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Pawłowska A, Skiba W, Suszczyk D, Kuryło W, Jakubowicz-Gil J, Paduch R, Wertel I. The Dual Blockade of the TIGIT and PD-1/PD-L1 Pathway as a New Hope for Ovarian Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5757. [PMID: 36497240 PMCID: PMC9740841 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis for ovarian cancer (OC) patients is poor and the five-year survival rate is only 47%. Immune checkpoints (ICPs) appear to be the potential targets in up-and-coming OC treatment. However, the response of OC patients to immunotherapy based on programmed cell death pathway (PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitors totals only 6-15%. The promising approach is a combined therapy, including other ICPs such as the T-cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain/CD155/DNAX accessory molecule-1 (TIGIT/CD155/DNAM-1) axis. Preclinical studies in a murine model of colorectal cancer showed that the dual blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 and TIGIT led to remission in the whole studied group vs. the regression of the tumors with the blockade of a single pathway. The approach stimulates the effector activity of T cells and NK cells, and redirects the immune system activity against the tumor. The understanding of the synergistic action of the TIGIT and PD-1/PD-L1 blockade is, however, poor. Thus, the aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the mode of action of the dual TIGIT and PD-1/PD-L1 blockade and its potential benefits for OC patients. Considering the positive impact of this combined therapy in malignancies, including lung and colorectal cancer, it appears to be a promising approach in OC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pawłowska
- Independent Laboratory of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Skiba
- Independent Laboratory of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dorota Suszczyk
- Independent Laboratory of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Weronika Kuryło
- Students’ Scientific Association, Independent Laboratory of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Jakubowicz-Gil
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Roman Paduch
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Iwona Wertel
- Independent Laboratory of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Xie Y, Zhang W, Sun J, Sun L, Meng F, Yu H. A novel cuproptosis-related immune checkpoint gene signature identification and experimental validation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18514. [PMID: 36323801 PMCID: PMC9630496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22962-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper-induced death, also termed cuproptosis, is a novel form of programmed cell death and is promising as a new strategy for cancer therapeutics. Elevated copper levels in tumor cells are positively associated with high PD-L1 expression. Nonetheless, the prognostic significance of cuproptosis-related immune checkpoint genes (CRICGs) in hepatocellular carcinoma remains to be further clarified. This study aimed to construct the prognostic CRICG signature to predict the immunotherapy response and outcomes of HCC patients. The co-expressed CRICGs were first screened through Pearson correlation analysis. Based on the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator-COX regression analyses, we identified a prognostic 5-CRICGs model, which closely correlates with poor outcomes, cancer development, and immune response to hepatocellular carcinoma. External validation was conducted using the GSE14520 dataset. Lastly, qRT-PCR was performed to determine the expression of the CRICGs in HCC. In summary, we developed and validated a novel prognostic CRICG model based on 5 CRICGs. This prognostic signature could effectively forecast the outcomes and immune response of HCC patients, which may serve as biomarkers for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusai Xie
- Laboratory of Basic Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theatre Command, Shenyang, 110016 Liaoning China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theatre Command, Shenyang, 110016 Liaoning China
| | - Jia Sun
- Laboratory of Basic Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theatre Command, Shenyang, 110016 Liaoning China
| | - Lingyan Sun
- Laboratory of Basic Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theatre Command, Shenyang, 110016 Liaoning China
| | - Fanjie Meng
- Laboratory of Basic Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theatre Command, Shenyang, 110016 Liaoning China
| | - Huiying Yu
- Laboratory of Basic Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theatre Command, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
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Dong X, Tang K, Xu Y, Wei H, Han T, Wang C. Single-cell gene regulation network inference by large-scale data integration. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:e126. [PMID: 36155797 PMCID: PMC9756951 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell ATAC-seq (scATAC-seq) has proven to be a state-of-art approach to investigating gene regulation at the single-cell level. However, existing methods cannot precisely uncover cell-type-specific binding of transcription regulators (TRs) and construct gene regulation networks (GRNs) in single-cell. ChIP-seq has been widely used to profile TR binding sites in the past decades. Here, we developed SCRIP, an integrative method to infer single-cell TR activity and targets based on the integration of scATAC-seq and a large-scale TR ChIP-seq reference. Our method showed improved performance in evaluating TR binding activity compared to the existing motif-based methods and reached a higher consistency with matched TR expressions. Besides, our method enables identifying TR target genes as well as building GRNs at the single-cell resolution based on a regulatory potential model. We demonstrate SCRIP's utility in accurate cell-type clustering, lineage tracing, and inferring cell-type-specific GRNs in multiple biological systems. SCRIP is freely available at https://github.com/wanglabtongji/SCRIP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yunfan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China,Frontier Science Center for Stem Cells, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hailin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China,Frontier Science Center for Stem Cells, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tong Han
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China,Frontier Science Center for Stem Cells, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chenfei Wang
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +86 21 65981195; Fax: +86 21 65981195;
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Zhang Y, Zhao ZX, Gao JP, Huang YK, Huang H. Tumor-infiltrating CD226+CD8+ T cells are associated with postoperative prognosis and adjuvant chemotherapeutic benefits in gastric cancer patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022:10.1007/s00432-022-04346-x. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04346-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bi J. CD226: a potent driver of antitumor immunity that needs to be maintained. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:969-970. [PMID: 33420352 PMCID: PMC9424278 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
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Jin L, Guo Y, Mao W, Wang J, Jin L, Liu X, Shou Q, Fu H. Total glucosides of paeony inhibit breast cancer growth by inhibiting TAMs infiltration through NF-κB/CCL2 signaling. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 104:154307. [PMID: 35841664 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The high density of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and inflammatory factors are crucial elements leading to tumor immune tolerance. Previously, we found that total glucosides of paeony (TGP) have strong inhibitory effects on the release of various inflammatory factors; however, it is unclear whether the inhibitory effects can improve the inflammatory microenvironment of tumors. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the mechanism via which TGP depresses tumor growth and metastasis via modulation of TAM infiltration in breast cancer. METHODS We assessed the effects of TGP on various mouse models of tumor. Lung metastasis was detected using hematoxylin and eosin staining. T cell (CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+) effector and memory subsets, and TAM (CD45+CD11b+F4/80+) populations in the tumor microenvironment (TME) were examined using flow cytometry. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage experiments were used to investigate the TGP anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. Furthermore, conditional medium (CM) was added to detect 4T1 breast cancer cell growth using a Real-Time Cell Analyzer (RTCA) xCELLigence system. Inflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels were measured using cytometric bead array (CBA) kits and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). NF-κB expression in the nucleus was examined by immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. RESULTS TGP suppressed tumor growth and lung metastasis, decreased CD45+CD11b+F4/80+ (TAMs) population obviously, and increased CD44LowCD62LHi (T memory stem cells) and CD44HiCD62LHi (central memory cells) populations in the tumor-infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In addition, TGP reduced inflammatory factor levels in tumors, thus inhibiting the infiltration of TAMs to improve the inflammation immunosuppressive microenvironment. In the in vitro experiment, TGP inhibited IL-10 and C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 (CCL2) secretion and mRNA expression in LPS-stimulated macrophages to inhibit 4T1 cell growth and restrain macrophages M2 polarization. In addition, TGP can directly inhibit 4T1 cell proliferation by restraining autocrine CCL2 and IL-10. Further mechanistic studies reavealed that TGP inhibited CCL2 secretion by inhibiting NF-κB accumulation in the nucleus in macrophages. CONCLUSION TGP reduced TAM recruitment mainly through the NF-κB/CCL2 signaling pathway, thereby promoting T cell infiltration in the TME. TGP has a unique advantage in balancing the inflammatory response. Furthermore, our results present novel insights on the mechanisms underlying TAM infiltration that were inhibited by TGP, with potential application in development of novel therapies targeting CCL2 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jin
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Sexual function of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Yingxue Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005, China
| | - Weiye Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005, China
| | - Jingwei Wang
- Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005, China
| | - Lushuai Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Sexual function of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Qiyang Shou
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Sexual function of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China; School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005, China.
| | - Huiying Fu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Sexual function of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China; School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005, China.
