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Liew WK, Loh W, Chiang WC, Goh A, Chay OM, Iancovici Kidon M. Pilot study of the use of Yin Qiao San in children with conventional antipyretic hypersensitivity. Asia Pac Allergy 2015; 5:222-9. [PMID: 26539405 PMCID: PMC4630461 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2015.5.4.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with a diagnosis of cross-reactive hypersensitivity to both paracetamol and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are limited in their choice of antipyretics. OBJECTIVE The aim of this pilot study is to evaluate the feasibility of using a Chinese proprietary medicine, Yin Qiao San (YQS), for fever relief. METHODS A single centre, open label, prospective clinical trial exploring the tolerability and feasibility of using YQS for fever relief in children who are unable to use conventional antipyretic medications. Children between 1-18 years of age with hypersensitivity to multiple antipyretics were recruited. Eligible participants underwent an oral provocation test with YQS. Children who passed the oral provocation test were instructed to take a prescribed dose of YQS when the temperature was >38.0℃ and continued till the fever settled. Time taken for fever resolution and any adverse events were collected. RESULTS A total of 21 children, mean age 10.7 years, had a diagnosis of paracetamol and ibuprofen hypersensitivity. All except one patient successfully tolerated an oral challenge of YQS. Of the 88 doses of YQS taken for fever over 38.0℃, 16 (18%) had documented temperature reduction 2 hours after ingestion and 30 (34%) had documented temperature reduction 4 hours after ingestion. There were 2 reports of urticaria after YQS use which were attributed to flare of recurrent spontaneous urticaria during the illness. None of the patients developed symptoms of circulatory compromise or respiratory distress. CONCLUSION YQS is generally well tolerated in patients with paracetamol and ibuprofen hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woei Kang Liew
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, Allergy Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Wenyin Loh
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, Allergy Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Wen Chin Chiang
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, Allergy Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Anne Goh
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, Allergy Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Oh Moh Chay
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, Allergy Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Mona Iancovici Kidon
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 5262100, Israel
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Sharma A, Kalita P, Tag H. Distribution and phytomedicinal aspects of Paris polyphylla Smith from the Eastern Himalayan Region: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5667/tang.2015.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zhang L, Wang Y, Yang D, Zhang C, Zhang N, Li M, Liu Y. Platycodon grandiflorus - an ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and pharmacological review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 164:147-61. [PMID: 25666431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC., the sole species in genus Platycodon A. DC. (Campanulaceae) has a long history of use as a traditional herbal medicine for the treatments of cough, phlegm, sore throat, lung abscess, chest pain, dysuria, and dysentery. As a legal medicine and dietary supplement, it is also frequently used as an ingredient in health foods and vegetable dishes. The aim of this review is to provide up-to-date information on the botanical characterization and distribution, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity of Platycodon grandiflorus based on literature published in recent years. It will build a foundation for further study of the mechanism of action and the development of better therapeutic agents and healthy products from Platycodon grandiflorus. MATERIAL AND METHODS All of the available information on Platycodon grandiflorus was collected via electronic search (using PubMed, SciFinder Scholar, CNKI, TPL (www.theplantlist.org), Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, and Web of Science). RESULTS A comprehensive analysis of the literature obtained through the above-mentioned sources confirmed that ethno-medical uses of Platycodon grandiflorus have been recorded in China, Japan, Mongolia, and Korea for thousands of years. A phytochemical investigation revealed that this product contains steroidal saponins, flavonoids, polyacetylenes, sterols, phenolics, and other bioactive compounds. Crude extracts and pure compounds isolated from Platycodon grandiflorus exhibited significant anti-inflammatory and immunostimulatory effects. They also showed valuable bioactive effects, such as anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, hepatoprotective and cardiovascular system effects, among others. CONCLUSIONS In light of its long traditional use and the modern phytochemical and pharmacological studies summarized here, Platycodon grandiflorus has been demonstrated to show a strong potential for therapeutic and health-maintaining uses. Both the extracts and chemical components isolated from the plant showed a wide range of biological activities. Thus, more studies on the pharmacological mechanisms of its main active compounds (e.g., platycodin D, D2) need to be conducted. In addition, as one of the most popular traditional herbal medicines, clinical studies of the main therapeutic aspects, toxicity and adverse effects of Platycodon grandiflorus will also undoubtedly be the focus of future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Yingli Wang
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Dawei Yang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Minhui Li
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China.
| | - Yanze Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100193, China.
