51
|
Dhami S, Nurmatov U, Pajno GB, Fernandez-Rivas M, Muraro A, Roberts G, Akdis C, Alvaro-Lozano M, Beyer K, Bindslev-Jensen C, Burks W, du Toit G, Ebisawa M, Eigenmann P, Knol E, Makela M, Nadeau KC, O'Mahony L, Papadopoulos N, Poulsen L, Sackesen C, Sampson H, Santos A, van Ree R, Timmermans F, Sheikh A. Allergen immunotherapy for IgE-mediated food allergy: protocol for a systematic review. Clin Transl Allergy 2016; 6:24. [PMID: 27382460 PMCID: PMC4932703 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-016-0113-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) is in the process of developing the EAACI Guidelines for Allergen Immunotherapy (AIT) for IgE-mediated food allergy. We seek to critically assess the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and safety of AIT in IgE-mediated food allergy. Methods We will undertake a systematic review, which will involve searching international biomedical databases for published, in progress and unpublished evidence. Studies will be independently screened against pre-defined eligibility criteria and critically appraised using established instruments. Data will be descriptively and, if possible and appropriate, quantitatively synthesised. Discussion The findings from this review will be used to inform the development of recommendations for EAACI’s Guidelines on AIT. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13601-016-0113-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulugbek Nurmatov
- Division of Population Medicine Neuadd Meirionnydd, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | - Antonella Muraro
- Food Allergy Referral Centre Veneto Region, Department of Women and Child Health, Padua General University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Graham Roberts
- The David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Newport Isle of Wight, NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Cezmi Akdis
- Swiss Institute for Allergy and Asthma Research, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Montserrat Alvaro-Lozano
- Paediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Section, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kirsten Beyer
- Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany ; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | | | - Wesley Burks
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - George du Toit
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Department of Paediatric Allergy, MRC and Asthma Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Motohiro Ebisawa
- Department of Allergy, Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Philippe Eigenmann
- University Hospitals of Geneva and Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Edward Knol
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands ; Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mika Makela
- Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Christine Nadeau
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Liam O'Mahony
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | | | - Lars Poulsen
- Allergy Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
| | | | - Hugh Sampson
- World Allergy Organization (WAO), Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Alexandra Santos
- Division of Asthma Allergy and Lung Biology, Department of Paediatric Allergy, King's College London/Guy's, and St Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frans Timmermans
- Nederlands Anafylaxis Netwerk - European Anaphylaxis Taskforce, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Allergy and Respiratory Research Group, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Javaux C, Stordeur P, Azarkan M, Mascart F, Baeyens-Volant D. Isolation of a thiol-dependent serine protease in peanut and investigation of its role in the complement and the allergic reaction. Mol Immunol 2016; 75:133-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
53
|
Chen X, Negi SS, Liao S, Gao V, Braun W, Dreskin SC. Conformational IgE epitopes of peanut allergens Ara h 2 and Ara h 6. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:1120-1128. [PMID: 27238146 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-linking of IgE antibody by specific epitopes on the surface of mast cells is a prerequisite for triggering symptoms of peanut allergy. IgE epitopes are frequently categorized as linear or conformational epitopes. Although linear IgE-binding epitopes of peanut allergens have been defined, little is known about conformational IgE-binding epitopes. OBJECTIVE To identify clinically relevant conformational IgE epitopes of the two most important peanut allergens, Ara h 2 and Ara h 6, using phage peptide library. METHODS A phage 12mer peptide library was screened with allergen-specific IgE from 4 peanut-allergic patients. Binding of the mimotopes to IgE from a total of 29 peanut-allergic subjects was measured by ELISA. The mimotope sequences were mapped on the surface areas of Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 using EpiSearch. RESULTS Forty-one individual mimotopes were identified that specifically bind anti- Ara h 2/Ara h 6 IgE as well as rabbit anti-Ara h 2 and anti-Ara h 6 IgG. Sequence alignment showed that none of the mimotope sequences match a linear segment of the Ara h 2 or Ara h 6 sequences. EpiSearch analysis showed that all the mimotopes mapped to surface patches of Ara h 2 and Ara h 6. Eight of the mimotopes were recognized by more than 90% of the patients, suggesting immunodominance. Each patient had distinct IgE recognition patterns but the recognition frequency was not correlated to the concentration of peanut specific IgE or to clinical history. CONCLUSIONS The mimotopes identified in this study represent conformational epitopes. Identification of similar surface patches on Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 further underscores the similarities between these two potent allergens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueni Chen
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Surendra S Negi
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Sumei Liao
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Valerie Gao
- Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
| | - Werner Braun
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Stephen C Dreskin
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Allergenicity attributes of different peanut market types. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 91:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
55
|
Chung MY, Shin HS, Choi DW, Shon DH. Citrus Tachibana
Leaf Extract Mitigates Symptoms of Food Allergy by Inhibiting Th2-Associated Responses. J Food Sci 2016; 81:H1537-45. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yu Chung
- Div. of Creative Food Science for Health; Korea Food Research Inst; Seongnam 463-746 Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Soon Shin
- Food Biotechnology Program; Korea Univ. of Science and Technology; Daejeon 305-350 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Woon Choi
- Div. of Creative Food Science for Health; Korea Food Research Inst; Seongnam 463-746 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hwa Shon