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Yoo KJ, Johannes K, González LE, Patel A, Shuptrine CW, Opheim Z, Lenz K, Campbell K, Nguyen TA, Miriyala J, Smith C, McGuire A, Tsai YH, Rangwala F, de Silva S, Schreiber TH, Fromm G. LIGHT (TNFSF14) Costimulation Enhances Myeloid Cell Activation and Antitumor Immunity in the Setting of PD-1/PD-L1 and TIGIT Checkpoint Blockade. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:510-525. [PMID: 35817517 PMCID: PMC10580117 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Coinhibition of TIGIT (T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains) and PD-1/PD-L1 (PD-1/L1) may improve response rates compared with monotherapy PD-1/L1 blockade in checkpoint naive non-small cell lung cancer with PD-L1 expression >50%. TIGIT mAbs with an effector-competent Fc can induce myeloid cell activation, and some have demonstrated effector T cell depletion, which carries a clinical liability of unknown significance. TIGIT Ab blockade translates to antitumor activity by enabling PVR signaling through CD226 (DNAM-1), which can be directly inhibited by PD-1. Furthermore, DNAM-1 is downregulated on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in advanced and checkpoint inhibition-resistant cancers. Therefore, broadening clinical responses from TIGIT blockade into PD-L1low or checkpoint inhibition-resistant tumors, may be induced by immune costimulation that operates independently from PD-1/L1 inhibition. TNFSF14 (LIGHT) was identified through genomic screens, in vitro functional analysis, and immune profiling of TILs as a TNF ligand that could provide broad immune activation. Accordingly, murine and human bifunctional fusion proteins were engineered linking the extracellular domain of TIGIT to the extracellular domain of LIGHT, yielding TIGIT-Fc-LIGHT. TIGIT competitively inhibited binding to all PVR ligands. LIGHT directly activated myeloid cells through interactions with LTβR (lymphotoxin β receptor), without the requirement for a competent Fc domain to engage Fcγ receptors. LIGHT costimulated CD8+ T and NK cells through HVEM (herpes virus entry mediator A). Importantly, HVEM was more widely expressed than DNAM-1 on T memory stem cells and TILs across a range of tumor types. Taken together, the mechanisms of TIGIT-Fc-LIGHT promoted strong antitumor activity in preclinical tumor models of primary and acquired resistance to PD-1 blockade, suggesting that immune costimulation mediated by LIGHT may broaden the clinical utility of TIGIT blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yi-Hsuan Tsai
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
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CD155 in tumor progression and targeted therapy. Cancer Lett 2022; 545:215830. [PMID: 35870689 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
CD155, also known as the poliovirus receptor (PVR), has received considerable attention in recent years because of its intrinsic and extrinsic roles in tumor progression. Although barely expressed in host cells, CD155 is upregulated in tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells. High expression of CD155 in tumor cells across multiple cancer types is common and associated with poor patient outcomes. The intrinsic functions of CD155 in tumor cells promote tumor progression and metastasis, whereas its extrinsic immunoregulatory functions in the tumor microenvironment (TME) involve interaction with the upregulated inhibitory immune cell receptor and checkpoint TIGIT, suggesting that CD155 and CD155 pathways are promising tumor immunotherapy targets. Preclinical studies demonstrate that targeting CD155 and its receptor (anti-TIGIT) using a single treatment or in combination with anti-PD-1 can improve immune-mediated tumor control. However, there is still a limited understanding of CD155 and its associated targeting strategies, especially antibody and immune cell editing-related strategies of CD155 in cancer. Here, we review the role of CD155 in host and tumor cells in controlling tumor progression and discuss the potential of targeting CD155 for tumor therapy.
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The CD226/TIGIT axis is involved in T cell hypo-responsiveness appearance in long-term kidney transplant recipients. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11821. [PMID: 35821240 PMCID: PMC9276733 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15705-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell exhaustion refers to a dysfunctional state in which effector T cells present a decreased ability to proliferate and to produce cytokines, while the co-expression of inhibitory receptors increases. We investigated global and donor-specific T cell responses in a cohort of stable, living-donor kidney transplant patients that received similar immunosuppression. After transplantation, an increase in the ratio of TIGIT + /CD226 + in mCD4 + T cells (r = 0.47, p = 0.01), and a decrease of CD226 + TIGIT-mCD4 + T cells was observed (r = − 0.55, p = 0.001). This leads to an increase of dysfunctional T cells in patients far from transplantation. In mCD8 + T cells, a decrease of IL-2 production after mitogenic stimulation was observed far from transplantation. Phenotypic analyses revealed an increase of mCD8 + T cells co-expressing PD-1 and TIGIT over time (r = 0.51, p = 0.02). After donor-specific stimulation, the ability of CD4 + T cells to proliferate was decreased compared with third parties. CD4 + T cells expressing CD226 and TIGIT were correlated with allospecific CD4 + proliferation (r = 0.68, p = 0.04). Our study suggests that after kidney transplantation a T cell hyporesponsiveness appears over time, driven by a dysregulation of CD226/TIGIT axis in mCD4 + T cells, associated with an increase of PD1 + TIGIT + in mCD8 + T cells.
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Pichler AC, Cannons JL, Schwartzberg PL. The Road Less Taken: Less Appreciated Pathways for Manipulating CD8 + T Cell Exhaustion. Front Immunol 2022; 13:926714. [PMID: 35874734 PMCID: PMC9297918 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.926714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exhausted CD8+ T (Tex) cells are a distinct cell population that arise during persistent antigen exposure in the context of chronic infections and cancers. Although characterized by progressive loss of effector functions, high and sustained inhibitory receptor expression and distinct transcriptional and epigenetic programs, Tex cells are heterogeneous. Among these, a self-renewing TCF-1+ Tex population, having unique characteristics and the ability to respond to immune-checkpoint blockade, gives rise to TCF-1- terminally Tex cells. These TCF-1+ cells have stem cell-like properties similar to memory T cell populations, but the signals that regulate the developmental pathways and relationships among exhausted cell populations are still unclear. Here, we review our current understanding of Tex cell biology, and discuss some less appreciated molecules and pathways affecting T cell exhaustion. We highlight two co-stimulatory receptors, CD226 and CD137, and their role in inducing or restraining T cell exhaustion, as well as signaling pathways that may be amenable to pharmacological inhibition with a focus on Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase and IL-2 partial agonists. Finally, we discuss novel methods that may increase TCF-1+ populations and therefore improve immunotherapy responsiveness. Understanding features of and pathways to exhaustion has important implications for the success of immunotherapy, including checkpoint blockade and adoptive T-cell transfer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C. Pichler
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Cannons
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Pamela L. Schwartzberg
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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An Immune Signature for Risk Stratification and Therapeutic Prediction in Helicobacter Pylori-Infected Gastric Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133276. [PMID: 35805047 PMCID: PMC9265823 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection is the greatest risk factor for gastric cancer (GC), and over half of the world’s population is colonized with HP. Up to now, many gene signatures are designed for predicting the prognosis of GC patients, while there are no signatures designed specifically for HP+ GC patients. Considering the tight association between HP infection and tumor immune microenvironment, we constructed an immune-related signature named IRSHG in this study, aiming to provide new insight into the treatment for HP+ GC patients. IRSHG was the first prognostic signature for HP+ GC patients, demonstrating high reliability and feasibility in predicting the prognosis. In addition, IRSHG could help investigate potential therapies and guide anti-PD-1 immunotherapy for HP+ GC patients, providing new insight for the personalized treatment of GC. Abstract Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection is the greatest risk factor for gastric cancer (GC). Increasing evidence has clarified that tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is closely related to the prognosis and therapeutic efficacy of HP-positive (HP+) GC patients. In this study, we aimed to construct a novel immune-related signature for predicting the prognosis and immunotherapy efficacy of HP+ GC patients. A total of 153 HP+ GC from three different cohorts were included in this study. An Immune-Related prognostic Signature for HP+ GC patients (IRSHG) was established using Univariate Cox regression, the LASSO algorithm, and Multivariate Cox regression. Univariate and Multivariate analyses proved IRSHG was an independent prognostic predictor for HP+ GC patients, and an IRSHG-integrated nomogram was established to quantitatively assessthe prognostic risk. The low-IRSHG group exhibited higher copy number load and distinct mutation profiles compared with the high-IRSHG group. In addition, the difference of hallmark pathways and immune cells infiltration between the two groups was investigated. Notably, tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) analysis indicated that the low-IRSHG group had a higher sensitivity to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy, which was validated by an external pabolizumab treatment cohort. Moreover, 98 chemotherapeutic drugs and corresponding potential biomarkers were identified for two groups, and several drugs with potential ability to reverse IRSHG score were identified using CMap analysis. Collectively, IRSHG may serve as a promising biomarker for survival outcome as well as immunotherapy efficacy. Furthermore, it can also help to prioritize potential therapeutics for HP+ GC patients, providing new insight for the personalized treatment of HP-infected GC.