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Li KC, Ho YL, Huang GJ, Chang YS. Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Lobelia chinensis In Vitro and In Vivo. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2015; 43:269-87. [PMID: 25787301 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x15500184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lobelia chinensis Lour (LcL) is a popular herb that has been widely used as folk medicine in China for the treatment of fever, lung cancer, and inflammation for hundreds of years. Recently, several studies have shown that the anti-inflammatory properties were correlated with the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) from the NF-κB pathway. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of L. chinensis. Both suppressive activities on LPS-induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 macrophages in vitro and the acute rat lung injury model in vivo were studied. The results showed that the methanol extract of LcL and its fractions within the range of 62.5–250 μg/mL did not induce cytotoxicity (p < 0.001). The ethyl acetate fraction of LcL showed better NO inhibition activity than other fractions. On the other hand, the Lc-EA (62.5, 125, 250 mg/kg) pretreated rats showed a decrease in the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6) and inhibited iNOS, COX-2 expression through the NF-κB pathway. These results suggested that L. chinensis exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect through the NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Cheng Li
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Ho
- Department of Nursing, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Jhong Huang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Shiun Chang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Chinese Crude Drug Pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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Li W, Liu Y, Wang Z, Han Y, Tian YH, Zhang GS, Sun YS, Wang YP. Platycodin D isolated from the aerial parts of Platycodon grandiflorum protects alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. Food Funct 2015; 6:1418-27. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00094g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Platycodin D (PD) is the main active saponin of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) and is reported to exhibit multiple biological effects, including anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, and anti-obesity properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- China
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plant
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- China
| | - Zi Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- China
| | - Ye Han
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plant
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Changchun 132109
- China
| | - Yu-Hong Tian
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- China
| | - Gui-Shan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- China
| | - Yin-Shi Sun
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plant
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Changchun 132109
- China
| | - Ying-Ping Wang
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plant
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Changchun 132109
- China
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Nhiem NX, Hien NTT, Tai BH, Anh HLT, Hang DTT, Quang TH, Kiem PV, Minh CV, Ko W, Lee S, Oh H, Kim SH, Kim YH. New ent-kauranes from the fruits of Annona glabra and their inhibitory nitric oxide production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 25:254-8. [PMID: 25499882 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Three new ent-kaurane diterpenoids, 7β,16α,17-trihydroxy-ent-kauran-19-oic acid (1), 7β,17-dihydroxy-16α-ent-kauran-19-oic acid 19-O-β-d-glucopyranoside ester (2), 7β,17-dihydroxy-ent-kaur-15-en-19-oic acid 19-O-β-d-glucopyranoside ester (3) along with five known compounds, paniculoside IV (4), 16α,17-dihydroxy-ent-kaurane (5), 16β,17-dihydroxy-ent-kaurane (6), 16β,17-dihydroxy-ent-kauran-19-al (7), and 16β,17-dihydroxy-ent-kauran-19-oic acid (8) were isolated from the fruits of Annona glabra. Their chemical structures were elucidated by physical and chemical methods. All compounds were evaluated for inhibitory activity against nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. As the results, compound 3 showed potent inhibitory LPS-stimulated NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages with the IC50 value of 0.01±0.01μM; compounds 1 and 7 showed significant inhibitory NO production with the IC50 values of 0.39±0.12μM and 0.32±0.04μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Xuan Nhiem
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thi Thu Hien
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Bui Huu Tai
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam; College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoang Le Tuan Anh
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Dan Thi Thuy Hang
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Hong Quang
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Phan Van Kiem
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Chau Van Minh
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Wonmin Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuncheol Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Yonsei University, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
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An HPLC-MS/MS method for the quantitative determination of platycodin D in rat plasma and its application to the pharmacokinetics of Platycodi Radix extract. Chin J Nat Med 2014; 12:154-60. [PMID: 24636069 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(14)60026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop an HPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of platycodin D (PD) in rat plasma, and to acquire the main pharmacokinetic parameters of PD after oral administration of pure PD or of Platycodi Radix extract (PRE) containing PD. METHOD Plasma samples were pretreated with solid-phase extraction using an Oasis® HLB SPE cartridge. Madecassoside was used as the internal standard (IS). Chromatographic separation was achieved on an ODS column (100 mm × 2.1 mm i.d., 3.5 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile/water (30 : 70, V/V) containing 0.1 mmol·L(-1) ammonium acetate at a flow rate of 0.25 mL·min(-1). The detection was performed on a triple quadruple tandem mass spectrometer using an electrospray ionization (ESI) source with a chromatographic run time of 3.0 min. The detection was operated by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of the transitions of m/z 1 223.6→469.2 for PD and of m/z 973.6→469.2 for madecassoside (IS), respectively. RESULTS The calibration curve was linear from 5 to 2 000 ng·mL(-1) (r(2) >0.99) with a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 5 ng·mL(-1). The intra- and inter-day precision (relative standard deviation, RSD) values were below 15% and the accuracy (relative error, RE) was from -15% to +15% at three quality control (QC) levels. Plasma concentrations of PD were determined for 24 h after i.v. administration of PD, and oral administration of PD and PRE, respectively. The absolute oral bioavailability of PD in rats was found to be (0.48 ± 0.19)% when administered PD, and to be (1.81 ± 0.89)% when administered PRE. CONCLUSION The developed HPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to assess the pharmacokinetic parameters and oral bioavailability of PD in rats after administration of PD and Platycodi Radix extract.