- Food Biotechnology Program; Korea Univ. of Science and Technology; Daejeon 305-350 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Plundrich NJ, White BL, Dean LL, Davis JP, Foegeding EA, Lila MA. Stability and immunogenicity of hypoallergenic peanut protein-polyphenol complexes during in vitro pepsin digestion. Food Funct 2016; 6:2145-54. [PMID: 26007692 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00162e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Allergenic peanut proteins are relatively resistant to digestion, and if digested, metabolized peptides tend to remain large and immunoreactive, triggering allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. In this study, the stability of hypoallergenic peanut protein-polyphenol complexes was evaluated during simulated in vitro gastric digestion. When digested with pepsin, the basic subunit of the peanut allergen Ara h 3 was more rapidly hydrolyzed in peanut protein-cranberry or green tea polyphenol complexes compared to uncomplexed peanut flour. Ara h 2 was also hydrolyzed more quickly in the peanut protein-cranberry polyphenol complex than in uncomplexed peanut flour. Peptides from peanut protein-cranberry polyphenol complexes and peanut protein-green tea polyphenol complexes were substantially less immunoreactive (based on their capacity to bind to peanut-specific IgE from patient plasma) compared to peptides from uncomplexed peanut flour. These results suggest that peanut protein-polyphenol complexes may be less immunoreactive passing through the digestive tract in vivo, contributing to their attenuated allergenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie J Plundrich
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Singh H, Cantoria MJ, Malave P, Saputra D, Maleki S. Standardization of RP-HPLC methods for the detection of the major peanut allergens Ara h 1, Ara h 2 and Ara h 3. Food Chem 2016; 194:383-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
58
|
Yu M, Liu H, Shi A, Liu L, Wang Q. Preparation of resveratrol-enriched and poor allergic protein peanut sprout from ultrasound treated peanut seeds. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2016; 28:334-340. [PMID: 26384916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Peanut sprout is a kind of high quality natural food which has important effect on health-care. It contains abundant bioactive substances such as resveratrol and lower fat. Naturally, resveratrol occurs in stilbene phytoalexin phenolic compound produced in response to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, the influence of ultrasonic stimulation on the resveratrol accumulate in germinant peanut prepared from three varieties (FH12, FH18, and BS1016) in the dry state before steeping were investigated. All experiments were performed using an ultrasonic cleaner bath operating at three frequencies (28, 45 and 100 kHz) for 20 min at constant temperature 30°C. The resulted amounts of resveratrol in peanut sprout were increasing by 2.25, 3.34, and 1.71 times compared with the control group of peanut germinated from FH12, FH18, and BS1016, respectively, after 3d with decreasing the amounts of allergic protein. After ultrasound, the germination rate and total sugar content increased slightly while the crude fat decreased and protein remained unchanged. Overall, the study results indicated that ultrasound treatment combined with germination can be an effective method for producing enriched-resveratrol and poor allergic protein peanut sprout as a functional vegetable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, P.O. Box 5109, Beijing 100193, China; Institute of Food and Processing, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China; Department of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
| | - Hongzhi Liu
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, P.O. Box 5109, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Aimin Shi
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, P.O. Box 5109, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Liu
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, P.O. Box 5109, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, P.O. Box 5109, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Abstract
Food allergies are increasing in prevalence. In order for pediatric clinicians to appropriately diagnose and manage food allergies, the characteristic signs and symptoms of these potentially severe reactions must be recognized. Unlike nonimmunologic adverse food reactions (such as lactose intolerance and food poisoning), food allergies by definition are immune-mediated responses that occur reproducibly on food ingestion. The varying clinical presentations of food allergy include IgE-mediated disorders, mixed IgE- and cell-mediated disorders, and cell-mediated food allergies. This review describes the clinical manifestations of each of these categories of food allergy, with special emphasis on recognition of food-induced anaphylaxis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hemant P Sharma
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's National Health System, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Shweta Bansil
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's National Health System, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Burcin Uygungil
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's National Health System, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Worm M, Reese I, Ballmer-Weber B, Beyer K, Bischoff SC, Classen M, Fischer PJ, Fuchs T, Huttegger I, Jappe U, Klimek L, Koletzko B, Lange L, Lepp U, Mahler V, Niggemann B, Rabe U, Raithel M, Saloga J, Schäfer C, Schnadt S, Schreiber J, Szépfalusi Z, Treudler R, Wagenmann M, Watzl B, Werfel T, Zuberbier T, Kleine-Tebbe J. Guidelines on the management of IgE-mediated food allergies: S2k-Guidelines of the German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI) in collaboration with the German Medical Association of Allergologists (AeDA), the German Professional Association of Pediatricians (BVKJ), the German Allergy and Asthma Association (DAAB), German Dermatological Society (DDG), the German Society for Nutrition (DGE), the German Society for Gastroenterology, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases (DGVS), the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, the German Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (DGKJ), the German Society for Pediatric Allergology and Environmental Medicine (GPA), the German Society for Pneumology (DGP), the German Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition (GPGE), German Contact Allergy Group (DKG), the Austrian Society for Allergology and Immunology (Æ-GAI), German Professional Association of Nutritional Sciences (VDOE) and the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies Germany (AWMF). ALLERGO JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL 2015; 24:256-293. [PMID: 27069841 PMCID: PMC4792347 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-015-0074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margitta Worm
- />Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
- />Allergy-Center-Charité Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Imke Reese
- />Nutrition Counseling and Treatment with Specialist Focus on Allergy, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Kirsten Beyer
- />Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pneumology and Immunology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan C. Bischoff
- />Institute for Nutritional Medicine and Prevention, Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Martin Classen
- />Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Klinikum Links der Weser gGmbH, Bremen, Germany
| | - Peter J. Fischer
