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Ahmed AM, Sayed W, Asran A, Nosier I. Identifying barriers to the implementation and development of sustainable construction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15623599.2021.1967577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adel M. Ahmed
- Civil Engineering Department, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - W. Sayed
- Civil Engineering Department, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A. Asran
- Civil Engineering Department, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - I. Nosier
- Civil Engineering Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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52
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Biochar-Added Cementitious Materials—A Review on Mechanical, Thermal, and Environmental Properties. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13169336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The enhanced carbon footprint of the construction sector has created the need for CO2 emission control and mitigation. CO2 emissions in the construction sector are influenced by a variety of factors, including raw material preparation, cement production, and, most notably, the construction process. Thus, using biobased constituents in cement could reduce CO2 emissions. However, biobased constituents can degrade and have a negative impact on cement performance. Recently, carbonised biomass known as biochar has been found to be an effective partial replacement for cement. Various studies have reported improved mechanical strength and thermal properties with the inclusion of biochar in concrete. To comprehend the properties of biochar-added cementitious materials, the properties of biochar and their effect on concrete need to be examined. This review provides a critical examination of the mechanical and thermal properties of biochar and biochar-added cementitious materials. The study also covers biochar’s life cycle assessment and economic benefits. Overall, the purpose of this review article is to provide a means for researchers in the relevant field to gain a deeper understanding of the innate properties of biochar imparted into biochar-added cementitious materials for property enhancement and reduction of CO2 emissions.
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Abstract
Portland cement concrete is known to have good fire resistance; however, its strength would be degraded after exposure to the temperatures of fire. Repeated low-velocity impacts are a type of probable accidental load in many types of structures. Although there is a rich body of literature on the residual mechanical properties of concrete after high temperature exposure, the residual repeated impact performance of concrete has still not been well explored. For this purpose, an experimental study was conducted in this work to evaluate the effect of high temperatures on the repeated impact strength of normal strength concrete. Seven identical concrete patches with six disc specimens each were cast and tested using the ACI 544-2R repeated impact setup at ambient temperature and after exposure to 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 500 °C. Similarly, six cubes and six prisms from each patch were used to evaluate the residual compressive and flexural strengths at the same conditions. Additionally, the scattering of the impact strength results was examined using three methods of the Weibull distribution, and the results are presented in terms of reliability. The test results show that the cracking and failure impact numbers of specimens heated to 100 °C reduced slightly by only 2.4 and 3.5%, respectively, while heating to higher temperatures deteriorated the impact resistance much faster than the compressive and flexural strengths. The percentage reduction in impact resistance at 600 °C was generally higher than 96%. It was also found that the deduction trend of the impact strength with temperature is more related to that of the flexural strength than the compressive strength. The test results also show that, within the limits of the adopted concrete type and conducted tests, the strength reduction after high temperature exposure is related to the percentage weight loss.
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Workability and Flexural Properties of Fibre-Reinforced Geopolymer Using Different Mono and Hybrid Fibres. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14164447. [PMID: 34442971 PMCID: PMC8402092 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of mono (single type) and hybrid (mixed types) fibres on the workability, compressive strength, flexural strength, and toughness parameters of fly ash geopolymer mortar were studied. The ratio of sand to geopolymer paste of the mortar was 2.75. It was found that workability of mortar decreased more with the use of PP fibres due to its higher dispersion into individual filaments in geopolymer mortar compared to the bundled ARG and PVA fibres. Compressive strength increased by 14% for using 1% steel with 0.5% PP fibres compared to that of the control mixture, which was 48 MPa. However, 25 to 30% decrease of compressive strength was observed in the mortars using the low-modulus fibres. Generally, flexural strength followed the trend of compressive strength. Deflection hardening behaviours in terms of the ASTM C1609 toughness indices, namely I5, I10 and I20 were exhibited by the mortars using 1% steel mono fibres, 0.5% ARG with 0.5% steel and 1% PVA with 0.5% steel hybrid fibres. The toughness indices and residual strength factors of the mortars using the other mono or hybrid fibres at 1 or 1.5% dosage were relatively low. Therefore, multiple cracking and deflection hardening behaviours could be achieved in fly ash geopolymer mortars of high sand to binder ratio by using steel fibres in mono or hybrid forms with ARG and PVA fibres.
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55
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Green Concrete Based on Quaternary Binders with Significant Reduced of CO2 Emissions. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14154558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The article presents studies of plain concretes prepared based on a quaternary binder containing various percentages of selected supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). The possibilities of nanotechnology in concrete technology were also used. An additional important environmental goal of the proposed solution was to create the possibility of reducing CO2 emissions and the carbon footprint generated during the production of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). As the main substitute for the OPC, siliceous fly ash (FA) was used. Moreover, silica fume (SF) and nanosilica (nS) were also used. During examinations, the main mechanical properties of composites, i.e., compressive strength (fcm) and splitting tensile strength (fctm), were assessed. The microstructure of these materials was also analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). In addition to the experimental research, simulations of the possible reduction of CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, as a result of the proposed solutions, were also carried out. It was found that the quaternary concrete is characterized by a well-developed structure and has high values of mechanical parameters. Furthermore, the use of green concrete based on quaternary binders enables a significant reduction in CO2 emissions. Therefore quaternary green concrete containing SCMs could be a useful alternative to plain concretes covering both the technical and environmental aspects. The present study indicates that quaternary binders can perform better than OPC as far as mechanical properties and microstructures are concerned. Therefore they can be used during the production of durable concretes used to perform structures in traditional and industrial construction.
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56
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Ahmed TAE, Wu L, Younes M, Hincke M. Biotechnological Applications of Eggshell: Recent Advances. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:675364. [PMID: 34295881 PMCID: PMC8291997 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.675364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The eggshell (ES) provides protection against pathogenic and physical insults while supplying essential metabolic and nutritional needs for the growing avian embryo. It is constituted mainly of calcium carbonate arranged as calcite crystals. The global chicken egg production in 2018 was over 76.7 million metric tons. In industrialized countries, about 30% of eggs are processed at breaker plants that produce liquid egg products and large quantities of solid ES waste. ES waste is utilized for a variety of low-value applications, or alternatively is disposed in landfill with associated economic and environmental burdens. The number of patents pertaining to ES applications has increased dramatically in recent years; of 673 patents granted in the last century, 536 (80%) were published in the last two decades. This review provides a snapshot of the most recent patents published between 2015 and 2020, with emphasis on different biotechnological applications of ES waste, and summarizes applications for biomedical, chemical, engineering, and environmental technologies. Biomedical technologies include the production of calcium lactate, calcium phosphate, and health-promoting products, while chemical technologies include plant growth promoters, food processing and production, and biodiesel oil catalysis along with active calcium, carbon, soluble proteins, organic calcium, and ultrafine calcium carbonate sources. Engineering technologies address material engineering and nanoparticle production, while environmental technologies pertain to production of biomass, solubilization of sludge as well as production of magnetic ES adsorbents and adsorption of heavy metals, organics, total nitrogen and fluoride, soil pollutants, and radioactive compounds. Although the number of ES-based patents has exponentially increased in the last decade, exploration of innovative top-down approaches and ES development as a physical platform are new endeavors that are expected to further increase the upscaling of ES waste exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer A. E. Ahmed
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ling Wu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Manar Younes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Maxwell Hincke
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Innovation in Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Abstract
The cement industry is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions on a global scale. Consequently, there has been an increasing interest, in both academia and business, in low-carbon concretes in which Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is partially or fully replaced with industrial side streams. However, the realization of the environmental benefits of such materials depends on how competitive they are in the construction market, where low costs are a major competitive factor. This is not straightforward, as many types of concretes exist. Raw material prices vary, and costs can be influenced by governmental regulations via carbon pricing. This study presents a case study estimating the cost prices of four different geopolymer concretes with different material compositions and carbon footprints, considering the raw material price variability and the potential impact of carbon emissions regulation (carbon price). The case study demonstrates how material mix cost comparisons can be made openly and systematically. The results imply that carbon pricing, at the rates currently applied, does not significantly change the cost price difference between traditional and geopolymer concretes. Instead, cost-competitiveness of low carbon concretes depends heavily on the material mix type and the availability of critical side streams.
