoculation. Genetic analysis of these 4 T. gondii isolates revealed 4 distinct genotypes with different clonal lineage combinations (types I, II, and III) and 2 atypical alleles. Using PCR-RFLP with several markers, this study contributes to evaluations of the genetic diversity of strains circulating in Brazil.
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Rougeron V, De Meeûs T, Bañuls AL. Reproduction in Leishmania: A focus on genetic exchange. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 50:128-132. [PMID: 27769896 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
One key process of the life cycle of pathogens is their mode of reproduction. Indeed, this fundamental biological process conditions the multiplication and the transmission of genes and thus the propagation of diseases in the environment. Reproductive strategies of protozoan parasites have been a subject of debate for many years, principally due to the difficulty in making direct observations of sexual reproduction (i.e. genetic recombination). Traditionally, these parasites were considered as characterized by a preeminent clonal structure. Nevertheless, with the development of elaborate culture experiments, population genetics and evolutionary and population genomics, several studies suggested that most of these pathogens were also characterized by constitutive genetic recombination events. In this opinion, we focused on Leishmania parasites, pathogens responsible of leishmaniases, a major public health issue. We first discuss the evolutionary advantages of a mixed mating reproductive strategy, then we review the evidence of genetic exchange, and finally we detail available tools to detect naturally occurring genetic recombination in Leishmania parasites and more generally in protozoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Rougeron
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR CNRS 5290-IRD 224-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - T De Meeûs
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 177 INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, TA A-17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - A-L Bañuls
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR CNRS 5290-IRD 224-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Pena HFDJ, Evangelista CM, Casagrande RA, Biezus G, Wisser CS, Ferian PE, Moura ABD, Rolim VM, Driemeier D, Oliveira S, Alves BF, Gennari SM, Traverso SD. Fatal toxoplasmosis in an immunosuppressed domestic cat from Brazil caused by Toxoplasma gondii clonal type I. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2017; 26:177-184. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612017025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The objective of the study was to report on a fatal case of feline toxoplasmosis with coinfection with the feline leukemia virus (FeLV). A domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus) presented intense dyspnea and died three days later. In the necropsy, the lungs were firm, without collapse and with many white areas; moderate lymphadenomegaly and splenomegaly were also observed. The histopathological examination showed severe necrotic interstitial bronchopneumonia and mild necrotic hepatitis, associated with intralesional cysts and tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii that were positive by anti-T. gondii immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluation. The bone marrow showed chronic myeloid leukemia and the neoplastic cells were positive by anti-FeLV IHC evaluation. DNA extracted from lungs was positive for T. gondii by PCR targeting REP-529. T. gondii was characterized by PCR-RFLP and by the microsatellites technique. ToxoDB-PCR-RFLP #10, i.e. the archetypal type I, was identified. Microsatellite analysis showed that the strain was a variant of type I with two atypical alleles. This was the first time that a T. gondii clonal type I genotype was correlated with a case of acute toxoplasmosis in a host in Brazil.
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Pappoe F, Cheng W, Wang L, Li Y, Obiri-Yeboah D, Nuvor SV, Ambachew H, Hu X, Luo Q, Chu D, Xu Y, Shen J. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in HIV-infected patients and food animals and direct genotyping of T. gondii isolates, Southern Ghana. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:1675-1685. [PMID: 28434050 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5442-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is of public health and veterinary importance causing severe diseases in immunocompromised individuals including HIV/AIDS patients and in congenital cases and animals. There is limited information on the epidemiology of T. gondii infection in humans, particularly HIV patients and food animals and the parasite genotypes in Ghana. A total of 394 HIV-infected patients from three hospitals were screened for T. gondii anti-IgG and IgM using ELISA. DNAs from blood samples of seropositve participants and 95 brain tissues of food animals were PCR assayed to detect Toxoplasma gra6. DNA positive samples were genotyped using multilocus nested polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism at 10 loci: sag1, alt.sag2, sag3, btub, gra6, l358, c22-8, c29-2, pk1, and apico. The overall seroprevalence was 74.37% (293/394). Toxoplasma DNAs were detected in 3.07% of the seropositive participants and 9.47% of the animals. Six of the human DNA positive samples were partly typed at sag3: 33.33, 50, and 16.67% isolates had type I, II, and III alleles, respectively. All nine isolates from food animals typed at nine loci except apico were atypical: six isolates were identical to ToxoDB #41 and #145, and one was identical to TgCkBrRj2 all identified in Brazil. The genotype of two isolates has not been reported previously and was named as TgCtGh1. T. gondii seroprevalence is high among the HIV-infected individuals with T. gondii circulating in Ghana being genetically diverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faustina Pappoe
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology and the Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Anhui, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Weisheng Cheng
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology and the Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Anhui, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.,Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Yuanling Li
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology and the Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Anhui, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Dorcas Obiri-Yeboah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Samuel Victor Nuvor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Henock Ambachew
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, First Affiliated Hospital Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.,College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Xiaodong Hu
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology and the Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Anhui, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Qingli Luo
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology and the Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Anhui, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Deyong Chu
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology and the Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Anhui, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Yuanhong Xu
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology and the Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Anhui, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, First Affiliated Hospital Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Jilong Shen
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology and the Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Anhui, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China. .,Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, First Affiliated Hospital Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.
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Yekkour F, Aubert D, Mercier A, Murat JB, Khames M, Nguewa P, Ait-Oudhia K, Villena I, Bouchene Z. First genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in stray cats from Algeria. Vet Parasitol 2017; 239:31-36. [PMID: 28495193 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease with worldwide distribution and a major public health problem. In Algeria, no data are currently available about genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from animals or humans. The present study assesses for the first time the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in stray cats, and provides molecular characterization of T. gondii strains circulating in this feline population in Algiers, the capital city of Algeria. Sera from 96 stray cats were tested for the presence of antibodies against T. gondii using the modified agglutination test. The seroprevalence was 50% (48/96) using 1:6 as the positivity cut-off. Different organs samples from stray cats, including heart samples, were tested for the presence of Toxoplasma DNA using real-time PCR. T. Gondii DNA was detected in 90.6% (87/96) of hearts. Of these parasitic DNAs, 22 were submitted to genotyping through the analysis of 15 microsatellite markers. The identified genotypes (12 of 22) mainly belonged to the type II lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feriel Yekkour
- University of Medea, School of Sciences, Department of Biology, Medea, Algeria; National Veterinary High School, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Dominique Aubert
- National Reference Centre for Toxoplasmosis, Biological Resource Center for Toxoplasma, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims and EA3800, SFR CAP-Santé, University Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Aurélien Mercier
- INSERM, UMR_S 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Jean-Benjamin Murat
- INSERM, UMR_S 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France; National Reference Centre for Toxoplasmosis, Biological Resource Center for Toxoplasma, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Mammar Khames
- University of Medea, School of Sciences, Department of Biology, Medea, Algeria; National Veterinary High School, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Paul Nguewa
- Institute of Tropical Health (ISTUN) and Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Isabelle Villena
- National Reference Centre for Toxoplasmosis, Biological Resource Center for Toxoplasma, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims and EA3800, SFR CAP-Santé, University Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Zahida Bouchene
- University Hospital of Beni Messous, School of Medicine, Algiers, Algeria.
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da Silva Ramos T, de Jesus Pena HF, Dos Santos Junior AG, de Faria Santos LMJ, Cademartori BG, Oliveira S, Gennari SM, da Silva Ramos Rocha A, da Rosa Farias NA. Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from herds of sheep in southern Brazil reveals the archetypal type II genotype and new non-archetypal genotypes. Parasitol Int 2017; 67:59-63. [PMID: 28344154 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that, in Brazil and South America, strains of Toxoplasma gondii are often genotypically and biologically different from those found in countries on other continents. The objective of this study was to genotypically characterize T. gondii isolates from naturally infected sheep in herds in the southern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, by means of the polymerase chain reaction with restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Five T. gondii isolates obtained from sheep in five municipalities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul were used. Application of multilocus PCR-RFLP multilocus using 12 genetic markers (SAG1, 5'3' SAG2, alt. SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, c22-8, c29-2, GRA6, L358, PK1, APICO and CS3) revealed four different genotypes in the five isolates studied: clonal type II (TgOvBrRS4), type BrIV (TgOvBrRS2 and TgOvBrRS3) and two new non-archetypal genotypes, ToxoDB-RFLP#270 and #271 (TgOvBrRS1 and TgOvBrRS5, respectively). The genotype structure found in the T. gondii isolates from naturally infected sheep in the southern region of Brazil was revealed to have high diversity. This study confirms the presence of rare circulation of the clonal type II genotype in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana da Silva Ramos
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, University Campus, CEP 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Hilda Fátima de Jesus Pena
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, CEP 05508-270 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alceu Gonçalves Dos Santos Junior
- Postgraduate Veterinary Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, University Campus, CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Laura Maria Jorge de Faria Santos
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, University Campus, CEP 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Beatris Gonzales Cademartori
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, University Campus, CEP 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Solange Oliveira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, CEP 05508-270 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Solange Maria Gennari
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, CEP 05508-270 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andréa da Silva Ramos Rocha
- Health Sciences Center, Catholic University of Pelotas, Campus I, Rua Gonçalves Chaves 373, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Nara Amélia da Rosa Farias
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, University Campus, CEP 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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The Toxoplasma Parasitophorous Vacuole: An Evolving Host-Parasite Frontier. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:473-488. [PMID: 28330745 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The parasitophorous vacuole is a unique replicative niche for apicomplexan parasites, including Toxoplasma gondii. Derived from host plasma membrane, the vacuole is rendered nonfusogenic with the host endolysosomal system. Toxoplasma secretes numerous proteins to modify the forming vacuole, enable nutrient uptake, and set up mechanisms of host subversion. Here we describe the pathways of host-parasite interaction at the parasitophorous vacuole employed by Toxoplasma and host, leading to the intricate balance of host defence versus parasite survival.
