51
|
Buša M, Matoušková Z, Bartošová-Sojková P, Pachl P, Řezáčová P, Eichenberger RM, Deplazes P, Horn M, Štefanić S, Mareš M. An evolutionary molecular adaptation of an unusual stefin from the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica redefines the cystatin superfamily. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102970. [PMID: 36736427 PMCID: PMC9986714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasciolosis is a worldwide parasitic disease of ruminants and an emerging human disease caused by the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica. The cystatin superfamily of cysteine protease inhibitors is composed of distinct families of intracellular stefins and secreted true cystatins. FhCyLS-2 from F. hepatica is an unusual member of the superfamily, where our sequence and 3D structure analyses in this study revealed that it combines characteristics of both families. The protein architecture demonstrates its relationship to stefins, but FhCyLS-2 also contains the secretion signal peptide and disulfide bridges typical of true cystatins. The secretion status was confirmed by detecting the presence of FhCyLS-2 in excretory/secretory products, supported by immunolocalization. Our high-resolution crystal structure of FhCyLS-2 showed a distinct disulfide bridging pattern and functional reactive center. We determined that FhCyLS-2 is a broad specificity inhibitor of cysteine cathepsins from both the host and F. hepatica, suggesting a dual role in the regulation of exogenous and endogenous proteolysis. Based on phylogenetic analysis that identified several FhCyLS-2 homologues in liver/intestinal foodborne flukes, we propose a new group within the cystatin superfamily called cystatin-like stefins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Buša
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Zuzana Matoušková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Petr Pachl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pavlína Řezáčová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Horn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Saša Štefanić
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Mareš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Katte JC, McDonald TJ, Sobngwi E, Jones AG. The phenotype of type 1 diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1014626. [PMID: 36778553 PMCID: PMC9912986 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1014626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenotype of type 1 diabetes in Africa, especially sub-Saharan Africa, is poorly understood. Most previously conducted studies have suggested that type 1 diabetes may have a different phenotype from the classical form of the disease described in western literature. Making an accurate diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in Africa is challenging, given the predominance of atypical diabetes forms and limited resources. The peak age of onset of type 1 diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa seems to occur after 18-20 years. Multiple studies have reported lower rates of islet autoantibodies ranging from 20 to 60% amongst people with type 1 diabetes in African populations, lower than that reported in other populations. Some studies have reported much higher levels of retained endogenous insulin secretion than in type 1 diabetes elsewhere, with lower rates of type 1 diabetes genetic susceptibility and HLA haplotypes. The HLA DR3 appears to be the most predominant HLA haplotype amongst people with type 1 diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa than the HLA DR4 haplotype. Some type 1 diabetes studies in sub-Saharan Africa have been limited by small sample sizes and diverse methods employed. Robust studies close to diabetes onset are sparse. Large prospective studies with well-standardized methodologies in people at or close to diabetes diagnosis in different population groups will be paramount to provide further insight into the phenotype of type 1 diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Claude Katte
- Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom,National Obesity Centre and Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, Yaounde Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon,*Correspondence: Jean Claude Katte ✉
| | - Timothy J. McDonald
- Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom,Academic Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Eugene Sobngwi
- National Obesity Centre and Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, Yaounde Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon,Department of Internal Medicine and Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Angus G. Jones
- Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom,Macleod Diabetes and Endocrine Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
The Immune Response to Nematode Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032283. [PMID: 36768605 PMCID: PMC9916427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Nematode infection is a major threat to the health of humans, domestic animals and wildlife. Nematodes vary in their effect on the host and in the mechanisms underlying immunity but the general features are becoming clear. There is considerable variation among individuals in resistance to infection and much of this variation is due to genetic variation in the immune response. The major histocompatibility complex has a strong influence on resistance to infection but other genes are collectively more important. Resistant individuals produce more IgA, eosinophils, IgE and mast cells than susceptible individuals and this is a consequence of stronger type 2 (Th2) immune responses. A variety of factors promote Th2 responses including genetic background, diet, molecules produced by the parasite and the location of the infection. A variety of cells and molecules including proteins, glycolipids and RNA act in concert to promote responses and to regulate the response. Nematodes themselves also modulate the host response and over 20 parasite-derived immunomodulatory molecules have been identified. Different species of nematodes modulate the immune response in different ways and probably use multiple molecules. The reasons for this are unclear and the interactions among immunomodulators have still to be investigated.
Collapse
|
54
|
Smyth DJ, White MPJ, Johnston CJC, Donachie AM, Campillo Poveda M, McSorley HJ, Maizels RM. Protection from T cell-dependent colitis by the helminth-derived immunomodulatory mimic of transforming growth factor-β, Hp-TGM. DISCOVERY IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 2:kyad001. [PMID: 36855464 PMCID: PMC9958376 DOI: 10.1093/discim/kyad001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In animal models of inflammatory colitis, pathology can be ameliorated by several intestinal helminth parasites, including the mouse nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus. To identify parasite products that may exert anti-inflammatory effects in vivo, we tested H. polygyrus excretory-secretory (HES) products, as well as a recombinantly expressed parasite protein, transforming growth factor mimic (TGM), that functionally mimics the mammalian immunomodulatory cytokine TGF-β. HES and TGM showed a degree of protection in dextran sodium sulphate-induced colitis, with a reduction in inflammatory cytokines, but did not fully block the development of pathology. HES also showed little benefit in a similar acute trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid-induced model. However, in a T cell transfer-mediated model with recombination activation gene (RAG)-deficient mice, HES-reduced disease scores if administered throughout the first 2 or 4 weeks following transfer but was less effective if treatment was delayed until 14 days after T cell transfer. Recombinant TGM similarly dampened colitis in RAG-deficient recipients of effector T cells, and was effective even if introduced only once symptoms had begun to be manifest. These results are a promising indication that TGM may replicate, and even surpass, the modulatory properties of native parasite HES.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J Smyth
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Madeleine P J White
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Anne-Marie Donachie
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marta Campillo Poveda
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Henry J McSorley
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Uzoechi SC, Rosa BA, Singh KS, Choi YJ, Bracken BK, Brindley PJ, Townsend RR, Sprung R, Zhan B, Bottazzi ME, Hawdon JM, Wong Y, Loukas A, Djuranovic S, Mitreva M. Excretory/Secretory Proteome of Females and Males of the Hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010095. [PMID: 36678443 PMCID: PMC9865600 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamic host-parasite mechanisms underlying hookworm infection establishment and maintenance in mammalian hosts remain poorly understood but are primarily mediated by hookworm's excretory/secretory products (ESPs), which have a wide spectrum of biological functions. We used ultra-high performance mass spectrometry to comprehensively profile and compare female and male ESPs from the zoonotic human hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum, which is a natural parasite of dogs, cats, and humans. We improved the genome annotation, decreasing the number of protein-coding genes by 49% while improving completeness from 92 to 96%. Compared to the previous genome annotation, we detected 11% and 10% more spectra in female and male ESPs, respectively, using this improved version, identifying a total of 795 ESPs (70% in both sexes, with the remaining sex-specific). Using functional databases (KEGG, GO and Interpro), common and sex-specific enriched functions were identified. Comparisons with the exclusively human-infective hookworm Necator americanus identified species-specific and conserved ESPs. This is the first study identifying ESPs from female and male A. ceylanicum. The findings provide a deeper understanding of hookworm protein functions that assure long-term host survival and facilitate future engineering of transgenic hookworms and analysis of regulatory elements mediating the high-level expression of ESPs. Furthermore, the findings expand the list of potential vaccine and diagnostic targets and identify biologics that can be explored for anti-inflammatory potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C. Uzoechi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bruce A. Rosa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kumar Sachin Singh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Young-Jun Choi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Paul J. Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - R. Reid Townsend
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert Sprung
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bin Zhan
- Department of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Maria-Elena Bottazzi
- Department of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - John M. Hawdon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Yide Wong
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns 4878, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns 4878, Australia
| | - Sergej Djuranovic
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
microRNAs: Critical Players during Helminth Infections. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010061. [PMID: 36677353 PMCID: PMC9861972 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally through their interaction with the 3' untranslated regions (3' UTR) of target mRNAs, affecting their stability and/or translation. Therefore, miRNAs regulate biological processes such as signal transduction, cell death, autophagy, metabolism, development, cellular proliferation, and differentiation. Dysregulated expression of microRNAs is associated with infectious diseases, where miRNAs modulate important aspects of the parasite-host interaction. Helminths are parasitic worms that cause various neglected tropical diseases affecting millions worldwide. These parasites have sophisticated mechanisms that give them a surprising immunomodulatory capacity favoring parasite persistence and establishment of infection. In this review, we analyze miRNAs in infections caused by helminths, emphasizing their role in immune regulation and its implication in diagnosis, prognosis, and the development of therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
57
|
Avirulence: an essential feature of the parasitic lifestyle. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:1028-1030. [PMID: 36195508 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The host plays an essential role in parasite transmission. The viability of the host-parasite relationship depends upon development of immune resistance and the induction of disease tolerance. Here I propose that pathogen coevolution of avirulence factors promoting host disease tolerance is an essential feature of the parasitic lifestyle.