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Alhazmi H, Shah SAR, Anwar MK, Raza A, Ullah MK, Iqbal F. Utilization of Polymer Concrete Composites for a Circular Economy: A Comparative Review for Assessment of Recycling and Waste Utilization. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13132135. [PMID: 34209639 PMCID: PMC8271588 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer composites have been identified as the most innovative and selective materials known in the 21st century. Presently, polymer concrete composites (PCC) made from industrial or agricultural waste are becoming more popular as the demand for high-strength concrete for various applications is increasing. Polymer concrete composites not only provide high strength properties but also provide specific characteristics, such as high durability, decreased drying shrinkage, reduced permeability, and chemical or heat resistance. This paper provides a detailed review of the utilization of polymer composites in the construction industry based on the circular economy model. This paper provides an updated and detailed report on the effects of polymer composites in concrete as supplementary cementitious materials and a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature on their utilization and the production of polymer composites. A detailed review of a variety of polymers, their qualities, performance, and classification, and various polymer composite production methods is given to select the best polymer composite materials for specific applications. PCCs have become a promising alternative for the reuse of waste materials due to their exceptional performance. Based on the findings of the studies evaluated, it can be concluded that more research is needed to provide a foundation for a regulatory structure for the acceptance of polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Alhazmi
- National Center for Environmental Technology (NCET), Life Science and Environment Research Institute (LSERI), King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Syyed Adnan Raheel Shah
- Department of Civil Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Technology, Multan 66000, Pakistan;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +92-300-79-14-248
| | - Muhammad Kashif Anwar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Technology, Multan 66000, Pakistan;
| | - Ali Raza
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila 47080, Pakistan;
| | | | - Fahad Iqbal
- Department of Mechanical and Structural Engineering and Materials Science, University of Stavanger, NO-4036 Stavanger, Norway;
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Loh HC, Kim HJ, Ulm FJ, Masic A. Time-Space-Resolved Chemical Deconvolution of Cementitious Colloidal Systems Using Raman Spectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:7019-7031. [PMID: 34096309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Concrete is one of the most used materials in the world, second only to water. One of the key advantages of this versatile material is its workability in the early stages before setting. Here, we use in situ underwater Raman microspectroscopy to investigate and visualize the early hydration kinetics of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with submicron spatial and high temporal resolution. First, the spectral features of the C-S-H gel were analyzed in the hydroxyl stretching region to confirm the coexistence of Ca-OH and Si-OH bonds in a highly disordered C-S-H gel. Second, the disordered calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is experimentally identified for the first time in the mixture before setting, suggesting that Ca(OH)2 crystallization and growth are essential in the setting of cement paste. Finally, the phase transformations of clinker, C-S-H, and Ca(OH)2 are spatially and temporally resolved, and the hydration kinetics are studied by analyzing the spatial relationships of these phases using two-point correlation functions. The results quantitatively validate that the setting occurs as a percolation process, wherein the hydration products intersect and form an interconnected network. This time-space-resolved characterization method can map and quantitatively analyze the heterogeneous reaction of the cementitious colloidal system and thus provide potential application value in the field of cement chemistry and materials design more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Chae Loh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hee-Jeong Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Franz-Josef Ulm
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Admir Masic
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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60
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Self-Immobilizing Metals Binder for Construction Made of Activated Metallurgical Slag, Slag from Lignite Coal Combustion and Ash from Biomass Combustion. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14113101. [PMID: 34198836 PMCID: PMC8201272 DOI: 10.3390/ma14113101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research on the effective use of secondary products is gaining more and more importance in Poland due to the intensively implementing idea of the circular economy. The solution used in this work are one of many tests useful in construction. The subject of this work was therefore the formation and testing of a new ecological construction binder, in particular for mortars or prefabricated elements working in the environment with high humidity. The binder was made of alkaline activated ground granular blast furnace slag (AAS), fly ash from biomass combustion (BFA) and furnace slag from brown coal combustion (LFS). The mixture was modified by introducing the zeolite to check the degree of metals immobilization contained in the ingredients of the mixture. A series of three mixtures were prepared: without and with zeolite soaked in distilled water or calcium nitrate. The strength of binders in time in dry and wet curing were tested and compared with the microstructure. The maximum compressive strength values at the eighth week were about 30 MPa. The strength values after 4 weeks of dry and wet curing were also compared. It was shown that 28-day wet curing increased the bending strength of the beams more than twice, but slightly decreased the compressive strength. The microstructure of the mixture with the highest values of compressive strength was the densest and the one with the lowest values of compressive strength, the most loosened with the most differentiated topographically fracture. The impregnation of zeolite with calcium nitrate decreased the compressive strength of the binder significantly. The bending strength of samples curing in dry conditions decreased during hardening. The results of the metals leaching test showed that the mixtures were safe for the environment, and due to the impregnation of zeolite with calcium nitrate, the binding effect of copper and zinc in the first weeks was greater than in the other mixtures.
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Experimental and Modelling of Alkali-Activated Mortar Compressive Strength Using Hybrid Support Vector Regression and Genetic Algorithm. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14113049. [PMID: 34205101 PMCID: PMC8199965 DOI: 10.3390/ma14113049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the outcome of work conducted to develop models for the prediction of compressive strength (CS) of alkali-activated limestone powder and natural pozzolan mortar (AALNM) using hybrid genetic algorithm (GA) and support vector regression (SVR) algorithm, for the first time. The developed hybrid GA-SVR-CS1, GA-SVR-CS3, and GA-SVR-CS14 models are capable of estimating the one-day, three-day, and 14-day compressive strength, respectively, of AALNM up to 96.64%, 90.84%, and 93.40% degree of accuracy as measured on the basis of correlation coefficient between the measured and estimated values for a set of data that is excluded from training and testing phase of the model development. The developed hybrid GA-SVR-CS28E model estimates the 28-days compressive strength of AALNM using the 14-days strength, it performs better than hybrid GA-SVR-CS28C model, hybrid GA-SVR-CS28B model, hybrid GA-SVR-CS28A model, and hybrid GA-SVR-CS28D model that respectively estimates the 28-day compressive strength using three-day strength, one day-strength, all the descriptors and seven day-strength with performance improvement of 103.51%, 124.47%, 149.94%, and 262.08% on the basis of root mean square error. The outcome of this work will promote the use of environment-friendly concrete with excellent strength and provide effective as well as efficient ways of modeling the compressive strength of concrete.