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Hamilton CM, Kelly PJ, Boey K, Corey TM, Huynh H, Metzler D, Villena I, Su C, Innes EA, Katzer F. Predominance of atypical genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii in free-roaming chickens in St. Kitts, West Indies. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:104. [PMID: 28241777 PMCID: PMC5327561 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toxoplasma gondii is a worldwide protozoan parasite of felids which can infect almost all warm-blooded animals, including humans. Free-roaming chickens are good indicators of environmental contamination with T. gondii oocysts because they feed from the ground. Previous research has demonstrated a high seroprevalence of T. gondii in domestic animals on St. Kitts but little is known about the genotypes circulating in the environment. Methods Hearts and brains from 81 free-roaming chickens in St. Kitts were digested and inoculated into 243 Swiss Webster mice in a bioassay. DNA was extracted from digested chicken tissues and the brains of all mice, and screened for T. gondii. Positive samples were genotyped using restriction fragment length polymorphism. Chicken sera were also screened for T. gondii antibodies using a modified agglutination test (MAT). Results Overall, 41% (33 out of 81) of chickens were positive for T. gondii either by serology and/or by PCR. Antibodies to T. gondii were detected by MAT in 32% (26 out of 81) of chickens, and T. gondii DNA was detected in mouse brains representing 26% (21 out of 81) of chickens. Genotyping of 21 DNA isolates, using polymorphisms at 10 loci, including SAG1, SAG2 (5′-3′ SAG2 and alt.SAG2), SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1 and Apico, revealed that 7 were ToxoDB genotype #141, 6 were #1 (Type II), 3 were #13, 3 were #265, one was #264 and one was #2 (Type III). Genotypes #13 and #141 appear to be more virulent. Conclusions The results of this study highlight the greater genetic diversity of T. gondii circulating in the Caribbean region, with potentially different degrees of virulence to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare M Hamilton
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK. .,Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Island Main Road, West Farm, Saint Kitts and Nevis.
| | - Patrick J Kelly
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Island Main Road, West Farm, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Kenneth Boey
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Island Main Road, West Farm, Saint Kitts and Nevis.,School of Applied Science, Temasek Polytechnic, 21 Tampines Avenue 1, Singapore, 529757, Singapore
| | - Tatiana M Corey
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Island Main Road, West Farm, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Hieuhanh Huynh
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Island Main Road, West Farm, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Deidra Metzler
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Island Main Road, West Farm, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Isabelle Villena
- EA 3800, UFR Medecine, SFR CAP-SANTE, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France.,Laboratory of Parasitology, National Reference Centre on Toxoplasmosis, Hospital Maison Blanche, CHU Reims, Reims, France
| | - Chunlei Su
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, 1414 W. Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0845, USA
| | - Elisabeth A Innes
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Frank Katzer
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK
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Khan A, Grigg ME. Toxoplasma gondii: Laboratory Maintenance and Growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 44:20C.1.1-20C.1.17. [PMID: 28166387 DOI: 10.1002/cpmc.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a highly successful apicomplexan protozoan capable of infecting any warm-blooded animal worldwide. In humans, Toxoplasma infections are life-long, with approximately one-third of the world's population chronically infected. Although normally controlled by the host immune system, T. gondii infection can lead to a variety of clinical outcomes in individuals with immature or suppressed immune systems. After penetrating the intestine, parasites rapidly disseminate throughout the body and stimulate production of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-12, IL-18, and interferon (IFN)-γ by immune cells. These cytokines play a key role in host resistance to T. gondii by promoting a strong Th1 response. Recent reports show that gut commensal bacteria can act as molecular adjuvants during T. gondii infection. Thus, T. gondii is an excellent model system to study host-pathogen interactions. This unit outlines the protocols for in vitro and in vivo maintenance and growth of T. gondii. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asis Khan
- Molecular Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael E Grigg
- Molecular Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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From Evolutionary Advantage to Disease Agents: Forensic Reevaluation of Host-Microbe Interactions and Pathogenicity. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 5. [PMID: 28155809 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.emf-0009-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the "human microbiome era" continues, there is an increasing awareness of our resident microbiota and its indispensable role in our fitness as holobionts. However, the host-microbe relationship is not so clearly defined for some human symbionts. Here we discuss examples of "accidental pathogens," meaning previously nonpathogenic and/or environmental microbes thought to have inadvertently experienced an evolutionary shift toward pathogenicity. For instance, symbionts such as Helicobacter pylori and JC polyomavirus have been shown to have accompanied humans since prehistoric times and are still abundant in extant populations as part of the microbiome. And yet, the relationship between a subgroup of these microbes and their human hosts seems to have changed with time, and they have recently gained notoriety as gastrointestinal and neuropathogens, respectively. On the other hand, environmental microbes such as Legionella spp. have recently experienced a shift in host range and are now a major problem in industrialized countries as a result of artificial ecosystems. Other variables involved in this accidental phenomenon could be the apparent change or reduction in the diversity of human-associated microbiota because of modern medicine and lifestyles. All of this could result in an increased prevalence of accidental pathogens in the form of emerging pathogens.