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Lee BJ, Shin YY, Lee SW, Chun HS, Cho YS. Effects of Storage Methods and Periods on Root Hardness and Content of Saponin in Platycodon grandiflorum Radix. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.7740/kjcs.2014.59.2.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ryu J, Lee HJ, Park SH, Kim J, Lee D, Lee SK, Kim YS, Hong JH, Seok JH, Lee CJ. Effects of the root of Platycodon grandiflorum on airway mucin hypersecretion in vivo and platycodin D(3) and deapi-platycodin on production and secretion of airway mucin in vitro. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:529-533. [PMID: 24290472 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether aqueous extract of the root of Platycodon grandiflorum A. de Candolle (APG), platycodinD(3) and deapi-platycodin significantly affect the production and secretion of airway mucin using in vivo and in vitro experimental models. Effect of APG was checked on hypersecretion of pulmonary mucin in sulfur dioxide-induced bronchitis in rats. Confluent NCI-H292 cells were pretreated with platycodinD(3) or deapi-platycodin for 30min and then stimulated with PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) for 24h. The MUC5AC mucin production and secretion were measured by ELISA. The results were as follows: (1) APG stimulated the secretion of airway mucin in sulfur dioxide-induced bronchitis rat model; (2) platycodinD(3) and deapi-platycodin inhibited the production of MUC5AC mucin induced by PMA from NCI-H292 cells, respectively; (3) however, platycodinD(3) and deapi-platycodin did not inhibit but stimulated the secretion of MUC5AC mucin induced by PMA from NCI-H292 cells, respectively. This result suggests that aqueous extract of P. grandiflorum A. de Candolle and the two natural products derived from it, platycodinD(3) and deapi-platycodin, can regulate the production and secretion of airway mucin and, at least in part, explains the traditional use of aqueous extract of P. grandiflorum A. de Candolle as expectorants in diverse inflammatory pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Ryu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 303-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 303-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 303-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoong Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongho Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Shik Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Hee Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 303-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Seok
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 303-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 303-131, Republic of Korea.
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Jang KJ, Kim HK, Han MH, Oh YN, Yoon HM, Chung YH, Kim GY, Hwang HJ, Kim BW, Choi YH. Anti-inflammatory effects of saponins derived from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorus in lipopolysaccharide‑stimulated BV2 microglial cells. Int J Mol Med 2013; 31:1357-66. [PMID: 23563392 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Radix platycodi is the root of Platycodon grandiflorus A. DC, which has been widely used as a food material and for the treatment of a number of chronic inflammatory diseases in traditional oriental medicine. In this study, the anti‑inflammatory effects of the saponins isolated from radix platycodi (PGS) on the production of inflammatory mediators and cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 murine microglial cells were examined. We also investigated the effects of PGS on LPS‑induced nuclear factor‑κB (NF-κB) activation and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Following stimulation with LPS, elevated nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and pro-inflammatory cytokine production was detected in the BV2 microglial cells. However, PGS significantly inhibited the excessive production of NO, PGE2 and pro‑inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in a concentration-dependent manner without causing any cytotoxic effects. In addition, PGS suppressed NF-κB translocation and inhibited the LPS-induced phosphorylation of AKT and MAPKs. Our results indicate that the inhibitory effect of PGS on LPS-stimulated inflammatory response in BV2 microglial cells is associated with the suppression of NF-κB activation and the PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways. Therefore, these findings suggest that PGS may be useful in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases by inhibiting inflammatory responses in activated microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Jun Jang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dongeui University College of Oriental Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Dong L, Luo Y, Cheng B, Zhang Y, Zhang N, Hou Y, Jiang M, Luo G, Bai G. Bioactivity-integrated ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the identification of nuclear factor-κB inhibitors and β2 adrenergic receptor agonists in Chinese medicinal preparation Chuanbeipipa dropping pills. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:960-7. [PMID: 23483566 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A simple and dual-target method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with dual-bioactive [nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and β2 -adrenergic receptor] luciferase reporter assay systems was developed to rapidly characterize the chemical structure of various bioactive compounds of TCM preparations. Chuanbeipipa dropping pills, a traditional Chinese medicine preparation used for the clinical therapy of chronic obstructive lung disease and cough caused by bronchial catarrh, was analyzed with this method. Potential anti-inflammatory and spasmolytic constituents were screened using NF-κB and β2 -adrenergic receptor activity luciferase reporter assay systems and simultaneously identified according to the time-of-flight mass spectrometry data. One β2-adrenergic receptor agonist (ephedrine) and two structural types of NF-κB inhibitors (platycosides derivatives and ursolic acid derivatives) were characterized. Platycodin D3 and E were considered new NF-κB inhibitors. Further cytokine and chemokine detection confirmed the anti-inflammatory effects of the potential NF-κB inhibitors. Compared with conventional fingerprints, activity-integrated fingerprints that contain both chemical and bioactive details offer a more comprehensive understanding of the chemical makeup of plant materials. This strategy clearly demonstrated that multiple bioactivity-integrated fingerprinting is a powerful tool for the improved screening and identification of potential multi-target lead compounds in complex herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyi Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Kim YK, Kim JK, Kim YB, Lee S, Kim SU, Park SU. Enhanced accumulation of phytosterol and triterpene in hairy root cultures of Platycodon grandiflorum by overexpression of Panax ginseng 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:1928-1934. [PMID: 23298228 DOI: 10.1021/jf304911t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the mevalonate pathway. To elucidate the functions of HMGR in triterpene biosynthesis, Platycodon