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Performance Evaluation of Modified Rubberized Concrete Exposed to Aggressive Environments. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14081900. [PMID: 33920340 PMCID: PMC8069696 DOI: 10.3390/ma14081900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recycling of the waste rubber tire crumbs (WRTCs) for the concretes production generated renewed interest worldwide. The insertion of such waste as a substitute for the natural aggregates in the concretes is an emergent trend for sustainable development towards building materials. Meanwhile, the enhanced resistance of the concrete structures against aggressive environments is important for durability, cost-saving, and sustainability. In this view, this research evaluated the performance of several modified rubberized concretes by exposing them to aggressive environments i.e., acid, and sulphate attacks, elevated temperatures. These concrete (12 batches) were made by replacing the cement and natural aggregate with an appropriate amount of the granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and WRTCs, respectively. The proposed mix designs’ performance was evaluated by several measures, including the residual compressive strength (CS), weight loss, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), microstructures, etc. Besides, by using the available experimental test database, an optimized artificial neural network (ANN) combined with the particle swarm optimization (PSO) was developed to estimate the residual CS of modified rubberized concrete after immersion one year in MgSO4 and H2SO4 solutions. The results indicated that modified rubberized concrete prepared by 5 to 20% WRTCs as a substitute to natural aggregate, provided lower CS and weight lose expose to sulphate and acid attacks compared to control specimen prepared by ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Although the CS were slightly declined at the elevated temperature, these proposed mix designs have a high potential for a wide variety of concrete industrial applications, especially in acid and sulphate risk.
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Balsara S, Jain PK, Ramesh A. An integrated methodology to overcome barriers to climate change mitigation strategies: a case of the cement industry in India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:20451-20475. [PMID: 33410023 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11566-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cement is a basic requirement of today's society and is the only thing that humans consume more volume than water, but cement manufacturing is the most energy- and emission-intensive process. Hence, the cement industry is currently under pressure to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions. Climate change mitigation strategies implemented in the industry leads to GHGs reduction, climate risks, pollutants, and another adverse impact on the environment. In order to implement climate change mitigation strategies in the cement industry, a careful analysis of barriers that hinder the emission reduction must be taken. However, most existing research on the barriers to mitigation measures is focused on developed countries. Among the most important emerging economies, India, the second-largest producer and consumer of cement, faces challenges to implement emission reduction measures. To bridge this gap, this paper identifies and evaluates the barriers and solutions to overcome these barriers in the context of India. This study employs a three-phase methodology based on fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) to identify barriers and solutions to overcome these barriers to climate change mitigation strategies adoption in Indian cement industry. Fuzzy AHP is employed to prioritize these barriers, and to rank solutions of these barriers, Fuzzy TOPSIS is employed. Ten Indian cement manufacturing industry is taken to illustrate the proposed three-phase methodology. Finally, the result of the analysis offers an effective decision support tool to the Indian cement industry to eliminate and overcome barriers to mitigation strategies adoption and build their green image in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Balsara
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India.
- Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology and Science, Indore, 452003, India.
| | - Pramod K Jain
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
- Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Anbanandam Ramesh
- Department of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
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64
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Effect of nanoclay and burnt limestone powder on fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41204-021-00114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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65
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Eliaslankaran Z, Daud NNN, Yusoff ZM, Rostami V. Evaluation of the Effects of Cement and Lime with Rice Husk Ash as an Additive on Strength Behavior of Coastal Soil. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14051140. [PMID: 33670914 PMCID: PMC7957546 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Coastal accretion and erosion are unavoidable processes as some coastal sediments undergo modification and stabilization. This study was conducted to investigate the geotechnical behavior of soil collected from Bagan Lalang coast and treated with lime, cement, and rice husk ash (RHA) to design a low-cost alternative mixture with environmentally friendly characteristics. Laboratory tests were carried out to analyze the physical properties of the soil (Atterberg limits and compaction properties), together with mechanical characteristics (direct shear and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests) to determine the effect of different ratios of stabilizer/pozzolan on the coastal soil and the optimum conditions for each mixture. Part of the purpose of this study was also to analyze the shear behavior of the coastal soil and monitor the maximum axial compressive stress that the treated specimens can bear under zero confining pressure. Compared to the natural soil, the soil treated with lime and rice husk ash (LRHA) in the ratio of 1:2 (8% lime content) showed a tremendous increase in shear stress under the normal stress of 200 kPa. The strength parameters such as the cohesion (c) and internal friction angle (ϕ) values showed a significant increase. Cohesion values increased considerably in samples cured for 90 days compared to specimens cured for 7 days with additional LRHA in the ratio of 1:2 (28%).
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Use of Potabilized Water Sludge in the Production of Low-Energy Blended Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cements. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11041679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) manufacture determines about 8% of the global anthropogenic CO2 emissions. This has led to both the cement producers and the scientific community to develop new cementitious materials with a reduced carbon footprint. Calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cements are special hydraulic binders from non-Portland clinkers; they represent an important alternative to OPC due to their peculiar composition and significantly lower impact on the environment. CSA cements contain less limestone and require lower synthesis temperatures, which means a reduced kiln thermal energy demand and lower CO2 emissions. CSA cements can also be mixed with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) which further reduce the carbon footprint. This article was aimed at evaluating the possibility of using different amounts (20 and 35% by mass) of water potabilization sludges (WPSs) as SCM in CSA-blended cements. WPSs were treated thermally (TT) at 700° in order to obtain an industrial pozzolanic material. The hydration properties and the technical behavior of two different CSA-blended cements were investigated using differential thermal–thermogravimetric and X-ray diffraction analyses, mercury intrusion porosimetry, shrinkage/expansion and compressive strength measurements. The results showed that CSA binders containing 20% by mass of TTWPSs exhibited technological properties similar to those relating to plain CSA cement and were characterized by more pronounced eco-friendly features.