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Maldonado YA, Read JS. Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Congenital Toxoplasmosis in the United States. Pediatrics 2017; 139:peds.2016-3860. [PMID: 28138010 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-3860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Vilares A, Gargaté MJ, Ferreira I, Martins S, Gomes JP. Molecular and virulence characterization of Toxoplasma gondii strains isolated from humans in Portugal. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:979-985. [PMID: 28138769 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5374-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite responsible for toxoplasmosis which infects all warm-blooded vertebrates, including mammals and birds. The majority of studies conducted in Europe have revealed that more than 80 % of strains isolated from human infections belong to genotype II, whereas genotypes I and III are responsible for a small number of cases. Atypical and recombinant strains are generally associated with more severe infections. In Portugal, there is a lack of data concerning genetic diversity as the classical typing studies in humans have never been performed. We aimed to determine the Sag2 and microsatellite-based (TUB2, TgM-A, W35, B17, B18) genotypes of T. gondii isolated from humans in Portugal, as well as to study their virulence in mice. We analyzed 48 strains from congenital and acquired toxoplasmosis collected during the last two decades. Sag2-based genotyping of T. gondii was achieved in all 48 strains where 35 (73 %) were classified as type II and 13 (27 %) were type I. The multilocus PCR of five microsatellites allowed the classification of 10 strains (21 %) as recombinant strains that had been previously identified as type II or I by Sag2 typing. Seven out of the 48 strains, including three type I, three recombinant, and one type I, were virulent in mice. This study constitutes the first evidence of recombinant strains circulating in Portugal in humans from congenital infection, highlighting the need for a better evaluation of these strains as their phenotype is still barely understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabela Vilares
- National Reference Laboratory of Parasitic and Fungal Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Maria João Gargaté
- National Reference Laboratory of Parasitic and Fungal Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Idalina Ferreira
- National Reference Laboratory of Parasitic and Fungal Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Martins
- National Reference Laboratory of Parasitic and Fungal Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Gomes
- Research and Development Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal.,Bioinformatics Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
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66
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de Souza CZ, Rafael K, Sanders AP, Tiyo BT, Marchioro AA, Colli CM, Gomes ML, Falavigna-Guilherme AL. An alternative method to recover Toxoplasma gondii from greenery and fruits. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2016; 26:600-5. [PMID: 27604245 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2016.1227960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii oocysts are an important form of contamination with a high dispersion in the environment, but their detection is still a challenge. This study evaluated the recovery of oocysts from strawberries and crisphead lettuce. Samples (250 g of strawberries or one head of lettuce) were experimentally inoculated with 10, 10(2), 10(3) and 10(4) T. gondii oocysts, by two separate processes, spot dripping and immersion. Then, 50 g of each sample was washed, filtered through a cellulose ester membrane, and concentrated by centrifugation. Three aliquots were taken for DNA extraction in a direct way, after freeze-thaw (FT) cycles or ultrasound (US), followed by PCR (B22-B23 and Tox4-Tox5 primers). The T. gondii DNA was amplified with the primers B22-B23 in all samples contaminated by dripping and when DNA extraction was carried out after FT or US. These techniques may be useful in epidemiological surveillance in the control of this zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Zangari de Souza
- a Department of Basic Health Sciences , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
- b Environmental Parasitology Laboratory , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
| | - Katyelle Rafael
- a Department of Basic Health Sciences , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
- b Environmental Parasitology Laboratory , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Sanders
- a Department of Basic Health Sciences , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
- b Environmental Parasitology Laboratory , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
| | - Bruna Tiaki Tiyo
- a Department of Basic Health Sciences , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
- b Environmental Parasitology Laboratory , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
| | - Ariella Andrade Marchioro
- a Department of Basic Health Sciences , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
- b Environmental Parasitology Laboratory , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
| | - Cristiane Maria Colli
- a Department of Basic Health Sciences , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
- b Environmental Parasitology Laboratory , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
| | - Mônica Lúcia Gomes
- a Department of Basic Health Sciences , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
- b Environmental Parasitology Laboratory , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Falavigna-Guilherme
- a Department of Basic Health Sciences , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
- b Environmental Parasitology Laboratory , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
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Marchioro AA, Tiyo BT, Colli CM, de Souza CZ, Garcia JL, Gomes ML, Falavigna-Guilherme AL. First Detection ofToxoplasma gondiiDNA in the Fresh Leafs of Vegetables in South America. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 16:624-6. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ariella A. Marchioro
- Environmental and Food Parasitology Laboratory, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, Brazil
| | - Bruna T. Tiyo
- Environmental and Food Parasitology Laboratory, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, Brazil
| | - Cristiane M. Colli
- Environmental and Food Parasitology Laboratory, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, Brazil
| | - Carla Z. de Souza
- Environmental and Food Parasitology Laboratory, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, Brazil
| | - João L. Garcia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Mônica L. Gomes
- Environmental and Food Parasitology Laboratory, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, Brazil
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Dubey JP, Ferreira LR, Alsaad M, Verma SK, Alves DA, Holland GN, McConkey GA. Experimental Toxoplasmosis in Rats Induced Orally with Eleven Strains of Toxoplasma gondii of Seven Genotypes: Tissue Tropism, Tissue Cyst Size, Neural Lesions, Tissue Cyst Rupture without Reactivation, and Ocular Lesions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156255. [PMID: 27228262 PMCID: PMC4882154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most widely distributed and successful parasites. Toxoplasma gondii alters rodent behavior such that infected rodents reverse their fear of cat odor, and indeed are attracted rather than repelled by feline urine. The location of the parasite encysted in the brain may influence this behavior. However, most studies are based on the highly susceptible rodent, the mouse. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Latent toxoplasmosis was induced in rats (10 rats per T. gondii strains) of the same age, strain, and sex, after oral inoculation with oocysts (natural route and natural stage of infection) of 11 T. gondii strains of seven genotypes. Rats were euthanized at two months post inoculation (p.i.) to investigate whether the parasite genotype affects the distribution, location, tissue cyst size, or lesions. Tissue cysts were enumerated in different regions of the brains, both in histological sections as well in saline homogenates. Tissue cysts were found in all regions of the brain. The tissue cyst density in different brain regions varied extensively between rats with many regions highly infected in some animals. Overall, the colliculus was most highly infected although there was a large amount of variability. The cerebral cortex, thalamus, and cerebellum had higher tissue cyst densities and two strains exhibited tropism for the colliculus and olfactory bulb. Histologically, lesions were confined to the brain and eyes. Tissue cyst rupture was frequent with no clear evidence for reactivation of tachyzoites. Ocular lesions were found in 23 (25%) of 92 rat eyes at two months p.i. The predominant lesion was focal inflammation in the retina. Tissue cysts were seen in the sclera of one and in the optic nerve of two rats. The choroid was not affected. Only tissue cysts, not active tachyzoite infections, were detected. Tissue cysts were seen in histological sections of tongue of 20 rats but not in myocardium and leg muscle. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE This study reevaluated in depth the rat model of toxoplasmosis visualizing cyst rupture and clarified many aspects of the biology of the parasite useful for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender P. Dubey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leandra R. Ferreira
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Alsaad
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Miall Building, Clarendon Way, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Shiv K. Verma
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Derron A. Alves
- Veterinary Pathology Services Joint Pathology Center, 606 Stephen Sitter Ave. Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gary N. Holland
- Ocular Inflammatory Disease Center, University of California at Los Angles Stein Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Glenn A. McConkey
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Miall Building, Clarendon Way, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Zhang W, Li L, Xia N, Zhou Y, Fang R, He L, Hu M, Shen B, Zhao J. Analysis of the virulence determination mechanisms in a local Toxoplasma strain (T.gHB1) isolated from central China. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:3807-15. [PMID: 27225000 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5141-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Several rhoptry proteins (ROPs) have been confirmed to be critical virulence factors of Toxoplasma gondii strains from North America and Europe. The two active kinases ROP17 and ROP18, and pseudokinase ROP5 were thought to be the key determinants of parasites' virulence in laboratory mice. Given the genetic diversity of Toxoplasma strains from different geographical regions, the virulence determinants in other strains, particularly the ones that are phylogenetically distant to the North American and European strains, are yet to be elucidated. In this study, we sought to examine the contribution of three known virulence factors to the virulence of a type I strain (T.gHB1) isolated from Central China. We deleted ROP17 and ROP18 individually, as well as in combination with GRA7 by the CRISPR-Cas9 system in this local isolate. Subsequent virulence tests in mice indicated that deletion of GRA7, ROP17, or ROP18 in T.gHB1showed similar attenuation in mice as the type I RH strain lacking the corresponding proteins. However, in contrast to the reported double knockouts in RH, double deletions of GRA7 plus ROP17 or GRA7 plus ROP18 in T.gHB1 did not show significant further virulence attenuation compared to the ROP17 or ROP18 single knockouts. These results indicated that GRA7, ROP18 and ROP17 may play different roles in virulence determination in genetically diverse strains of Toxoplasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory for development of veterinary diagnostic products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Longjiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory for development of veterinary diagnostic products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Ningbo Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory for development of veterinary diagnostic products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yanqin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory for development of veterinary diagnostic products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory for development of veterinary diagnostic products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Lan He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory for development of veterinary diagnostic products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory for development of veterinary diagnostic products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Bang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China. .,Key Laboratory for development of veterinary diagnostic products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Junlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China. .,Key Laboratory for development of veterinary diagnostic products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China. .,Hubei Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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Spread and genotype of Toxoplasma gondii in naturally infected alpine chamois (Rupicapra r. rupicapra). Parasitol Res 2016; 115:2115-20. [PMID: 26960960 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-4981-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The complex life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii involves many animal species, raising zoonotic, economic, and conservation issues. This complexity is reflected in the molecular structure of T. gondii, whose different genotypes differ in pathogenicity. Among the intermediate hosts of T. gondii, wild ungulates may be a source of human infection. Despite intense hunting activity and the consumption of raw or undercooked meat, little information is available on the spread of T. gondii and the distribution of its genotypes in these species, including the alpine chamois (Rupicapra r. rupicapra). Ninety-three sera and 50 brain tissues from chamois were sampled (1) to investigate the spread of T. gondii with serological and molecular analyses, and (2) to genotype the strains with a restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the SAG2 locus. The prevalence of T. gondii was low on both serological (3.2 %) and molecular (2 %) analyses, and infections were concentrated in individuals >1 year old. These findings demonstrate the sporadic presence of the protozoan in this species on consistent diagnostic tests. Horizontal transmission seems to be the main route of infection, and cats are the only definitive host in the study area. This prevalence suggests that the environment of the chamois is less contaminated with oocysts than environments close to human settlements. The SAG2 type II genotype was detected in this species for the first time. Although this genotype is predominant in human toxoplasmosis, these results suggest that the chamois is a minor source of human infection.