- />Specialist Practice for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine with Focus on Allergology and Pediatric Pneumology, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Thomas Fuchs
- />Department of Dermatology, Georg-August University, Gõttingen, Germany
| | - Isidor Huttegger
- />University Clinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg Regional Clinics, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Uta Jappe
- />Department of Dermatology, Allergology, and Venereology, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospital, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ludger Klimek
- />Center for Rhinology and Allergology, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- />Dr. von Haunersches Children‘s Hospital, Division of Metabolic Diseases and and Nutritional Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Lars Lange
- />Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, St.-Marien Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Vera Mahler
- />Department of Dermatology, Erlangen University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bodo Niggemann
- />Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pneumology and Immunology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Rabe
- />Specialist Department of Pneumology, Division for Asthma and Allergology, Johanniter Hospital Treuenbrietzen gGmbH, Treuenbrietzen, Germany
| | - Martin Raithel
- />Gastroenterology, Pneumology, and Endocrinology, Erlangen University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joachim Saloga
- />Department of Dermatology, Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Schnadt
- />German Allergy and Asthma Association, Monchengladbach, Germany
| | - Jens Schreiber
- />Division of Pneumology, University Hospital of the Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Zsolt Szépfalusi
- />Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Vienna Medical University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Regina Treudler
- />Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Wagenmann
- />Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bernhard Watzl
- />Max-Rubner Institute, Nutritional Physiology and Biochemistry, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Werfel
- />Department of Dermatology, Allergology, and Venereology, Hannover Medical University, Hannover, Germany
| | - Torsten Zuberbier
- />Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
|
62
|
Kim HY, Han Y, Kim K, Lee JY, Kim MJ, Ahn K, Kim J. Diagnostic Value of Specific IgE to Peanut and Ara h 2 in Korean Children with Peanut Allergy. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2015; 8:156-60. [PMID: 26739409 PMCID: PMC4713879 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2016.8.2.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to establish the diagnostic decision point (DDP) of peanut specific IgE (sIgE) for predicting the outcome of oral food challenge (OFC). We also evaluated the usefulness of sIgE to peanut components (Ara h 1, 2, 3, 8, and 9) in diagnosing peanut allergy. METHODS Korean children aged over 12 months with a suspected peanut allergy were enrolled. Diagnosis of peanut allergy was confirmed by an open OFC or through the convincing history of anaphylaxis. Cutoff levels of sIgE to peanut and peanut components were determined by analyzing receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS Forty-eight children (22 boys and 26 girls) with a suspected peanut allergy were enrolled. The previously established DDP for peanut-sIgE antibodies (14 kU/L) showed a sensitivity of 22.7%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 100%, and negative predictive value of 60.4% in our study population. The median levels of peanut-sIgE (5.4 kU/L vs 1.1 kU/L, P<0.001) and Ara h 2-sIgE (0.8 kU/L vs 0 kU/L, P<0.001) were significantly higher in the peanut allergy group than in the peanut tolerance group. The peanut-sIgE concentration indicating a PPV of 100% was 10.3 kU/L. The Ara h 2-sIgE level of 4.0 kU/L had a PPV of 100%. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that the cutoff levels for peanut (10.3 kU/L) and Ara h 2 (4.0 kU/L) established in this study is useful for the diagnosis of peanut allergy in Korean children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Research Institute of Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Youngshin Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Environmental Health Center for Atopic Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwanghoon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Research Institute of Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Ji Young Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Environmental Health Center for Atopic Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Department of Biostatistics, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kangmo Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Environmental Health Center for Atopic Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Environmental Health Center for Atopic Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Herbert LJ, Lin A, Matsui E, Wood RA, Sharma H. Development of a Tool to Measure Youths’ Food Allergy Management Facilitators and Barriers. J Pediatr Psychol 2015; 41:363-72. [DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsv099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
64
|
Spergel JM. An allergist's perspective to the evaluation of Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2015; 29:771-781. [PMID: 26552776 PMCID: PMC4641822 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) is a classic atopic disease as it shares features with other atopic disease on all levels including pathogenesis, genetics, epidemiology, and treatment options. EoE has elements of Th2 pathogenesis with increase levels of Th2 cytokines (IL4, 5, and 13). In addition, it shares atopic genetic risk factors including thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) loci as a risk factor in genome wide association studies. EoE patients have a higher rate of other atopic disease (asthma, allergic rhinitis and food allergy) compared to the general population indicating their atopic phenotype. Like asthma, atopic dermatitis or food allergy, EoE has increased in the last 20 years. Treatment options include the basic principle of other atopic diseases include using topical steroids or avoidance of the triggers (food or pollen). An allergist provides a critical role as they are experts in the treatment of atopic disease including avoidance strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Spergel
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Cabanillas B, Cuadrado C, Rodriguez J, Hart J, Burbano C, Crespo JF, Novak N. Potential changes in the allergenicity of three forms of peanut after thermal processing. Food Chem 2015; 183:18-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
66
|