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67
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Al-Hamrani A, Kucukvar M, Alnahhal W, Mahdi E, Onat NC. Green Concrete for a Circular Economy: A Review on Sustainability, Durability, and Structural Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:E351. [PMID: 33445769 PMCID: PMC7828242 DOI: 10.3390/ma14020351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A primary concern of conventional Portland cement concrete (PCC) is associated with the massive amount of global cement and natural coarse aggregates (NCA) consumption, which causes depletion of natural resources on the one hand and ecological problems on the other. As a result, the concept of green concrete (GC), by replacing cement with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), and metakaolin (MK), or replacing NCA with recycled coarse aggregates, can play an essential role in addressing the environmental threat of PCC. Currently, there is a growing body of literature that emphasizes the importance of implementing GC in concrete applications. Therefore, this paper has conducted a systematic literature review through the peer-reviewed literature database Scopus. A total of 114 papers were reviewed that cover the following areas: (1) sustainability benefits of GC, (2) mechanical behavior of GC in terms of compressive strength, (3) durability properties of GC under several environmental exposures, (4) structural performance of GC in large-scale reinforced beams under shear and flexure, and (5) analytical investigation that compares the GC shear capacities of previously tested beams with major design codes and proposed models. Based on this review, the reader will be able to select the optimum replacement level of cement with one of the SCMs to achieve a certain concrete strength range that would suit a certain concrete application. Also, the analysis of durability performance revealed that the addition of SCMs is not recommended in concrete exposed to a higher temperature than 400 °C. Moreover, combining GGBFS with FA in a concrete mix was noticed to be superior to PCC in terms of long-term resistance to sulfate attack. The single most striking observation to emerge from the data comparison of the experimentally tested beams with the available concrete shear design equations is that the beams having up to 70% of FA as a replacement to OPC or up to 100% of RCA as a replacement to NCA were conservatively predicted by the equations of Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE-1997), the American Concrete Institute (ACI 318-19), and the Canadian Standards Association (CSA-A23.3-14).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abathar Al-Hamrani
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (A.A.-H.); (W.A.)
| | - Murat Kucukvar
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
| | - Wael Alnahhal
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (A.A.-H.); (W.A.)
| | - Elsadig Mahdi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
| | - Nuri C. Onat
- Qatar Transportation and Traffic Safety Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
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Alabduljabbar H, Huseien GF, Sam ARM, Alyouef R, Algaifi HA, Alaskar A. Engineering Properties of Waste Sawdust-Based Lightweight Alkali-Activated Concrete: Experimental Assessment and Numerical Prediction. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13235490. [PMID: 33276508 PMCID: PMC7729738 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Alkali activated concretes have emerged as a prospective alternative to conventional concrete wherein diverse waste materials have been converted as valuable spin-offs. This paper presents a wide experimental study on the sustainability of employing waste sawdust as a fine/coarse aggregate replacement incorporating fly ash (FA) and granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) to make high-performance cement-free lightweight concretes. Waste sawdust was replaced with aggregate at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 vol% incorporating alkali binder, including 70% FA and 30% GBFS. The blend was activated using a low sodium hydroxide concentration (2 M). The acoustic, thermal, and predicted engineering properties of concretes were evaluated, and the life cycle of various mixtures were calculated to investigate the sustainability of concrete. Besides this, by using the available experimental test database, an optimized Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was developed to estimate the mechanical properties of the designed alkali-activated mortar mixes depending on each sawdust volume percentage. Based on the findings, it was found that the sound absorption and reduction in thermal conductivity were enhanced with increasing sawdust contents. The compressive strengths of the specimens were found to be influenced by the sawdust content and the strength dropped from 65 to 48 MPa with the corresponding increase in the sawdust levels from 0% up to 100%. The results also showed that the emissions of carbon dioxide, energy utilization, and outlay tended to drop with an increase in the amount of sawdust and show more the lightweight concrete to be more sustainable for construction applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Alabduljabbar
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ghasan Fahim Huseien
- Construction Research Centre, Institute for Smart Infrastructure and Innovative Construction, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (G.F.H.); (R.A.)
| | - Abdul Rahman Mohd Sam
- Construction Research Centre, Institute for Smart Infrastructure and Innovative Construction, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
| | - Rayed Alyouef
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (G.F.H.); (R.A.)
| | - Hassan Amer Algaifi
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja 86400, Malaysia;
| | - Abdulaziz Alaskar
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia;
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69
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Carral L, Camba Fabal C, Lamas Galdo MI, Rodríguez-Guerreiro MJ, Cartelle Barros JJ. Assessment of the Materials Employed in Green Artificial Reefs for the Galician Estuaries in Terms of Circular Economy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8850. [PMID: 33260753 PMCID: PMC7730678 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To exploit marine resources in a sustainable way, efficient management systems must be used such as green artificial reefs (GARs). These reefs are mostly made up of renewable and organic materials. When adopting the circular economy (CE) model, industrial processes must be reconsidered. By adapting how conventional artificial reefs (CARs) are engineered and produced to embrace the principles of the CE, certain materials can be used. Renewable resources are designed to be reintroduced into the biosphere without producing harmful organic residues or nutrients. Within a framework that covers economic, environmental and social considerations, this study offers four new proposals related to substituting the materials destined for the components in an artificial reef. For the first time, two different methodologies were applied to determine the best alternative in terms of its contribution to both sustainability and CE. From the results obtained, the best solutions are in line with substituting a certain amount of the cement and sand with mussel shells. The importance of the results lies in the fact that the canning industry in Galicia (northwest Spain) generates shell residues which promote grave environmental consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Juan José Cartelle Barros
- Escola Politécnica Superior, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain; (L.C.); (C.C.F.); (M.I.L.G.); (M.J.R.-G.)
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70
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A Critical Review on the Properties and Applications of Sulfur-Based Concrete. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13214712. [PMID: 33105753 PMCID: PMC7660051 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The incessant demand for concrete is predicted to increase due to the fast construction developments worldwide. This demand requires a huge volume of cement production that could cause an ecological issue such as increasing the rates of CO2 emissions in the atmosphere. This motivated several scholars to search for various alternatives for cement and one of such alternatives is called sulfur-based concrete. This concrete composite contributes to reduce the amount of cement required to make conventional concrete. Sulfur can be used as a partial-alternate binder to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) to produce sulfur-based concrete, which is a composite matrix of construction materials collected mostly from aggregates and sulfur. Sulfur modified concrete outperforms conventional concrete in terms of rapid gain of early strength, low shrinkage, low thermal conductivity, high durability resistance and excellent adhesion. On the basis of mentioned superior characteristics of sulfur-based concrete, it can be applied as a leading construction material for underground utility systems, dams and offshore structures. Therefore, this study reviews the sources, emissions from construction enterprises and compositions of sulfur; describes the production techniques and properties of sulfur; and highlights related literature to generate comprehensive insights into the potential applications of sulfur-based concrete in the construction industry today.