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71
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Frey CF, Regidor-Cerrillo J, Marreros N, García-Lunar P, Gutiérrez-Expósito D, Schares G, Dubey JP, Gentile A, Jacquiet P, Shkap V, Cortes H, Ortega-Mora LM, Álvarez-García G. Besnoitia besnoiti lytic cycle in vitro and differences in invasion and intracellular proliferation among isolates. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:115. [PMID: 26928430 PMCID: PMC4772326 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1405-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine besnoitiosis, caused by the protozoan Besnoitia besnoiti, reduces productivity and fertility of affected herds. Besnoitiosis continues to expand in Europe and no effective control tools are currently available. Experimental models are urgently needed. Herein, we describe for the first time the kinetics of standardised in vitro models for the B. besnoiti lytic cycle. This will aid to study the pathogenesis of the disease, in the screening for vaccine targets and drugs potentially useful for the treatment of besnoitiosis. Methods We compared invasion and proliferation of one B. tarandi (from Finland) and seven B. besnoiti isolates (Bb-Spain1, Bb-Spain2, Bb-Israel, Bb-Evora03, Bb-Ger1, Bb-France, Bb-Italy2) in MARC-145 cell culture. Host cell invasion was studied at 4, 6, 8 and 24 h post infection (hpi), and proliferation characteristics were compared at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 hpi. Results In Besnoitia spp., the key parameters that determine the sequential adhesion-invasion, proliferation and egress steps are clearly distinct from those in the related apicomplexans Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum. Besnoitia spp. host cell invasion is a rather slow process, since only 50 % of parasites were found intracellular after 3–6 h of exposure to host cells, and invasion still took place after 24 h. Invasion efficacy was significantly higher for Bb-France, Bb-Evora03 and Bb-Israel. In addition, the time span for endodyogeny to take place was as long as 18–35 h. Bb-Israel and B. tarandi isolates were most prolific, as determined by the tachyzoite yield at 72 hpi. The total tachyzoite yield could not be predicted neither by invasion-related parameters (velocity and half time invasion) nor by proliferation parameters (lag phase and doubling time (dT)). The lytic cycle of Besnoitia was asynchronous as evidenced by the presence of three different plaque-forming tachyzoite categories (lysis plaques, large and small parasitophorous vacuoles). Conclusions This study provides first insights into the lytic cycle of B. besnoiti isolates and a standardised in vitro model that allows screening of drug candidates for the treatment of besnoitiosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1405-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline F Frey
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain. .,Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Javier Regidor-Cerrillo
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Nelson Marreros
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Paula García-Lunar
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez-Expósito
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gereon Schares
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Jitender P Dubey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350, USA.
| | - Arcangelo Gentile
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy.
| | - Philippe Jacquiet
- Institut National Polytechnique (INP), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), UMR1225, IHAP, Equipe « Besnoitiose et vecteurs », Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
| | - Varda Shkap
- Division of Parasitology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel.
| | - Helder Cortes
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Victor Caeiro, Núcleo da Mitra, ICAAM, Universidade de Évora, Apartado 94, 7000-554, Évora, Portugal.
| | - Luis M Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gema Álvarez-García
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Sudan V, Tewari AK, Singh H. MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND SEQUENCE PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ANTIGEN 3 (SAG3) GENE OF LOCAL INDIAN ISOLATES (CHENNAI AND IZATNAGAR) OF Toxoplasma gondii. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016. [PMID: 26200959 PMCID: PMC4544243 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE The molecular characterization of local isolates of Toxoplasma gondii is considered significant so as to assess the homologous variations between the different loci of various strains of parasites. DESIGN AND SETTING The present communication deals with the molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the 1158 bp entire open reading frame (ORF) of surface antigen 3 (SAG3) of two Indian T. gondii isolates (Chennai and Izatnagar) being maintained as cryostock at the IVRI. METHOD The surface antigen 3 (SAG3) of two local Indian isolates were cloned and sequenced before being compared with the available published sequences. RESULTS The sequence comparison analysis revealed 99.9% homology with the standard published RH strain sequence of T. gondii. The strains were also compared with other established published sequences and found to be most related to the P-Br strain and CEP strain (both 99.3%), and least with PRU strain (98.4%). However, the two Indian isolates had 100% homology between them. CONCLUSION Finally, it was concluded that the Indian isolates were closer to the RH strain than to the P-Br strain (Brazilian strain), the CEP strain and the PRU strains (USA), with respect to nucleotide homology. The two Indian isolates used in the present study are known to vary between themselves, as far as homologies related to other genes are concerned, but they were found to be 100% homologous as far as SAG3 locus is concerned. This could be attributed to the fact that this SAG3 might be a conserved locus and thereby, further detailed studies are thereby warranted to exploit the use of this particular molecule in diagnostics and immunoprophylactics. The findings are important from the point of view of molecular phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant Sudan
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, U. P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan, Mathura, India
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Cheng W, Liu F, Li M, Hu X, Chen H, Pappoe F, Luo Q, Wen H, Xing T, Xu Y, Shen J. Variation detection based on next-generation sequencing of type Chinese 1 strains of Toxoplasma gondii with different virulence from China. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:888. [PMID: 26518334 PMCID: PMC4628340 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2106-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan that affects most species of endothermic animals including humans with a great infection rate. The vertical transmission of T. gondii causes abortion, constituting a serious threat to humans and leading to great losses in livestock production. Distinct from population structure of T. gondii in North America and Europe, Chinese 1 (ToxoDB #9) is a dominant genotype prevalent in China. Among the isolates of Chinese 1, the Wh3 and Wh6 have different virulence and pathogenicity in mice. However, little has been known about their difference at the genomic level. Thus the next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach was used to discover the association of the phenotypical variations with the genome sequencing data and the expression and polymorphisms of the key effectors. RESULTS We successfully sequenced the genome of Chinese 1 strains of Wh3 and Wh6. The average sequencing depths were 63.91 and 63.61 for Wh3 and Wh6, respectively. The variations of both isolates were identified in comparison with reference genome of type I GT1 strain. There were 505,645 and 505,856 SNPs, 30,658 and 30,004 indels, 4661 and 2320 SVs, and 1942 and 3080 CNVs for Wh3 and Wh6, respectively. In target search variations of particular factors of T. gondii, the dense granule protein 3 (GRA3) and rhoptry neck protein 3 (RON3) were found to have 35 SNPs, 2 indels and 89 SNPs, 6 indels, respectively. GRA3 and RON3 were both found to have higher expression levels in less virulent Wh6 than in virulent Wh3. Both strains of type Chinese 1 share polymorphic GRA15II and ROPI/III with type I, II, and III strains. CONCLUSIONS Sequencing of the two strains revealed that genome structure of Chinese 1 and type I strains has considerable genomic variations. Sequencing and qRT-PCR analyses of 26 effectors displayed a remarkable variation that may be associated with phenotype and pathogenic differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisheng Cheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Pathogen Biology and Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Pathogen Biology and Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Man Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaodong Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Pathogen Biology and Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China.
| | - He Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Pathogen Biology and Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Faustina Pappoe
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Pathogen Biology and Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingli Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Pathogen Biology and Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huiqin Wen
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Pathogen Biology and Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Blood Transfusion, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tian Xing
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Pathogen Biology and Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanhong Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Pathogen Biology and Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jilong Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Pathogen Biology and Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China.
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Ajzenberg D, Collinet F, Aubert D, Villena I, Dardé ML, Devillard S. The rural-urban effect on spatial genetic structure of type II Toxoplasma gondii strains involved in human congenital toxoplasmosis, France, 2002-2009. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 36:511-516. [PMID: 26305624 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Congenital toxoplasmosis involves Toxoplasma gondii type II strains in 95% of cases in France. We used spatial principal component analysis (sPCA) and 15 microsatellite markers to investigate the spatial genetic structure of type II strains involved in 240 cases of congenital toxoplasmosis in France from 2002 through 2009. Mailing addresses of patients were geo-referenced a posteriori in decimal degrees and categorized into urban or rural areas of residence. No spatial genetic structure was found for type II strains that infected mothers who were living in urban areas, but a global spatial genetic structure was found for those that infected mothers who were living in a rural environment. Our results suggest that sources of infection by T. gondii are different in rural and urban areas in France, and advocate for targeted messages in the prevention of toxoplasmosis according to the type of residence of susceptible people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ajzenberg
- INSERM, UMR_S 1094, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France; Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dupuytren, Limoges, France.