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Nebot-Bral L, Hollebecque A, Yurchenko AA, de Forceville L, Danjou M, Jouniaux JM, Rosa RCA, Pouvelle C, Aoufouchi S, Vuagnat P, Smolenschi C, Colomba E, Leary A, Marabelle A, Scoazec JY, Cassard L, Nikolaev S, Chaput N, Kannouche P. Overcoming resistance to αPD-1 of MMR-deficient tumors with high tumor-induced neutrophils levels by combination of αCTLA-4 and αPD-1 blockers. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:e005059. [PMID: 35896284 PMCID: PMC9335020 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical studies have highlighted the efficacy of anti-programmed death 1 (αPD-1) monoclonal antibodies in patients with DNA mismatch repair-deficient (MMRD) tumors. However, the responsiveness of MMRD cancers to αPD-1 therapy is highly heterogeneous, and the origins of this variability remain not fully understood. METHODS 4T1 and CT26 mouse tumor cell lines were inactivated for the MMRD gene Msh2, leading to a massive accumulation of mutations after serial passages of cells. Insertions/deletion events and mutation load were evaluated by whole exome sequencing. Mice bearing highly mutated MMRD tumor or parental tumors were treated with αPD-1 and tumor volume was monitored. Immune cell type abundance was dynamically assessed in the tumor microenvironment and the blood by flow cytometry. Neutrophils were depleted in mice using αLY6G antibody, and regulatory T (Treg) cell population was reduced with αCD25 or anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocytes-associated protein 4 (αCTLA-4) antibodies. Patients with MMRD tumors treated with immune checkpoint blockade-based therapy were retrospectively identified and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was evaluated and examined for correlation with clinical benefit. RESULTS By recapitulating mismatch repair deficiency in different mouse tumor models, we revealed that elevated circulating tumor-induced neutrophils (TIN) in hypermutated MMRD tumors hampered response to αPD-1 monotherapy. Importantly, depletion of TIN using αLy-6G antibody reduced Treg cells and restored αPD-1 response. Conversely, targeting Treg cells by αCD25 or αCTLA-4 antibodies limited peripheral TIN accumulation and elicited response in αPD-1-resistant MMRD tumors, highlighting a crosstalk between TIN and Treg cells. Thus, αPD-1+αCTLA-4 combination overcomes TIN-induced resistance to αPD-1 in mice bearing MMRD tumors. Finally, in a cohort of human (high microsatellite instability)/MMRD tumors we revealed that early on-treatment change in the NLR ratio may predict resistance to αPD-1 therapy. CONCLUSIONS TIN countered αPD-1 efficacy in MMRD tumors. Since αCTLA-4 could restrict TIN accumulation, αPD-1+αCTLA-4 combination overcomes αPD-1 resistance in hosts with hypermutated MMRD tumors displaying abnormal neutrophil accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Nebot-Bral
- CNRS-UMR9019, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Antoine Hollebecque
- Département d’Innovation Thérapeutique et d’Essais Précoces, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Andrey A Yurchenko
- INSERM-U981, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Louise de Forceville
- CNRS-UMR9019, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Mathieu Danjou
- CNRS-UMR9019, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Mehdi Jouniaux
- Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie, Unité US-23 INSERM, UMS-3655 CNRS, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Reginaldo C A Rosa
- CNRS-UMR9019, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Caroline Pouvelle
- CNRS-UMR9019, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Said Aoufouchi
- CNRS-UMR9019, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Perrine Vuagnat
- Département d’Innovation Thérapeutique et d’Essais Précoces, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Cristina Smolenschi
- Département de médecine oncologique, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Emeline Colomba
- Département de médecine oncologique, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Alexandra Leary
- Département de médecine oncologique, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Aurelien Marabelle
- Département d’Innovation Thérapeutique et d’Essais Précoces, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jean-Yves Scoazec
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Département de Biologie et pathologie médicales, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Lydie Cassard
- Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie, Unité US-23 INSERM, UMS-3655 CNRS, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Sergey Nikolaev
- INSERM-U981, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Nathalie Chaput
- CNRS-UMR9019, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94805 Villejuif, France
- Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie, Unité US-23 INSERM, UMS-3655 CNRS, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Patricia Kannouche
- CNRS-UMR9019, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94805 Villejuif, France
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Tian X, Ning Q, Yu J, Tang S. T-cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain in cancer immunotherapy: A focus on tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells. Mol Immunol 2022; 147:62-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Conner M, Hance KW, Yadavilli S, Smothers J, Waight JD. Emergence of the CD226 Axis in Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:914406. [PMID: 35812451 PMCID: PMC9263721 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.914406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a set of immune receptors that interact with members of the nectin/nectin-like (necl) family has garnered significant attention as possible points of manipulation in cancer. Central to this axis, CD226, TIGIT, and CD96 represent ligand (CD155)-competitive co-stimulatory/inhibitory receptors, analogous to the CTLA-4/B7/CD28 tripartite. The identification of PVRIG (CD112R) and CD112 has introduced complexity and enabled additional nodes of therapeutic intervention. By virtue of the clinical progression of TIGIT antagonists and emergence of novel CD96- and PVRIG-based approaches, our overall understanding of the 'CD226 axis' in cancer immunotherapy is starting to take shape. However, several questions remain regarding the unique characteristics of, and mechanistic interplay between, each receptor-ligand pair. This review provides an overview of the CD226 axis in the context of cancer, with a focus on the status of immunotherapeutic strategies (TIGIT, CD96, and PVRIG) and their underlying biology (i.e., cis/trans interactions). We also integrate our emerging knowledge of the immune populations involved, key considerations for Fc gamma (γ) receptor biology in therapeutic activity, and a snapshot of the rapidly evolving clinical landscape.
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65
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Jiang C, Qu X, Ma L, Yi L, Cheng X, Gao X, Wang J, Che N, Zhang H, Zhang S. CD155 expression impairs anti-PD1 therapy response in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 208:220-232. [PMID: 35262683 PMCID: PMC9188351 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CD155 is an immune checkpoint protein expressed in tumor cells that interacts with its ligand TIGIT, and inhibition of this point presents a new and novel way for cancer therapy. At present, whether the expression of CD155 affects the response to anti(α)-PD1 treatment in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients is unclear. This observational study characterizes the expression of CD155 in NSCLC patients and its responses to PD1 inhibitors. We retrospectively detected the expression of CD155 and tumor-infiltrated lymphocyte (TIL) TIGIT by immunohistochemistry in advanced NSCLC patients who had received αPD1 therapy. The patients with CD155 positive had a significantly worse response to αPD1 therapy compared with CD155-negative patients (ORR: 25.6% vs 54.8%, P < 0.01; median PFS: 5.1 vs 7.1 months, HR = 2.322; 95% CI 1.396-3.861, P = 0.001). This effect is more prominent in PD-L1 positive patients. In PD-L1-positive patients, CD155 expression is associated with a poor response to αPD1 therapy in both LUAC (lung adenocarcinoma) and LUSC (lung squamous cell carcinoma); meanwhile, the expression of CD155 was associated with a poor response to the first-line αPD1 therapy, posterior-line αPD1 therapy, and αPD1 combination therapy. Furthermore, the expression of TIGIT was not correlated with the therapeutic effect of αPD1. Our pilot study suggests that CD155 expression attenuates the therapeutic effect of αPD1 therapy and is associated with a higher risk of progression. The CD155 pathway may be a promising immunotherapeutic target and simultaneously targeting CD155/TIGIT and PD1/PD-L1 can improve the effect of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodie Qu
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Yi
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Department of Thoracic surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghui Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Nanying Che