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71
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Wang P, Chen H, Chen P, Pan J, Xu Y, Wang H, Shen W, Cao K. Effect of Internal Curing by Super Absorbent Polymer on the Autogenous Shrinkage of Alkali-Activated Slag Mortars. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13194318. [PMID: 32998283 PMCID: PMC7579216 DOI: 10.3390/ma13194318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alkali activated slag (AAS) mortar is becoming an increasingly popular green building material because of its excellent engineering properties and low CO2 emissions, promising to replace ordinary Portland cement (OPC) mortar. However, AAS’s high shrinkage and short setting time are the important reasons to limit its wide application in engineering. This paper was conducted to investigate the effect of internal curing(IC) by super absorbent polymer (SAP) on the autogenous shrinkage of AAS mortars. For this, an experimental study was carried out to evaluate the effect of SAP dosage on the setting time, autogenous shrinkage, compressive strength, microstructure, and pore structure. The SAP were incorporated at different dosage of 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 percent by weight of slag. The workability, physical (porosity), mechanical, and shrinkage properties of the mortars were evaluated, and a complementary study on microstructure was made. The results indicated that the setting time increased with an increase of SAP dosage due to the additional activator released by SAP. Autogenous shrinkage decreased with an increase of SAP dosage, and was mitigated completely when the dosage of SAP ≥ 0.2% wt of slag. Although IC by means of SAP reduced the compressive strength, this reduction (23% at 56 days for 0.2% SAP) was acceptable given the important role that it played on mitigating autogenous shrinkage. In the research, the 0.2% SAP dosage was the optimal content. The results can provide data and basis for practical application of AAS mortar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengju Wang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China; (P.W.); (J.P.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (W.S.); (K.C.)
| | - Haiming Chen
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China; (P.W.); (J.P.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (W.S.); (K.C.)
- Engineering Research Center of Underground Mine Construction, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (P.C.); Tel.: +86-1585-568-3771 (H.C.); +86-1735-547-7616 (P.C.)
| | - Peiyuan Chen
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China; (P.W.); (J.P.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (W.S.); (K.C.)
- Engineering Research Center of Underground Mine Construction, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (P.C.); Tel.: +86-1585-568-3771 (H.C.); +86-1735-547-7616 (P.C.)
| | - Jin Pan
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China; (P.W.); (J.P.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (W.S.); (K.C.)
| | - Yangchen Xu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China; (P.W.); (J.P.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (W.S.); (K.C.)
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China; (P.W.); (J.P.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (W.S.); (K.C.)
| | - Wenfeng Shen
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China; (P.W.); (J.P.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (W.S.); (K.C.)
| | - Ke Cao
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China; (P.W.); (J.P.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (W.S.); (K.C.)
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Kumari T, Kulathunga U, Hewavitharana T, Madusanka N. Embodied carbon reduction strategies for high-rise buildings in Sri Lanka. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15623599.2020.1814939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thakshila Kumari
- Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Nandun Madusanka
- Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
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73
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Bedon A, Carabba L, Bignozzi MC, Glisenti A. Environmentally Friendly La0.6Sr0.4Ga0.3Fe0.7O3 (LSGF)-Functionalized Fly-Ash Geopolymers for Pollutants Abatement in Industrial Processes. Catal Letters 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-020-03132-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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74
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Bouali E, Ayadi A, Kadri EH, Kaci A, Soualhi H, Kallel A. Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Heavy Density Concrete Including Barite Powder. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-019-04331-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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75
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Wheeled Robot Dedicated to the Evaluation of the Technical Condition of Large-Dimension Engineering Structures. ROBOTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/robotics9020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many reasons why engineering structures are at risk of losing their loading capacity during their long-term exploitation, which may lead to hazardous states. In such cases, structures must be strengthened. The most popular technique of strengthening is based on the use of composite materials—fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) elements attached to the structure with the special resins. FRP elements are applied externally, often in hard to reach places, which makes it difficult to diagnose the durability and quality of such a connection. In this study, a combination of a modern thermographic method was proposed, which makes it possible to assess the degree of damage to the contact of the structure with the composite material along with the running platform (wheeled robot) equipped with a set of diagnostic sensors. The development potential of such a solution for subsequent projects was also indicated.
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76
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Abstract
In this work, carbon dioxide uptake by magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC) based materials is described. Both thermodynamically stable magnesium oxychloride phases with stoichiometry 3Mg(OH)2∙MgCl2∙8H2O (Phase 3) and 5Mg(OH)2∙MgCl2∙8H2O (Phase 5) were prepared. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were performed to confirm the purity of the studied phases after 7, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 days. Due to carbonation, chlorartinite was formed on the surface of the examined samples. The Rietveld analysis was performed to calculate the phase composition and evaluate the kinetics of carbonation. The SEM micrographs of the sample surfaces were compared with those of the bulk to prove XRD results. Both MOC phases exhibited fast mineral carbonation and high maximum theoretical values of CO2 uptake capacity. The materials based on MOC cement can thus find use in applications where a higher concentration of CO2 in the environment is expected (e.g., in flooring systems and wall panels), where they can partially mitigate the harmful effects of CO2 on indoor air quality and contribute to the sustainability of the construction industry by means of reducing the carbon footprints of alternative building materials and reducing CO2 concentrations in the environment overall.
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77
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Enhancement of sintering resistance of CaO-based sorbents using industrial waste resources for Ca-looping in the cement industry. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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78
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Czarna-Juszkiewicz D, Kunecki P, Panek R, Madej J, Wdowin M. Impact of fly ash fractionation on the zeolitization process. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13051035. [PMID: 32106436 PMCID: PMC7084421 DOI: 10.3390/ma13051035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Coal combustion product in the form of fly ash has been sieved and successfully utilised as a main substrate and a carrier of silicon and aluminium in a set of hydrothermal syntheses of zeolites. The final product was abundant in zeolite X phase (Faujasite framework). Raw fly ash as well as its derivatives, after being sieved (fractions: ≤ 63, 63-125, 125-180 and ≥ 180 µm), and the obtained zeolite materials were subjected to mineralogical characterisation using powder X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence, laser diffraction-based particle size analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The influence of fraction separation on the zeolitization process under hydrothermal synthesis was investigated. Analyses performed on the derived zeolite X samples revealed a meaningful impact of the given fly ash fraction on synthesis efficiency, chemistry, quality as well as physicochemical properties, while favouring a given morphological form of zeolite crystals. The obtained zeolites possess great potential for use in many areas of industry and environmental protection or engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Czarna-Juszkiewicz
- Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wybickiego 7A, 31-261 Kraków, Poland; (D.C.-J.); (P.K.)
| | - Piotr Kunecki
- Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wybickiego 7A, 31-261 Kraków, Poland; (D.C.-J.); (P.K.)
| | - Rafał Panek
- Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Civil Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland; (R.P.); (J.M.)
| | - Jarosław Madej
- Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Civil Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland; (R.P.); (J.M.)
| | - Magdalena Wdowin
- Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wybickiego 7A, 31-261 Kraków, Poland; (D.C.-J.); (P.K.)