Joshi AA, Peczuh MW, Kumar CV, Rusling JF. Ultrasensitive carbohydrate-peptide SPR imaging microarray for diagnosing IgE mediated peanut allergy. Analyst 2015; 139:5728-33. [PMID: 25259443 DOI: 10.1039/c4an01544d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Severity of peanut allergies is linked to allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies in blood, but diagnostics from assays using glycoprotein allergen mixtures may be inaccurate. Measuring IgEs specific to individual peptide and carbohydrate epitopes of allergenic proteins is promising. We report here the first immunoarray for IgEs utilizing both peptide and carbohydrate epitopes. A surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) microarray was equipped with peptide and β-xylosyl glycoside (BXG) epitopes from major peanut allergen glycoprotein Arachis hypogaea h2 (Ara-h2). A monoclonal anti-IgE antibody was included as positive control. IgEs were precaptured onto magnetic beads loaded with polyclonal anti-IgE antibodies to enhance sensitivity and minimize non-specific binding. As little as 0.1 attomole (0.5 pg mL(-1)) IgE was detected from dilute serum in 45 min. IgEs binding to Ara-h2 peptide and BXG were quantified in 10 μL of patient serum and correlated with standard ImmunoCAP values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit A Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, U-3060, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Effect of thermal and electric field treatment on the conformation of Ara h 6 peanut protein allergen. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
68
|
Monaci L, De Angelis E, Bavaro SL, Pilolli R. High-resolution Orbitrap™-based mass spectrometry for rapid detection of peanuts in nuts. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1607-16. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1070235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
69
|
Wainstein BK, Saad RA. Repeat oral food challenges in peanut and tree nut allergic children with a history of mild/moderate reactions. Asia Pac Allergy 2015; 5:170-6. [PMID: 26240794 PMCID: PMC4521166 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2015.5.3.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In peanut and tree nut allergic children a history of anaphylaxis is associated with subsequent severe reactions. OBJECTIVE We aimed to prospectively rechallenge peanut and tree nut allergic children with a history of mild/moderate reactions to assess their allergy over time. METHODS In this cohort study peanut and tree nut allergic children with a history of mild/moderate reactions during a controlled oral challenge were invited to have a follow-up oral challenge to the same food at least 1 year later. RESULTS Twenty-six children participated in the study. The mean time interval between the first and second challenge for all participants was 35.5 months. Peanut or tree nut allergy resolved in 38.5% of participants. Those with persistent peanut or tree nut allergy showed a decrease in their reaction threshold and/or increased severity in 81% of cases. There were no demographic features or skin test results that were predictive of changes in severity over time. CONCLUSION Peanut and tree nut allergic children with a history of mild/moderate reactions who remained allergic demonstrated a high rate of more severe reactions and/or reduced thresholds upon rechallenge over a year later, however, the rate of resolution of allergy in this group may be higher than previously reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brynn Kevin Wainstein
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia. ; School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Rebecca Anne Saad
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Lee B, Kim EY, Kim JH, Min JH, Jeong DW, Jun JY, Cho CY, Sohn Y, Jung HS. Antiallergic effects of peiminine through the regulation of inflammatory mediators in HMC-1 cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2015; 37:351-8. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2015.1059441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
71
|
Okada Y, Yanagida N, Sato S, Ogawa A, Ogura K, Nagakura K, Emura S, Asaumi T, Unno H, Manabe T, Ogura K, Iikura K, Ebisawa M. Oral immunotherapy initiation for multi-nut allergy: a case report. Allergol Int 2015; 64:192-3. [PMID: 25838098 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
|
72
|
Sato A, Zhang T, Yonekura L, Tamura H. Antiallergic activities of eleven onions (Allium cepa) were attributed to quercetin 4′-glucoside using QuEChERS method and Pearson's correlation coefficient. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
|
73
|
Anti-allergic properties of curine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid. Molecules 2015; 20:4695-707. [PMID: 25781071 PMCID: PMC6272261 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20034695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Curine is a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Chondrodendron platyphyllum (Menispermaceae). Recent findings have shed light on the actions of curine in different models of allergy and inflammation. Here we review the properties and mechanisms of action of curine focusing on its anti-allergic effects. Curine pre-treatment significantly inhibited the scratching behavior, paw edema and systemic anaphylaxis induced by either ovalbumin (OVA) in sensitized animals or compound 48/80, through mechanisms of mast cell stabilization and inhibition of mast cell activation to generate lipid mediators. In addition, oral administration of curine significantly inhibited eosinophil recruitment and activation, as well as, OVA-induced airway hyper-responsiveness in a mouse model of asthma, through inhibition of the production of IL-13 and eotaxin, and of Ca2+ influx. In conclusion, curine exhibit anti-allergic effects in models of lung, skin and systemic allergy in the absence of significant toxicity, and as such has the potential for anti-allergic drug development.
Collapse
|
74
|
Yu J, Hernandez M, Li H, Goktepe I, Robinette C, Auerbach A, Peden D, Ahmedna M. Allergenicity of roasted peanuts treated with a non-human digestive protease. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
75
|
Jayasena S, Smits M, Fiechter D, de Jong A, Nordlee J, Baumert J, Taylor SL, Pieters RH, Koppelman SJ. Comparison of six commercial ELISA kits for their specificity and sensitivity in detecting different major peanut allergens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:1849-1855. [PMID: 25651402 DOI: 10.1021/jf504741t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Six commercial peanut enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits were assessed for their ability to recover peanut from the standard reference material 2387 peanut butter and also for their specificity in detecting four major peanut allergens, Ara h 1, Ara h 2, Ara h 3, and Ara h 6. The percentage recovery of peanut from peanut butter differed across different kits as well as at different sample concentrations. The highest recovery was observed with the Romer and R-Biopharm kits, while four other kits were found to underestimate the protein content of the reference peanut butter samples. Five of the kits were most sensitive in detecting Ara h 3 followed by Ara h 1, while hardly recognizing Ara h 2 and Ara h 6. The other kit showed the highest sensitivity to Ara h 2 and Ara h 6, while Ara h 1 and Ara h 3 were poorly recognized. Although Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 are known to be heat stable and more potent allergens, antisera specific to any of these four peanut proteins/allergens may serve as good markers for the detection of peanut residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shyamali Jayasena
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Nebraska , 143 Food Industry Complex, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0919, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Abstract
