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The Immune Response to Nematode Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032283. [PMID: 36768605 PMCID: PMC9916427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Nematode infection is a major threat to the health of humans, domestic animals and wildlife. Nematodes vary in their effect on the host and in the mechanisms underlying immunity but the general features are becoming clear. There is considerable variation among individuals in resistance to infection and much of this variation is due to genetic variation in the immune response. The major histocompatibility complex has a strong influence on resistance to infection but other genes are collectively more important. Resistant individuals produce more IgA, eosinophils, IgE and mast cells than susceptible individuals and this is a consequence of stronger type 2 (Th2) immune responses. A variety of factors promote Th2 responses including genetic background, diet, molecules produced by the parasite and the location of the infection. A variety of cells and molecules including proteins, glycolipids and RNA act in concert to promote responses and to regulate the response. Nematodes themselves also modulate the host response and over 20 parasite-derived immunomodulatory molecules have been identified. Different species of nematodes modulate the immune response in different ways and probably use multiple molecules. The reasons for this are unclear and the interactions among immunomodulators have still to be investigated.
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El-Sayed SAES, Rizk MA. COVID-19 and Thymoquinone: Clinical Benefits, Cure, and Challenges. BIOMED 2023; 3:59-76. [DOI: 10.3390/biomed3010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
In today’s world, the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread throughout the world, causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and several associated complications in various organs (heart, liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract), as well as significant multiple organ dysfunction, shock, and even death. In order to overcome the serious complications associated with this pandemic virus and to prevent SARS-CoV-2 entry into the host cell, it is necessary to repurpose currently available drugs with a broad medicinal application as soon as they become available. There are several therapeutics under investigation for improving the overall prognosis of COVID-19 patients, but none of them has demonstrated clinical efficacy to date, which is disappointing. It is in this pattern that Nigella sativa seeds manifest their extensive therapeutic effects, which have been reported to be particularly effective in the treatment of skin diseases, jaundice, and gastrointestinal problems. One important component of these seeds is thymoquinone (TQ), which has a wide range of beneficial properties, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as antibacterial and parasitic properties, in addition to anticarcinogenic, antiallergic, and antiviral properties. This comprehensive review discussed the possibility of an emerging natural drug with a wide range of medical applications; the use of TQ to overcome the complications of COVID-19 infection; and the challenges that are impeding the commercialization of this promising phytochemical compound. TQ is recommended as a highly effective weapon in the fight against the novel coronavirus because of its dual antiviral action, in addition to its capacity to lessen the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 penetration into cells. However, future clinical trials are required to confirm the role of TQ in overcoming the complications of COVID-19 infection.
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Rural Embodiment and Community Health: an Anthropological Case Study on Biocultural Determinants of Tropical Disease Infection and Immune System Development in the USA. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2023; 10:26-39. [PMID: 36714157 PMCID: PMC9868515 DOI: 10.1007/s40475-023-00282-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Biocultural methods are critically important for identifying environmental and socioeconomic factors linked with tropical disease risk and outcomes. For example, embodiment theory refers to the process by which lived experiences impact individual biology. Increased exposure to pathogens, chronic psychosocial stress, and unequal resource access are all outcomes linked with discrimination and poverty. Through lived experiences, race and socioeconomic inequality can literally become embodied-get under the skin and affect physiology-impacting immune responses and contributing to lifelong health disparities. Yet, few studies have investigated tropical disease patterns and associated immune function using embodiment theory to understand lasting physiological impacts associated with living in a high-pathogen environment. Recent Findings Here, we use preliminary data drawn from the Rural Embodiment and Community Health (REACH) study to assess whether pathogen exposure and immune stimulation within a sample of children from the Mississippi Delta are associated with household income. We also test whether immune marker levels-assessed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using dried blood spot samples-vary between the REACH sample and a similarly aged nationally representative NHANES sample. Immune marker levels did not differ significantly between REACH participants living below vs. above the federal poverty line, yet immunoglobulin E levels-a marker of macroparasite infection-were higher among REACH study participants compared to the NHANES sample. Summary These results may suggest community-level pathogenic exposures (i.e., parasitic infections) are embodied by REACH participants with implications for long-term immune function, potentially resulting in immune aspects that differ from nationally representative samples. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40475-023-00282-z.