grandiflorum was transformed with a construct expressing Panax ginseng HMGR (PgHMGR). We used PCR analysis to select transformed hairy root lines and selected six lines for further investigation. Quantitative real-time PCR showed higher expression levels of HMGR and total platycoside levels (1.5-2.5-fold increase) in transgenic lines than in controls. Phytosterols levels were also 1.1-1.6-fold higher in transgenic lines than in controls. Among these lines, line T7 produced the highest level of total platycosides (1.60 ± 0.2 mg g(-1) dry weight) and α-spinasterol (1.78 ± 0.16 mg g(-1) dry weight). These results suggest that metabolic engineering of P. grandiflorum by Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation may enhance production of phytosterols and triterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Hwang YP, Choi JH, Kim HG, Lee HS, Chung YC, Jeong HG. Saponins from Platycodon grandiflorum inhibit hepatic lipogenesis through induction of SIRT1 and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in high-glucose-induced HepG2 cells. Food Chem 2013; 140:115-23. [PMID: 23578622 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum (Changkil saponins, CKS) have antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties. This study investigated the effects of CKS on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and hepatic lipogenesis in HepG2 cells. CKS suppressed high-glucose-induced lipid accumulation and inhibited high-glucose-induced fatty acid synthase (FAS) and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) expression in HepG2 cells. Moreover, the use of a pharmacological AMPK inhibitor revealed that AMPK is essential for the suppression of SREBP-1c expression in CKS-treated cells. Finally, the activation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ) and SIRT1 was necessary for CKS-enhanced activation of AMPK. These results indicate that CKS prevents lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells by blocking the expression of SREBP-1c and FAS through SIRT1 and CaMKKβ/AMPK activation. Using CKS to target AMPK activation may provide a promising approach for the prevention lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Pil Hwang
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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64
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Chun J, Joo EJ, Kang M, Kim YS. Platycodin D induces anoikis and caspase-mediated apoptosis via p38 MAPK in AGS human gastric cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 114:456-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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65
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Diaz P, Jeong SC, Lee S, Khoo C, Koyyalamudi SR. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of selected medicinal plants and fungi containing phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Chin Med 2012; 7:26. [PMID: 23176585 PMCID: PMC3577437 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-7-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to determine the relationship between the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the thirteen herbs and two fungi extracts, and their total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Methods Antioxidant activities were evaluated by four assays: an antioxidant activity assay using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a DPPH ((2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay to assess free radical scavenging, an assay assessing ferrous ions or iron (II) chelating ability, and a ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride methods, respectively. Anti-inflammatory activities were determined by measuring the inhibition of nitric oxide and TNF-α production in lipopolysaccharide- and interferon-γ-activated J774A.1 macrophages. Their cytotoxicities against macrophages were determined by MTT assay. Results A positive linear correlation between antioxidant activities and the total phenolic and flavonoid content of the plant extracts was found. The plant extracts with high phenolic and flavonoid content also exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity with good cell viability. Conclusion The selected herbs could be a rich source of antioxidants and free radical scavenging compounds. The levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds were correlated with the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts from the herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Diaz
- Centre for Complementary Medicine Research, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South DC, NSW 1797, Australia.
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66
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Functional components in Luffa cylindrica and their effects on anti-inflammation of macrophage cells. Food Chem 2012; 135:386-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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67
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Ravipati AS, Zhang L, Koyyalamudi SR, Jeong SC, Reddy N, Bartlett J, Smith PT, Shanmugam K, Münch G, Wu MJ, Satyanarayanan M, Vysetti B. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of selected Chinese medicinal plants and their relation with antioxidant content. Altern Ther Health Med 2012; 12:173. [PMID: 23038995 PMCID: PMC3534023 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main aim of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of forty four traditional Chinese medicinal herbal extracts and to examine these activities in relation to their antioxidant content. METHODS The antioxidant activities were investigated using DPPH radical scavenging method and yeast model. The anti-inflammatory properties of the herbal extracts were evaluated by measuring their ability to inhibit the production of nitric oxide and TNF-α in RAW 264.7 macrophages activated by LPS and IFN- γ, respectively. The cytotoxic effects of the herbal extracts were determined by Alomar Blue assay by measuring cell viability. In order to understand the variation of antioxidant activities of herbal extracts with their antioxidant contents, the total phenolics, total flavonoids and trace metal (Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, Se and Mo) quantities were estimated and a correlation analysis was carried out. RESULTS Results of this study show that significant levels of phenolics, flavonoids and trace metal contents were found in Ligustrum lucidum, Paeonia suffuticosa, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Sanguisorba officinalis, Spatholobus suberectus, Tussilago farfara and Uncaria rhyncophylla, which correlated well with their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Some of the plants displayed high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities but contained low levels of phenolics and flavonoids. Interestingly, these plants contained significant levels of trace metals (such as Zn, Mg and Se) which are likely to be responsible for their activities. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the phenolics, flavonoids and trace metals play an important role in the antioxidant activities of medicinal plants. Many of the plants studied here have been identified as potential sources of new antioxidant compounds.