Peanut allergy is common and can be a cause of severe, life-threatening reactions. It is rarely outgrown like other food allergies such as egg and milk. Measures aiming to reduce its prevalence via maternal avoidance during pregnancy and lactation, or delayed introduction into the diet, have failed to show any benefit. Peanut allergy has a significant effect on the quality of life of sufferers and their families due to dietary and social restrictions, but mainly stemming from fear of accidental peanut ingestion. The current management consists of strict avoidance, education and provision of emergency medication. Families find avoidance challenging as peanut is hidden in various food products. Despite the fact that food labelling has improved, with a legal obligation to declare certain food allergens (including nuts) in prepacked products, it still causes confusion and does not extend to cross-contamination. In an effort to address issues of safety at school, a lot of work has been undertaken to better care for peanut-allergic children in that environment. This includes training of school staff on how to recognise and treat allergic reactions promptly. Recent developments in the management of peanut allergy, such as immunotherapy, have shown some promise as an active form of treatment, but larger studies are required to further investigate safety and efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Anagnostou
- Department of Paediatric Allergy, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Andrew Clark
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Abstract
Peanut allergy is an IgE-mediated, persisting immune disorder that is of major concern worldwide. Currently, no routine immunotherapy is available to treat this often severe and sometimes fatal food allergy. Traditional subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy with crude peanut extracts has proven not feasible due to the high risk of severe systemic side effects. The allergen-specific approaches under preclinical and clinical investigation comprise subcutaneous, oral, sublingual and epicutaneous immunotherapy with whole-peanut extracts as well as applications of hypoallergenic peanut allergens or T cell epitope peptides. Allergen-nonspecific approaches include monoclonal anti-IgE antibodies, TCM herbal formulations and Toll-like receptor 9-based immunotherapy. The potential of genetically engineered plants with reduced allergen levels is being explored as well as the beneficial influence of lactic acid bacteria and soybean isoflavones on peanut allergen-induced symptoms. Although the underlying mechanisms still need to be elucidated, several of these strategies hold great promise. It can be estimated that individual strategies or a combination thereof will result in a successful immunotherapy regime for peanut-allergic individuals within the next decade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merima Bublin
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Abstract
Anaphylaxis and urticaria are common presenting allergic complaints. Affecting up to 2% of the population, anaphylaxis is a serious, life-threatening allergic reaction. Although not life-threatening, urticaria is a rash of transient, erythematous, pruritic wheals that can be bothersome and affects up to 25% of the population. All cases of anaphylaxis warrant thorough clinical evaluation by the allergist-immunologist, although most cases of urticaria are self-limited and do not require specialist referral. This article offers an overview of our current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, triggers, diagnosis, and treatment of anaphylaxis and urticaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelli W Williams
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hemant P Sharma
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's National Medical Center, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Long KD, Yu H, Cunningham BT. Smartphone instrument for portable enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:3792-806. [PMID: 25426311 PMCID: PMC4242018 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.003792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the utilization of a smartphone camera as a spectrometer that is capable of measuring Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) at biologically-relevant concentrations with the aid of a custom cradle that aligns a diffraction grating and a collimating lens between a light source and the imaging sensor. Two example biomarkers are assayed using conventional ELISA protocols: IL-6, a protein used diagnostically for several types of cancer, and Ara h 1, one of the principle peanut allergens. In addition to the demonstration of limits of detection at medically-relevant concentrations, a screening of various cookies was completed to measure levels of peanut cross-contamination in local bakeries. The results demonstrate the utility of the instrument for quantitatively performing broad classes of homogeneous colorimetric assays, in which the endpoint readout is the color change of a liquid sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D. Long
- Department of Bioengineering, Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 208 N. Wright Street, Urbana, IL, 61801,
USA
| | - Hojeong Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 208 N. Wright Street, Urbana, IL, 61801,
USA
| | - Brian T. Cunningham
- Department of Bioengineering, Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 208 N. Wright Street, Urbana, IL, 61801,
USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 208 N. Wright Street, Urbana, IL, 61801,
USA
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Maslova E, Hansen S. Prenatal Dietary Determinants of Asthma and Related Allergic Disorders in Childhood. Curr Nutr Rep 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13668-014-0089-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
81
|
Liburdi K, Benucci I, Esti M. Lysozyme in Wine: An Overview of Current and Future Applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Liburdi
- Dept. for Innovation in Biological; Agro-food Food and Forest systems Systems (DIBAF); Univ. of Tuscia; via S. Camillo de Lellis 01100 Viterbo Italy
| | - I. Benucci
- Dept. for Innovation in Biological; Agro-food Food and Forest systems Systems (DIBAF); Univ. of Tuscia; via S. Camillo de Lellis 01100 Viterbo Italy
| | - M. Esti
- Dept. for Innovation in Biological; Agro-food Food and Forest systems Systems (DIBAF); Univ. of Tuscia; via S. Camillo de Lellis 01100 Viterbo Italy
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Food Allergy and the Oral Immunotherapy Approach. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2014; 63:31-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-014-0304-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
83
|
Järvinen KM, Celestin J. Anaphylaxis avoidance and management: educating patients and their caregivers. J Asthma Allergy 2014; 7:95-104. [PMID: 25031541 PMCID: PMC4096453 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s48611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaphylaxis is an increasingly prevalent problem in westernized countries. Therefore, it is of utmost importance that the increasing numbers of patients at risk for anaphylaxis receive proper education on the etiology and risk factors as well as appropriate treatment of anaphylaxis with epinephrine. The physician’s role is crucial in order to educate the patients and care takers on effective measures to prevent anaphylaxis and empower them to take charge of early recognition and proper management of an anaphylactic reaction to prevent poor outcomes. This review summarizes the clinical presentation, triggers, avoidance, and management of anaphylaxis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi M Järvinen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Jocelyn Celestin