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Shucai Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
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66
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Liu S, Tang W, Cao J, Shang M, Sun H, Gong J, Hu B. A Comprehensive Analysis of HAVCR1 as a Prognostic and Diagnostic Marker for Pan-Cancer. Front Genet 2022; 13:904114. [PMID: 35754803 PMCID: PMC9213751 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.904114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor (HAVCR1) is a type-1 integral membrane glycoprotein that plays a key role in immunity and renal regeneration and is abnormally expressed in various tumor types. Nonetheless, the function of HAVCR1 in pan-cancer remains unknown. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the expression and promoter methylation level of HAVCR1 and assessed the immune cell infiltration, correlation between stromal and immune cell admixture, CD (Cluster of Differentiation) and HAVCR1 expression and prognostic value of HAVCR1 mRNA expression in Liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) and Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD). Our results showed that HAVCR1 was overexpressed while the promoter methylation of HAVCR1 was decreased in Liver hepatocellular carcinoma and Pancreatic adenocarcinoma. HAVCR1 was associated with increased infiltration of B cells, CD8 cells, macrophages, neutrophils and Dendritic cells in Liver hepatocellular carcinoma and Pancreatic adenocarcinoma. HAVCR1 expression was positively correlated with the immune, stromal and estimate scores of Pancreatic adenocarcinoma and the stromal and estimate scores of Liver hepatocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, HAVCR1 expression was correlated with other immune molecules such as HHLA2 (Human endogenous retrovirus-H long terminal repeat-associating protein 2), CD44 and TNFRSF4 (TNF Receptor Superfamily Member 4) in Liver hepatocellular carcinoma and Pancreatic adenocarcinoma. During Kaplan-Meier analysis, high HAVCR1 expression in Liver hepatocellular carcinoma and Pancreatic adenocarcinoma correlated with poor survival. A marginally significant p-value (p = 0.051) was obtained when the relationship between HAVCR1 expression in Liver hepatocellular carcinoma and prognosis was analyzed, attributed to the small sample size. Overall, we provided compelling evidence that HAVCR1 could be a prognostic and diagnostic marker for Liver hepatocellular carcinoma and Pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenting Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-sen Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Shang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hengchang Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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67
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Lozano-Rodríguez R, Terrón-Arcos V, López R, Martín-Gutiérrez J, Martín-Quirós A, Maroun-Eid C, del Val EM, Cañada-Illana C, Pascual Iglesias A, Quiroga JV, Montalbán-Hernández K, Casalvilla-Dueñas JC, García-Garrido MA, del Balzo-Castillo Á, Peinado-Quesada MA, Gómez-Lage L, Herrero-Benito C, G. Butler R, Avendaño-Ortiz J, López-Collazo E. Differential Immune Checkpoint and Ig-like V-Type Receptor Profiles in COVID-19: Associations with Severity and Treatment. J Clin Med 2022; 11:3287. [PMID: 35743356 PMCID: PMC9225268 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11123287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying patients' immune system status has become critical to managing SARS-CoV-2 infection and avoiding the appearance of secondary infections during a hospital stay. Despite the high volume of research, robust severity and outcome markers are still lacking in COVID-19. We recruited 87 COVID-19 patients and analyzed, by unbiased automated software, 356 parameters at baseline emergency department admission including: high depth immune phenotyping and immune checkpoint expression by spectral flow cytometry, cytokines and other soluble molecules in plasma as well as routine clinical variables. We identified 69 baseline alterations in the expression of immune checkpoints, Ig-like V type receptors and other immune population markers associated with severity (O2 requirement). Thirty-four changes in these markers/populations were associated with secondary infection appearance. In addition, through a longitudinal sample collection, we described the changes which take place in the immune system of COVID-19 patients during secondary infections and in response to corticosteroid treatment. Our study provides information about immune checkpoint molecules and other less-studied receptors with Ig-like V-type domains such as CD108, CD226, HVEM (CD270), B7H3 (CD276), B7H5 (VISTA) and GITR (CD357), defining these as novel interesting molecules in severe and corticosteroids-treated acute infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Lozano-Rodríguez
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-R.); (V.T.-A.); (A.P.I.); (J.V.Q.); (K.M.-H.); (J.C.C.-D.); (Á.d.B.-C.)
- Tumor ImmunologyLaboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Terrón-Arcos
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-R.); (V.T.-A.); (A.P.I.); (J.V.Q.); (K.M.-H.); (J.C.C.-D.); (Á.d.B.-C.)
- Tumor ImmunologyLaboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl López
- Butler Scientifics S.L., 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (R.L.); (J.M.-G.); (R.G.B.)
| | | | - Alejandro Martín-Quirós
- Emergency Department and Emergent Pathology Research Group, IdiPAZ La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-Q.); (C.M.-E.); (E.M.d.V.); (C.C.-I.); (M.A.G.-G.); (M.A.P.-Q.); (L.G.-L.); (C.H.-B.)
| | - Charbel Maroun-Eid
- Emergency Department and Emergent Pathology Research Group, IdiPAZ La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-Q.); (C.M.-E.); (E.M.d.V.); (C.C.-I.); (M.A.G.-G.); (M.A.P.-Q.); (L.G.-L.); (C.H.-B.)
| | - Elena Muñoz del Val
- Emergency Department and Emergent Pathology Research Group, IdiPAZ La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-Q.); (C.M.-E.); (E.M.d.V.); (C.C.-I.); (M.A.G.-G.); (M.A.P.-Q.); (L.G.-L.); (C.H.-B.)
| | - Carlos Cañada-Illana
- Emergency Department and Emergent Pathology Research Group, IdiPAZ La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-Q.); (C.M.-E.); (E.M.d.V.); (C.C.-I.); (M.A.G.-G.); (M.A.P.-Q.); (L.G.-L.); (C.H.-B.)
| | - Alejandro Pascual Iglesias
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-R.); (V.T.-A.); (A.P.I.); (J.V.Q.); (K.M.-H.); (J.C.C.-D.); (Á.d.B.-C.)
- Tumor ImmunologyLaboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Valentín Quiroga
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-R.); (V.T.-A.); (A.P.I.); (J.V.Q.); (K.M.-H.); (J.C.C.-D.); (Á.d.B.-C.)
- Tumor ImmunologyLaboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Karla Montalbán-Hernández
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-R.); (V.T.-A.); (A.P.I.); (J.V.Q.); (K.M.-H.); (J.C.C.-D.); (Á.d.B.-C.)
- Tumor ImmunologyLaboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Carlos Casalvilla-Dueñas
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-R.); (V.T.-A.); (A.P.I.); (J.V.Q.); (K.M.-H.); (J.C.C.-D.); (Á.d.B.-C.)
- Tumor ImmunologyLaboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. García-Garrido
- Emergency Department and Emergent Pathology Research Group, IdiPAZ La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-Q.); (C.M.-E.); (E.M.d.V.); (C.C.-I.); (M.A.G.-G.); (M.A.P.-Q.); (L.G.-L.); (C.H.-B.)
| | - Álvaro del Balzo-Castillo
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-R.); (V.T.-A.); (A.P.I.); (J.V.Q.); (K.M.-H.); (J.C.C.-D.); (Á.d.B.-C.)
- Emergency Department and Emergent Pathology Research Group, IdiPAZ La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-Q.); (C.M.-E.); (E.M.d.V.); (C.C.-I.); (M.A.G.-G.); (M.A.P.-Q.); (L.G.-L.); (C.H.-B.)
| | - María A. Peinado-Quesada
- Emergency Department and Emergent Pathology Research Group, IdiPAZ La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-Q.); (C.M.-E.); (E.M.d.V.); (C.C.-I.); (M.A.G.-G.); (M.A.P.-Q.); (L.G.-L.); (C.H.-B.)
| | - Laura Gómez-Lage
- Emergency Department and Emergent Pathology Research Group, IdiPAZ La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-Q.); (C.M.-E.); (E.M.d.V.); (C.C.-I.); (M.A.G.-G.); (M.A.P.-Q.); (L.G.-L.); (C.H.-B.)
| | - Carmen Herrero-Benito
- Emergency Department and Emergent Pathology Research Group, IdiPAZ La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-Q.); (C.M.-E.); (E.M.d.V.); (C.C.-I.); (M.A.G.-G.); (M.A.P.-Q.); (L.G.-L.); (C.H.-B.)
| | - Ray G. Butler
- Butler Scientifics S.L., 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (R.L.); (J.M.-G.); (R.G.B.)
| | - José Avendaño-Ortiz
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-R.); (V.T.-A.); (A.P.I.); (J.V.Q.); (K.M.-H.); (J.C.C.-D.); (Á.d.B.-C.)
- Tumor ImmunologyLaboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo López-Collazo
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-R.); (V.T.-A.); (A.P.I.); (J.V.Q.); (K.M.-H.); (J.C.C.-D.); (Á.d.B.-C.)