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68
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Wu J, Yang G, Zhu W, Wen W, Zhang F, Yuan J, An L. Anti-atherosclerotic Activity of Platycodin D Derived from Roots of Platycodon grandiflorum in Human Endothelial Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:1216-21. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b-y110129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Jinan
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University
| | - Wenxing Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University
| | - Wujun Wen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University
| | - Fumiao Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University
| | - Jinduo Yuan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University
| | - Liguo An
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University
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69
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Zhang L, Ravipati AS, Koyyalamudi SR, Jeong SC, Reddy N, Smith PT, Bartlett J, Shanmugam K, Münch G, Wu MJ. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of selected medicinal plants containing phenolic and flavonoid compounds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:12361-12367. [PMID: 22023309 DOI: 10.1021/jf203146e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities of water and ethanol extracts of 14 Chinese medicinal plants were investigated and also their total phenolics and flavonoid contents measured. The antioxidant activity was evaluated in a biological assay using Saccharomyces cerevisiae , whereas the radical scavenging activity was measured using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Total phenolics and flavonoid contents were estimated by Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. The anti-inflammatory activities of the plant extracts were determined by measuring the inhibition of production of nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-α in LPS and IFN-γ activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Their cytotoxic activities against macrophages were determined by Alamar Blue assay. Four plants, namely, Scutellaria baicalensis , Taxillus chinensis , Rheum officinale , and Sophora japonica , showed significant antioxidant activity in both yeast model and also free radical scavenging methods. The ethanol extract of S. japonica showed highest levels of phenolics and flavonoids (91.33 GAE mg/g and 151.86 QE mg/g, respectively). A positive linear correlation between antioxidant activity and the total phenolics and flavonoid contents indicates that these compounds are likely to be the main antioxidants contributing to the observed activities. Five plant extracts (S. baicalensis, T. chinensis, S. japonica, Mahonia fortunei , and Sophora flavescens ) exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity by in vitro inhibition of the production of NO and TNF-α with low IC(50) values. These findings suggest that some of the medicinal herbs studied in this paper are good sources of antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South DC, NSW 1797, Australia
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70
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Hwang YP, Kim HG, Choi JH, Han EH, Kwon KI, Lee YC, Choi JM, Chung YC, Jeong TC, Jeong HG. Saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum suppress ultraviolet A-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression via MAPKs and NF-κB/AP-1-dependent signaling in HaCaT cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:3374-82. [PMID: 22005258 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum (CKS) have been shown to exhibit many pharmacological activities, including anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities and antioxidant effects. However, anti-skin photoaging effects of CKS have not yet been reported. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of CKS against UVA damage on immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT). We then explored the inhibitory effects of CKS on UVA-induced MMP-1 and investigated the molecular mechanism underlying those effects. CKS increased the cell viability and inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in HaCaT cells exposed to UVA irradiation. Pre-treatment of HaCaT cells with CKS inhibited UVA-induced production of MMP-1 and MMP-9. In addition, CKS decreased UVA-induced expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6. Western blot analysis further revealed that CKS markedly suppressed the enhancement of collagen degradation in UVA-exposed HaCaT cells. CKS also suppressed UVA-induced activation of NF-κB or c-Jun and c-Fos, and the phosphorylation of MAPKs, which are upstream modulators of NF-κB and AP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Pil Hwang
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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71
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Jang JR, Hwang SY, Lim SY. Inhibitory Effect of Extracts of Platycodon grandiflorum (the Ballon Flower) on Oxidation and Nitric Oxide Production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.11002/kjfp.2011.18.1.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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72
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A new ursane-type triterpenoid glycoside from Centella asiatica leaves modulates the production of nitric oxide and secretion of TNF-α in activated RAW 264.7 cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1777-81. [PMID: 21353543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Revised: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
One new ursane-type triterpenoid glycoside, asiaticoside G (1), five triterpenoids, asiaticoside (2), asiaticoside F (3), asiatic acid (4), quadranoside IV (5), and 2α,3β,6β-trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl] ester (6), and four flavonoids, kaempferol (7), quercetin (8), astragalin (9), and isoquercetin (10) were isolated from the leaves of Centella asiatica. Their chemical structures were elucidated by mass, 1D- and 2D-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The structure of new compound 1 was determined to be 2α,3β,23,30-tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl] ester. The anti-inflammatory activities of the isolated compounds were investigated on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Asiaticoside G (1) potently inhibited the production of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-α with inhibition rates of 77.3% and 69.0%, respectively, at the concentration of 100 μM.