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Jiménez-Saiz R, Benedé S, Molina E, López-Expósito I. Effect of Processing Technologies on the Allergenicity of Food Products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 55:1902-17. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.736435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
85
|
Keet CA, Savage JH, Seopaul S, Peng RD, Wood RA, Matsui EC. Temporal trends and racial/ethnic disparity in self-reported pediatric food allergy in the United States. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014; 112:222-229.e3. [PMID: 24428971 PMCID: PMC3950907 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of food allergy is thought to be increasing, but data from the United States have not been systematically synthesized. OBJECTIVE To summarize the data on prevalence of food allergy in the US pediatric population and to estimate the effects of time, race/ethnicity, and method of assessing food allergy on the estimated prevalence. METHODS Embase, MEDLINE, bibliographies of identified reports, and data from publically available data sets were searched. Studies were limited to those in English with data from the general pediatric US population. Study synthesis was performed by meta-analysis and meta-regression to estimate the effect of study- and participant-level covariates. Meta-regression was limited to nationally representative surveys conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. RESULTS A total of 10,090 publications were identified, from which 27 different survey administrations, representing 452,237 children, were identified, covering the period of 1988 to 2011. Because of heterogeneity among surveys in the estimated food allergy prevalence, a summary estimate of food allergy prevalence was not possible. Meta-regression was performed using 20 of these surveys. Temporal trends were pronounced, with an estimated increased prevalence of self-reported food allergy of 1.2 percentage points per decade (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.7-1.6). The increase per decade varied by race/ethnicity: 2.1% among non-Hispanic blacks (95% CI, 1.5%-2.7%), 1.2% among Hispanics (95% CI, 0.7%-1.7%), and 1.0% among non-Hispanic whites (95% CI, 0.4%-1.6%). CONCLUSION Self-report of food allergy among US children has sharply increased in the past 2 decades. The increase has been greatest among non-Hispanic black children, a disparity that needs to be investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne A. Keet
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, and Graduate Student, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jessica H. Savage
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Boston, MA
| | - Shannon Seopaul
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Baltimore, MD
| | - Roger D. Peng
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Baltimore, MD
| | - Robert A. Wood
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Baltimore, MD
| | - Elizabeth C. Matsui
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Baltimore, MD
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Affiliation(s)
- Hugh A Sampson
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Somkuti J, Smeller L. High pressure effects on allergen food proteins. Biophys Chem 2013; 183:19-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
88
|
Suratannon N, Ngamphaiboon J, Wongpiyabovorn J, Puripokai P, Chatchatee P. Component-resolved diagnostics for the evaluation of peanut allergy in a low-prevalence area. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2013; 24:665-70. [PMID: 24112427 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major allergenic components of peanut from distinct geographical regions are widely dispersed. Most of the diagnostic studies are from countries with a high prevalence. There have been only few reports of allergen component sensitizations from countries with a low prevalence of peanut allergy. We aimed to investigate roles of component-resolved diagnostic (CRD) to differentiate peanut allergy and peanut tolerance in the Asian population from a country with low prevalence of peanut allergy. METHODS Participants with peanut sensitization were enrolled. Clinical reactions were determined. Skin prick test (SPT) and specific IgE (sIgE) to peanut and related allergen components were performed. RESULTS Forty subjects with peanut sensitization were included. The mean wheal sizes of SPT and peanut sIgE were not good predictors for differentiating peanut reactions. SIgE to rAra h 2 was more often found in patients with peanut allergy and anaphylaxis. sIgE to rAra h 9 was also more frequent in the peanut-allergic group but not related to severe reactions. In the peanut-tolerant group, despite positive SPT and/or sIgE to peanut, 90% had negative sIgE to rAha h 2 and rAra h 9. Combining rAra h 2 and rAra h 9 resulted in high performance of the test with sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 84%, 90%, 0.89, and 0.86, respectively. The ratio between rAra h 2 sIgE to peanut sIgE of 0.6 can be helpful in predicting patients who will develop severe reaction. SIgE to cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCD) was exclusively found in the peanut-tolerant group (33.3% vs. 0%, p = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies three allergen components: rAra h 2, rAra h 9, and CCD as important components in the diagnosis of peanut allergy in an Asian country with low prevalence. The ratio between rArah h 2 sIgE to peanut sIgE can be used for predicting patients who will develop anaphylaxis.
Collapse
|
89
|
Reduction of major peanut allergens Ara h 1 and Ara h 2, in roasted peanuts by ultrasound assisted enzymatic treatment. Food Chem 2013; 141:762-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
90
|
Dang TD, Tang MLK, Koplin JJ, Licciardi PV, Eckert JK, Tan T, Gurrin LC, Ponsonby AL, Dharmage SC, Allen KJ. Characterization of plasma cytokines in an infant population cohort of challenge-proven food allergy. Allergy 2013; 68:1233-40. [PMID: 24033562 DOI: 10.1111/all.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensitization to food allergens indicates the production of food-specific IgE; however, sensitization is not a definite indicator of allergic reaction upon ingestion (N Engl J Med, 344, 2001, 30: J Allergy Clin Immunol, 120, 2007, 491). Currently, food challenge is the best approach to identify the presence or absence of allergy. While 95% positive predictive values (PPVs) thresholds for sIgE can assist with identifying increased likelihood of allergy among those who are sensitized, there are no specific biological markers that differentiate between allergic and sensitized individuals. OBJECTIVES To determine whether plasma serum cytokine profiles predict (i) sensitization to peanut and egg and (ii) food allergy among sensitized infants. METHODS Peanut-sensitized (PT) and egg-sensitized 14-month-old infants and nonsensitized controls enrolled in HealthNuts, a population-based study of food allergy, underwent an oral food challenge (OFC). Blood was collected within 1 h after OFC. Serum levels of Th1, Th2 and regulatory cytokines were determined in allergic (n = 79), sensitized (n = 40) and nonsensitized, nonallergic (n = 37) infants by multiplex assay. RESULTS Food-sensitized infants had significantly higher plasma IL-4, IL-13, IL-12p70 and lower IL-10 levels compared to nonsensitized infants. IL-10 and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in sensitized compared with allergic infants. Egg-allergic infants had significantly higher IL-13 and IL-12p70 levels compared to peanut-allergic (PA) infants. CONCLUSION Levels of Th2-related cytokines in plasma are higher in food-sensitized infants, irrespective of clinical food allergy status. In contrast, IL-10 levels appear to predict food allergy among sensitized infants. Differences in IL-13 and IL-12p70 between egg- and peanut-allergic infants could help explain the different resolution rates of the allergies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - J. K. Eckert