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Miyauchi E, Shimokawa C, Steimle A, Desai MS, Ohno H. The impact of the gut microbiome on extra-intestinal autoimmune diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:9-23. [PMID: 35534624 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00727-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of autoimmune diseases (ADs) worldwide has rapidly increased over the past few decades. Thus, in addition to the classical risk factors for ADs, such as genetic polymorphisms, infections and smoking, environmental triggers have been considered. Recent sequencing-based approaches have revealed that patients with extra-intestinal ADs, such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes and systemic lupus erythematosus, have distinct gut microbiota compositions compared to healthy controls. Faecal microbiota transplantation or inoculation with specific microbes in animal models of ADs support the hypothesis that alterations of gut microbiota influence autoimmune responses and disease outcome. Here, we describe the compositional and functional changes in the gut microbiota in patients with extra-intestinal AD and discuss how the gut microbiota affects immunity. Moreover, we examine how the gut microbiota might be modulated in patients with ADs as a potential preventive or therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Miyauchi
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Haebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Chikako Shimokawa
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alex Steimle
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Mahesh S Desai
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
- Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
- Laboratory for Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan.
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microRNAs: Critical Players during Helminth Infections. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010061. [PMID: 36677353 PMCID: PMC9861972 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally through their interaction with the 3' untranslated regions (3' UTR) of target mRNAs, affecting their stability and/or translation. Therefore, miRNAs regulate biological processes such as signal transduction, cell death, autophagy, metabolism, development, cellular proliferation, and differentiation. Dysregulated expression of microRNAs is associated with infectious diseases, where miRNAs modulate important aspects of the parasite-host interaction. Helminths are parasitic worms that cause various neglected tropical diseases affecting millions worldwide. These parasites have sophisticated mechanisms that give them a surprising immunomodulatory capacity favoring parasite persistence and establishment of infection. In this review, we analyze miRNAs in infections caused by helminths, emphasizing their role in immune regulation and its implication in diagnosis, prognosis, and the development of therapeutic strategies.
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56
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Mochochoko BM, Pohl CH, O’Neill HG. Candida albicans-enteric viral interactions-The prostaglandin E 2 connection and host immune responses. iScience 2022; 26:105870. [PMID: 36647379 PMCID: PMC9839968 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The human microbiome comprises trillions of microorganisms residing within different mucosal cavities and across the body surface. The gut microbiota modulates host susceptibility to viral infections in several ways, and microbial interkingdom interactions increase viral infectivity within the gut. Candida albicans, a frequently encountered fungal species in the gut, produces highly structured biofilms and eicosanoids such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which aid in viral protection and replication. These biofilms encompass viruses and provide a shield from antiviral drugs or the immune system. PGE2 is a key modulator of active inflammation with the potential to regulate interferon signaling upon microbial invasion or viral infections. In this review, we raise the perspective of gut interkingdom interactions involving C. albicans and enteric viruses, with a special focus on biofilms, PGE2, and viral replication. Ultimately, we discuss the possible implications of C. albicans-enteric virus associations on host immune responses, particularly the interferon signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonang M. Mochochoko
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Carolina H. Pohl
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa,Corresponding author
| | - Hester G. O’Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa,Corresponding author
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Schneider-Crease IA, Feder JA, Baniel A, McCann C, Haile AA, Abebe B, Fitzgerald L, Gomery MA, Simberloff RA, Petrie ZL, Gabriel S, Dorny P, Fashing PJ, Nguyen N, Bergman TJ, Beehner JC, Snyder-Mackler N, Lu A. Urinary neopterin reflects immunological variation associated with age, helminth parasitism, and the microbiome in a wild primate. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21307. [PMID: 36494454 PMCID: PMC9734142 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25298-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neopterin, a product of activated white blood cells, is a marker of nonspecific inflammation that can capture variation in immune investment or disease-related immune activity and can be collected noninvasively in urine. Mounting studies in wildlife point to lifetime patterns in neopterin related to immune development, aging, and certain diseases, but rarely are studies able to assess whether neopterin can capture multiple concurrent dimensions of health and disease in a single system. We assessed the relationship between urinary neopterin stored on filter paper and multiple metrics of health and disease in wild geladas (Theropithecus gelada), primates endemic to the Ethiopian highlands. We tested whether neopterin captures age-related variation in inflammation arising from developing immunity in infancy and chronic inflammation in old age, inflammation related to intramuscular tapeworm infection, helminth-induced anti-inflammatory immunomodulation, and perturbations in the gastrointestinal microbiome. We found that neopterin had a U-shaped relationship with age, no association with larval tapeworm infection, a negative relationship with metrics related to gastrointestinal helminth infection, and a negative relationship with microbial diversity. Together with growing research on neopterin and specific diseases, our results demonstrate that urinary neopterin can be a powerful tool for assessing multiple dimensions of health and disease in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- India A Schneider-Crease