| | | | - Dominique Aubert
- EA3800, SFR Cap-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France; Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hôpital Maison Blanche, Reims, France
| | - Isabelle Villena
- EA3800, SFR Cap-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France; Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hôpital Maison Blanche, Reims, France
| | - Marie-Laure Dardé
- INSERM, UMR_S 1094, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France; Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dupuytren, Limoges, France
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75
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Lima GSC, Saraiva PGC, Saraiva FP. Current Therapy of Acquired Ocular Toxoplasmosis: A Review. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2015. [PMID: 26226199 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2015.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) is the most common form of posterior infectious uveitis. Combined antiparasitic therapy is the standard treatment for OT, but several other schemes have been proposed. The purpose of the present study was to review the literature on the treatment of OT and provide ophthalmologists with up-to-date information to help reduce OT-related visual morbidity. In conclusion, no ideal treatment scheme was identified; currently prescribed therapeutic schemes yield statistically similar functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fábio Petersen Saraiva
- 1 Specialized Medicine Department, Federal University of Espirito Santo , Vitória, Brazil
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76
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Vitaliano SN, Mendonça GMD, Sandres FAMD, Camargo JDSAA, Tarso PD, Basano SDA, Silva JCDE, Souza VKGD, Cartonilho G, Almeida ATDSD, Gennari SM, Camargo LMA. Epidemiological aspects of Toxoplasma gondii infection in riverside communities in the Southern Brazilian Amazon. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2015; 48:301-6. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0040-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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77
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Zintl A, Talavera S, Sacchi-Nestor C, Ryan M, Chryssafidis A, Mulcahy G. Comparison of Fasciola hepatica genotypes in relation to their ability to establish patent infections in the final host. Vet Parasitol 2015; 210:145-50. [PMID: 25936437 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is a common and economically important parasite of sheep and cattle. Although its marked genetic heterogeneity is well recognised, an association between haplotypes and specific phenotypic traits has yet to be identified. Using experimental infections in cattle this study investigated whether a fragment of mitochondrial DNA (coding for cytochrome c oxidase subunit III, transfer RNA histidine and cytochrome b) and 3 nuclear microsatellite loci (Fh15, Fh23 and Fh25) could be used as markers for the parasite's ability to complete its tissue migration and establish in the liver of the final host. While we did not detect any shift in the frequency of the various genotypes in the population of metacercariae used for the infection on the one hand and the flukes collected from the liver on the other, there was an indication that parasites with heterozygous microsatellite alleles may have a selective advantage over homozygote parasites during their migration in the final host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annetta Zintl
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Silvia Talavera
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Marion Ryan
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Grace Mulcahy
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
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78
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Donahoe SL, Šlapeta J, Knowles G, Obendorf D, Peck S, Phalen DN. Clinical and pathological features of toxoplasmosis in free-ranging common wombats (Vombatus ursinus) with multilocus genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii type II-like strains. Parasitol Int 2015; 64:148-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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79
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Xiao J, Yolken RH. Strain hypothesis of Toxoplasma gondii infection on the outcome of human diseases. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:828-45. [PMID: 25600911 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii is an exceptionally successful food and waterborne parasite that infects approximately 1 billion people worldwide. Genotyping of T. gondii isolates from all continents revealed a complex population structure. Recent research supports the notion that T. gondii genotype may be associated with disease severity. Here, we (1) discuss molecular and serological approaches for designation of T. gondii strain type, (2) overview the literatures on the association of T. gondii strain type and the outcome of human disease and (3) explore possible mechanisms underlying these strain-specific pathology and severity of human toxoplasmosis. Although no final conclusions can be drawn, it is clear that virulent strains (e.g. strains containing type I or atypical alleles) are significantly more often associated with increased frequency and severity of human toxoplasmosis. The significance of highly virulent strains can cause severe diseases in immunocompetent patients and might implicated in brain disorders such as schizophrenia should led to reconsideration of toxoplasmosis. Further studies that combine parasite strain typing and human factor analysis (e.g. immune status and genetic background) are required for better understanding of human susceptibility or resistance to toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Xiao
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology; Department of Pediatrics; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Baltimore MD USA
| | - R. H. Yolken
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology; Department of Pediatrics; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Baltimore MD USA
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80
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Shaik JS, Khan A, Beverley SM, Sibley LD. REDHORSE-REcombination and Double crossover detection in Haploid Organisms using next-geneRation SEquencing data. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:133. [PMID: 25766039 PMCID: PMC4348101 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1309-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Next-generation sequencing technology provides a means to study genetic exchange at a higher resolution than was possible using earlier technologies. However, this improvement presents challenges as the alignments of next generation sequence data to a reference genome cannot be directly used as input to existing detection algorithms, which instead typically use multiple sequence alignments as input. We therefore designed a software suite called REDHORSE that uses genomic alignments, extracts genetic markers, and generates multiple sequence alignments that can be used as input to existing recombination detection algorithms. In addition, REDHORSE implements a custom recombination detection algorithm that makes use of sequence information and genomic positions to accurately detect crossovers. REDHORSE is a portable and platform independent suite that provides efficient analysis of genetic crosses based on Next-generation sequencing data. Results We demonstrated the utility of REDHORSE using simulated data and real Next-generation sequencing data. The simulated dataset mimicked recombination between two known haploid parental strains and allowed comparison of detected break points against known true break points to assess performance of recombination detection algorithms. A newly generated NGS dataset from a genetic cross of Toxoplasma gondii allowed us to demonstrate our pipeline. REDHORSE successfully extracted the relevant genetic markers and was able to transform the read alignments from NGS to the genome to generate multiple sequence alignments. Recombination detection algorithm in REDHORSE was able to detect conventional crossovers and double crossovers typically associated with gene conversions whilst filtering out artifacts that might have been introduced during sequencing or alignment. REDHORSE outperformed other commonly used recombination detection algorithms in finding conventional crossovers. In addition, REDHORSE was the only algorithm that was able to detect double crossovers. Conclusion REDHORSE is an efficient analytical pipeline that serves as a bridge between genomic alignments and existing recombination detection algorithms. Moreover, REDHORSE is equipped with a recombination detection algorithm specifically designed for Next-generation sequencing data. REDHORSE is portable, platform independent Java based utility that provides efficient analysis of genetic crosses based on Next-generation sequencing data. REDHORSE is available at http://redhorse.sourceforge.net/. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1309-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahangheer S Shaik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8230, , 600 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Asis Khan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8230, , 600 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Present address: Molecular Parasitology Unit, Laboratory for Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Stephen M Beverley
- Department of Molecular Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8230, , 600 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - L David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8230, , 600 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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81
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Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from Portugal, Austria and Israel reveals higher genetic variability within the type II lineage. Parasitology 2015; 142:948-57. [PMID: 25677825 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182015000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study compared genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from Portugal, Austria and Israel. For this, we genotyped 90 T. gondii isolates (16 from Portugal, 67 from Austria and 7 from Israel) using 10 nested PCR-restriction length polymorphism (RFLP) genetic markers and 15 microsatellite (MS) markers. By PCR-RFLP typing, 7 isolates from Portugal chickens were identified as type II (ToxoDB #1 or #3), 4 were type III (ToxoDB #2) and the remaining 4 isolates have unique genotype pattern were designated as ToxoDB #254. One mouse virulent isolate from a bovine fetus (Bos taurus) in Portugal was type I (ToxoDB #10) at all loci and designated as TgCowPr1. All 67 isolates from Austria and 7 from Israel were type II (ToxoDB #1 or #3). By MS typing, many additional genetic variations were revealed among the type II and type III isolates. Phylogenetic analysis showed that isolates from the same geographical locations tend to cluster together, and there is little overlapping of genotypes among different locations. This study demonstrated that the MS markers can provide higher discriminatory power to reveal association of genotypes with geographical locations. Future studies of the type II strains in Europe by these MS markers will be useful to reveal transmission patterns of the parasite.