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Parkville; Vic.; Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Radosavljevic J, Nordlund E, Mihajlovic L, Krstic M, Bohn T, Buchert J, Velickovic TC, Smit J. Sensitizing potential of enzymatically cross-linked peanut proteins in a mouse model of peanut allergy. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:635-46. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luka Mihajlovic
- University of Belgrade; Faculty of Chemistry; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Maja Krstic
- University of Belgrade; Faculty of Chemistry; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Torsten Bohn
- Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann; Belvaux Luxembourg
| | | | | | - Joost Smit
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Hsu JT, Missmer SA, Young MC, Correia KF, Twarog FJ, Coughlin IB, Hornstein MD, Schneider LC. Prenatal food allergen exposures and odds of childhood peanut, tree nut, or sesame seed sensitization. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013; 111:391-6. [PMID: 24125147 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of peanut (PN) and tree nut (TN) allergy in children has tripled in the past decade. Prenatal exposures, including maternal diet and medications, may account for some of this increase. In the United States, progesterone for luteal support in assisted reproduction is commonly formulated in PN or sesame seed (SS) oil. OBJECTIVE To determine whether prenatal exposure to PN or SS oil as progesterone in oil increases the child's odds of PN, TN, or SS allergy. METHODS Parents of 1,272 children evaluated by allergists from May 2005 through October 2009 completed questionnaires on conception, prenatal exposures, dietary history, and allergic history, with review of the child's medical record and skin prick and specific IgE test results. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using multivariable adjusted logistic regression models. RESULTS Children of mothers with a history of infertility, in vitro fertilization, or use of progesterone in oil did not have increased odds of PN, TN, and/or SS sensitization. Maternal consumption of TNs during first 2 trimesters was associated with 60% higher odds of having a PN/TN/SS-sensitized child (95% confidence interval 1.01-2.51), with similarly increased odds with maternal SS ingestion. Odds of PN/TN/SS sensitization were doubled in children with asthma or environmental allergies. CONCLUSION Neither maternal infertility nor exposure to PN or SS oils through progesterone support during assisted reproduction treatment was associated with increased odds of PN/TN/SS sensitization in the child. However, maternal ingestion of TNs and SS during pregnancy was associated with increased odds of PN/TN/SS sensitization in the child.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce T Hsu
- Allergy Program, Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Waggoner MR. Parsing the peanut panic: the social life of a contested food allergy epidemic. Soc Sci Med 2013; 90:49-55. [PMID: 23746608 PMCID: PMC3700803 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
As medical reports over the last decade indicate that food allergies among children are on the rise, peanut allergies in particular have become a topic of intense social debate. While peanut allergies are potentially fatal, they affect very few children at the population level. Yet, peanut allergies are characterized in medical and popular literature as a rising "epidemic," and myriad and broad-based social responses have emerged to address peanut allergy risk in public spaces. This analysis compares medical literature to other textual sources, including media reports, legislation, and advocacy between 1980 and 2010 in order to examine how peanut allergies transformed from a rare medical malady into a contemporary public health problem. I argue that the peanut allergy epidemic was co-constructed through interactions between experts, publics, biomedical categories, and institutions, while social reactions to the putative epidemic expanded the sphere of surveillance and awareness of peanut allergy risk. The characterization of the peanut allergy problem as an epidemic was shaped by mobility across social sites, with both discursive and material effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miranda R Waggoner
- Princeton University, Office of Population Research, 228 Wallace Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Gómez E, Mayorga C, Gómez F, Blázquez AB, Díaz-Perales A, Blanca M, Torres MJ. Food allergy: management, diagnosis and treatment strategies. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:755-68. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Food allergy is an increasing problem in western countries, with strict avoidance being the only available reliable treatment. However, accidental ingestion can occur and anaphylactic reactions still happen. In recent years, many efforts have been made to better understand the humoral and cellular mechanisms involved in food allergy, and to improve the strategies for diagnosis and treatment. This review focuses on IgE-mediated food hypersensitivity and provides an overview of the diagnostic strategies and treatment advances. Specific immunotherapy, including different routes of administration and allergen sources, such as natural, recombinant and T-cell epitopes, are analyzed in detail. Other treatments such as anti-IgE monoclonal antibody therapy, adjuvant therapy and Chinese herbs will also be described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Gómez
- Research Laboratory for Allergic Diseases, Carlos Haya Hospital, Malaga, Spain
| | | | | | - Ana Belen Blázquez
- Research Laboratory for Allergic Diseases, Carlos Haya Hospital, Malaga, Spain
| | - Araceli Díaz-Perales
- Center for Plant Biotechnology & Genomics (UPM-INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Blanca
- Allergy Service, Carlos Haya Hospital, Malaga, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
IgE cross-reactivity between the major peanut allergen Ara h 2 and the nonhomologous allergens Ara h 1 and Ara h 3. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:118-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
96
|