- Tumor ImmunologyLaboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER of Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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68
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Challenges in glioblastoma immunotherapy: mechanisms of resistance and therapeutic approaches to overcome them. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:976-987. [DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01864-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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69
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Indini A, Massi D, Pirro M, Roila F, Grossi F, Sahebkar A, Glodde N, Bald T, Mandalà M. Targeting inflamed and non-inflamed melanomas: biological background and clinical challenges. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:477-490. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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70
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Zhou X, Ren T, Zan H, Hua C, Guo X. Novel Immune Checkpoints in Esophageal Cancer: From Biomarkers to Therapeutic Targets. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864202. [PMID: 35669786 PMCID: PMC9163322 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer ranks as the sixth most common cause of cancer death worldwide. Due to the limited efficacy of conventional therapeutic strategies, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, treatments are still far from satisfactory in terms of survival, prompting the search for novel treatment methods. Immune checkpoints play crucial roles in immune evasion mediated by tumor cells, and successful clinical outcomes have been achieved via blocking these pathways. However, only a small fraction of patients can benefit from current immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4. Unfortunately, some patients show primary and/or acquired resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Until now, novel immune checkpoint pathways have rarely been studied in esophageal cancer, and there is a great need for biomarkers to predict who will benefit from existing strategies. Herein, we primarily discuss the roles of new immune checkpoints as predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets for esophageal cancer. In addition, we summarize the ongoing clinical trials and provide future research directions targeting these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyin Zhou
- School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ting Ren
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyuan Zan
- School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Hua
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chunyan Hua, ; Xufeng Guo,
| | - Xufeng Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Chunyan Hua, ; Xufeng Guo,
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71
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Qiu D, Liu X, Wang W, Jiang X, Wu X, Zheng J, Zhou K, Kong X, Wu X, Jin Z. TIGIT axis: novel immune checkpoints in anti-leukemia immunity. Clin Exp Med 2022; 23:165-174. [PMID: 35419661 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00817-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Hematologic malignancy evades immune-mediated recognition through upregulating various checkpoint inhibitory receptors (IRs) on several types of lymphocytes. Immunotherapies targeting IRs have provided ample evidence supporting regulating innate and adaptive immunity and obtaining clinical benefits. Newly described IRs have received considerable attention and are under investigation in cancer immunotherapy. Specifically, T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain is a novel inhibitory checkpoint receptor, and its immune checkpoint axis includes additional receptors such as CD96 and CD226, which are very promising targets. However, how the dynamics and functions of these receptor networks remain unknown, this review addresses the recent findings of the relevance of this complex receptor-ligand system and discusses their potential approaches in translating these preclinical findings into novel clinical agents in anti-leukemia immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Qiu
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiaxin Liu
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wandi Wang
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xuan Jiang
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiaofang Wu
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jiamian Zheng
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xueting Kong
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiuli Wu
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Zhenyi Jin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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72
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Chiang EY, Mellman I. TIGIT-CD226-PVR axis: advancing immune checkpoint blockade for cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-004711. [PMID: 35379739 PMCID: PMC8981293 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in understanding the roles of immune checkpoints in allowing tumors to circumvent the immune system have led to successful therapeutic strategies that have fundamentally changed oncology practice. Thus far, immunotherapies against only two checkpoint targets have been approved, CTLA-4 and PD-L1/PD-1. Antibody blockade of these targets enhances the function of antitumor T cells at least in part by relieving inhibition of the T cell costimulatory receptor CD28. These successes have stimulated considerable interest in identifying other pathways that may bte targeted alone or together with existing immunotherapies. One such immune checkpoint axis is comprised of members of the PVR/nectin family that includes the inhibitory receptor T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory domains (TIGIT). Interestingly, TIGIT acts to regulate the activity of a second costimulatory receptor CD226 that works in parallel to CD28. There are currently over two dozen TIGIT-directed blocking antibodies in various phases of clinical development, testament to the promise of modulating this pathway to enhance antitumor immune responses. In this review, we discuss the role of TIGIT as a checkpoint inhibitor, its interplay with the activating counter-receptor CD226, and its status as the next advance in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Y Chiang
- Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ira Mellman
- Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
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73
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Banta KL, Xu X, Chitre AS, Au-Yeung A, Takahashi C, O'Gorman WE, Wu TD, Mittman S, Cubas R, Comps-Agrar L, Fulzele A, Bennett EJ, Grogan JL, Hui E, Chiang EY, Mellman I. Mechanistic convergence of the TIGIT and PD-1 inhibitory pathways necessitates co-blockade to optimize anti-tumor CD8 + T cell responses. Immunity 2022; 55:512-526.e9. [PMID: 35263569 PMCID: PMC9287124 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dual blockade of the PD-1 and TIGIT coinhibitory receptors on T cells shows promising early results in cancer patients. Here, we studied the mechanisms whereby PD-1 and/or TIGIT blockade modulate anti-tumor CD8+ T cells. Although PD-1 and TIGIT are thought to regulate different costimulatory receptors (CD28 and CD226), effectiveness of PD-1 or TIGIT inhibition in preclinical tumor models was reduced in the absence of CD226. CD226 expression associated with clinical benefit in patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treated with anti-PD-L1 antibody atezolizumab. CD226 and CD28 were co-expressed on NSCLC infiltrating CD8+ T cells poised for expansion. Mechanistically, PD-1 inhibited phosphorylation of both CD226 and CD28 via its ITIM-containing intracellular domain (ICD); TIGIT's ICD was dispensable, with TIGIT restricting CD226 co-stimulation by blocking interaction with their common ligand PVR (CD155). Thus, full restoration of CD226 signaling, and optimal anti-tumor CD8+ T cell responses, requires blockade of TIGIT and PD-1, providing a mechanistic rationale for combinatorial targeting in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl L Banta
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Xiaozheng Xu
- Section of Cell & Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Amelia Au-Yeung
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas D Wu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Rafael Cubas
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Amit Fulzele
- Section of Cell & Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eric J Bennett
- Section of Cell & Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jane L Grogan
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Enfu Hui
- Section of Cell & Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eugene Y Chiang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Ira Mellman
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Bickett TE, Knitz MW, Piper M, Oweida AJ, Gadwa J, Darragh LB, Nguyen D, Bhatia S, Bhuvane S, Phan AV, Van Court B, Corbo S, Pham T, Dent AL, Lenz L, Karam SD. Dichotomous effects of cellular expression of STAT3 on tumor growth of HNSCC. Mol Ther 2022; 30:1149-1162. [PMID: 34793974 PMCID: PMC8899526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
STAT3 signaling has been shown to regulate cellular function and cytokine production in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Within the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) TME, we previously showed that therapeutic targeting of STAT3 in combination with radiation resulted in improved tumor growth delay. However, given the independent regulatory effects STAT3 has on anti-tumor immunity, we aimed to decipher the effects of individually targeting STAT3 in the cancer cell, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and natural killer (NK) cell compartments in driving tumor growth and resistance to therapy in HNSCCs. We utilized a CRISPR knockout system for genetic deletion of STAT3 within the cancer cell as well as two genetic knockout mouse models, FoxP3-Cre/STAT3 fl and NKp46-Cre/STAT3 fl, for Tregs and NK cell targeting, respectively. Our data revealed differences in development of resistance to treatment with STAT3 CRISPR knockout in the cancer cell, driven by differential recruitment of immune cells. Knockout of STAT3 in Tregs overcomes this resistance and results in Treg reprogramming and recruitment and activation of antigen-presenting cells. In contrast, knockout of STAT3 in the NK cell compartment results in NK cell inactivation and acceleration of tumor growth. These data underscore the complex interplay between the cancer cell and the immune TME and carry significant implications for drug targeting and design of combination approaches in HNSCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Bickett
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael W Knitz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Miles Piper
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ayman J Oweida
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Jacob Gadwa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Laurel B Darragh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Diemmy Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Shilpa Bhatia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Shiv Bhuvane
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andy V Phan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Benjamin Van Court
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sophia Corbo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Tiffany Pham
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Alexander L Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Laurel Lenz
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sana D Karam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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75
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Chang WA, Tsai MJ, Hung JY, Wu KL, Tsai YM, Huang YC, Chang CY, Tsai PH, Hsu YL. miR-150-5p-Containing Extracellular Vesicles Are a New Immunoregulator That Favor the Progression of Lung Cancer in Hypoxic Microenvironments by Altering the Phenotype of NK Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246252. [PMID: 34944871 PMCID: PMC8699319 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NKs) cells are cytotoxic effector cells, which can modulate tumor metastasis according to their function; however, the role of NK cells in lung cancer has not been extensively investigated. In this study, we determined the functional profiles of NK cells in a hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME) of lung cancer. We revealed CD226 downregulation and functional repression of NK cells after hypoxic lung cancer priming and we then investigated their interaction with extracellular vesicles (EVs) and miR-150-5p. We also found that NK cells from lung cancer patients had lower expression of CD226 on their surface and exhibited a pro-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic and tumorigenesis phenotype by expressing VEGF, CXCL1, CXCL8, S100A8 and MMPs. Moreover, inhibition of miR-150 improved tumor surveillance by reversing CD226 expression and subsequently reinstating cytotoxic NK cell activity in an animal model. Our study introduces a new scenario for the pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic activities of NK cells in the hypoxic TME in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-An Chang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (W.-A.C.); (M.-J.T.); (J.-Y.H.); (K.-L.W.); (Y.-M.T.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Ju Tsai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (W.-A.C.); (M.-J.T.); (J.-Y.H.); (K.-L.W.); (Y.-M.T.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Jen-Yu Hung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (W.-A.C.); (M.-J.T.); (J.-Y.H.); (K.-L.W.); (Y.-M.T.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Li Wu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (W.-A.C.); (M.-J.T.); (J.-Y.H.); (K.-L.W.); (Y.-M.T.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.H.); (P.-H.T.)
| | - Ying-Ming Tsai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (W.-A.C.); (M.-J.T.); (J.-Y.H.); (K.-L.W.); (Y.-M.T.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Yung-Chi Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.H.); (P.-H.T.)
| | - Chao-Yuan Chang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.H.); (P.-H.T.)