Collapse
|
58
|
Sargsian S, Chen Z, Lee SC, Robertson A, Thur RS, Sproch J, Devlin JC, Tee MZ, Er YX, Copin R, Heguy A, Pironti A, Torres VJ, Ruggles KV, Lim YA, Bethony J, Loke P, Cadwell K. Clostridia isolated from helminth-colonized humans promote the life cycle of Trichuris species. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111725. [PMID: 36450245 PMCID: PMC9790084 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil-transmitted intestinal worms known as helminths colonize over 1.5 billion people worldwide. Although helminth colonization has been associated with altered composition of the gut microbiota, such as increases in Clostridia, individual species have not been isolated and characterized. Here, we isolate and sequence the genome of 13 Clostridia from the Orang Asli, an indigenous population in Malaysia with a high prevalence of helminth infections. Metagenomic analysis of 650 fecal samples from urban and rural Malaysians confirm the prevalence of species corresponding to these isolates and reveal a specific association between Peptostreptococcaceae family members and helminth colonization. Remarkably, Peptostreptococcaceae isolated from the Orang Asli display superior capacity to promote the life cycle of whipworm species, including hatching of eggs from Trichuris muris and Trichuris trichiura. These findings support a model in which helminths select for gut colonization of microbes that support their life cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shushan Sargsian
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA,Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ze Chen
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Soo Ching Lee
- Type 2 Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amicha Robertson
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA,Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Rafaela Saes Thur
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Julia Sproch
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Joseph C. Devlin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mian Zi Tee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yi Xian Er
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Richard Copin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Adriana Heguy
- Genome Technology Center, Office of Science and Research, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA,Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alejandro Pironti
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA,Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA,Microbial Computational Genomic Core Lab, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA,Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kelly V. Ruggles
- Institute for System Genetics, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA,Division of Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yvonne A.L. Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jeffrey Bethony
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - P’ng Loke
- Type 2 Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Correspondence: (P.L.), (K.C.)
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA,Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence: (P.L.), (K.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Hautala K, Pursiainen J, Näreaho A, Nyman T, Varmanen P, Sukura A, Nielsen MK, Savijoki K. Label-free quantitative proteomics and immunoblotting identifies immunoreactive and other excretory-secretory (E/S) proteins of Anoplocephala perfoliata. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1045468. [PMID: 36466892 PMCID: PMC9709427 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1045468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Anoplocephala perfoliata is a common tapeworm in horses causing colic and even mortalities. Current diagnostic tests to detect A. perfoliata infections have their limitations and an improved method is needed. Immunoreactive excretory/secretory proteins (E/S proteome) of this parasite can provide promising candidates for diagnostic tests. We compared E/S proteins produced by small (length < 20 mm, width < 5 mm) and large (length 20 to 40 mm, width 5 to 10 mm) A. perfoliata worms in vitro by label-free quantitative proteomics using a database composed of related Hymenolepis diminuta, Echinococcus multilocularis/granulosus and Taenia aseatica proteins for protein identifications. Altogether, 509 E/S proteins were identified after incubating the worms in vitro for three and eight hours. The greatest E/S proteome changes suggested both worm size- and time-dependent changes in cytoskeleton remodeling, apoptosis, and production of antigens/immunogens. The E/S proteins collected at the three-hour time point represented the natural conditions better than those collected at the eight-hour time point, and thereby contained the most relevant diagnostic targets. Immunoblotting using antibodies from horses tested positive/negative for A. perfoliata indicated strongest antigenicity/immunogenicity with 13-, 30- and 100-kDa proteins, involving a thioredoxin, heat-shock chaperone 90 (Hsp90), dynein light chain component (DYNLL), tubulin-specific chaperone A (TBCA) and signaling pathway modulators (14-3-3 and Sj-Ts4). This is among the first studies identifying new diagnostic targets and A. perfoliata antigens eliciting a IgG-response in horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Hautala
- Veterinary Pathology and Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jami Pursiainen
- Veterinary Pathology and Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Näreaho
- Veterinary Pathology and Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula Nyman
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Rikshospitalet Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pekka Varmanen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Sukura
- Veterinary Pathology and Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin K. Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kirsi Savijoki
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Immunological Interactions between Intestinal Helminth Infections and Tuberculosis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12112676. [PMID: 36359526 PMCID: PMC9689268 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12112676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth infections are among the neglected tropical diseases affecting billions of people globally, predominantly in developing countries. Helminths’ effects are augmented by coincident tuberculosis disease, which infects a third of the world’s population. The role of helminth infections on the pathogenesis and pathology of active tuberculosis (T.B.) remains controversial. Parasite-induced suppression of the efficacy of Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) has been widely reported in helminth-endemic areas worldwide. T.B. immune response is predominantly proinflammatory T-helper type 1 (Th1)-dependent. On the other hand, helminth infections induce an opposing anti-inflammatory Th2 and Th3 immune-regulatory response. This review summarizes the literature focusing on host immune response profiles during single-helminth, T.B. and dual infections. It also aims to necessitate investigations into the complexity of immunity in helminth/T.B. coinfected patients since the research data are limited and contradictory. Helminths overlap geographically with T.B., particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. Each disease elicits a response which may skew the immune responses. However, these effects are helminth species-dependent, where some parasites have no impact on the immune responses to concurrent T.B. The implications for the complex immunological interactions that occur during coinfection are highlighted to inform government treatment policies and encourage the development of high-efficacy T.B. vaccines in areas where helminths are prevalent.
Collapse
|
61
|
Shey RA, Ghogomu SM, Nebangwa DN, Shintouo CM, Yaah NE, Yengo BN, Nkemngo FN, Esoh KK, Tchatchoua NMT, Mbachick TT, Dede AF, Lemoge AA, Ngwese RA, Asa BF, Ayong L, Njemini R, Vanhamme L, Souopgui J. Rational design of a novel multi-epitope peptide-based vaccine against Onchocerca volvulus using transmembrane proteins. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.1046522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost a decade ago, it was recognized that the global elimination of onchocerciasis by 2030 will not be feasible without, at least, an effective prophylactic and/or therapeutic vaccine to complement chemotherapy and vector control strategies. Recent advances in computational immunology (immunoinformatics) have seen the design of novel multi-epitope onchocerciasis vaccine candidates which are however yet to be evaluated in clinical settings. Still, continued research to increase the pool of vaccine candidates, and therefore the chance of success in a clinical trial remains imperative. Here, we designed a multi-epitope vaccine candidate by assembling peptides from 14 O. volvulus (Ov) proteins using an immunoinformatics approach. An initial 126 Ov proteins, retrieved from the Wormbase database, and at least 90% similar to orthologs in related nematode species of economic importance, were screened for localization, presence of transmembrane domain, and antigenicity using different web servers. From the 14 proteins retained after the screening, 26 MHC-1 and MHC-II (T-cell) epitopes, and linear B-lymphocytes epitopes were predicted and merged using suitable linkers. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis Resuscitation-promoting factor E (RPFE_MYCTU), which is an agonist of TLR4, was then added to the N-terminal of the vaccine candidate as a built-in adjuvant. Immune simulation analyses predicted strong B-cell and IFN-γ based immune responses which are necessary for protection against O. volvulus infection. Protein-protein docking and molecular dynamic simulation predicted stable interactions between the 3D structure of the vaccine candidate and human TLR4. These results show that the designed vaccine candidate has the potential to stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses and should therefore be subject to further laboratory investigation.
Collapse
|
62
|
Lundregan SL, Mäkinen H, Buer A, Holand H, Jensen H, Husby A. Infection by a helminth parasite is associated with changes in
DNA
methylation in the house sparrow. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9539. [PMCID: PMC9702581 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Lundregan
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
| | - Hannu Mäkinen
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
- Evolutionary Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Amberly Buer
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
| | - Håkon Holand
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
| | - Henrik Jensen
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
| | - Arild Husby
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
- Evolutionary Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Maruszewska-Cheruiyot M, Stear MJ, Machcińska M, Donskow-Łysoniewska K. Importance of TGFβ in Cancer and Nematode Infection and Their Interaction-Opinion. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1572. [PMID: 36358922 PMCID: PMC9687433 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, there has been little interaction between parasitologists and oncologists, although some helminth infections predispose to the development of tumours. In addition, both parasites and tumours need to survive immune attack. Recent research suggests that both tumours and parasites suppress the immune response to increase their chances of survival. They both co-opt the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signalling pathway to modulate the immune response to their benefit. In particular, there is concern that suppression of the immune response by nematodes and their products could enhance susceptibility to tumours in both natural and artificial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael James Stear
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, Agribio, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Australia
| | - Maja Machcińska
- Department of Experimental Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Lazarski University, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Identification and expression of a transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) homologue in the tropical liver fluke Fasciola gigantica. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:3547-3559. [PMID: 36194274 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07679-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
Liver flukes, Fasciola spp., are veterinary and medically important parasites infecting numerous species of economically important animals in addition to humans on a global scale. The components of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signalling are widely distributed throughout the animal kingdom and are considerably conserved. Through shared common signal transduction mechanisms, crosstalk of TGF-β signalling between a host and the parasite during infection is possible. Herein, we have identified and undertaken the molecular characterisation of a putative TGF-β homologue from the tropical liver fluke F. gigantica (FgTLM). A FgTLM cDNA was 3557 bp in length, it encoded for 620 amino acid polypeptide which consisted of 494 amino acids of prodomain and 126 amino acids comprising the mature protein. FgTLM displayed characteristic structures of mammalian TGF-β ligands that were unique to the inhibin-β chain, monomer of activin. A phylogenetic analysis revealed the high degree of conservation with TGF-β molecules from trematode species. Interestingly, the sequence of amino acid in the active domain of FgTLM was completely identical to FhTLM from F. hepatica. FgTLM expressed throughout the lifecycle of F. gigantica but was highly expressed in developmental active stages. The dynamics of expression of FgTLM during the developmental stages of F. gigantica was comparable to the pattern of TGF-β expression in F. hepatica. Our findings demonstrated that FgTLM exhibits a high level of similarity to FhTLM in the context of both amino acid sequence and the life stage expression patterns. These similarities underline the possibility that the FgTLM molecule might have the same properties and functions as FhTLM in biological processes of the immature parasites and host immune evasion. Consequently, the specific biological functions of FgTLM on either parasite or relevant hosts need to be defined experimentally.