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73
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Ha IJ, Ha YW, Kang M, Lee J, Park D, Kim YS. Enzymatic transformation of platycosides and one-step separation of platycodin D by high-speed countercurrent chromatography. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:1916-22. [PMID: 20533341 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Platycosides, the saponins found in the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum (Platycodi Radix), are typically composed of oleanane triterpenes with two side chains. In platycosides, platycodin D, a glucose unit at C-3, is a major component, which has several pharmacological activities. Because of the high demand for this compound, we attempted to enzymatically convert platycodin D(3) and platycoside E, having two and three glucose units at C-3, respectively, into platycodin D. In this study, we tested the ability of several glycosidases to transform platycosides, or more specifically, the ability to transform platycoside E and platycodin D(3) into platycodin D. To obtain pure platycodin D on a preparative scale, high-speed countercurrent chromatography with a solvent system of ethyl acetate/n-butanol/water (1.2:1:2, v/v/v) was used for the separation of the enzymatically transformed product. Approximately 39.4 mg of platycodin D (99.8% purity) was obtained from 200 mg of the product in a one-step separation. The results strongly support the advantage of enzymatic transformation of the platycosides for the efficient enrichment of platycodin D in the complicated extract of the medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Jin Ha
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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74
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Sethi G, Sung B, Kunnumakkara AB, Aggarwal BB. Targeting TNF for Treatment of Cancer and Autoimmunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 647:37-51. [PMID: 19760065 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-89520-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was first isolated two decades ago as a macrophageproduced protein that can effectively kill tumor cells. TNF-alpha is also an essential component of the immune system and is required for hematopoiesis, for protection from bacterial infection and for immune cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Extensive research, however, has revealed that TNF-alpha is one of the major players in tumor initiation, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. The proinflammatory activities link TNF-alpha with a wide variety of autoimmune diseases, including psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, diabetes and ankylosing spondylitis. Systemic inhibitors of TNF such as etanercept (Enbrel) (a soluble TNF receptor) and infliximab (Remicade) and adalimumab (Humira) (anti-TNF antibodies) have been approved for the treatment inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. These drugs, however, exhibit severe side effects and are expensive. Hence orally active blockers of TNF-alpha that are safe, efficacious and inexpensive are urgently needed. Numerous products from fruits, vegetable and traditional medicinal plants have been described which can suppress TNF expression and TNF signaling but their clinical potential is yet uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Sethi
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 143, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
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Lee HS, Lee BC, Ku SK. Effect of DHU001, a Polyherbal Formula, on Dinitrofluorobenzene-induced Contact Dermatitis (Type I allergy). Toxicol Res 2010; 26:123-30. [PMID: 24278515 PMCID: PMC3834469 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2010.26.2.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of DHU001, a mixed herbal formula consisted of 7 types aqueous extracts for various respiratory disorders were evaluated on 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) -induced contact dermatitis, type I allergic model. Contact dermatitis was induced by sensitization with dinitrophenyl-derivatized ovalbumin (DNP-OVA) and DNFB challenge as antigen. Two different dosages of DHU001 (300 and 150 mg/kg) were orally administered to DNP-OVA sensitization mice once a day for 7 days with reference material, dexamethasone (15 mg/kg, intraperitoneal treatment) . End of 7 days oral administration of DHU001 extracts or intraperitoneal treatment of dexamethasone, the changes on the edematous changes and scratching behavior were measured. Immediate after DNFB challenge on ear or paw of DNP-OVA sensitized mice, increases of ear and paw thicknesses and weights were detected with anterior ear skin (dermis to epidermis) thickness and paw scratching behavior increases. However, these contact dermatitis signs induced by DNFB treatment were reduced by treatment of the both different dosages of DHU001 and dexamethasone, respectively. The results obtained in this study suggest that oral treatment of DHU001 extracts also has relatively favorable effects on contact dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeung-Sik Lee
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Health and Therapy, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715, Korea
| | - Byung-Chang Lee
- Development Anatomy and Histology, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715, Korea
| | - Sae-Kwang Ku
- Development Anatomy and Histology, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715, Korea
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Hsu CL, Hong BH, Yu YS, Yen GC. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Orthosiphon aristatus and its bioactive compounds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:2150-6. [PMID: 20095565 DOI: 10.1021/jf903557c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq., which can be used as a food ingredient, is grown throughout Southeast Asia and Australia. O. aristatus is frequently used for the treatment of renal inflammation, kidney stones and dysuria. The focus of the current work was to study the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of methanol, ethanol and water extracts from O. aristatus (abbreviated as MEOA, EEOA and WEOA, respectively). The evaluation of antioxidant activity was determined by total phenolics, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), oxygen-radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assays. These assays demonstrated a relatively high antioxidant activity for MEOA and EEOA. These results revealed that EEOA had the most prominent inhibitory effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in RAW 264.7 cells. A high performance liquid chromatography profile indicated that MEOA and EEOA contained both ursolic acid and oleanolic acid. Moreover, ursolic acid significantly reduced NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Both EEOA and ursolic acid inhibited LPS-stimulated protein and mRNA expression of both inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in these cells. These results demonstrate that EEOA and its bioactive compound, ursolic acid, suppress LPS-induced NO and PGE(2) production by inhibiting ROS generation, along with reducing expression of iNOS and COX-2 in RAW 264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Lin Hsu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No 110, Section 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
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Ha YW, Na YC, Ha IJ, Kim DH, Kim YS. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based structural analysis of new platycoside metabolites transformed by human intestinal bacteria. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51:202-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2009] [Revised: 07/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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78