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82
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Toxoplasmosis as a travel risk. Travel Med Infect Dis 2014; 12:592-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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83
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Meira CS, Pereira-Chioccola VL, Vidal JE, de Mattos CCB, Motoie G, Costa-Silva TA, Gava R, Frederico FB, de Mattos LC. Cerebral and ocular toxoplasmosis related with IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10 levels. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:492. [PMID: 25352834 PMCID: PMC4195364 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the synthesis of Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), and Interleukin 10 (IL-10) in chronically infected patients which developed the symptomatic disease as cerebral or ocular toxoplasmosis. Blood from 61 individuals were divided into four groups: Cerebral toxoplasmosis/AIDS patients (CT/AIDS group) (n = 15), ocular toxoplasmosis patients (OT group) (n = 23), chronic toxoplasmosis individuals (CHR group) (n = 13) and healthy individuals (HI group) (n = 10). OT, CHR, and HI groups were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seronegative. The diagnosis was made by laboratorial (PCR and ELISA) and clinical subjects. For cytokine determination, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of each patient were isolated and stimulated in vitro with T. gondii antigen. IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10 activities were determined by ELISA. Patients from CT/AIDS and OT groups had low levels of IFN-γ when were compared with those from CHR group. These data suggest the low resistance to develop ocular lesions by the low ability to produce IFN-γ against the parasite. The same patients, which developed ocular or cerebral toxoplasmosis had higher TNF-α levels than CHR individuals. High TNF-α synthesis contribute to the inflammatory response and damage of the choroid and retina in OT patients and in AIDS patients caused a high inflammatory response as the TNF-α synthesis is not affected since monocytes are the major source this cytokine in response to soluble T. gondii antigens. IL-10 levels were almost similar in CT/AIDS and OT patients but low when compared with CHR individuals. The deviation to Th2 immune response including the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 may promote the parasite's survival causing the tissue immune destruction. IL-10 production in T. gondii-infected brains may support the persistence of parasites as down-regulating the intracerebral immune response. All these indicate that OT and CT/AIDS patients produced low levels of IL-10 (Th2 response) and IFN-γ (Th1 response). They produced high TNF-α suggesting a high inflammatory response triggered by the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina S Meira
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - José E Vidal
- Departamento de Neurologia, Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cinara C Brandão de Mattos
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Motoie
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais A Costa-Silva
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Gava
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio B Frederico
- Ambulatório de Oftalmologia, Fundação Faculdade Regional de Medicina, Hospital de Base São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz C de Mattos
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
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84
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Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from Brazilian wildlife revealed abundant new genotypes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2014; 3:276-83. [PMID: 25426424 PMCID: PMC4241539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to isolate and genotype T. gondii from Brazilian wildlife. For this purpose, 226 samples were submitted to mice bioassay and screened by PCR based on 18S rRNA sequences. A total of 15 T. gondii isolates were obtained, including samples from four armadillos (three Dasypus novemcinctus, one Euphractus sexcinctus), three collared anteaters (Tamandua tetradactyla), three whited-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari), one spotted paca (Cuniculus paca), one oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus), one hoary fox (Pseudalopex vetulus), one lineated woodpecker (Dryocopus lineatus) and one maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus). DNA from the isolates, originated from mice bioassay, and from the tissues of the wild animal, designated as "primary samples", were genotyped by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR/RFLP), using 12 genetic markers (SAG1, SAG2, alt.SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L258, PK1, CS3 and Apico). A total of 17 genotypes were identified, with 13 identified for the first time and four already reported in published literature. Results herein obtained corroborate previous studies in Brazil, confirming high diversity and revealing unique genotypes in this region. Given most of genotypes here identified are different from previous studies in domestic animals, future studies on T. gondii from wildlife is of interest to understand population genetics and structure of this parasite.
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85
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Khan A, Ajzenberg D, Mercier A, Demar M, Simon S, Dardé ML, Wang Q, Verma SK, Rosenthal BM, Dubey JP, Sibley LD. Geographic separation of domestic and wild strains of Toxoplasma gondii in French Guiana correlates with a monomorphic version of chromosome1a. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3182. [PMID: 25233228 PMCID: PMC4169257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have stressed the genetic divergence and high pathogenicity of strains of T. gondii from French Guiana. Although strains from coastal, human adapted environments (so called anthropized) resemble those found in other regions of the Caribbean, strains collected from inland jungle environment are genetically quite diverse. To better understand the composition of these distinct strain types, we undertook a more in depth analysis of T. gondii strains from French Guiana including profiling of chromosome 1a (Chr1a), which is often shared as a single monomorphic haplotype among lineages that are otherwise genetically distinct. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Comparison of intron sequences from selectively neutral genes indicated that anthropized strains were most closely related to clonal type III strains from North America, although wider RFLP analysis revealed that they are natural hybrids. In contrast, strains isolated from the jungle were genetically very diverse. Remarkably, nearly all anthropized strains contained the monomorphic version of Chr1a while wild stains were extremely divergent. The presence of the monomorphic Chr1a strongly correlated with greater transmission in domestic cats, although there were several exceptions, indicating that other factors also contribute. Anthropized strains also varied in their virulence in laboratory mice, and this pattern could not be explained by the simple combination of previously identified virulence factors, indicating that other genetic determinants influence pathogenicity. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our studies underscore the marked genetic separation of anthropized and wild strains of T. gondii in French Guiana and provide additional evidence that the presence of Chr1a is associated with successful expansion of widely different lineages within diverse geographic areas. The predominance of Chr1a among strains in the anthropized environment suggests that it may confer an advantage for transmission in this environment, and thus potentially contribute to the spread of pathogenecity determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asis Khan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Daniel Ajzenberg
- Centre National de Référence Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Aurélien Mercier
- Centre National de Référence Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Magalie Demar
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne and Faculté de Médecine, Equipe EA 3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Stéphane Simon
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne and Faculté de Médecine, Equipe EA 3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Marie Laure Dardé
- Centre National de Référence Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Qiuling Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Shiv Kumar Verma
- Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Benjamin M. Rosenthal
- Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jitender P. Dubey
- Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - L. David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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86
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Gebremedhin EZ, Abdurahaman M, Tessema TS, Tilahun G, Cox E, Goddeeris B, Dorny P, De Craeye S, Dardé ML, Ajzenberg D. Isolation and genotyping of viable Toxoplasma gondii from sheep and goats in Ethiopia destined for human consumption. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:425. [PMID: 25190185 PMCID: PMC4161867 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that infects humans and a broad spectrum of warm-blooded vertebrates. The present study was undertaken with the objectives of isolation and determining the genotypes of T. gondii strains from sheep and goats slaughtered in East and West Shewa Zones of Oromia Regional State, Central Ethiopia. Methods Hearts of 47 sheep and 44 goats that were seropositive in the Direct Agglutination Test (DAT) were bioassayed in mice. A multiplex PCR assay with 15 microsatellite markers was employed for genotyping of T. gondii isolates from sheep and goats. Results Viable T. gondii were isolated from 47 (51.65%) animals, 27 sheep and 20 goats. Most isolates caused sub-clinical infections in mice, however, 2 sheep and 1 goat isolates were mouse-virulent, killing mice between 19–27 days post-inoculation. The success of T. gondii isolation in mice increased significantly (P = 0.0001) with higher DAT antibody titers in sheep and goats. Genotyping revealed that 29 (87.88%) of the 33 isolates were Type II, 3 (9.09%) were Type III and 1 (3.03%) was atypical. Three strains (one type II, one type III, and the atypical genotype) were virulent for mice. Conclusions T. gondii tissue cysts in sheep and goats slaughtered for human consumption are widespread. This is the first report on isolation and genotyping of T. gondii from sheep and goats of Ethiopia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1756-3305-7-425) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endrias Zewdu Gebremedhin
- Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, Ambo University, P, O, Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia.
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87
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Isolation and molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from pigeons and stray cats in Lisbon, Portugal. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:506-11. [PMID: 25195193 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cats and pigeons are important factors in the epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii as felids are the only definitive hosts that can excrete environmentally resistant oocysts, and pigeons share the same places of cats and humans constituting a good model and indicator of the ground field contamination. We aimed to study the virulence and genotypes of T. gondii isolated from pigeons and stray cats in Lisbon, Portugal. Fresh samples of brain from 41 pigeons and 164 cats revealing antibodies to T. gondii were inoculated in mice. Three isolates (one isolated from a cat and two isolated from pigeons) were virulent in the mouse model. Sag2-based genotyping of T. gondii was achieved in 70.7% (29/41) of samples isolated from pigeons (26 samples were type II, two were type III, and one strain was type I). From the cat brain samples, 50% (82/164) yielded Sag2 positive results, where 72 belonged to genotype II and 10 were no type III (it was not possible to discriminate between type I and II). Further genotyping was obtained by multiplex PCR of 5 microsatellites (TUB2, TgM-A, W35, B17, B18), allowing the identification of two recombinant strains that had been previously identified as type II by Sag2 amplification (one isolated from cat brain and the other from pigeon brain). This is the first evidence of recombinant strains circulating in Portugal and the first report of T. gondii genotyping from cats in this country. This study also highlights the importance of environmental contamination in the synanthropic cycle constituting a potential source of human infection.