Collapse
|
65
|
Chauché C, Rasid O, Donachie A, McManus CM, Löser S, Campion T, Richards J, Smyth DJ, McSorley HJ, Maizels RM. Suppression of airway allergic eosinophilia by Hp-TGM, a helminth mimic of TGF-β. Immunology 2022; 167:197-211. [PMID: 35758054 PMCID: PMC9885513 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2-high asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways which is increasingly prevalent in countries where helminth parasite infections are rare, and characterized by T helper 2 (Th2)-dependent accumulation of eosinophils in the lungs. Regulatory cytokines such as TGF-β can restrain inflammatory reactions, dampen allergic Th2 responses, and control eosinophil activation. The murine helminth parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus releases a TGF-β mimic (Hp-TGM) that replicates the biological and functional properties of TGF-β despite bearing no structural similarity to the mammalian protein. Here, we investigated if Hp-TGM could alleviate allergic airway inflammation in mice exposed to Alternaria alternata allergen, house dust mite (HDM) extract or alum-adjuvanted ovalbumin protein (OVA). Intranasal administration of Hp-TGM during Alternaria exposure sharply reduced airway and lung tissue eosinophilia along with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid IL-5 and lung IL-33 cytokine levels at 24 h. The protective effect of Hp-TGM on airway eosinophilia was also obtained in the longer T-cell mediated models of HDM or OVA sensitisation with significant inhibition of eotaxin-1, IL-4 and IL-13 responses depending on the model and time-point. Hp-TGM was also protective when administered parenterally either when given at the time of allergic sensitisation or during airway allergen challenge. This project has taken the first steps in identifying the role of Hp-TGM in allergic asthma and highlighted its ability to control lung inflammation and allergic pathology. Future research will investigate the mode of action of Hp-TGM against airway allergic eosinophilia, and further explore its potential to be developed as a biotherapeutic in allergic asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Chauché
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative ParasitologyInstitute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK,Centre for Inflammation ResearchUniversity of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research InstituteEdinburghUK
| | - Orhan Rasid
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative ParasitologyInstitute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Anne‐Marie Donachie
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative ParasitologyInstitute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Caitlin M. McManus
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative ParasitologyInstitute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Stephan Löser
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative ParasitologyInstitute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Tiffany Campion
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative ParasitologyInstitute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Josh Richards
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative ParasitologyInstitute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK,Division of Cell Signalling and ImmunologySchool of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Building, University of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Danielle J. Smyth
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative ParasitologyInstitute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK,Division of Cell Signalling and ImmunologySchool of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Building, University of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Henry J. McSorley
- Division of Cell Signalling and ImmunologySchool of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Building, University of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Rick M. Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative ParasitologyInstitute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Wen Z, Zhang Y, Feng J, Aimulajiang K, Aleem MT, Lu M, Xu L, Song X, Li X, Yan R. Excretory/secretory proteins inhibit host immune responses by downregulating the TLR4/NF-κB/MAPKs signaling pathway: A possible mechanism of immune evasion in parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1013159. [PMID: 36238295 PMCID: PMC9551057 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1013159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is an important parasitic nematode of ruminants. Previous studies showed that H. contortus escape the immunity through complex mechanisms, including releasing excretory/secretory proteins (ESPs) to modulate the host immune response. However, the detailed mechanism through which H. contortus excretory/secretory proteins (HcESPs) promote immune evasion remains unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated that HcESPs inhibit the adaptive immune response of goats including downregulation of immune cell antigen presentation, upregulation of immune checkpoint molecules, activation of the STAT3/PD-L1 pathway, and activation of immunosuppressive regulatory T (Treg) cells. Furthermore, HcESPs reversed the LPS-induced upregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators in PBMCs by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB/MAPKs/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Our study provides a better understanding of the evasion mechanisms for H. contortus, which could be helpful in providing an alternative way to prevent the infection of this parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohai Wen
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiajun Feng
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kalibixiati Aimulajiang
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Muhammad Tahir Aleem
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingmin Lu
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixin Xu
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Ruofeng Yan,
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Ricciardi A, Hassan SA, Kamenyeva O, Bennuru S, Andersen J, Nutman TB. A filarial parasite-encoded human IL-10 receptor antagonist reveals a novel strategy to modulate host responses. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac184. [PMID: 36246151 PMCID: PMC9552326 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-10 is the primary cytokine driving the modulation of the host response in filarial infections. We performed binding assays with Brugia malayi antigen extracts and human IL-10R1. Bm5539 was the top-binding hit. We identified a short sequence, termed truncated Bm5339, that has structural similarities to the human IL-10 functional dimer. Sequence comparisons revealed that other filarial parasites possess Bm5539 orthologues. Using recombinant Bm5539 in a modified Luciferase Immunoprecipitation System assay, we confirmed that both the truncated and full-length forms of the protein can bind to human IL-10R1. Truncated Bm5539 could inhibit human IL-10-driven phosphorylation of STAT3, thereby demonstrating that Bm5539 acts as an IL-10 antagonist, most likely through competitive binding to the receptor. We provide a structural basis for these observations using computational modeling and simulations. This parasite-encoded cytokine receptor antagonist provides an additional lens through which parasite-induced modulation of the host immune response can be examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ricciardi
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sergio A Hassan
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Olena Kamenyeva
- Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sasisekhar Bennuru
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John Andersen
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Abstract
Parasitic helminth infections, while a major cause of neglected tropical disease burden, negatively correlate with the incidence of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). To evade expulsion, helminths have developed sophisticated mechanisms to regulate their host's immune responses. Controlled experimental human helminth infections have been assessed clinically for treating inflammatory conditions; however, such a radical therapeutic modality has challenges. An alternative approach is to harness the immunomodulatory properties within the worm's excretory-secretory (ES) complement, its secretome. Here, we report a biologics discovery and validation pipeline to generate and screen in vivo a recombinant cell-free secretome library of helminth-derived immunomodulatory proteins. We successfully expressed 78 recombinant ES proteins from gastrointestinal hookworms and screened the crude in vitro translation reactions for anti-IBD properties in a mouse model of acute colitis. After statistical filtering and ranking, 20 proteins conferred significant protection against various parameters of colitis. Lead candidates from distinct protein families, including annexins, transthyretins, nematode-specific retinol-binding proteins, and SCP/TAPS were identified. Representative proteins were produced in mammalian cells and further validated, including ex vivo suppression of inflammatory cytokine secretion by T cells from IBD patient colon biopsies. Proteins identified herein offer promise as novel, safe, and mechanistically differentiated biologics for treating the globally increasing burden of inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
69
|
Chaiyadet S, Tangkawattana S, Smout MJ, Ittiprasert W, Mann VH, Deenonpoe R, Arunsan P, Loukas A, Brindley PJ, Laha T. Knockout of liver fluke granulin, Ov-grn-1, impedes malignant transformation during chronic infection with Opisthorchis viverrini. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010839. [PMID: 36137145 PMCID: PMC9531791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the food-borne liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini is the principal risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) in the Mekong Basin countries of Thailand, Lao PDR, Vietnam, Myanmar and Cambodia. Using a novel model of CCA, involving infection with gene-edited liver flukes in the hamster during concurrent exposure to dietary nitrosamine, we explored the role of the fluke granulin-like growth factor Ov-GRN-1 in malignancy. We derived RNA-guided gene knockout flukes (ΔOv-grn-1) using CRISPR/Cas9/gRNA materials delivered by electroporation. Genome sequencing confirmed programmed Cas9-catalyzed mutations of the targeted genes, which was accompanied by rapid depletion of transcripts and the proteins they encode. Gene-edited parasites colonized the biliary tract of hamsters and developed into adult flukes. However, less hepatobiliary tract disease manifested during chronic infection with ΔOv-grn-1 worms in comparison to hamsters infected with control gene-edited and mock-edited parasites. Specifically, immuno- and colorimetric-histochemical analysis of livers revealed markedly less periductal fibrosis surrounding the flukes and less fibrosis globally within the hepatobiliary tract during infection with ΔOv-grn-1 genotype worms, minimal biliary epithelial cell proliferation, and significantly fewer mutations of TP53 in biliary epithelial cells. Moreover, fewer hamsters developed high-grade CCA compared to controls. The clinically relevant, pathophysiological phenotype of the hepatobiliary tract confirmed a role for this secreted growth factor in malignancy and morbidity during opisthorchiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujittra Chaiyadet
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sirikachorn Tangkawattana
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, and WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis, Tropical Disease Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Michael J. Smout
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wannaporn Ittiprasert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Victoria H. Mann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Raksawan Deenonpoe
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Patpicha Arunsan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Roldán Gonzáles WH, Coelho GR, Pimenta DC, de Paula FM, Gryschek RCB. Proteomic analysis of the excretory-secretory products from Strongyloides venezuelensis infective larvae: new insights for the immunodiagnosis of human strongyloidiasis. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:3155-3170. [PMID: 36044090 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07636-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Serodiagnosis of human strongyloidiasis is a practical alternative to parasitological methods due to its high sensitivity. However, cross-reactivity with other helminth infections limits its utility, and this problem is due to the use of homologous or heterologous somatic extracts of the parasite as an antigen source. Excretory-secretory (E/S) products from Strongyloides infective larvae can be used to improve the serodiagnosis. The combined use of western blot and proteomics became an interesting strategy to identify immunological markers for the serodiagnosis of strongyloidiasis. The present study describes the proteomic analysis of the antigenic components from E/S products of S. venezuelensis infective larvae that were recognized by IgG antibodies from patients with strongyloidiasis. Our results showed that IgG antibodies from patients with strongyloidiasis recognized between 15 and 16 antigenic bands in the E/S products from S. venezuelensis that were incubated in PBS or in RPMI culture medium, respectively. Overall, antigenic bands of low and high molecular weight were more specific than those of intermediate molecular weight, which were cross-reactive. A 36-kDa antigenic band was 93% sensitive and 100% specific (a probably arginine kinase of 37 kDa), while other antigenic bands were highly sensitive but low specific. Proteomic analysis revealed differences between the protein profiles from E/S-RPMI and E/S-PBS since only one-third of all proteins identified were common in both types of E/S products. Bioinformatic analysis showed that more than 50% of the proteins from E/S products are secreted within extracellular vesicles and only a small percentage of them are actually released by the classical secretory pathway. Several components from the E/S products were identified as plasminogen-binding proteins, probably used as an immune evasion mechanism. The data provided here provide valuable information to increase understanding of E/S products from S. venezuelensis infective larvae. This may help us to find new targets for the immunodiagnosis of human strongyloidiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Henry Roldán Gonzáles
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM/06), Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | - Fabiana Martins de Paula
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM/06), Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
| | - Ronaldo Cesar Borges Gryschek
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM/06), Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Oxidative Stress and High-Mobility Group Box 1 Assay in Dogs with Gastrointestinal Parasites. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091679. [PMID: 36139753 PMCID: PMC9495929 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the concentration of reactive oxidative metabolites, the antioxidant barrier, thiol groups of plasma compounds, and high-mobility group box 1 in shelter dogs naturally infected with helminths. In addition, the correlation between clinical signs and oxidative stress was investigated. Sixty-six (41 male and 25 female) adult mixed-breed dogs housed in a shelter with the diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematodes (i.e., Ancylostoma spp., Uncinaria stenocephala, Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, or Trichuris vulpis) were enrolled in Group 1 (G1) and twenty healthy adult dogs were included in Group 2 (G2), which served as the control. A clinical assessment was performed using a physician-based scoring system. Oxidative stress variables and high-mobility group box 1 were assessed and compared by the means of unpaired t-tests (p < 0.05). Spearman’s rank correlation was performed to calculate the correlation between oxidative stress variables, high-mobility group box 1, hematological parameters, and clinical signs. The results showed statistically significant values for reactive oxidative metabolites, thiol groups of plasma compounds, and high-mobility group box 1 in G1. Negative correlations between thiol groups and the number of red cells and hemoglobin were recorded. These preliminary results support the potential role of oxidative stress and HGMB-1 in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal helminthiasis in dogs.