- Correspondence:
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80
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81
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Kashizadeh E, Mukherjee A, Tordesillas A. Experimental and numerical investigation on heap formation of granular soil sparsely cemented by bacterial calcification. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2019.09.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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82
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Carabassa V, Domene X, Díaz E, Alcañiz JM. Mid‐term effects on ecosystem services of quarry restoration with Technosols under Mediterranean conditions: 10‐year impacts on soil organic carbon and vegetation development. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vicenç Carabassa
- CREAF E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Catalonia Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia Spain
| | - Xavier Domene
- CREAF E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Catalonia Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia Spain
| | - Elisa Díaz
- CREAF E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Catalonia Spain
- Wageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Josep M. Alcañiz
- CREAF E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Catalonia Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia Spain
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83
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Fayomi GU, Mini SE, Fayomi OSI, Oyeleke O, Omole DO, Akinwumi II. Overview of Industrial Pollution Activities and its Curbing Mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/640/1/012097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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84
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Kharissova OV, Kharisov BI, Oliva González CM, Méndez YP, López I. Greener synthesis of chemical compounds and materials. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:191378. [PMID: 31827868 PMCID: PMC6894553 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Modern trends in the greener synthesis and fabrication of inorganic, organic and coordination compounds, materials, nanomaterials, hybrids and nanocomposites are discussed. Green chemistry deals with synthesis procedures according to its classic 12 principles, contributing to the sustainability of chemical processes, energy savings, lesser toxicity of reagents and final products, lesser damage to the environment and human health, decreasing the risk of global overheating, and more rational use of natural resources and agricultural wastes. Greener techniques have been applied to synthesize both well-known chemical compounds by more sustainable routes and completely new materials. A range of nanosized materials and composites can be produced by greener routes, including nanoparticles of metals, non-metals, their oxides and salts, aerogels or quantum dots. At the same time, such classic materials as cement, ceramics, adsorbents, polymers, bioplastics and biocomposites can be improved or obtained by cleaner processes. Several non-contaminating physical methods, such as microwave heating, ultrasound-assisted and hydrothermal processes or ball milling, frequently in combination with the use of natural precursors, are of major importance in the greener synthesis, as well as solventless and biosynthesis techniques. Non-hazardous solvents including ionic liquids, use of plant extracts, fungi, yeasts, bacteria and viruses are also discussed in relation with materials fabrication. Availability, necessity and profitability of scaling up green processes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana V. Kharissova
- Facultad de Ciencias Físico-Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Avenida Universidad, Ciudad Universitaria, 66455 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Boris I. Kharisov
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Laboratorio de Materiales I, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Avenida Universidad, Ciudad Universitaria, 66455 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - César Máximo Oliva González
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Laboratorio de Materiales I, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Avenida Universidad, Ciudad Universitaria, 66455 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Yolanda Peña Méndez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Laboratorio de Materiales I, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Avenida Universidad, Ciudad Universitaria, 66455 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Israel López
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Laboratorio de Materiales I, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Avenida Universidad, Ciudad Universitaria, 66455 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología (CIBYN), Laboratorio de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Autopista al Aeropuerto Internacional Mariano Escobedo Km. 10, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica (PIIT), 66629 Apodaca, Nuevo León, Mexico
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85
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Toward electrochemical synthesis of cement-An electrolyzer-based process for decarbonating CaCO 3 while producing useful gas streams. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 117:12584-12591. [PMID: 31527245 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821673116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cement production is currently the largest single industrial emitter of CO2, accounting for ∼8% (2.8 Gtons/y) of global CO2 emissions. Deep decarbonization of cement manufacturing will require remediation of both the CO2 emissions due to the decomposition of CaCO3 to CaO and that due to combustion of fossil fuels (primarily coal) in calcining (∼900 °C) and sintering (∼1,450 °C). Here, we demonstrate an electrochemical process that uses neutral water electrolysis to produce a pH gradient in which CaCO3 is decarbonated at low pH and Ca(OH)2 is precipitated at high pH, concurrently producing a high-purity O2/CO2 gas mixture (1:2 molar ratio at stoichiometric operation) at the anode and H2 at the cathode. We show that the solid Ca(OH)2 product readily decomposes and reacts with SiO2 to form alite, the majority cementitious phase in Portland cement. Electrochemical calcination produces concentrated gas streams from which CO2 may be readily separated and sequestered, H2 and/or O2 may be used to generate electric power via fuel cells or combustors, O2 may be used as a component of oxyfuel in the cement kiln to improve efficiency and lower CO2 emissions, or the output gases may be used for other value-added processes such as liquid fuel production. Analysis shows that if the hydrogen produced by the reactor were combusted to heat the high-temperature kiln, the electrochemical cement process could be powered solely by renewable electricity.
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86
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Plou J, Martínez I, Grasa G, Murillo R. Reactivity of calcined cement raw meals for carbonation. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2019.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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87
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Alsultanny Y, AlZuhair S. Evaluating influence of technology readiness factors on the Saudi cement companies market and financial based performance. JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY MANAGEMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1108/jstpm-09-2017-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to assess the technology readiness factors and their influence on the market- and financial-based performance of Saudi cement companies from managers’ perspective.
Design/methodology/approach
The tool of the study is a questionnaire, which is developed to measure technology readiness from the cement companies’ managers’ perspectives; it has six dimensions with 42 statements.
Findings
The findings showed managers’ degree of agreement on the variables; technology readiness contributors (optimism and innovativeness) were set in the agree category, and the inhibitors (discomfort and insecurity) were set in the neutral category. The results also showed no statistically significant influence from the contributors on market-based performance and moderate influence from the inhibitors on market-based performance.
Research limitations/implications
The research was limited to the Saudi cement companies.
Originality/value
This is the first paper to evaluate the Saudi cement companies for technology readiness from perspective of the companies’ managers.