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Kim HD, Cho KH, Lee BW, Kwon YS, Lee HS, Choi SH, Ku SK. Effects of Magnetic Infrared Laser Irradiation on Formalin-Induced Chronic Paw Inflammation of Mice. J Phys Ther Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.22.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-Dong Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Korea University
| | - Kwang-Ho Cho
- Department of Radiological Science, Baekseok Culture University
| | - Byung-Wook Lee
- Department of Medical Literature and History, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University
| | - Young-Sam Kwon
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University
| | - Hyeung-Sik Lee
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Health and Therapy, Daegu Haany University
| | - Seong-Hun Choi
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University
| | - Sae-Kwang Ku
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University
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Choi JH, Hwang YP, Lee HS, Jeong HG. Inhibitory effect of Platycodi Radix on ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma. Food Chem Toxicol 2009. [DOI: 10.10.1016/j.fct.2009.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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80
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Ha YW, Kim YS. Preparative isolation of six major saponins from Platycodi Radix by high-speed counter-current chromatography. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2009; 20:207-13. [PMID: 19259943 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Platycosides, the primary constituents of Platycodi Radix, are known to have numerous and varied biological activities, exerting anti-inflammation, anti-allergy, anti-tumour, anti-obesity and anti-hyperlipidemia effects. However, effective methods for isolating and purifying platycosides from Platycodi Radix are not currently available. OBJECTIVE To develop an efficient method for the preparative separation of six platycosides from Platycodi Radix by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) coupled with an evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) system. METHODOLOGY Preparative separation was performed by water extraction using reversed-phase C(18) column chromatography on an HSCCC-ELSD system. A two-phase solvent system comprised hexane-n-butanol-water (1:40:20, v/v) and (1:10:5, v/v) was employed. Two other key parameters, revolution speed of the separation column and flow-rate of the mobile phase, were also investigated for optimum HSCCC performance. Each peak fraction obtained from separation of the platycosides was collected according to the ELSD elution profile and determined by HPLC. RESULTS Using the described method, six platycosides, all with purities of over 94%, could be isolated from 300 mg of the platycoside-enriched fraction. Their structures were characterized by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), (1)H-NMR and (13)C-NMR. CONCLUSION Six of the main bioactive platycosides in Platycodi Radix could be isolated and purified systematically by HSCCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Wan Ha
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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81
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Choi JH, Hwang YP, Lee HS, Jeong HG. Inhibitory effect of Platycodi Radix on ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:1272-9. [PMID: 19264106 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by an associated increase in airway responsiveness. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of an aqueous extract from the root of Platycodi Radix (Changkil: CK) on airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma. Mice were sensitized and challenged by ovalbumin (OVA) inhalation to induce chronic airway inflammation and airway remodeling. CK markedly decreased the number of infiltrated inflammatory cells and the levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines and chemokines compared with those in the OVA-induced group. In addition, CK reduced OVA-specific IgE levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Based on lung histopathological studies, inflammatory cell infiltration and mucus hypersecretion were inhibited by CK administration compared to that in the OVA-induced group. Lung weight was reduced after CK administration. Also, increased generation of ROS in BAL fluid, as well as NF-kappaB nuclear translocation, by inhalation of OVA was diminished by CK. Moreover, CK reduced the OVA-induced upregulation of matrix metalloproteases activity. These findings indicate that oxidative stress may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma induced by OVA and that CK may be useful as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Choi
- BK 21 Project Team, Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 375 Seosuk-dong, Gwangju 501-759, South Korea
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Shin DY, Kim GY, Li W, Choi BT, Kim ND, Kang HS, Choi YH. Implication of intracellular ROS formation, caspase-3 activation and Egr-1 induction in platycodon D-induced apoptosis of U937 human leukemia cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2009; 63:86-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Lee KJ, Hwang SJ, Choi JH, Jeong HG. Saponins derived from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum inhibit HT-1080 cell invasion and MMPs activities: Regulation of NF-κB activation via ROS signal pathway. Cancer Lett 2008; 268:233-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Back YD, Lee HS, Ku SK. Effects of DHU001, a Mixed Herbal Formula on Acute Inflammation in Mice. Toxicol Res 2008; 24:189-194. [PMID: 32038794 PMCID: PMC7006309 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2008.24.3.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of DHU001, a mixed herbal formula consisted of 7 types aqueous extracts for treating respiratory disorders were observed on xylene-induced acute inflammation. The xylene was topically applied 60 min after administration of 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg of DHU001, and all animals were sacrificed 2 hrs after xylene application. The changes on ear weights, histolopathological analyses of ear were evaluated and compared to those of indomethacin and dexamethasone (15 mg/kg treated) - Both of drugs are well-known by anti-inflammatory agents. Xylene application resulted in marked increases in induced ear weights as compared with intact control ear. Severe vasodilation, edematous changes of ear skin and increase in the thickness of the ear tissues, neutrophil infiltration as acute inflammation were detected in xylene-treated control ears at histopathological observation. However, these xylene-induced acute inflammatory changes were dose-dependently decreased by oral treatment of DHU001. Therefore, it is concluded that DHU001 has favorable anti-inflammatory effects on xylene-applicated acute ear inflamed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Doo Back
- 15Department of Herbal Biotechnology, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, 712-715 Korea
| | - Hyeung-Sik Lee
- 15Department of Herbal Biotechnology, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, 712-715 Korea
| | - Sae-Kwang Ku
- 25Department Anatomy and Histology, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, 290, Yugok-dong, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 712-715 Korea
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85