Collapse
|
72
|
Characterization of antigens of Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) eggs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14414. [PMID: 36002555 PMCID: PMC9402560 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18303-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterobiasis (pinworm infection) caused by Enterobius vermicularis is a common parasitic infection prevalent worldwide especially in children. Infection is diagnosed by microscopic detection of E. vermicularis eggs on perianal swabs. This study aimed to characterize the antigens of E. vermicularis eggs as a preliminary step towards identifying diagnostic targets for detection in infected individuals. The study was conducted between October 2019 and February 2020, following approval from Ethics Review Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo (EC-19-034). E. vermicularis eggs were harvested from perianal swabs using acetone and purified with 1× PBS (pH 7.2). A portion of eggs was used for preparing antigen slides, while the rest were sonicated and vortexed with glass beads and inoculated subcutaneously (with weekly booster doses) into a Wistar rat for developing antibodies. Blood drawing from rat was done weekly for 5 weeks. Confirmation of the presence of antibodies was done by surface immunofluorescence against eggs on the antigen slides. Protein bands were determined using SDS-PAGE assay and immunogenic antigen bands were determined by reacting with antiserum after immunoblotting. The band sizes of the proteins were determined against corresponding bands of a protein ladder. Surface immunofluorescence was positive with serum obtained from day 14 post-inoculation from the Wistar rat as well as that obtained from a person with chronic enterobiasis. The most prominent and immunogenic protein bands identified from egg antigens were 21 kDa, 66 kDa, 83 kDa, 96 kDa, 112 kDa, 121 kDa, 140 kDa and 151 kDa. Methods used in this study were effective in obtaining E. vermicularis egg antigens which were immunogenic. Furthermore, surface antigens of intact eggs reacted with antibodies developed against crushed egg antigens. These findings may pave the way for the development of effective immunodiagnostics.
Collapse
|
73
|
Helminth species dependent effects on Th1 and Th17 cytokines in active tuberculosis patients and healthy community controls. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010721. [PMID: 35976976 PMCID: PMC9423606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite that the impact of different helminth species is not well explored, the current dogma states that helminths affect the Th1/Th2 balance which in turn affects the risk of tuberculosis (TB) reactivation and severity of disease. We investigated the influence of helminth species on cytokine profiles including IL-17A in TB patients and healthy community controls (CCs). In total, 104 newly diagnosed pulmonary TB patients and 70 HIV negative and QuantiFERON negative CCs in Gondar, Ethiopia were included following helminth screening by stool microscopy. Plasma samples and ex vivo stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with purified protein derivative (PPD) and Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) was used to determine cytokine profiles by cytometric bead array. In CCs, Ascaris lumbricoides or Schistosoma mansoni infections were associated with an impaired Th1-type response (IFN-gamma, IL-6 and TNF-alpha) in PBMCs mainly with SEB stimulations, whereas in TB patients only hookworm infection showed a similar pattern. Among CCs, the IL-17A response in PBMCs stimulated with SEB was higher only for S. mansoni, whereas in TB patients, the elevated systemic IL-17A plasma level was significantly suppressed in hookworm infected TB patients compared to patients without helminth coinfection. Following treatment of TB and helminth infection there was a general decrease in ex vivio IL-10 and TNF-alpha production in unstimulated, PPD or SEB stimulated PBMCs that was the most pronounced and significant in TB patients infected with S. mansoni, whereas the follow-up levels of IFN-gamma and IL-17A was significantly increased only in TB patients without helminth coinfection from PBMCs stimulated mainly with SEB. In summary, in addition to confirming helminth specific effects on the Th1/Th2 response before and after TB treatment, our novel finding is that IL-17A was impaired in helminth infected TB patients especially for hookworm, indicating a helminth species-specific immunoregulatory effect on IL-17A which needs to be further investigated.
Collapse
|
74
|
White R, Blow F, Buck AH, Duque-Correa MA. Organoids as tools to investigate gastrointestinal nematode development and host interactions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:976017. [PMID: 36034712 PMCID: PMC9411932 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.976017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes are a diverse class of pathogens that colonise a quarter of the world's human population and nearly all grazing livestock. These macroparasites establish, and some migrate, within host gastrointestinal niches during their life cycles and release molecules that condition the host mucosa to enable chronic infections. Understanding how helminths do this, and defining the molecules and mechanisms involved in host modulation, holds promise for novel strategies of anthelmintics and vaccines, as well as new knowledge of immune regulation and tissue repair. Yet the size and complexity of these multicellular parasites, coupled with the reliance on hosts to maintain their life cycles, present obstacles to interrogate how they interact with the gastric and intestinal epithelium, stroma and immune cells during infection, and also to develop protocols to genetically modify these parasites. Gastrointestinal organoids have transformed research on gastric and gut physiology during homeostasis and disease, including investigations on host-pathogen interactions with viruses, bacteria, protozoa and more recently, parasitic nematodes. Here we outline applications and important considerations for the best use of organoids to study gastrointestinal nematode development and interactions with their hosts. The careful use of different organoid culture configurations in order to achieve a closer replication of the in vivo infection context will lead not only to new knowledge on gastrointestinal nematode infection biology, but also towards the replication of their life cycles in vitro, and the development of valuable experimental tools such as genetically modified parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruby White
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Maria A. Duque-Correa, ; Ruby White,
| | - Frances Blow
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Amy H. Buck
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - María A. Duque-Correa
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Maria A. Duque-Correa, ; Ruby White,
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Colombo SAP, Thompson S, Bancroft AJ, Grencis RK. Anti-Trichuris mucosal responses are maintained during H. bakeri co-infection despite impaired parasite expulsion. Parasite Immunol 2022; 44:e12936. [PMID: 35586956 PMCID: PMC9542692 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In endemic regions concurrent infection with multiple gastrointestinal (GI) helminth species is more common than single species infection. However, the majority of model helminth infections focus on single species infections leading to a lack of understanding of how co-infection influences anti-parasite immune responses. Here, we use a model co-infection of Trichuris muris (Tm) and Heligmosomoides bakeri (Hb) to investigate the effect of Hb on anti-Tm immune responses. We observed a complete impairment of Tm expulsion in immune competent C57BL/6 mice when co-infected with Hb. This was coupled with reduced cellularity in the colonic mesenteric lymph node (cMLN) proximal to the caecum, however, cMLN cytokine responses and caecal mucosal immune responses in co-infected mice were not significantly different from mice infected with Tm alone. Interestingly, in immune-compromised mice, we found co-infection resulted in enhanced growth and fecundity of female Tm parasites. These data suggest that during helminth-helminth co-infection, immune-independent signals between species may promote survival and growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano A. P. Colombo
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthManchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Seona Thompson
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthManchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthManchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Allison J. Bancroft
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthManchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthManchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Richard K. Grencis
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthManchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthManchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Bhoj P, Togre N, Khatri V, Goswami K. Harnessing Immune Evasion Strategy of Lymphatic Filariae: A Therapeutic Approach against Inflammatory and Infective Pathology. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081235. [PMID: 36016123 PMCID: PMC9415972 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human lymphatic filariae have evolved numerous immune evasion strategies to secure their long-term survival in a host. These strategies include regulation of pattern recognition receptors, mimicry with host glycans and immune molecules, manipulation of innate and adaptive immune cells, induction of apoptosis in effector immune cells, and neutralization of free radicals. This creates an anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory milieu in the host: a modified Th2 immune response. Therefore, targeting filarial immunomodulators and manipulating the filariae-driven immune system against the filariae can be a potential therapeutic and prophylactic strategy. Filariae-derived immunosuppression can also be exploited to treat other inflammatory diseases and immunopathologic states of parasitic diseases, such as cerebral malaria, and to prevent leishmaniasis. This paper reviews immunomodulatory mechanisms acquired by these filariae for their own survival and their potential application in the development of novel therapeutic approaches against parasitic and inflammatory diseases. Insight into the intricate network of host immune-parasite interactions would aid in the development of effective immune-therapeutic options for both infectious and immune-pathological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Namdev Togre
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
- Correspondence: (N.T.); (K.G.)