- Department of Anatomy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsun Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.H.); (P.-H.T.)
| | - Ya-Ling Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.H.); (P.-H.T.)
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2136-26)
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76
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Shibuya A, Shibuya K. DNAM-1 versus TIGIT: competitive roles in tumor immunity and inflammatory responses. Int Immunol 2021; 33:687-692. [PMID: 34694361 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory immunoreceptors DNAX accessory molecule-1 (DNAM-1) and T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domains (TIGIT) are paired activating and inhibitory receptors on T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. They share the ligands poliovirus receptor (PVR, CD155) and its family member nectin-2 (CD112), which are highly expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), tumors and virus-infected cells. Upon ligation with the ligands, DNAM-1 and TIGIT show reciprocal functions; whereas DNAM-1 promotes activation, proliferation, cytokine production and cytotoxic activity in effector lymphocytes, including CD4 + T-helper cells, CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells, TIGIT inhibits these DNAM-1 functions. On the other hand, DNAM-1 competes with TIGIT on regulatory T (Treg) cells in binding to CD155 and therefore regulates TIGIT signaling to down-regulate Treg cell function. Thus, whereas DNAM-1 enhances anti-tumor immunity and inflammatory responses by augmenting effector lymphocyte function and suppressing Treg cell function, TIGIT reciprocally suppresses these immune responses by suppressing effector lymphocyte function and augmenting Treg cell function. Thus, blockade of DNAM-1 and TIGIT function would be potential therapeutic approaches for patients with inflammatory diseases and those with cancers and virus infection, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Shibuya
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.,R&D Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.,Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kazuko Shibuya
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.,R&D Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
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77
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Biavati L, Huff CA, Ferguson A, Sidorski A, Stevens MA, Rudraraju L, Zucchinetti C, Ali SA, Imus P, Gocke CB, Gittelman RM, Johnson S, Sanders C, Vignali M, Gandhi A, Ye X, Noonan KA, Borrello I. An Allogeneic Multiple Myeloma GM-CSF-Secreting Vaccine with Lenalidomide Induces Long-term Immunity and Durable Clinical Responses in Patients in Near Complete Remission. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:6696-6708. [PMID: 34667029 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This proof-of-principle clinical trial evaluated whether an allogeneic multiple myeloma GM-CSF-secreting vaccine (MM-GVAX) in combination with lenalidomide could deepen the clinical response in patients with multiple myeloma in sustained near complete remission (nCR). PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifteen patients on lenalidomide were treated with MM-GVAX and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV; Prevnar) at 1, 2, 3, and 6 months. RESULTS Eight patients (53.3%) achieved a true CR. With a median follow-up of 5 years, the median progression-free survival had not been reached, and the median overall survival was 7.8 years from enrollment. MM-GVAX induced clonal T-cell expansion and measurable cytokine responses that persisted up to 7 years in all patients. At baseline, a higher minimal residual disease was predictive of early relapse. After vaccination, a lack of both CD27-DNAM1-CD8+ T cells and antigen-presenting cells was associated with disease progression. CONCLUSIONS MM-GVAX, along with lenalidomide, effectively primed durable immunity and resulted in long-term disease control, as suggested by the reappearance of a detectable, fluctuating M-spike without meeting the criteria for clinical relapse. For patients in a nCR, MM-GVAX administration was safe and resulted in prolonged clinical responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Biavati
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carol Ann Huff
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anna Ferguson
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amy Sidorski
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - M Amanda Stevens
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lakshmi Rudraraju
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cristina Zucchinetti
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Syed Abbas Ali
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Philip Imus
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christian B Gocke
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaobu Ye
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kimberly A Noonan
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ivan Borrello
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
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78
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Gimeno L, González-Lozano I, Soto-Ramírez MF, Martínez-Sánchez MV, López-Cubillana P, Fuster JL, Martínez-García J, Martínez-Escribano J, Campillo JA, Pons-Fuster E, Ferri B, López-Abad A, Muro M, Minguela A. CD8+ T lymphocytes are sensitive to NKG2A/HLA-E licensing interaction: role in the survival of cancer patients. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1986943. [PMID: 34676148 PMCID: PMC8525952 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1986943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
NK and CD8+ T cells are the main cytolytic effectors involved in innate and adaptive tumor immune surveillance, respectively. Although their educational pathways differ, similarities in their development and function suggest that CD8+ T lymphocytes could be sensitive to NK cell licensing signals, which might influence their antitumor response. To demonstrate this hypothesis, we retrospectively evaluated the impact that NK cell licensing interactions have on the expression of CD226 on CD8+ T lymphocytes and on the survival of patients with different hematopoietic and solid cancers (n = 1,023). Prospectively, we analyzed by multiparametric flow cytometry the anti-CD3/CD28-induced proliferation and immune-receptor expression of purified CD8+ T lymphocytes from healthy donors (n = 17) with different combinations of NK cell licensing ligands. Results show that methionine/threonine (M/T) dimorphism at position -21 of the HLA-B leader peptide, but not other HLA class-I dimorphisms involved in the education of NK cells (HLA-C1/C2 or HLA-Bw4), is associated with greater survival and expression of CD226 in cancer patients, which was proportional to the number of methionines present in their genotype. CD8+ T lymphocytes from healthy donors with -21 M showed higher proliferation rates and lower expression of TIGIT after in vitro stimulation. Therefore, CD8+ T lymphocytes, like NK cells, appear to be sensitive to the -21 M/T dimorphism of HLA-B leader peptide, which results in the modulation of CD226 in vivo and the proliferation and expression of TIGIT after in vitro stimulation, all of which could be related to their immune-surveillance capacity and the survival of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Gimeno
- Immunology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen De La Arrrixaca (Hcuva), Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Imib), Murcia, Spain
- Human Anatomy Department, University of Murcia (Um), Murcia, Spain
| | - Isabel González-Lozano
- Immunology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen De La Arrrixaca (Hcuva), Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Imib), Murcia, Spain
| | - María F. Soto-Ramírez
- Immunology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen De La Arrrixaca (Hcuva), Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Imib), Murcia, Spain
| | - María V. Martínez-Sánchez
- Immunology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen De La Arrrixaca (Hcuva), Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Imib), Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro López-Cubillana
- Urology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen De La Arrrixaca (Hcuva), Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Imib), Murcia, Spain
| | - José L. Fuster
- Pediatric Oncohematology Department, Clinic University Hospital Virgen De La Arrrixaca (Hcuva), Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Imib), Murcia, Spain
| | - Jerónimo Martínez-García
- Oncology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen De La Arrrixaca (Hcuva), Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Imib), Murcia, Spain
| | - Jorge Martínez-Escribano
- Dermatology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen De La Arrrixaca (Hcuva), Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Imib), Murcia, Spain
| | - José A. Campillo
- Immunology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen De La Arrrixaca (Hcuva), Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Imib), Murcia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Pons-Fuster
- Immunology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen De La Arrrixaca (Hcuva), Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Imib), Murcia, Spain
| | - Belén Ferri
- Pathology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen De La Arrrixaca (Hcuva), Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Imib), Murcia, Spain
| | - Alicia López-Abad
- Urology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen De La Arrrixaca (Hcuva), Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Imib), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Muro
- Immunology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen De La Arrrixaca (Hcuva), Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Imib), Murcia, Spain
| | - Alfredo Minguela
- Immunology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen De La Arrrixaca (Hcuva), Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Imib), Murcia, Spain
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79
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Ge Z, Peppelenbosch MP, Sprengers D, Kwekkeboom J. TIGIT, the Next Step Towards Successful Combination Immune Checkpoint Therapy in Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:699895. [PMID: 34367161 PMCID: PMC8339559 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.699895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT) is an inhibitory receptor expressed on several types of lymphocytes. Efficacy of antibody blockade of TIGIT in cancer immunotherapy is currently widely being investigated in both pre-clinical and clinical studies. In multiple cancers TIGIT is expressed on tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, regulatory T cells and NK cells, and its main ligand CD155 is expressed on tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells and upregulated on cancer cells, which contributes to local suppression of immune-surveillance. While single TIGIT blockade has limited anti-tumor efficacy, pre-clinical studies indicate that co-blockade of TIGIT and PD-1/PD-L1 pathway leads to tumor rejection, notably even in anti-PD-1 resistant tumor models. Among inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules, a unique property of TIGIT blockade is that it enhances not only anti-tumor effector T-cell responses, but also NK-cell responses, and reduces the suppressive capacity of regulatory T cells. Numerous clinical trials on TIGIT-blockade in cancer have recently been initiated, predominantly combination treatments. The first interim results show promise for combined TIGIT and PD-L1 co-blockade in solid cancer patients. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge and identify the gaps in our current understanding of TIGIT’s roles in cancer immunity, and provide, based on these insights, recommendations for its positioning in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouhong Ge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center (MC), Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center (MC), Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dave Sprengers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center (MC), Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaap Kwekkeboom
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center (MC), Rotterdam, Netherlands
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80
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Casey M, Nakamura K. The Cancer-Immunity Cycle in Multiple Myeloma. Immunotargets Ther 2021; 10:247-260. [PMID: 34295843 PMCID: PMC8291851 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s305432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell malignancy that primarily affects the elderly. The global burden of multiple myeloma is increasing in many countries due to an aging population. Despite recent advances in therapy, myeloma remains an incurable disease, highlighting the pressing need for new therapies. Accumulating evidence supports that triggering the host immune system is a critical therapeutic mechanism of action by various anti-myeloma therapies. These anti-myeloma therapies include proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, monoclonal antibody drugs, and autologous stem cell transplantation. More recently, T cell-based immunotherapeutics (including chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies and bispecific T-cell engagers) have shown dramatic clinical benefits in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. While immune-based therapeutic approaches are recognized as key modalities for improved clinical outcomes in myeloma patients, understanding the immune system in multiple myeloma patients remains elusive. The cancer-immunity cycle is a conceptual framework illustrating how immune cells recognize and eliminate tumor cells. Based on this framework, this review will provide an overview of the immune system in multiple myeloma patients and discuss potential therapeutic approaches to stimulate anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Casey