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88
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Yang L, Gao D, Zhang Y, Tang J, Li Y. Relationship between sorptivity and capillary coefficient for water absorption of cement-based materials: theory analysis and experiment. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190112. [PMID: 31312483 PMCID: PMC6599806 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The durability of cement-based materials depends on the property of water absorption. In this work, a technique of X-ray CT combined with CsCl enhancing was used to continuously monitor the dynamic process of water uptake in cement-based materials and the gravimetric method was used to measure the amount of water absorption. The relationship between the capillary coefficient (k) and sorptivity (S) was firstly established based on theory analysis and well verified by the experiment results. In accordance with theory analysis and experiment results, it is found that the ratio of sorptivity to capillary coefficient equals the porosity (φ) of materials, i.e. S/k = φ. This model provides a simple method for obtaining the capillary coefficient of porous materials from the measurement of sorptivity and porosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Danying Gao
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunsheng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyu Tang
- School of Civil Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing of Mechanical Equipment, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
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89
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Myhr A, Røyne F, Brandtsegg AS, Bjerkseter C, Throne-Holst H, Borch A, Wentzel A, Røyne A. Towards a low CO2 emission building material employing bacterial metabolism (2/2): Prospects for global warming potential reduction in the concrete industry. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0208643. [PMID: 30990800 PMCID: PMC6467374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of concrete is one of the most significant contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions. This work focuses on bio-cementation-based products and their potential to reduce global warming potential (GWP). In particular, we address a proposed bio-cementation method employing bacterial metabolism in a two-step process of limestone dissolution and recrystallisation (BioZEment). A scenario-based techno-economic analysis (TEA) is combined with a life cycle assessment (LCA), a market model and a literature review of consumers' willingness to pay, to compute the expected reduction of global GWP. Based on the LCA, the GWP of 1 ton of BioZEment is found to be 70-83% lower than conventional concrete. In the TEA, three scenarios are investigated: brick, precast and onsite production. The results indicate that brick production may be the easiest way to implement the products, but that due to high cost, the impact on global GWP will be marginal. For precast production the expected 10% higher material cost of BioZEment only produces a marginal increase in total cost. Thus, precast production has the potential to reduce global GWP from concrete production by 0-20%. Significant technological hurdles remain before BioZEment-based products can be used in onsite construction scenarios, but in this scenario, the potential GWP reduction ranges from 1 to 26%. While the potential to reduce global GWP is substantial, significant efforts need to be made both in regard to public acceptance and production methods for this potential to be unlocked.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frida Røyne
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Anita Borch
- Consumption Research Norway, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexander Wentzel
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anja Røyne
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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90
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McDonald L, Glasser FP, Imbabi MS. A New, Carbon-Negative Precipitated Calcium Carbonate Admixture (PCC-A) for Low Carbon Portland Cements. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12040554. [PMID: 30781743 PMCID: PMC6416591 DOI: 10.3390/ma12040554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The production of Portland cement accounts for approximately 7% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Carbon CAPture and CONversion (CAPCON) technology under development by the authors allows for new methods to be developed to offset these emissions. Carbon-negative Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC), produced from CO2 emissions, can be used as a means of offsetting the carbon footprint of cement production while potentially providing benefits to cement hydration, workability, durability and strength. In this paper, we present preliminary test results obtained for the mechanical and chemical properties of a new class of PCC blended Portland cements. These initial findings have shown that these cements behave differently from commonly used Portland cement and Portland limestone cement, which have been well documented to improve workability and the rate of hydration. The strength of blended Portland cements incorporating carbon-negative PCC Admixture (PCC-A) has been found to exceed that of the reference baseline—Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). The reduction of the cement clinker factor, when using carbon-negative PCC-A, and the observed increase in compressive strength and the associated reduction in member size can reduce the carbon footprint of blended Portland cements by more than 25%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis McDonald
- School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK.
| | | | - Mohammed S Imbabi
- School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK.
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91
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Souza MT, Simão L, Montedo ORK, Raupp Pereira F, de Oliveira APN. Aluminum anodizing waste and its uses: An overview of potential applications and market opportunities. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 84:286-301. [PMID: 30691903 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aluminum anodizing process generates a large volume of waste composed mainly of amorphous aluminum hydroxide with chemical compatibility to be used in other industrial processes as an alternative starting raw material. This waste has several application possibilities such as the production of refractories, ceramic pigments, bricks, and many others. However, despite its potential features, its recycling process is far from well consolidated. This work highlights the most important contributions regarding Al-anodizing waste (AAW) features and their potential applications from the last 30 years. We provide the most complete and detailed characterization of AAW including chemical, physical, thermal, and microstructural analysis. The characterization analyzes were performed in a Brazilian waste sample and were compared with AAW worldwide. Additionally, our characterization results also considered differentiate previous processing; this, it many other possibilities are suggested that have not been explored thus far. The recycling feasibility of AAW is discussed according to the following criteria: classification, including legislation and standards; potentiality, including physical and chemical characteristics and purity; quantity, including production data; viability, including availability, costs regarding disposal and recycling process, and available technology for recycling; and applicability, including market opportunities. Moreover, alumina recovery from AAW and the related environmental aspects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Tramontin Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering (PGMAT), Laboratory of Glass-Ceramic Materials (VITROCER), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), P.O. Box 476, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Lisandro Simão
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering (PGMAT), Laboratory of Glass-Ceramic Materials (VITROCER), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), P.O. Box 476, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Oscar Rubem Klegues Montedo
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering (PPGCEM), Laboratory of Technical Ceramics (CerTec), Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Av. Universitária 1105, P.O. Box 3167, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Raupp Pereira
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering (PGMAT), Laboratory of Glass-Ceramic Materials (VITROCER), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), P.O. Box 476, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Antonio Pedro Novaes de Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering (PGMAT), Laboratory of Glass-Ceramic Materials (VITROCER), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), P.O. Box 476, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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92
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Recent Progress in Green Cement Technology Utilizing Low-Carbon Emission Fuels and Raw Materials: A Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11020537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The cement industry is facing numerous challenges in the 21st century due to depleting natural fuel resources, shortage of raw materials, exponentially increasing cement demand and climate linked environmental concerns. Every tonne of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) produced releases an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. In this regard, cement manufactured from locally available minerals and industrial wastes that can be blended with OPC as substitute, or full replacement with novel clinkers to reduce the energy requirements is strongly desirable. Reduction in energy consumption and carbon emissions during cement manufacturing can be achieved by introducing alternative cements. The potential of alternative cements as a replacement of conventional OPC can only be fully realized through detailed investigation of binder properties with modern technologies. Seven prominent alternative cement types are considered in this study and their current position compared to OPC has been discussed. The study provides a comprehensive analysis of options for future cements, and an up-to-date summary of the different alternative fuels and binders that can be used in cement production to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions. In addition, the practicalities and benefits of producing the low-cost materials to meet the increasing cement demand are discussed.
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93
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Kumar VVP, Prasad DR. Study on strength and durability characteristics of lime sludge based blended cement concrete. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41024-018-0041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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94
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Park SI, Um JS. Differentiating carbon sinks versus sources on a university campus using synergistic UAV NIR and visible signatures. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:652. [PMID: 30338385 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-7003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This research proposes a framework for quantitatively differentiating carbon sinks versus sources, utilizing synergistic NIR (near-infrared) and visible signatures acquired from UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle). UAV NIR and visible imagery acquired at 70-m flying altitude identified the major types of carbon sinks versus sources, such as vegetation and constructed surfaces (e.g., road and buildings) for representative section of the university campus at the level of almost field-survey standpoint. Our findings show that the NIR reflectance for the sink was distributed in the range of 9.46-44.65%, whereas the emission sources had shown NIR response, ranging from 16.74 to 22.67%. The visible green reflectance showed a significantly higher range for emission sources (23.6-52.3%) than the sink (13.50-26.74%). The emission source in visible red showed a wider range of reflectance (17.05-38.49%), while the sink was observed in the narrow range of 9.36-17.75%. It was confirmed that synergistically combining NIR and visible signatures offers a viable method for measuring and comparing campus-wide carbon sinks versus sources due to extremely hyper-spatial resolution. It is anticipated that this research will be used as a valuable reference to investigate hyper-localized carbon sources and sinks in university campuses as cities within cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Il Park
- Department of Climate Change, Kyungpook National University, 80, University Road, Buk-gu, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea
| | - Jung-Sup Um
- Department of Geography, Kyungpook National University, 80, University Road, Buk-gu, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea.