| | | | - Kalyan Goswami
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Saguna, Kalyani 741245, India
- Correspondence: (N.T.); (K.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Costain AH, Phythian-Adams AT, Colombo SAP, Marley AK, Owusu C, Cook PC, Brown SL, Webb LM, Lundie RJ, Smits HH, Berriman M, MacDonald AS. Dynamics of Host Immune Response Development During Schistosoma mansoni Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:906338. [PMID: 35958580 PMCID: PMC9362740 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.906338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a disease of global significance, with severity and pathology directly related to how the host responds to infection. The immunological narrative of schistosomiasis has been constructed through decades of study, with researchers often focussing on isolated time points, cell types and tissue sites of interest. However, the field currently lacks a comprehensive and up-to-date understanding of the immune trajectory of schistosomiasis over infection and across multiple tissue sites. We have defined schistosome-elicited immune responses at several distinct stages of the parasite lifecycle, in three tissue sites affected by infection: the liver, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes. Additionally, by performing RNA-seq on the livers of schistosome infected mice, we have generated novel transcriptomic insight into the development of schistosome-associated liver pathology and fibrosis across the breadth of infection. Through depletion of CD11c+ cells during peak stages of schistosome-driven inflammation, we have revealed a critical role for CD11c+ cells in the co-ordination and regulation of Th2 inflammation during infection. Our data provide an updated and high-resolution account of how host immune responses evolve over the course of murine schistosomiasis, underscoring the significance of CD11c+ cells in dictating host immunopathology against this important helminth infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice H Costain
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alexander T Phythian-Adams
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano A P Colombo
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Angela K Marley
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Owusu
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C Cook
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila L Brown
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren M Webb
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Hermelijn H Smits
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S MacDonald
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Rončević T, Gerdol M, Mardirossian M, Maleš M, Cvjetan S, Benincasa M, Maravić A, Gajski G, Krce L, Aviani I, Hrabar J, Trumbić Ž, Derks M, Pallavicini A, Weingarth M, Zoranić L, Tossi A, Mladineo I. Anisaxins, helical antimicrobial peptides from marine parasites, kill resistant bacteria by lipid extraction and membrane disruption. Acta Biomater 2022; 146:131-144. [PMID: 35470073 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An infecting and propagating parasite relies on its innate defense system to evade the host's immune response and to survive challenges from commensal bacteria. More so for the nematode Anisakis, a marine parasite that during its life cycle encounters both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts and their highly diverse microbiotas. Although much is still unknown about how the nematode mitigates the effects of these microbiota, its antimicrobial peptides likely play an important role in its survival. We identified anisaxins, the first cecropin-like helical antimicrobial peptides originating from a marine parasite, by mining available genomic and transcriptomic data for Anisakis spp. These peptides are potent bactericidal agents in vitro, selectively active against Gram-negative bacteria, including multi-drug resistant strains, at sub-micromolar concentrations. Their interaction with bacterial membranes was confirmed by solid state NMR (ssNMR) and is highly dependent on the peptide concentration as well as peptide to lipid ratio, as evidenced by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. MD results indicated that an initial step in the membranolytic mode of action involves membrane bulging and lipid extraction; a novel mechanism which may underline the peptides' potency. Subsequent steps include membrane permeabilization leading to leakage of molecules and eventually cell death, but without visible macroscopic damage, as shown by atomic force microscopy and flow cytometry. This membranolytic antibacterial activity does not translate to cytotoxicity towards human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (HPBMCs), which was minimal at well above bactericidal concentrations, making anisaxins promising candidates for further drug development. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Witnessing the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance resulting in millions of infected and dozens of thousands dying worldwide every year, we identified anisaxins, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from marine parasites, Anisakis spp., with potent bactericidal activity and selectivity towards multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Anisaxins are membrane-active peptides, whose activity, very sensitive to local peptide concentrations, involves membrane bulging and lipid extraction, leading to membrane permeabilization and bacterial cell death. At the same time, their toxicity towards host cells is negligible, which is often not the case for membrane-active AMPs, therefore making them suitable drug candidates. Membrane bulging and lipid extraction are novel concepts that broaden our understanding of peptide interactions with bacterial functional structures, essential for future design of such biomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Rončević
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, Split 21000, Croatia.
| | - Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Mario Mardirossian
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34125, Italy
| | - Matko Maleš
- Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Split, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Svjetlana Cvjetan
- Laboratory for Aquaculture, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Monica Benincasa
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Ana Maravić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Goran Gajski
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Lucija Krce
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Ivica Aviani
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Jerko Hrabar
- Laboratory for Aquaculture, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Željka Trumbić
- University Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Maik Derks
- NMR spectroscopy, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, University of Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CH, The Netherlands; Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto Pallavicini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy; Oceanography Division, Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale - OGS, Trieste, Italy
| | - Markus Weingarth
- NMR spectroscopy, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, University of Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CH, The Netherlands
| | - Larisa Zoranić
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Alessandro Tossi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Ivona Mladineo
- Laboratory of Functional Helminthology, Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology BC CAS, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice 37005, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Zawistowska-Deniziak A, Lambooij JM, Kalinowska A, Patente TA, Łapiński M, van der Zande HJP, Basałaj K, de Korne CM, Chayé MAM, Gasan TA, Norbury LJ, Giera M, Zaldumbide A, Smits HH, Guigas B. Fasciola hepatica Fatty Acid Binding Protein 1 Modulates T cell Polarization by Promoting Dendritic Cell Thrombospondin-1 Secretion Without Affecting Metabolic Homeostasis in Obese Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:884663. [PMID: 35720355 PMCID: PMC9204345 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.884663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The parasitic trematode Fasciola hepatica evades host immune defenses through secretion of various immunomodulatory molecules. Fatty Acid Binding Proteins (fhFABPs) are among the main excreted/secreted proteins and have been shown to display anti-inflammatory properties. However, little is currently known regarding their impact on dendritic cells (DCs) and their subsequent capacity to prime specific CD4+ T cell subsets. Methodology/Principal Findings The immunomodulatory effects of both native F. hepatica extracts and recombinant fhFABPs were assessed on monocyte-derived human DCs (moDCs) and the underlying mechanism was next investigated using various approaches, including DC-allogenic T cell co-culture and DC phenotyping through transcriptomic, proteomic and FACS analyses. We mainly showed that fhFABP1 induced a tolerogenic-like phenotype in LPS-stimulated moDCs characterized by a dose-dependent increase in the cell-surface tolerogenic marker CD103 and IL-10 secretion, while DC co-stimulatory markers were not affected. A significant decrease in secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12p70 and IL-6 was also observed. In addition, these effects were associated with an increase in both Th2-on-Th1 ratio and IL-10 secretion by CD4+ T cells following DC-T cell co-culture. RNA sequencing and targeted proteomic analyses identified thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) as a non-canonical factor highly expressed and secreted by fhFABP1-primed moDCs. The effect of fhFABP1 on T cell skewing was abolished when using a TSP-1 blocking antibody during DC-T cell co-culture. Immunomodulation by helminth molecules has been linked to improved metabolic homeostasis during obesity. Although fhFABP1 injection in high-fat diet-fed obese mice induced a potent Th2 immune response in adipose tissue, it did not improved insulin sensitivity or glucose homeostasis. Conclusions/Significance We show that fhFABP1 modulates T cell polarization, notably by promoting DC TSP-1 secretion in vitro, without affecting metabolic homeostasis in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zawistowska-Deniziak
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Joost M. Lambooij
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alicja Kalinowska
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Thiago A. Patente
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Maciej Łapiński
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hendrik J. P. van der Zande
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Katarzyna Basałaj
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Clarize M. de Korne
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden, Netherlands
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mathilde A. M. Chayé
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Thomas A. Gasan
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Luke J. Norbury
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- School of Science, STEM College, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Martin Giera
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Arnaud Zaldumbide
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hermelijn H. Smits
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Castañeda S, Paniz-Mondolfi A, Ramírez JD. Detangling the Crosstalk Between Ascaris, Trichuris and Gut Microbiota: What´s Next? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:852900. [PMID: 35694539 PMCID: PMC9174645 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.852900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth infections remain a global public health issue, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, where roundworms from theTrichuris and Ascaris genera are most prevalent. These geohelminths not only impact human health but most importantly also affect animal well-being, in particular the swine industry. Host-helminth parasite interactions are complex and at the same time essential to understand the biology, dynamics and pathophysiology of these infections. Within these interactions, the immunomodulatory capacity of these helminths in the host has been extensively studied. Moreover, in recent years a growing interest on how helminths interact with the intestinal microbiota of the host has sparked, highlighting how this relationship plays an essential role in the establishment of initial infection, survival and persistence of the parasite, as well as in the development of chronic infections. Identifying the changes generated by these helminths on the composition and structure of the host intestinal microbiota constitutes a field of great scientific interest, since this can provide essential and actionable information for designing effective control and therapeutic strategies. Helminths like Trichuris and Ascaris are a focus of special importance due to their high prevalence, higher reinfection rates, resistance to anthelmintic therapy and unavailability of vaccines. Therefore, characterizing interactions between these helminths and the host intestinal microbiota represents an important approach to better understand the nature of this dynamic interface and explore novel therapeutic alternatives based on management of host microbiota. Given the extraordinary impact this may have from a biological, clinical, and epidemiological public health standpoint, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of current knowledge and future perspectives examining the parasite-microbiota interplay and its impact on host immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Castañeda