Kim HO, Cho SI, Kim JH, Chung BY, Cho HJ, Park CW, Lee CH. Food hypersensitivity in patients with childhood atopic dermatitis in Korea. Ann Dermatol 2013; 25:196-202. [PMID: 23717011 PMCID: PMC3662913 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2013.25.2.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It is well known that atopic dermatitis (AD) is related to food hypersensitivity, although its prevalence varies among several studies according to age group, severity, country, survey time, and test method. Objective To examine the prevalence and status of food hypersensitivity among childhood AD patients in Korea. Methods A total of 95 patients were enrolled in the study. The history of food hypersensitivity was collected by interviews. The severity of AD was evaluated by eczema area and severity index (EASI). We took blood samples to measure serum total and food-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels. Based on the histories and serum IgE levels, open oral food challenge (OFC) testing was performed to confirm food hypersensitivity. Results Forty-two (44.2%) of the 95 AD patients had histories of food hypersensitivity. They reported that the most common suspicious foods were egg (n=13, 13.7%), pork (n=9, 9.5%) and cow milk (n=8, 8.4%). The mean EASI score was 16.05±9.76. Thirty-nine (41.1%) of the 95 patients showed elevated serum food-specific IgE levels. The specific IgE levels were elevated for egg (n=17, 17.9%), milk (n=12, 12.6%), peanut (n=10, 10.5%) and wheat (n=8, 8.4%). Fifty-one (53.8%) of 95 patients underwent open OFC, and only 7 (13.7%) of these patients showed positive reactions. Conclusion The overall prevalence of food hypersensitivity in patients with childhood AD in Korea was 8.3% (7/84). The most common foods causing food hypersensitivity were egg and milk. Among the foods causing hypersensitivity, AD patients in Korea often underestimated peanut, while they overestimated pork.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye One Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
Abstract
The prevalence of food allergies, with associated risk for anaphylaxis, has increasingly become a significant public health concern with copious and pervasive implications for patients, families, clinical health care professionals, researchers, and society at large. While potential treatments for food allergy are being explored through clinical research trials, there is currently no widespread scientifically proven cure available. Daily management of this atopic disorder consists of strict avoidance of the offending allergen. Subsequently, many families make concerted, burdensome efforts to create an allergen-controlled home environment. When children with food allergies start elementary school, this transition can be quite anxiety provoking for parents/caregivers. Schools may be perceived as allergen ubiquitous settings coupled with staff having varying awareness and training regarding food allergy and anaphylaxis. Clinical nurse educators, clinical nurse case managers, and other members of the primary care and/or specialty clinic teams can play a critical role in spanning the informational gap between clinic and school community. Ongoing collaboration between clinic team members with school nurse coordinators, school administrators, and other members of the school health services team may serve to minimize fragmentation of patient care, maximize ease of the child’s school entry transition, expand food allergy/anaphylaxis educational opportunities, and provide support to school nurse colleagues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne F. Russell
- Department of Nursing, Spring Arbor University in Spring Arbor, Michigan (AFR)
- CPR Knowledge, Plymouth, Michigan (MMH)
| | - Mary M. Huber
- Department of Nursing, Spring Arbor University in Spring Arbor, Michigan (AFR)
- CPR Knowledge, Plymouth, Michigan (MMH)
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Gupta RS, Dyer AA, Jain N, Greenhawt MJ. Childhood food allergies: current diagnosis, treatment, and management strategies. Mayo Clin Proc 2013; 88:512-26. [PMID: 23639501 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Food allergy is a growing public health concern in the United States that affects an estimated 8% of children. Food allergy is defined as an adverse health effect arising from a specific immune response that occurs reproducibly on exposure to a specific food. Nearly 40% of children with food allergy have a history of severe reactions that if not treated immediately with proper medication can lead to hospitalization or even death. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) convened an expert panel in 2010 to develop guidelines outlining evidence-based practices in diagnosing and managing food allergy. The purpose of this review is to aid clinicians in translating the NIAID guidelines into primary care practice and includes the following content domains: (1) the definition and mechanism of childhood food allergy, (2) differences between food allergy and food intolerance, (3) the epidemiology of childhood food allergy in the United States, (4) best practices derived from the NIAID guidelines focused on primary care clinicians' management of childhood food allergy, (5) emerging food allergy treatments, and (6) future directions in food allergy research and practice. Articles focused on childhood food allergy were considered for inclusion in this review. Studies were restricted to the English language and to those published within the past 40 years. A cross-listed combination of the following words, phrases, and MeSH terms was searched in PubMed and Google Scholar to identify relevant articles: food allergy, food hypersensitivity, child, pediatric, prevalence, and epidemiology. Additional sources were identified through the bibliographies of the retrieved articles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi S Gupta
- Smith Child Health Research Program, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Ben-Shoshan M, Turnbull E, Clarke A. Food allergy: temporal trends and determinants. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2013; 12:346-72. [PMID: 22723032 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-012-0274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes studies discussing temporal trends in the prevalence of food allergy as well as potential factors associated with the development of food allergy. In addition, we will address the potential hypotheses accounting for the apparent increase in food allergy prevalence. Studies suggest increased prevalence of food allergy. However, relatively little is known about its pathogenesis. This review aims to assess temporal trends in the prevalence of food allergy and discuss potential genetic, environmental, and demographic determinants. The search strategy examined the medical literature database MEDLINE (using PubMed) for the time period of January 1, 2002 to January 31, 2012. In recent decades, the prevalence of food allergy in general has increased by 0.60 % [95 % confidence interval (CI), 0.59 %-0.61 %] and the prevalence of peanut allergy by 0.027 % (95 % CI, 0.026 %-0.028 %), but it has now likely stabilized in developed countries. Genes, the environment, and demographic characteristics play a role in the pathogenesis of food allergy. Numerous environmental and demographic factors as well as gene-environment interactions may account for this increase in prevalence, but further studies are required to tease out their relative contribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Ben-Shoshan
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
International Study of Risk-Mitigating Factors and In-Flight Allergic Reactions to Peanut and Tree Nut. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2013; 1:186-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|