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88
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Kodaman N, Sobota RS, Mera R, Schneider BG, Williams SM. Disrupted human-pathogen co-evolution: a model for disease. Front Genet 2014; 5:290. [PMID: 25202324 PMCID: PMC4142859 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A major goal in infectious disease research is to identify the human and pathogenic genetic variants that explain differences in microbial pathogenesis. However, neither pathogenic strain nor human genetic variation in isolation has proven adequate to explain the heterogeneity of disease pathology. We suggest that disrupted co-evolution between a pathogen and its human host can explain variation in disease outcomes, and that genome-by-genome interactions should therefore be incorporated into genetic models of disease caused by infectious agents. Genetic epidemiological studies that fail to take both the pathogen and host into account can lead to false and misleading conclusions about disease etiology. We discuss our model in the context of three pathogens, Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human papillomavirus, and generalize the conditions under which it may be applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuri Kodaman
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College Hanover, NH, USA ; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rafal S Sobota
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College Hanover, NH, USA ; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robertino Mera
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Barbara G Schneider
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Scott M Williams
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College Hanover, NH, USA
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89
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Donahoe SL, Rose K, Slapeta J. Multisystemic toxoplasmosis associated with a type II-like Toxoplasma gondii strain in a New Zealand fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri) from New South Wales, Australia. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:347-53. [PMID: 25123611 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report the first confirmed case of toxoplasmosis in an Australian pinniped. Presence of Toxoplasma gondii DNA was detected in the brain of a free-ranging subadult New Zealand fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri) with nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis, hypophysitis, posterior uveitis, retrobulbar cellulitis, and myocarditis associated with protozoan cysts and tachyzoites. The emaciated seal stranded moribund on a beach in northern Sydney in New South Wales. Histopathology coupled with specific immunohistochemistry and PCR assays confirmed the presence of T. gondii. The T. gondii sample (NZfs8825) identified in this study has an identical genotype as the type II (ToxoDB PCR-RFLP genotype #1) based on the direct sequencing and virtual RFLP of multilocus DNA markers including SAG1, 5'- and 3'-SAG2, alt.SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, and Apico. Direct sequencing of T. gondii B1 DNA marker from the T. gondii sample (NZfs8825) identified a type II-like strain, based on presence of non-archetypal B1 gene polymorphisms previously reported as unique to Australia. This study suggests that T. gondii oocysts originating from mainland Australia, which has a large population of feral cats, may act as a disease threat to native marine fauna. Therefore, emerging toxoplasmosis in the Arctic has a relevant parallel in the Southern Ocean within Australian waters with yet unknown relevance to Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L Donahoe
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Karrie Rose
- Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW, Australia; School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Jan Slapeta
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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90
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Campos FA, Andrade GMQD, Lanna ADPS, Lage BF, Assumpção MVM, Pinto JA. Incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis among infants born to HIV-coinfected mothers: case series and literature review. Braz J Infect Dis 2014; 18:609-17. [PMID: 25017666 PMCID: PMC9425224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a paucity of data on the occurrence of congenital toxoplasmosis in children born to mothers dually infected with HIV and Toxoplasma gondii. OBJECTIVE To evaluate aspects of the mother-infant pairs associated with vertical transmission of toxoplasmosis in women co-infected with HIV in a referral center for perinatally acquired infections in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. METHODS Descriptive study of HIV vertically exposed children, with congenital toxoplasmosis, followed at a referral center (cohort/Belo Horizonte). Prenatal and post-natal variables for the mother-infant pairs were evaluated. A literature review with no filtering for time and language was performed to identify reports of congenital toxoplasmosis in HIV vertically exposed children. RESULTS Among 2007 HIV vertically exposed children evaluated in the period from 1998 to 2011, 10 cases of congenital toxoplasmosis were identified (incidence: 0.5%, 95% confidence interval: 0.24-0.91). In searching the literature 22 additional cases in 17 reports were found. Combining the findings of our cohort with other reported cases, 50% (16/32) of congenital toxoplasmosis in HIV vertically exposed children were from Brazil. The cases of congenital toxoplasmosis in HIV vertically exposed children identified in Brazil occurred mainly in the post-Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy era (p=0.002) and presented a lower death rate (p=0.003) than those from other countries. In the cohort/Belo Horizonte, HIV infection was identified mainly during gestation; T. gondii vertical transmission was observed in pregnant women with CD4(+)>500 cells/mm(3) and latent toxoplasmosis. High rates of ocular lesions (87.5%) and central nervous system involvement (70%) were detected. CONCLUSIONS The risk of vertical transmission of T. gondii in HIV-infected women is low and has been usually associated with maternal immunosuppression and elevated viral load. However, our findings of congenital toxoplasmosis in children born to HIV-infected mothers with latent toxoplasmosis and not immunosuppressed emphasize the need for careful follow-up in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Alves Campos
- Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Pediatrician, Children's Hospital João Paulo II, FHEMIG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | - Jorge A Pinto
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Immunology Division, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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91
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Mammari N, Vignoles P, Halabi MA, Darde ML, Courtioux B. In vitro infection of human nervous cells by two strains of Toxoplasma gondii: a kinetic analysis of immune mediators and parasite multiplication. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98491. [PMID: 24886982 PMCID: PMC4041771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The severity of toxoplasmic infection depends mainly on the immune status of the host, but also on the Toxoplasma gondii strains, which differ by their virulence profile. The relationship between the human host and T. gondii has not yet been elucidated because few studies have been conducted on human models. The immune mechanisms involved in the persistence of T. gondii in the brains of immunocompetent subjects and during the reactivation of latent infections are still unclear. In this study, we analyzed the kinetics of immune mediators in human nervous cells in vitro, infected with two strains of T. gondii. Human neuroblast cell line (SH SY5Y), microglial (CMH5) and endothelial cells (Hbmec) were infected separately by RH (type I) or PRU (type II) strains for 8 h, 14 h, 24 h and 48 h (ratio 1 cell: 2 tachyzoites). Pro-inflammatory protein expression was different between the two strains and among different human nervous cells. The cytokines IL-6, IL-8 and the chemokines MCP-1 and GROα, and SERPIN E1 were significantly increased in CMH5 and SH SY5Y at 24 h pi. At this point of infection, the parasite burden declined in microglial cells and neurons, but remained high in endothelial cells. This differential effect on the early parasite multiplication may be correlated with a higher production of immune mediators by neurons and microglial cells compared to endothelial cells. Regarding strain differences, PRU strain, but not RH strain, stimulates all cells to produce pro-inflammatory growth factors, G-CSF and GM-CSF. These proteins could increase the inflammatory effect of this type II strain. These results suggest that the different protein expression profiles depend on the parasitic strain and on the human nervous cell type, and that this could be at the origin of diverse brain lesions caused by T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Mammari
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology Institute, Limoges, France; University of Limoges, National Center for Scientific Research France 3503 Institute of Genomic, Environment, Immunity, Health and Therapy, Limoges, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Philippe Vignoles
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology Institute, Limoges, France; University of Limoges, National Center for Scientific Research France 3503 Institute of Genomic, Environment, Immunity, Health and Therapy, Limoges, France
| | - Mohamad Adnan Halabi
- National Center for Scientific Research France 7276, France 3503 Institute of Genomic, Environment, Immunity, Health and Therapy, University of Limoges, Faculty of Pharmacy, Limoges, France
| | - Marie Laure Darde
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology Institute, Limoges, France; University of Limoges, National Center for Scientific Research France 3503 Institute of Genomic, Environment, Immunity, Health and Therapy, Limoges, France
- Universitary Hospital, Department of Parasitology, Biological Resource Centre for Toxoplasma, Limoges, France
| | - Bertrand Courtioux
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology Institute, Limoges, France; University of Limoges, National Center for Scientific Research France 3503 Institute of Genomic, Environment, Immunity, Health and Therapy, Limoges, France
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92
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Yera H, Ajzenberg D, Lesle F, Eyrolle-Guignot D, Besnard M, Baud A, Georges A, Dupouy-Camet J, Dardé ML. New description of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes from French Polynesia. Acta Trop 2014; 134:10-2. [PMID: 24560965 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We report here the first isolation and genotyping of two human Toxoplasma gondii strains from French Polynesia. The parasites had new and atypical genotypes, and were responsible for asymptomatic congenital toxoplasmosis. Both genotypes were divergent from the common strains isolated in Europe, North America, South America, Africa and China.