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alberto Paniz-Mondolfi
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Juan David Ramírez, ;
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
de Oliveira RCG, Gardev E, Shaddox LM. Dysbiotic relationship between arthritis and the oral-gut microbiome. A critical review. J Periodontal Res 2022; 57:711-723. [PMID: 35583216 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Arthritis and prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) overall are associated with reduced quality of life and limited work capacity. Multiple, overlapping factors contribute to these conditions. Some investigations have suggested a dysbiotic association between the oral-gut microbiome and pathogenesis of arthritis and PJIs. A better understanding of the role of the oral-gut microbiota in arthritis and PJI pathophysiology can shed light into how its disequilibrium can discharge a pro-inflammatory response, and impact the health of patients susceptible to arthritis or with established joint disease. A review of published in vivo and clinical data suggested that alterations in oral and gut microbiota can lead to a disturbance of immunoregulatory properties, and may be associated with joint infections and arthritis. This review brings new insights into the current status of the evidence on the potential molecules and inflammatory biomarkers disrupted by an oral-gut microbial dysbiosis. Normal commensals and pathogenic oral and gut microflora homeostasis are important not only to prevent infections per se but also its potential progression. Further experiments, especially controlled clinical trials, are needed to ascertain how microbiome manipulation and other microbiota-directed approaches can help control inflammation and effectively prevent and treat arthritic diseases. Additionally, studies on the effects of the long-term oral diseases, such as chronic periodontitis, on arthritis and PJIs need to be conducted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubelisa Candido Gomes de Oliveira
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,College of Dentistry, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Goias, Brazil
| | - Elly Gardev
- Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Luciana Macchion Shaddox
- Division of Periodontology and Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Prodjinotho UF, Gres V, Henkel F, Lacorcia M, Dandl R, Haslbeck M, Schmidt V, Winkler AS, Sikasunge C, Jakobsson PJ, Henneke P, Esser-von Bieren J, Prazeres da Costa C. Helminthic dehydrogenase drives PGE 2 and IL-10 production in monocytes to potentiate Treg induction. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54096. [PMID: 35357743 PMCID: PMC9066053 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoregulation of inflammatory, infection‐triggered processes in the brain constitutes a central mechanism to control devastating disease manifestations such as epilepsy. Observational studies implicate the viability of Taenia solium cysts as key factor determining severity of neurocysticercosis (NCC), the most common cause of epilepsy, especially in children, in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Viable, in contrast to decaying, cysts mostly remain clinically silent by yet unknown mechanisms, potentially involving Tregs in controlling inflammation. Here, we show that glutamate dehydrogenase from viable cysts instructs tolerogenic monocytes to release IL‐10 and the lipid mediator PGE2. These act in concert, converting naive CD4+ T cells into CD127−CD25hiFoxP3+CTLA‐4+ Tregs, through the G protein‐coupled receptors EP2 and EP4 and the IL‐10 receptor. Moreover, while viable cyst products strongly upregulate IL‐10 and PGE2 transcription in microglia, intravesicular fluid, released during cyst decay, induces pro‐inflammatory microglia and TGF‐β as potential drivers of epilepsy. Inhibition of PGE2 synthesis and IL‐10 signaling prevents Treg induction by viable cyst products. Harnessing the PGE2‐IL‐10 axis and targeting TGF‐ß signaling may offer an important therapeutic strategy in inflammatory epilepsy and NCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Fabien Prodjinotho
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.,Center for Global Health, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Vitka Gres
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fiona Henkel
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthew Lacorcia
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Ramona Dandl
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University Munich (TUM), Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Haslbeck
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University Munich (TUM), Garching, Germany
| | - Veronika Schmidt
- Center for Global Health, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.,Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrea Sylvia Winkler
- Center for Global Health, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.,Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Chummy Sikasunge
- Department of Paraclinicals, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Per-Johan Jakobsson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Esser-von Bieren
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Clarissa Prazeres da Costa
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.,Center for Global Health, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection and Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Gildner TE, Cepon-Robins TJ, Urlacher SS. Cumulative host energetic costs of soil-transmitted helminth infection. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:629-641. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
84
|
Ianiro G, Iorio A, Porcari S, Masucci L, Sanguinetti M, Perno CF, Gasbarrini A, Putignani L, Cammarota G. How the gut parasitome affects human health. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2022; 15:17562848221091524. [PMID: 35509426 PMCID: PMC9058362 DOI: 10.1177/17562848221091524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiome (GM) is a complex ecosystem that includes numerous prokaryotic and eukaryotic inhabitants. The composition of GM can influence an array of host physiological functions including immune development. Accumulating evidence suggest that several members of non-bacterial microbiota, including protozoa and helminths, that were earlier considered as pathogens, could have a commensal or beneficial relationship with the host. Here we examine the most recent data from omics studies on prokaryota-meiofauna-host interaction as well as the impact of gut parasitome on gut bacterial ecology and its role as 'immunological driver' in health and disease to glimpse new therapeutic perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Iorio
- Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Parasitology and Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Porcari
- Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Luca Masucci
- Microbiology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario ‘A. Gemelli’ IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Microbiology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario ‘A. Gemelli’ IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Federico Perno
- Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology, and Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Lorenza Putignani
- Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Parasitology and Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cammarota
- Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Mukundan A, Byeon CH, Hinck CS, Cunningham K, Campion T, Smyth DJ, Maizels RM, Hinck AP. Convergent evolution of a parasite-encoded complement control protein-scaffold to mimic binding of mammalian TGF-β to its receptors, TβRI and TβRII. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101994. [PMID: 35500648 PMCID: PMC9163516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse intestinal helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus modulates host immune responses by secreting a transforming growth factor (TGF)-β mimic (TGM), to expand the population of Foxp3+ Tregs. TGM comprises five complement control protein (CCP)-like domains, designated D1-D5. Though lacking homology to TGF-β, TGM binds directly to the TGF-β receptors TβRI and TβRII and stimulates the differentiation of naïve T-cells into Tregs. However, the molecular determinants of binding are unclear. Here, we used surface plasmon resonance, isothermal calorimetry, NMR spectroscopy, and mutagenesis to investigate how TGM binds the TGF-β receptors. We demonstrate that binding is modular, with D1-D2 binding to TβRI and D3 binding to TβRII. D1-D2 and D3 were further shown to compete with TGF-β(TβRII)2 and TGF-β for binding to TβRI and TβRII, respectively. The solution structure of TGM-D3 revealed that TGM adopts a CCP-like fold but is also modified to allow the C-terminal strand to diverge, leading to an expansion of the domain and opening potential interaction surfaces. TGM-D3 also incorporates a long structurally ordered hypervariable loop, adding further potential interaction sites. Through NMR shift perturbations and binding studies of TGM-D3 and TβRII variants, TGM-D3 was shown to occupy the same site of TβRII as bound by TGF-β using both a novel interaction surface and the hypervariable loop. These results, together with the identification of other secreted CCP-like proteins with immunomodulatory activity in H. polygyrus, suggest that TGM is part of a larger family of evolutionarily plastic parasite effector molecules that mediate novel interactions with their host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Mukundan
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania USA
| | - Chang-Hyeock Byeon
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania USA
| | - Cynthia S Hinck
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania USA
| | - Kyle Cunningham
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tiffany Campion
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle J Smyth
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P Hinck
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania USA.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Han LX, Yao WL, Pan J, Wang BS, He WH, Fan XP, Wang WH, Zhang WD. Moniezia benedeni Infection Restrain IgA+, IgG+, and IgM+ Cells Residence in Sheep (Ovis aries) Small Intestine. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:878467. [PMID: 35573414 PMCID: PMC9096708 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.878467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted immunoglobulin A (SIgA), IgG, and IgM play a crucial role in forming the intestinal mucosal immune barrier, and parasites could disturb the host's immune response by releasing various immunomodulatory molecules. Moniezia benedeni is an important pathogen parasitizing in the sheep small intestine. It is aimed to explore the residence characteristics of IgA+, IgG+, and IgM+ cells in the sheep small intestine, and the influence of Moniezia benedeni infection on them. Control group (n = 6) and infected group (n = 6) were selected, respectively, and the three subtype cells residing in the small intestine were systematically observed and analyzed. The results showed that in the Control group, the three types of positive cells were all distributed diffusely, and the total densities in jejunum, duodenum and ileum was gradually declined in turn. Notably, the change trend of IgA+ and IgG+ cells densities were both congruent with the total densities, and the differences among them were significant, respectively (P < 0.05); the IgM+ cells density was the highest in duodenum, followed by jejunum and ileum, there was no significant difference between duodenum and jejunum (P > 0.05), but both significantly higher than in ileum (P < 0.05). In the Infected group, their total densities in duodenum, jejunum and ileum were gradually declined in turn. Notably, the IgA+ and IgM+ cells densities change trend was the same as the total densities, and the differences among them were significant, respectively (P < 0.05). The IgG+ cells density in duodenum was the highest, followed by ileum and jejunum and there was significantly difference among them (P < 0.05). The comparison results between Control and Infected groups showed that from the duodenum, jejunum to ileum, IgA+, IgG+, and IgM+ cells were all reduced significantly, respectively. The results suggest that the three types of positive cells were resided heterogeneously in the small intestinal mucosa, that is, significant region-specificity; Moniezia benedeni infection could not change their diffuse distribution characteristics, but strikingly, reduce their resident densities, and the forming mucosal immune barrier were significantly inhibited. It provided powerful evidence for studying on the molecular mechanism of Moniezia benedeni evasion from immune surveillance by strongly inhibiting the host's mucosal immune barrier.