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Xie Y, Pan H, Sun H, Li D. A promising balanced Th1 and Th2 directing immunological adjuvant, saponins from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum. Vaccine 2008; 26:3937-45. [PMID: 18547688 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 12/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The haemolytic activities and adjuvant potentials of Platycodon grandiflorum saponin (PGS) and its fractions on the cellular and humoral immune responses of ICR mice against ovalbumin (OVA) were evaluated. PGS was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford four fractions, and two fractions PGSC and PGSD selected for testing for activities because of containing dominant saponin peaks. PGS, PGSC, and PGSD showed a slight haemolytic effect, with their HD50 value being 37.91+/-2.24, 21.30+/-1.22, 37.58+/-1.86 microg/ml against 0.5% rabbit red blood cell, respectively. ICR mice were immunized subcutaneously with OVA 100 microg alone or with OVA 100 microg dissolved in saline containing Alum (200 microg), Quil A (10 microg), PGS (50, 100 or 200 microg), PGSC, or PGSD (25, 50 or 100 microg) on days 1 and 15. Two weeks later (day 28), concanavalin A (Con A)-, pokeweed (PWM)-, and OVA-stimulated splenocyte proliferation and OVA-specific antibodies in serum were measured. PGS and PGSC significantly enhanced the Con A-, PWM-, and OVA-induced splenocyte proliferation in OVA-immunized mice at three doses (P<0.01 or P<0.001). However, no significant differences (P>0.05) were observed among the OVA group, OVA/Alum group and OVA/PGSD group. OVA-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2b antibody levels in serum were significantly enhanced by PGS, PGSC, and PGSD compared with OVA control group (P<0.05, P<0.01, or P<0.001). Moreover, the adjuvant effects of PGSC (50 or 100 microg) on the OVA-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2b antibody responses to OVA in mice were more significant than those of Alum. In conclusion, PGS seem to be a promising balanced Th1 and Th2 directing immunological adjuvants which can enhance the immunogenicity of vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xie
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Kaixuan Road 268, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310029, People's Republic of China
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86
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Structural analysis of platycosides in Platycodi Radix by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1189:467-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Revised: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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87
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Chung JW, Noh EJ, Zhao HL, Sim JS, Ha YW, Shin EM, Lee EB, Cheong CS, Kim YS. Anti-inflammatory Activity of Prosapogenin Methyl Ester of Platycodin D via Nuclear Factor-kappaB Pathway Inhibition. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:2114-20. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.2114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Chung
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University
| | - Eun Jung Noh
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University
| | - Hai Lin Zhao
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University
| | - Joon-Soo Sim
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University
- National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology
| | - Young Wan Ha
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University
| | - Eun Myoung Shin
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University
| | - Eun Bang Lee
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University
| | | | - Yeong Shik Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University
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88
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Kim MO, Moon DO, Choi YH, Lee JD, Kim ND, Kim GY. Platycodin D induces mitotic arrestin vitro, leading to endoreduplication, inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis in leukemia cells. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:2674-81. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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89
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Ha YW, Na YC, Seo JJ, Kim SN, Linhardt RJ, Kim YS. Qualitative and quantitative determination of ten major saponins in Platycodi Radix by high performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1135:27-35. [PMID: 17007864 PMCID: PMC4142639 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Revised: 09/02/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Saponins in Platycodi Radix (platycosides) exhibit potent biological activities in mammalian systems, including several beneficial effects such as anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anti-obesity activities. In this study, we developed a new HPLC separation coupled with evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) for the simultaneous quantitative determination of ten major saponins in Platycodi Radix. Simultaneous separation of these saponins was achieved on a C18 analytical column. The mobile phase consisted of a gradient of aqueous acetonitrile. The method was validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection and quantification. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and liquid chromatography coupled with on-line mass spectrometry (LC-ESI MS/MS) were applied to identify platycosides in the purified fractions and in the crude extract. Under ESI-MS/MS conditions, the fragmentation patterns of [M-H]- ions exclusively show signals corresponding to cleavage of the glycosidic bonds, thus allowing a rapid identification of saponins in the crude extract of Platycodi Radix. The validated HPLC method provides a new basis of overall assessment on quality of Platycodi Radix, and ESI-MS/MS and LC-ESI MS/MS approaches offers analytical tools for a rapid screening of platycosides in the crude extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Wan Ha
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 28 Yeonkun-Dong, Jongno-Ku, Seoul 110-460, South Korea
| | - Yun-Cheol Na
- Korea Basic Science Institute, 126-16 Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Ku, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
| | - Jung-Ju Seo
- Korea Basic Science Institute, 126-16 Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Ku, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
| | - Soo-Na Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 28 Yeonkun-Dong, Jongno-Ku, Seoul 110-460, South Korea
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180-3590, USA
| | - Yeong Shik Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 28 Yeonkun-Dong, Jongno-Ku, Seoul 110-460, South Korea
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +82 2 740 8929; fax: +82 2 765 4768. (Y.S. Kim)
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90
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Jang MH, Kim CJ, Kim EH, Kim MG, Leem KH, Kim J. Effects of Platycodon grandiflorum on Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Production of Prostaglandin E2, Nitric Oxide, and Interleukin-8 in Mouse Microglial BV2 Cells. J Med Food 2006; 9:169-74. [PMID: 16822201 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2006.9.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The roots of Platycodon grandiflorum, which belongs to the Campanulaceae family, have been used as a food material and as a traditional Oriental medicine. The effect of P. grandiflorum against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammation was investigated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, prostaglandin E(2 )(PGE(2)) immunoassay, nitric oxide (NO) detection assay, and interleurkin-8 (IL- 8) immunoassay on BV2 microglial cells. The aqueous extract of P. grandiflorum was shown to suppress PGE(2 )synthesis and NO production by inhibiting LPS-stimulated cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 activity and expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) mRNAs. In addition, the treatment with P. grandiflorum reduced the LPS-induced IL-8 release. These results suggest that P. grandiflorum inhibits PGE(2) and NO production through its suppression of LPS-induced COX-2 and iNOS expression, and also reduces IL-8 secretion by microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hyeon Jang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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