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95
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Abstract
In this paper, a circular-economy framework is applied to the prefabricated building sector to explore the environmental advantages of prefabrication in terms of reduction, reusability, adaptability, and recyclability of its components. A qualitative approach is used to revisit the design, construction, and demolition stages of prefabricated buildings; in so doing, the circular-economy framework is applied to foster circular prefabricated modi operandi. Prefabrication of buildings can be divided into four entities: elements and components, panels (or non-volumetric elements), volumetric, and entire modules. Through an analysis of published research on how the circular economy can be applied to different industry sectors and production processes, seven strategies emerged, each of which revealed the potential of improving the circular economy of buildings. The first strategy is reduction of waste through a lean production chain. By reusing the waste, the second strategy investigates the use of by-products in the production of new components. The third strategy focuses on the reuse of replacement parts and components. The fourth strategy is based on design toward adaptability, respectively focusing on reusability of components and adapting components for a second use with a different purpose. Similarly, the fifth strategy considers the implications of designing for disassembly with Building Information Modeling so as to improve the end-of-life deconstruction phase. The sixth strategy focuses on design with attention to recyclability of used material. Finally, the seventh strategy considers the use of tracking technologies with embedded information on components’ geometric and mechanic characteristics as well as their location and life cycle to enable second use after deconstruction. It is demonstrated that prefabricated buildings are key to material savings, waste reduction, reuse of components, and various other forms of optimization for the construction sector. By adopting the identified strategies in prefabricated buildings, a circular economy could be implemented within the construction industry. Finally, seven guidelines were distilled from the review and linked to the identified strategies. Owing to their degree of adaptability and capacity of being disassembled, prefabricated buildings would allow waste reduction and facilitate a second life of components.
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96
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Feasibility of Eco-Friendly Binary and Ternary Blended Binders Made of Fly-Ash and Oil-Refinery Spent Catalyst in Ready-Mixed Concrete Production. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10093136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale recycling of new industrial wastes or by-products in concrete has become a crucial issue for construction materials sustainability, with impact in the three pillars (environmental, social and economic), while still maintaining satisfactory, or improved, concrete performance. The main goal of the paper is to evaluate the technological feasibility of the partial, or total, replacement of fly-ashes (FA), widely used in ready-mixed concrete production, with spent equilibrium catalyst (ECat) from the oil-refinery industry. Three different concrete mixtures with binary binder blends of FA (33.3% by mass, used as reference) and of ECat (16.7% and 33.3%), as well as a concrete mixture with a ternary binder blend with FA and ECat (16.7%, of each) were tested regarding their mechanical properties and durability. Generically, in comparison with commercial concrete (i) 16.7% ECat binary blended concrete revealed improved mechanical strength and durability; (ii): ternary FA-ECat blended binder concrete presented similar properties; and (iii) 33% ECat binary blended concrete has a lower performance. The engineering performance of all ECat concretes meet both the international standards and the reference durability indicators available in the scientific literature. Thus, ECat can be a constant supply for ready-mixed eco-concretes production, promoting synergetic waste recycling across industries.
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97
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Abstract
The use of glass residue as a finely ground mineral additive, in partial replacement of cement and aggregates, is a promising direction for recycling. This work aimed to analyze the influence of residues from the glass cutting process on adhesive mortar, as partial replacement of cement and small aggregates. The powdered glass was used in amounts of 10, 15 and 20 wt% in substitution for Portland cement and, in another moment, in substitution for small aggregates. It was verified that the substitution enhances the adhesion resistance of the mortar with increasing curing temperature.
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98
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GHG Emissions Reduction through Urban Planners’ Improved Control over Earthworks: A Case Study in Finland. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10082859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Most climate change mitigation schemes in urban planning concentrate on reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the distant future by altering the urban form and encouraging more sustainable behaviour. However, to reach climate change mitigation targets, a more immediate reduction in GHG emissions is also needed as well as a reduction in GHG emissions in other fields. This article evaluates the important role of earthworks in the prompt and substantial reduction required for GHG emissions. The research includes a single case study and three focus group interviews. The results of the case study reveal the magnitude of possible emission reductions through urban planners’ control over earthworks, whereas the findings of the focus groups shed light on the relevance of the findings beyond the single case. Three urban planning solutions were implemented in the case area to reduce GHG emissions from earth construction, resulting in the saving of 2360 tonnes of CO2 emissions. Notable savings were also achieved in other emission categories. Such a successful management of rock and soil material flows requires a strong vision from the urban planner, cooperation among many different actors, and smart decisions in multiple planning phases. Furthermore, numerical data is needed to confirm the environmental benefits if the coordination of earthworks is to be widely included in regional climate change mitigation strategies.
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99
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Sikora P, Augustyniak A, Cendrowski K, Nawrotek P, Mijowska E. Antimicrobial Activity of Al₂O₃, CuO, Fe₃O₄, and ZnO Nanoparticles in Scope of Their Further Application in Cement-Based Building Materials. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8040212. [PMID: 29614721 PMCID: PMC5923542 DOI: 10.3390/nano8040212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles were proposed as antibacterial cement admixtures for the production of cement-based composites. Nevertheless, the standards for evaluation of such admixtures still do not indicate which model organisms to use, particularly in regard to the further application of material. Apart from the known toxicity of nanomaterials, in the case of cement-based composites there are limitations associated with the mixing and dispersion of nanomaterials. Therefore, four nanooxides (Al2O3, CuO, Fe3O4, and ZnO) and seven microorganisms were tested to initially evaluate the applicability of nanooxides in relation to their further use in cement-based composites. Studies of nanoparticles included chemical analysis, microbial growth kinetics, 4- and 24 h toxicity, and biofilm formation assay. Nanooxides showed toxicity against microorganisms in the used concentration, although the populations were able to re-grow. Furthermore, the effect of action was variable even between strains from the same genus. The effect of nanoparticles on biofilms depended on the used strain. Gathered results show several problems that can occur while studying nanoparticles for specific further application. Proper protocols for nanomaterial dispersion prior the preparation of cement-based composites, as well as a standardized approach for their testing, are the fundamental issues that have to be resolved to produce efficient composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Sikora
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Al. Piastow 50, 71-310 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Adrian Augustyniak
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Al. Piastów 45, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Cendrowski
- Nanomaterials Physicochemistry Department, Faculty of Technology and Chemical Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Al. Piastow 45, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Paweł Nawrotek
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Al. Piastów 45, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Ewa Mijowska
- Nanomaterials Physicochemistry Department, Faculty of Technology and Chemical Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Al. Piastow 45, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland.
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100
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Influence of Addition of Fluid Catalytic Cracking Residue (FCC) and the SiO2 Concentration in Alkali-Activated Ceramic Sanitary-Ware (CSW) Binders. MINERALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/min8040123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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