Collapse
|
87
|
Zhang K, Liu Y, Zhang G, Wang X, Li Z, Shang Y, Ning C, Ji C, Cai X, Xia X, Qiao J, Meng Q. Molecular Characteristics and Potent Immunomodulatory Activity of Fasciola hepatica Cystatin. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2022; 60:117-126. [PMID: 35500893 PMCID: PMC9058280 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2022.60.2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cystatin, a cysteine protease inhibitor found in many parasites, plays important roles in immune evasion. This study analyzed the molecular characteristics of a cystatin from Fasciola hepatica (FhCystatin) and expressed recombinant FhCystatin (rFhcystatin) to investigate the immune modulatory effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced proliferation, migration, cytokine secretion, nitric oxide (NO) production, and apoptosis in mouse macrophages. The FhCystatin gene encoded 116 amino acids and contained a conserved cystatin-like domain. rFhCystatin significantly inhibited the activity of cathepsin B. rFhCystatin bound to the surface of mouse RAW264.7 cells, significantly inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis. Moreover, rFhCystatin inhibited the expression of cellular nitric oxide, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, and promoted the expression of transforming growth factor-β and interleukin-10. These results showed that FhCystatin played an important role in regulating the activity of mouse macrophages. Our findings provide new insights into mechanisms underlying the immune evasion and contribute to the exploration of potential targets for the development of new drug to control F. hepatica infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003,
China
| | - Yucheng Liu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003,
China
| | - Guowu Zhang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003,
China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003,
China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003,
China
| | - Yunxia Shang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003,
China
| | - Chengcheng Ning
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003,
China
| | - Chunhui Ji
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003,
China
| | - Xuepeng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046,
China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003,
China
| | - Jun Qiao
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003,
China
| | - Qingling Meng
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003,
China
- Corresponding author ()
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Yao WL, Liu LP, Wen YQ, Wang BS, Dong JQ, He WH, Fan XP, Wang WH, Zhang WD. Moniezia benedeni infection enhances neuromedin U (NMU) expression in sheep (Ovis aries) small intestine. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:143. [PMID: 35439995 PMCID: PMC9016964 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromedin U (NMU) plays an important role in activating the group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and initiating the host's anti-parasitic immune responses. It is aimed to explore the distribution characteristics of NMU in the sheep small intestine and the influence of Moniezia benedeni infection on them. In the present study, the pET-28a-NMU recombinant plasmids were constructed, and Escherichia coli. BL21 (DE3) were induced to express the recombinant protein. And then, the rabbit anti-sheep NMU polyclonal antibody was prepared and immunofluorescence staining was performed with it. The expression levels of NMU in the intestine of normal and Moniezia benedeni-infected sheep were detected by ELISA. RESULTS The results showed that the molecular weight of the obtained NMU recombinant protein was consistent with the expected molecular (13 kDa) and it was expressed in the form of inclusion body. The titer and specificity of obtained rabbit anti-sheep NMU polyclonal antibody were good. The results of immunofluorescence analysis showed that the nerve fibers which specifically expressed NMU mainly extended from the ganglion in the submucosal to lamina propria (LP) in the sheep small intestine, and the expression level was relatively high; especially on the nerve fibers of LP around the intestinal glands. The expression levels were gradually increased from the duodenum to the ileum, and the levels in the jejunum and ileum were significantly higher than that in the duodenum (P < 0.05). In addition, scattered NMU positive cells were distributed in the epithelium of the jejunal crypts. Moniezia benedeni infection increased the expression of NMU in each intestinal segment, especially in the jejunum and ileum there were significant increase (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS It was suggested that Moniezia benedeni infection could be detected by the high expression of NMU in sheep enteric nervous, and which laid the foundation for further studies on whether NMU exerts anti-parasitic immunity by activating ILC2s. In addition, NMU was expressed in some intestinal gland epitheliums, which also provided a basis for studying its roles in regulation of the immune homeostasis. The present study laid the foundation for further revealing the molecular mechanism of sheep's neural-immune interaction network perceiving the colacobiosis of parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ling Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Li-Ping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Yan-Qiao Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Bao-Shan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Jia-Qi Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Wan-Hong He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Xi-Ping Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Wen-Hui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Wang-Dong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Okakpu OK, Dillman AR. Review of the Role of Parasitic Nematode Excretory/Secretory Proteins in Host Immunomodulation. J Parasitol 2022; 108:199-208. [DOI: 10.1645/21-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ogadinma K. Okakpu
- University of California, Riverside 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Adler R. Dillman
- University of California, Riverside 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Idro R, Ogwang R, Barragan A, Raimondo JV, Masocha W. Neuroimmunology of Common Parasitic Infections in Africa. Front Immunol 2022; 13:791488. [PMID: 35222377 PMCID: PMC8866860 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.791488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections of the central nervous system are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in Africa. The neurological, cognitive, and psychiatric sequelae of these infections result from a complex interplay between the parasites and the host inflammatory response. Here we review some of the diseases caused by selected parasitic organisms known to infect the nervous system including Plasmodium falciparum, Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma brucei spp., and Taenia solium species. For each parasite, we describe the geographical distribution, prevalence, life cycle, and typical clinical symptoms of infection and pathogenesis. We pay particular attention to how the parasites infect the brain and the interaction between each organism and the host immune system. We describe how an understanding of these processes may guide optimal diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to treat these disorders. Finally, we highlight current gaps in our understanding of disease pathophysiology and call for increased interrogation of these often-neglected disorders of the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Idro
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Centre of Tropical Neuroscience, Kitgum, Uganda.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rodney Ogwang
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Centre of Tropical Neuroscience, Kitgum, Uganda.,Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joseph Valentino Raimondo
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Neuroscience Institute and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Willias Masocha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Optimized Protocol for the Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles from the Parasitic Worm Schistosoma mansoni with Improved Purity, Concentration, and Yield. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:5473763. [PMID: 35434142 PMCID: PMC9012646 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5473763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, the interest in helminth-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) increased owing to their role in pathogen-host communication. However, the availability of EVs from these parasitic worms is often limited due to the restricted occurrence and culturing possibilities of these organisms. Schistosoma mansoni is one of several helminths that have been shown to release EVs affecting the immune response of their host. Further investigation of mechanisms underlying these EV-induced effects warrants separation of EVs from other components of the helminth excretory/secretory products. However, isolation of high-purity EVs often come to the expense of reduced EV yield. We therefore aimed to develop an optimized protocol for isolation of EVs from S. mansoni schistosomula and adult worms with respect to purity, concentration, and yield. We tested the use of small (1.7 ml) iodixanol density gradients and demonstrated that this enabled western blot-based analysis of the EV marker protein tetraspanin-2 (TSP-2) in gradient fractions without additional concentration steps. Moreover, the concentration and yield of EVs obtained with small iodixanol gradients were higher compared to medium-sized (4.3 ml) or conventional large-sized (12 ml) gradients. Additionally, we provide evidence that iodixanol is preferred over sucrose as medium for the small density gradients, because EVs in iodixanol gradients reached equilibrium much faster (2 hours) and iodixanol but not sucrose was suitable for purification of schistosomula EVs. Finally, we demonstrate that the small iodixanol gradients were able to separate adult worm EVs from non-EV contaminants such as the blood digestion product hemozoin. Our optimized small iodixanol density gradient allows to simultaneously separate and concentrate EVs while reducing handling time and EV loss and can be applied for EVs from helminths and other limited EV sources.