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93
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Evidence for genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii in selected intermediate hosts in Serbia. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 37:173-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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94
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First isolation and molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from a human placenta in Argentina. Parasitol Int 2014; 63:470-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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95
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Thompson C, Baravalle ME, Valentini B, Mangold A, Torioni de Echaide S, Ruybal P, Farber M, Echaide I. Typification of virulent and low virulence Babesia bigemina clones by 18S rRNA and rap-1c. Exp Parasitol 2014; 141:98-105. [PMID: 24681200 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The population structure of original Babesia bigemina isolates and reference strains with a defined phenotypic profile was assessed using 18S rRNA and rap-1c genes. Two reference strains, BbiS2P-c (virulent) and BbiS1A-c (low virulence), were biologically cloned in vitro. The virulence profile of the strains and clones was assessed in vivo. One fully virulent and one low-virulence clone were mixed in identical proportions to evaluate their growth efficiency in vitro. Each clone was differentiated by two microsatellites and the gene gp45. The 18S rRNA and rap-1c genes sequences from B. bigemina biological clones and their parental strains, multiplied exclusively in vivo or in vitro, were compared with strain JG-29. The virulence of clones derived from the BbiS2P-c strain was variable. Virulent clone Bbi9P1 grew more efficiently in vitro than did the low-virulence clone Bbi2A1. The haplotypes generated by the nucleotide polymorphism, localized in the V4 region of the 18S rRNA, allowed the identification of three genotypes. The rap-1c haplotypes allowed defining four genotypes. Parental and original strains were defined by multiple haplotypes identified in both genes. The rap-1c gene, analyzed by high-resolution melting (HRM), allowed discrimination between two genotypes according to their phenotype, and both were different from JG-29. B. bigemina biological clones made it possible to define the population structure of isolates and strains. The polymorphic regions of the 18S rRNA and rap-1c genes allowed the identification of different subpopulations within original B. bigemina isolates by the definition of several haplotypes and the differentiation of fully virulent from low virulence clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Thompson
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 km 227, CC 22, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - M E Baravalle
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 km 227, CC 22, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - B Valentini
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 km 227, CC 22, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - A Mangold
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 km 227, CC 22, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - S Torioni de Echaide
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 km 227, CC 22, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - P Ruybal
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias Castelar, Los Reseros y Las Cabañas, CP 1712 Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Farber
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias Castelar, Los Reseros y Las Cabañas, CP 1712 Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - I Echaide
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 km 227, CC 22, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
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96
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Tolba MM, El-Taweel HA, Khalil SS, Hazzah WA, Heshmat MG. Genotype analysis of T. gondii strains associated with human infection in Egypt. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:1563-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3801-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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97
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Dubey JP, Van Why K, Verma SK, Choudhary S, Kwok OCH, Khan A, Behinke MS, Sibley LD, Ferreira LR, Oliveira S, Weaver M, Stewart R, Su C. Genotyping Toxoplasma gondii from wildlife in Pennsylvania and identification of natural recombinants virulent to mice. Vet Parasitol 2013; 200:74-84. [PMID: 24332401 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicated the predominance of Toxoplasma gondii haplogroup 12 in wildlife in the USA. However, still little is known of the genetic diversity of this parasite circulating in wildlife. In the present study, we tested coyotes (Canis latrans), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and geese (Branta canadensis) from the state of Pennsylvania for T. gondii infection. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 160 of 367 animals, including 92 (34.5%) of 266 coyotes, 49 (62.0%) of 79 white-tailed deer, 17 (85.0%) of 20 red fox, and two of two Canada geese tested by the modified agglutination test (cut off titer 1:25). Tissues from 105 seropositive animals were bioassayed in mice, and viable T. gondii was isolated from 29 animals, including 10 of 53 coyotes, 11 of 16 foxes, 7 of 49 deer, and one of one goose. DNA isolated from culture-derived tachyzoites of these isolates was characterized initially using multilocus PCR-RFLP markers. Nine genotypes were revealed, including ToxoDB PCR-RFLP #1 (4 isolates), #2 (2 isolates), #3 (4 isolates), #4 (6 isolates), #5 (4 isolates), #54 (1 isolate), #141 (1 isolate), #143 (1 isolate), and #216 (6 isolates), indicating high genetic diversity of T. gondii in wildlife in Pennsylvania. Pathogenicity of six T. gondii isolates (5 of #216 and #141) was determined in outbred Swiss Webster mice. Three of #216 and the #141 isolates were acute virulent to mice, and the other 2 #216 isolates were intermediate virulent. To determine the extent of genetic variation of these as well as a few recently reported virulent isolates from wildlife in North America, intron sequences were generated. Analysis of intron sequences and PCR-RFLP genotyping results indicated that the #216 isolates are likely derived from recombination of the clonal type I and III lineages. To determine if T. gondii virulence can be predicted by typing, we genotyped a collection of strains using PCR-RFLP markers for polymorphic genes ROP5, ROP16, ROP18 and GRA15, which are known to interact with host immune response. The results showed that there is an association of genotypes of ROP5 and ROP18 with mouse-virulence, however, additional gene(s) may also contribute to virulence in distinct T. gondii genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Dubey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA.
| | - K Van Why
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Harrisburg, PA 17106-0827, USA
| | - S K Verma
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - S Choudhary
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - O C H Kwok
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - A Khan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - M S Behinke
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - L D Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - L R Ferreira
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - S Oliveira
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - M Weaver
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Shippensburg University, Shippensburg, PA 17257, USA
| | - R Stewart
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Shippensburg University, Shippensburg, PA 17257, USA
| | - C Su
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0845, USA
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98
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Maksimov P, Zerweck J, Dubey JP, Pantchev N, Frey CF, Maksimov A, Reimer U, Schutkowski M, Hosseininejad M, Ziller M, Conraths FJ, Schares G. Serotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in cats (Felis domesticus) reveals predominance of type II infections in Germany. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80213. [PMID: 24244652 PMCID: PMC3820565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cats are definitive hosts of Toxoplasma gondii and play an essential role in the epidemiology of this parasite. The study aims at clarifying whether cats are able to develop specific antibodies against different clonal types of T. gondii and to determine by serotyping the T. gondii clonal types prevailing in cats as intermediate hosts in Germany. Methodology To establish a peptide-microarray serotyping test, we identified 24 suitable peptides using serological T. gondii positive (n=21) and negative cat sera (n=52). To determine the clonal type-specific antibody response of cats in Germany, 86 field sera from T. gondii seropositive naturally infected cats were tested. In addition, we analyzed the antibody response in cats experimentally infected with non-canonical T. gondii types (n=7). Findings Positive cat reference sera reacted predominantly with peptides harbouring amino acid sequences specific for the clonal T. gondii type the cats were infected with. When the array was applied to field sera from Germany, 98.8% (85/86) of naturally-infected cats recognized similar peptide patterns as T. gondii type II reference sera and showed the strongest reaction intensities with clonal type II-specific peptides. In addition, naturally infected cats recognized type II-specific peptides significantly more frequently than peptides of other type-specificities. Cats infected with non-canonical types showed the strongest reactivity with peptides presenting amino-acid sequences specific for both, type I and type III. Conclusions Cats are able to mount a clonal type-specific antibody response against T. gondii. Serotyping revealed for most seropositive field sera patterns resembling those observed after clonal type II-T. gondii infection. This finding is in accord with our previous results on the occurrence of T. gondii clonal types in oocysts shed by cats in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Maksimov
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
- * E-mail: (PM); (GS)
| | | | - Jitender P. Dubey
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, USDA, ARS, ANRI, BARC-East, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nikola Pantchev
- Vet Med Labor GmbH, Division of IDEXX Laboratories, Ludwigsburg, Germany
| | - Caroline F. Frey
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aline Maksimov
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ulf Reimer
- JPT, Peptide Technologies GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mike Schutkowski
- Institute for Biochemistry & Biotechnology, Department of Enzymology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Mario Ziller
- Workgroup Biomathematics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Franz J. Conraths
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Gereon Schares
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
- * E-mail: (PM); (GS)
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Dubey J, Alvarado-Esquivel C, Herrera-Valenzuela V, Ortiz-Diaz J, Oliveira S, Verma S, Choudhary S, Kwok O, Su C. A new atypical genotype mouse virulent strain of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from the heart of a wild caught puma (Felis concolor) from Durango, Mexico. Vet Parasitol 2013; 197:674-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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100
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Thompson RCA. Parasite zoonoses and wildlife: One Health, spillover and human activity. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:1079-88. [PMID: 23892130 PMCID: PMC7126848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This review examines parasite zoonoses and wildlife in the context of the One Health triad that encompasses humans, domestic animals, wildlife and the changing ecosystems in which they live. Human (anthropogenic) activities influence the flow of all parasite infections within the One Health triad and the nature and impact of resulting spillover events are examined. Examples of spillover from wildlife to humans and/or domestic animals, and vice versa, are discussed, as well as emerging issues, particularly the need for parasite surveillance of wildlife populations. Emphasis is given to Trypanosoma cruzi and related species in Australian wildlife, Trichinella, Echinococcus, Giardia, Baylisascaris, Toxoplasma and Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Andrew Thompson
- School of Veterinary and Health Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
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