- Immune Targeting in Blood Cancers Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, 4006, Australia
| | - Kyohei Nakamura
- Immune Targeting in Blood Cancers Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, 4006, Australia
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81
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Chen C, Guo Q, Fu H, Yu J, Wang L, Sun Y, Zhang J, Duan Y. Asynchronous blockade of PD-L1 and CD155 by polymeric nanoparticles inhibits triple-negative breast cancer progression and metastasis. Biomaterials 2021; 275:120988. [PMID: 34186238 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PD-L1/PD-1 blockade therapy shows durable responses to triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), but the response rate is low. CD155 promotes tumor metastasis intrinsically and modulates the immune response extrinsically as the ligand of DNAM-1 (costimulatory receptor) and TIGIT/CD96 (coinhibitory receptors). Herein, we verified that TNBC cells coexpressed PD-L1 and CD155. By examining the receptors of PD-L1 and CD155 on TNBC tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) over time, we observed that PD-1 and DNAM-1 were upregulated early, whereas CD96 and TIGIT were upregulated late in CD8+ TILs. Based on these findings, we developed CD155 siRNA (siCD155)-loaded mPEG-PLGA-PLL (PEAL) nanoparticles (NPs) coated with PD-L1 blocking antibodies (P/PEALsiCD155) to asynchronously block PD-L1 and CD155 in a spatiotemporal manner. P/PEALsiCD155 maximized early-stage CD8+ T cell immune surveillance against 4T1 tumor, whereas reversed inhibition status of the late stage CD8+ T cells to prevent 4T1 tumor immune escape. In addition, the combination of P/PEALsiCD155 and tumor-specific CD8 T cells induced immunogenic cell death (ICD) of 4T1 cells to further boost immune checkpoint therapy. Most importantly, P/PEALsiCD155 displayed excellent TNBC targeting and induced CD8+ TILs-dominant intratumor antitumor immunity to efficiently inhibit TNBC progression and metastasis with excellent safety in a syngeneic 4T1 orthotopic TNBC tumor model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanrong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qianqian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Hao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Jian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Liting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yourong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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82
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Shen J, Liu T, Bei Q, Xu S. Comprehensive Landscape of Ovarian Cancer Immune Microenvironment Based on Integrated Multi-Omics Analysis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:685065. [PMID: 34222009 PMCID: PMC8247482 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.685065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer has a low response rate to immunotherapy and a complex immune microenvironment that regulates its treatment outcomes. Understanding the immune microenvironment and its molecular basis is of great clinical significance in the effort to improve immunotherapy response and outcomes. To determine the characteristics of the immune microenvironment in ovarian cancer, we stratified ovarian cancer patients into three immune subtypes (C1, C2, and C3) using immune-related genes based on gene expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and found that these three subtypes had significant differences in immune characteristics and prognosis. Methylation and copy number variant analysis showed that the immune checkpoint genes that influenced immune response were significantly hypermethylated and highly deleted in the immunosuppressive C3 subtype, suggesting that epigenetic therapy may be able to reverse the efficacy of immunotherapy. In addition, the mutation frequencies of BRCA2 and CDK12 were significantly higher in the C2 subtype than in the other two subtypes, suggesting that mutation of DNA repair-related genes significantly affects the prognosis of ovarian cancer patients. Our study further elucidated the molecular characteristics of the immune microenvironment of ovarian cancer, which providing an effective hierarchical method for the immunotherapy of ovarian cancer patients, and has clinical relevance to the design of new immunotherapies and a reasonable combination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Shen
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingwei Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaoli Bei
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaohua Xu
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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83
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DNAM-1 regulates Foxp3 expression in regulatory T cells by interfering with TIGIT under inflammatory conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021309118. [PMID: 34011606 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021309118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells that express forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) are pivotal for immune tolerance. Although inflammatory mediators cause Foxp3 instability and Treg cell dysfunction, their regulatory mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that the transfer of Treg cells deficient in the activating immunoreceptor DNAM-1 ameliorated the development of graft-versus-host disease better than did wild-type Treg cells. We found that DNAM-1 competes with T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT) in binding to their common ligand CD155 and therefore regulates TIGIT signaling to down-regulate Treg cell function without DNAM-1-mediated intracellular signaling. DNAM-1 deficiency augments TIGIT signaling; this subsequently inhibits activation of the protein kinase B-mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway, resulting in the maintenance of Foxp3 expression and Treg cell function under inflammatory conditions. These findings demonstrate that DNAM-1 regulates Treg cell function via TIGIT signaling and thus, it is a potential molecular target for augmenting Treg function in inflammatory diseases.
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84
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Braun M, Aguilera AR, Sundarrajan A, Corvino D, Stannard K, Krumeich S, Das I, Lima LG, Meza Guzman LG, Li K, Li R, Salim N, Jorge MV, Ham S, Kelly G, Vari F, Lepletier A, Raghavendra A, Pearson S, Madore J, Jacquelin S, Effern M, Quine B, Koufariotis LT, Casey M, Nakamura K, Seo EY, Hölzel M, Geyer M, Kristiansen G, Taheri T, Ahern E, Hughes BGM, Wilmott JS, Long GV, Scolyer RA, Batstone MD, Landsberg J, Dietrich D, Pop OT, Flatz L, Dougall WC, Veillette A, Nicholson SE, Möller A, Johnston RJ, Martinet L, Smyth MJ, Bald T. CD155 on Tumor Cells Drives Resistance to Immunotherapy by Inducing the Degradation of the Activating Receptor CD226 in CD8 + T Cells. Immunity 2021; 53:805-823.e15. [PMID: 33053330 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The activating receptor CD226 is expressed on lymphocytes, monocytes, and platelets and promotes anti-tumor immunity in pre-clinical models. Here, we examined the role of CD226 in the function of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and resistance to immunotherapy. In murine tumors, a large proportion of CD8+ TILs had decreased surface expression of CD226 and exhibited features of dysfunction, whereas CD226hi TILs were highly functional. This correlation was seen also in TILs isolated from HNSCC patients. Mutation of CD226 at tyrosine 319 (Y319) led to increased CD226 surface expression, enhanced anti-tumor immunity and improved efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Mechanistically, tumor-derived CD155, the ligand for CD226, initiated phosphorylation of Y319 by Src kinases, thereby enabling ubiquitination of CD226 by CBL-B, internalization, and proteasomal degradation. In pre-treatment samples from melanoma patients, CD226+CD8+ T cells correlated with improved progression-free survival following ICB. Our findings argue for the development of therapies aimed at maintaining the expression of CD226.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Braun
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia; Oncology and Cellular Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Amelia Roman Aguilera
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Ashmitha Sundarrajan
- Oncology and Cellular Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Dillon Corvino
- Oncology and Cellular Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Kimberley Stannard
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia; Oncology and Cellular Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Sophie Krumeich
- Oncology and Cellular Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Indrajit Das
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Luize G Lima
- Tumor Microenvironment Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Lizeth G Meza Guzman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kunlun Li
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rui Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nazhifah Salim
- Oncology and Cellular Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Maria Villancanas Jorge
- Oncology and Cellular Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Sunyoung Ham
- Tumor Microenvironment Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Gabrielle Kelly
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Frank Vari
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Ailin Lepletier
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Ashwini Raghavendra
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Sally Pearson
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Jason Madore
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Sebastien Jacquelin
- Gordon and Jessie Gilmour Leukemia Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Maike Effern
- Institute of Experimental Oncology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Brodie Quine
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia; Oncology and Cellular Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Lambros T Koufariotis
- Medical Genomics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Mika Casey
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Kyohei Nakamura
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Eun Y Seo
- Immuno-Oncology Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Michael Hölzel
- Institute of Experimental Oncology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Geyer
- Institute of Structural Biology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Glen Kristiansen
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Touraj Taheri
- Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, University of Queensland Herston, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Ahern
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, University of Queensland Herston, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Brett G M Hughes
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, University of Queensland Herston, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - James S Wilmott
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; The University of Sydney, Central Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; The University of Sydney, Central Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Mater Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Martin D Batstone
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, University of Queensland Herston, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Jennifer Landsberg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dimo Dietrich
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oltin T Pop
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Flatz
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland; Department of Dermatology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland
| | - William C Dougall
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - André Veillette
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sandra E Nicholson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andreas Möller
- Tumor Microenvironment Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Robert J Johnston
- Immuno-Oncology Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Ludovic Martinet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Toulouse F-31000, France
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia.
| | - Tobias Bald
- Oncology and Cellular Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia.