Collapse
|
92
|
Airs PM, Vaccaro K, Gallo KJ, Dinguirard N, Heimark ZW, Wheeler NJ, He J, Weiss KR, Schroeder NE, Huisken J, Zamanian M. Spatial transcriptomics reveals antiparasitic targets associated with essential behaviors in the human parasite Brugia malayi. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010399. [PMID: 35390105 PMCID: PMC9017939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a chronic debilitating neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by mosquito-transmitted nematodes that afflicts over 60 million people. Control of LF relies on routine mass drug administration with antiparasitics that clear circulating larval parasites but are ineffective against adults. The development of effective adulticides is hampered by a poor understanding of the processes and tissues driving parasite survival in the host. The adult filariae head region contains essential tissues that control parasite feeding, sensory, secretory, and reproductive behaviors, which express promising molecular substrates for the development of antifilarial drugs, vaccines, and diagnostics. We have adapted spatial transcriptomic approaches to map gene expression patterns across these prioritized but historically intractable head tissues. Spatial and tissue-resolved data reveal distinct biases in the origins of known drug targets and secreted antigens. These data were used to identify potential new drug and vaccine targets, including putative hidden antigens expressed in the alimentary canal, and to spatially associate receptor subunits belonging to druggable families. Spatial transcriptomic approaches provide a powerful resource to aid gene function inference and seed antiparasitic discovery pipelines across helminths of relevance to human and animal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Airs
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kathy Vaccaro
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kendra J. Gallo
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nathalie Dinguirard
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Zachary W. Heimark
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nicolas J. Wheeler
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jiaye He
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kurt R. Weiss
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nathan E. Schroeder
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jan Huisken
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mostafa Zamanian
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Maizels RM. Ascarosides from helminths pack a punch against allergy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2202250119. [PMID: 35353624 PMCID: PMC9169083 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202250119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rick M. Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Hund AK, Fuess LE, Kenney ML, Maciejewski MF, Marini JM, Shim KC, Bolnick DI. Population-level variation in parasite resistance due to differences in immune initiation and rate of response. Evol Lett 2022; 6:162-177. [PMID: 35386836 PMCID: PMC8966477 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Closely related populations often differ in resistance to a given parasite, as measured by infection success or failure. Yet, the immunological mechanisms of these evolved differences are rarely specified. Does resistance evolve via changes to the host's ability to recognize that an infection exists, actuate an effective immune response, or attenuate that response? We tested whether each of these phases of the host response contributed to threespine sticklebacks' recently evolved resistance to their tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus. Although marine stickleback and some susceptible lake fish permit fast-growing tapeworms, other lake populations are resistant and suppress tapeworm growth via a fibrosis response. We subjected lab-raised fish from three populations (susceptible marine "ancestors," a susceptible lake population, and a resistant lake population) to a novel immune challenge using an injection of (1) a saline control, (2) alum, a generalized pro-inflammatory adjuvant that causes fibrosis, (3) a tapeworm protein extract, or (4) a combination of alum and tapeworm protein. With enough time, all three populations generated a robust fibrosis response to the alum treatments. Yet, only the resistant population exhibited a fibrosis response to the tapeworm protein alone. Thus, these populations differed in their ability to respond to the tapeworm protein but shared an intact fibrosis pathway. The resistant population also initiated fibrosis faster in response to alum, and was able to attenuate fibrosis, unlike the susceptible populations' slow but longer lasting response to alum. As fibrosis has pathological side effects that reduce fecundity, the faster recovery by the resistant population may reflect an adaptation to mitigate the costs of immunity. Broadly, our results confirm that parasite detection and immune initiation, activation speed, and immune attenuation simultaneously contribute to the evolution of parasite resistance and adaptations to infection in natural populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Hund
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesota55123
| | - Lauren E. Fuess
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticut06269
- Current Address: Department of BiologyTexas State UniversitySan MarcosTexas78666
| | - Mariah L. Kenney
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticut06269
| | - Meghan F. Maciejewski
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticut06269
| | - Joseph M. Marini
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticut06269
| | - Kum Chuan Shim
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTexas78712
| | - Daniel I. Bolnick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticut06269
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Sun Q, Huang J, Gu Y, Liu S, Zhu X. Dynamic changes of macrophage activation in mice infected with Trichinella spiralis. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108716. [PMID: 35344812 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a serious food-borne parasitic zoonosis worldwide. Different host macrophage subsets play various roles during helminth infection; however, the dynamic changes in macrophage subsets following Trichinella spiralis infection have not been reported. Here, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were used to assess macrophage activation in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), spleen, intestine, and muscle from T. spiralis-infected mice at 1, 5, 15, and 30 days post infection (dpi). Macrophages in the intestine, MLN, and spleen tended to be activated M1-type at 1 and 5 dpi, while at 15 dpi, M2-type macrophages started to become a major constituent of the spleen macrophage population, and in the intestine and MLN, macrophages were primarily mixed M1 and M2 type. At 30 dpi, macrophages in the intestine, muscle, MLN, and spleen were all mainly activated M2 cells. Additionally, mouse macrophages were cleared and the adult T. spiralis load were determined to evaluate the impact of macrophages on adult parasite expulsion. The results suggested that predominantly M1 macrophages contribute to adult T. spiralis expulsion in the enteral stage of infection. At the newborn larvae migration stage, M2 macrophage-mediated immunity had a weak scavenging effect on adults, but primarily promoted tissue repair and assisted muscle larva immune escape. Our study reveals further details of the interaction between T. spiralis and the host immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Sun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yuan Gu
- Experimental Center for Basic Medical Teaching, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xinping Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Bąska P, Norbury LJ. The Role of Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) in the Immune Response against Parasites. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030310. [PMID: 35335634 PMCID: PMC8950322 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system consists of various cells, organs, and processes that interact in a sophisticated manner to defend against pathogens. Upon initial exposure to an invader, nonspecific mechanisms are raised through the activation of macrophages, monocytes, basophils, mast cells, eosinophils, innate lymphoid cells, or natural killer cells. During the course of an infection, more specific responses develop (adaptive immune responses) whose hallmarks include the expansion of B and T cells that specifically recognize foreign antigens. Cell to cell communication takes place through physical interactions as well as through the release of mediators (cytokines, chemokines) that modify cell activity and control and regulate the immune response. One regulator of cell states is the transcription factor Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) which mediates responses to various stimuli and is involved in a variety of processes (cell cycle, development, apoptosis, carcinogenesis, innate and adaptive immune responses). It consists of two protein classes with NF-κB1 (p105/50) and NF-κB2 (p100/52) belonging to class I, and RelA (p65), RelB and c-Rel belonging to class II. The active transcription factor consists of a dimer, usually comprised of both class I and class II proteins conjugated to Inhibitor of κB (IκB). Through various stimuli, IκB is phosphorylated and detached, allowing dimer migration to the nucleus and binding of DNA. NF-κB is crucial in regulating the immune response and maintaining a balance between suppression, effective response, and immunopathologies. Parasites are a diverse group of organisms comprised of three major groups: protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites. Each group induces distinct effector immune mechanisms and is susceptible to different types of immune responses (Th1, Th2, Th17). This review describes the role of NF-κB and its activity during parasite infections and its contribution to inducing protective responses or immunopathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Bąska
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Luke J. Norbury
- Department of Biosciences and Food Technology, School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Akelew Y, Andualem H, Ebrahim E, Atnaf A, Hailemichael W. Immunomodulation of COVID‐19 severity by helminth co‐infection: Implications for COVID‐19 vaccine efficacy. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e573. [PMID: 34861106 PMCID: PMC8926508 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), an emerging virus in late 2019 causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), has caused a catastrophic effect, resulting in an unprecedented global crisis. The immunopathology of COVID‐19 appears to be clearly associated with a dysregulated immune response leading to organ failure and death. Similarly, over two billion people worldwide are infected with helminth, with those living in low‐middle‐income countries disproportionately affected. Helminth infections have been shown to possess immunomodulatory effects in several conditions. Helminth co‐infection in COVID‐19 patients is one of the potential reasons for global attention to answer why COVID‐19 severity is still lower in helminth endemic countries. Recent studies have shown that helminth endemic countries showed fewer cases and deaths so far and helminth co‐infection might reduce the severity of COVID‐19. Moreover, lessons from other diseases with helminth co‐infection have been shown to substantially reduce vaccine efficacy that could also be implicated for COVID‐19. This immunomodulatory effect of helminth has intended and unintended consequences, both advantageous and disadvantageous which could decrease the severity of COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 vaccine efficacy respectively. Herewith, we discuss the overview of COVID‐19 immune response, immunomodulatory effects of helminth co‐infections in COVID‐19, lessons from other diseases, and perspectives on the efficacy of COVID‐19 vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yibeltal Akelew
- Immunology and Molecular Biology, Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences Debre Markos University Debre Markos Ethiopia
| | - Henok Andualem
- Immunology and Molecular Biology, Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences Debre Tabor University Debre Tabor Ethiopia
| | - Endris Ebrahim
- Immunology and Molecular Biology, Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences Wollo University Dessie Ethiopia
| | - Aytenew Atnaf
- Hematology and Immunohematology, Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences Debre Markos University Debre Markos Ethiopia
| | - Wasihun Hailemichael
- Immunology and Molecular Biology, Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences Debre Tabor University Debre Tabor Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Structure-guided engineering of tick evasins for targeting chemokines in inflammatory diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2122105119. [PMID: 35217625 PMCID: PMC8892493 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122105119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases collectively account for numerous deaths and morbidity worldwide. New treatment approaches are needed. A central feature of inflammatory diseases is the recruitment of leukocytes to the affected tissues, which is stimulated by secreted proteins called chemokines. Effective suppression of leukocyte recruitment could be achieved by simultaneously targeting multiple chemokines, a natural molecular strategy used by tick salivary proteins called evasins. Here, we describe the structural and molecular features of a tick evasin that control its ability to bind and block a limited set of chemokines. By modifying these features, we demonstrate that evasins can be engineered to alter the array of chemokines that they target. Thus, this study establishes a structure-based paradigm for the development of antiinflammatory therapeutics. As natural chemokine inhibitors, evasin proteins produced in tick saliva are potential therapeutic agents for numerous inflammatory diseases. Engineering evasins to block the desired chemokines and avoid off-target side effects requires structural understanding of their target selectivity. Structures of the class A evasin EVA-P974 bound to human CC chemokine ligands 7 and 17 (CCL7 and CCL17) and to a CCL8-CCL7 chimera reveal that the specificity of class A evasins for chemokines of the CC subfamily is defined by conserved, rigid backbone–backbone interactions, whereas the preference for a subset of CC chemokines is controlled by side-chain interactions at four hotspots in flexible structural elements. Hotspot mutations alter target preference, enabling inhibition of selected chemokines. The structure of an engineered EVA-P974 bound to CCL2 reveals an underlying molecular mechanism of EVA-P974 target preference. These results provide a structure-based framework for engineering evasins as targeted antiinflammatory therapeutics.
Collapse
|
99
|
What Do In Vitro and In Vivo Models Tell Us about Anisakiasis? New Tools Still to Be Explored. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030285. [PMID: 35335609 PMCID: PMC8953344 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Anisakiasis is a zoonosis caused by the ingestion of raw or undercooked seafood infected with third-stage larvae (L3) of the marine nematode Anisakis. Based on L3 localization in human accidental hosts, gastric, intestinal or ectopic (extra-gastrointestinal) anisakiasis can occur, in association with mild to severe symptoms of an allergic nature. Given the increasing consumption of fish worldwide, the European Food Safety Authority declared Anisakis as an emerging pathogen. Despite its importance for public health and economy, the scientific literature is largely characterized by taxonomic, systematic and ecological studies, while investigations on clinical aspects, such as the inflammatory and immune response during anisakiasis, using a proper model that simulates the niche of infection are still very scarce. The aims of this review are to describe the clinical features of anisakiasis, to report the main evidence from the in vivo and in vitro studies carried out to date, highlighting limitations, and to propose future perspectives in the study field of anisakiasis.
Collapse
|
100
|
ABC-transporter gene expression in ivermectin-susceptible and resistant Haemonchus contortus isolates. Vet Parasitol 2022; 302:109647. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|