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85
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Philip M. CD226 Throttles up CD8 + T Cell Antitumor Activity. Immunity 2021; 53:704-706. [PMID: 33053327 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Immunity, Weulersse et al. and Braun et al. explain how CD226 expression loss on CD8+ T cells impairs TCR-driven activation, and thereby anti-tumor effector responses, tantamount to taking the CD8+ T cell's foot off the gas pedal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Philip
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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86
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Alteber Z, Kotturi MF, Whelan S, Ganguly S, Weyl E, Pardoll DM, Hunter J, Ophir E. Therapeutic Targeting of Checkpoint Receptors within the DNAM1 Axis. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:1040-1051. [PMID: 33687987 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-1248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies targeting the CTLA4/PD-1 pathways have revolutionized cancer immunotherapy by eliciting durable remission in patients with cancer. However, relapse following early response, attributable to primary and adaptive resistance, is frequently observed. Additional immunomodulatory pathways are being studied in patients with primary or acquired resistance to CTLA4 or PD-1 blockade. The DNAM1 axis is a potent coregulator of innate and adaptive immunity whose other components include the immunoglobulin receptors TIGIT, PVRIG, and CD96, and their nectin and nectin-like ligands. We review the basic biology and therapeutic relevance of this family, which has begun to show promise in cancer clinical trials. SIGNIFICANCE: Recent studies have outlined the immuno-oncologic ascendancy of coinhibitory receptors in the DNAM1 axis such as TIGIT and PVRIG and, to a lesser extent, CD96. Biological elucidation backed by ongoing clinical trials of single-agent therapy directed against TIGIT or PVRIG is beginning to provide the rationale for testing combination regimens of DNAM1 axis blockers in conjunction with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah Whelan
- Compugen USA, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Sudipto Ganguly
- Bloomberg Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Drew M Pardoll
- Bloomberg Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John Hunter
- Compugen USA, Inc., South San Francisco, California
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87
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Cheng H, Ma K, Zhang L, Li G. The tumor microenvironment shapes the molecular characteristics of exhausted CD8 + T cells. Cancer Lett 2021; 506:55-66. [PMID: 33662493 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The persistent antigen stimulation during chronic infections and cancer results in CD8+ T cell exhaustion. The exhausted T (Tex) cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) are characterized by increased expression of multiple co-inhibitory receptors simultaneously, progressive loss of effector function, poor proliferation and self-renewal capacity, and dysregulated metabolic activity. Emerging insights into molecular mechanisms underlying T cell exhaustion have proposed potential approaches to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy via restoring the effector function of Tex cells. In this review, we summarize the fundamental characteristics (e.g., inhibitory receptors and transcriptional factors) regarding Tex cell differentiation and discuss in particular how those exhaustion features are acquired and shaped by key factors within the TME. Additionally, we discuss the progress and limitations of current cancer immunotherapeutic strategies targeting Tex cells in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng Cheng
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Element, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kaili Ma
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China
| | - Lianjun Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China.
| | - Guideng Li
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Element, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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88
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TIGIT/CD226 Axis Regulates Anti-Tumor Immunity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030200. [PMID: 33670993 PMCID: PMC7997242 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors escape immune surveillance by inducing various immunosuppressive pathways, including the activation of inhibitory receptors on tumor-infiltrating T cells. While monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) blocking programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) have been approved for multiple cancer indications, only a subset of patients benefit from immune checkpoint blockade therapies, highlighting the need for additional approaches. Therefore, the identification of new target molecules acting in distinct or complementary pathways in monotherapy or combination therapy with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade is gaining immense interest. T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) domains (TIGIT) has received considerable attention in cancer immunotherapy. Recently, anti-TIGIT mAb (tiragolumab) has demonstrated promising clinical efficacy in non-small cell lung cancer treatment when combined with an anti-PD-L1 drug (Tecentriq), leading to phase III trial initiation. TIGIT is expressed mainly on T and natural killer cells; it functions as an inhibitory checkpoint receptor, thereby limiting adaptive and innate immunity. CD226 competes for binding with the same ligands with TIGIT but delivers a positive stimulatory signal to the immune cells. This review discusses the recent discoveries regarding the roles of TIGIT and CD226 in immune cell function and their potential application in cancer immunotherapy.
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89
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Abstract
Antibody-based therapeutics targeting the inhibitory receptors PD-1, PD-L1, or CTLA-4 have shown remarkable clinical progress on several cancers. However, most patients do not benefit from these therapies. Thus, many efforts are being made to identify new immune checkpoint receptor-ligand pathways that are alternative targets for cancer immunotherapies. Nectin and nectin-like molecules are widely expressed on several types of tumor cells and play regulatory roles in T- and NK-cell functions. TIGIT, CD226, CD96 and CD112R on lymphoid cells are a group of immunoglobulin superfamily receptors that interact with Nectin and nectin-like molecules with different affinities. These receptors transmit activating or inhibitory signals upon binding their cognate ligands to the immune cells. The integrated signals formed by their complex interactions contribute to regu-lating immune-cell functions. Several clinical trials are currently evaluating the efficacy of anti-TIGIT and anti-CD112R blockades for treating patients with solid tumors. However, many questions still need to be answered in order to fully understand the dynamics and functions of these receptor networks. This review addresses the rationale behind targeting TIGIT, CD226, CD96, and CD112R to regulate T- and NK-cell functions and discusses their potential application in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-seung Jin
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Yoon Park
- Theragnosis Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02456, Korea
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90
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Sun R, Wu Y, Zhou H, Wu Y, Yang Z, Gu Y, Jiang J, Lu B, Zhu Y. Eomes Impedes Durable Response to Tumor Immunotherapy by Inhibiting Stemness, Tissue Residency, and Promoting the Dysfunctional State of Intratumoral CD8 + T Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:640224. [PMID: 33553191 PMCID: PMC7859102 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.640224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustaining efficacious T cell-mediated antitumor immune responses in the tumor tissues is the key to the success of cancer immunotherapy. Current strategies leverage altering the signals T cells sense in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Checkpoint inhibitor-based approaches block inhibitory signals such as PD-1 whereas cytokine-based therapies increase the level of immune-stimulatory cytokines such as IL-2. Besides extrinsic signals, the genetic circuit within T cells also participates in determining the nature and trajectory of antitumor immune responses. Here, we showed that efficacy of the IL33-based tumor immunotherapy was greatly enhanced in mice with T cell-specific Eomes deficiency. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that Eomes deficient mice had diminished proportions of exhausted/dysfunctional CD8+ T cells but increased percentages of tissue resident and stem-like CD8+ T cells in the TME. In addition, the IFNγ+TCF1+ CD8+ T cell subset was markedly increased in the Eomes deficient mice. We further demonstrated that Eomes bound directly to the transcription regulatory regions of exhaustion and tissue residency genes. In contrast to its role in inhibiting T cell immune responses at the tumor site, Eomes promoted generation of central memory T cells in the peripheral lymphoid system and memory recall responses against tumor growth at a distal tissue site. Finally, we showed that Eomes deficiency in T cells also resulted in increased efficacy of PD-1-blockade tumor immunotherapy. In all, our study indicates that Eomes plays a critical role in restricting prolonged T cell-mediated antitumor immune responses in the TME whereas promoting adaptive immunity in peripheral lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzi Sun
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yixian Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huijun Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yanshi Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhongzhou Yang
- Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanzheng Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jingting Jiang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Binfeng Lu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yibei Zhu
- Department of Immunology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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