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Jacob A Feder
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Alice Baniel
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Colleen McCann
- Department of Mammals, Bronx Zoo, Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Belayneh Abebe
- African Wildlife Foundation, Simien Mountains Landscape Conservation and Management Project, Debark, Ethiopia
| | | | - Megan A Gomery
- Simien Mountains Gelada Research Project, Debark, Ethiopia
| | - Ruth A Simberloff
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | | | - Sarah Gabriel
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter J Fashing
- Department of Anthropology, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nga Nguyen
- Department of Anthropology, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thore J Bergman
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jacinta C Beehner
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Noah Snyder-Mackler
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Amy Lu
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Morter R, Tiono AB, Nébié I, Hague O, Ouedraogo A, Diarra A, Viebig NK, Hill AVS, Ewer KJ, Sirima SB. Impact of exposure to malaria and nutritional status on responses to the experimental malaria vaccine ChAd63 MVA ME-TRAP in 5-17 month-old children in Burkina Faso. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1058227. [PMID: 36532031 PMCID: PMC9755991 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1058227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The experimental malaria vaccine ChAd63 MVA ME-TRAP previously showed protective efficacy against Plasmodium falciparum infection in Phase IIa sporozoite challenge studies in adults in the United Kingdom and in a Phase IIb field efficacy trial in Kenyan adults. However, it failed to demonstrate efficacy in a phase IIb trial in 5-17 month-old children in an area of high malaria transmission in Burkina Faso. This secondary analysis investigated whether exposure to malaria or nutritional status might be associated with reduced responses to vaccination in this cohort. Parasite blood smears and anti-AMA-1 IgG titres were used to assess history of exposure to malaria and weight-for-length Z scores were calculated to assess nutritional status. Differences in vaccine-specific anti-TRAP IgG titre and ex vivo IFNγ ELISpot response were measured between groups. In total, n = 336 volunteers randomised to receive the experimental vaccine regimen were included in this analysis. A positive smear microscopy result was associated with reduced anti-TRAP IgG titre (geometric mean titre: 2775 (uninfected) vs 1968 (infected), p = 0.025), whilst anti-AMA-1 IgG titres were weakly negatively correlated with reduced ex vivo IFNγ ELISpot response (r = -0.18, p = 0.008). Nutritional status was not associated with either humoral or cellular immunogenicity. Vaccine efficacy was also measured separately for vaccinees with positive and negative blood smears. Although not significant in either group compared to controls, vaccine efficacy measured by Cox hazard ratio was higher in uninfected compared to infected individuals (19.8% [p = 0.50] vs 3.3% [p = 0.69]). Overall, this data suggests exposure to malaria may be associated with impaired vaccine immunogenicity. This may have consequences for the testing and eventual deployment of various vaccines, in areas with high endemicity for malaria. Trial Registration Pactr.org, identifier PACTR201208000404131; ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT01635647.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Morter
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alfred B. Tiono
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Issa Nébié
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Oliver Hague
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Amidou Diarra
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Nicola K. Viebig
- European Vaccine Initiative, UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adrian V. S. Hill
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katie J. Ewer
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Sodiomon B. Sirima, ; Katie J. Ewer,
| | - Sodiomon B. Sirima
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,*Correspondence: Sodiomon B. Sirima, ; Katie J. Ewer,
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Rovira-Diaz E, El-Naccache DW, Reyes J, Zhao Y, Nasuhidehnavi A, Chen F, Gause WC, Yap GS. The Impact of Helminth Coinfection on Innate and Adaptive Immune Resistance and Disease Tolerance during Toxoplasmosis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:2160-2171. [PMID: 36426972 PMCID: PMC10065986 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
More than 2 billion people worldwide are infected with helminths. Thus, it is possible for individuals to experience concomitant infection with helminth and intracellular microbes. Although the helminth-induced type 2 response can suppress type 1 proinflammatory responses required for the immunity against intracellular pathogens in the context of a coinfection, conflicting evidence suggest that helminth infection can enhance antimicrobial immunity. Using a coinfection model with the intestinal helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus followed by infection with Toxoplasma gondii in Mus Musculus, we showed that the complex and dynamic effect of helminth infection is highly suppressive during the innate phase (days 0-3) of T. gondii infection and less stringent during the acute phase (d10). Helminth coinfection had a strong suppressive effect on the neutrophil, monocytic, and early IFN-γ/IL-12 responses. The IFN-γ response was later restored by compensatory production from T cells despite decreased effector differentiation of T. gondii-specific CD8 T cells. In accordance with the attenuated IFN-γ response, parasite loads were elevated during the acute phase (d10) of T. gondii infection but were transiently controlled by the compensatory T cell response. Unexpectedly, 40% of helminth-coinfected mice exhibited a sustained weight loss phenotype during the postacute phase (d14-18) that was not associated with T. gondii outgrowth, indicating that coinfection led to decreased disease tolerance during T. gondii infection. Our work uncovers the dynamic nature of the helminth immunomodulatory effects on concomitant infections or immune responses and unveils a loss of disease tolerance phenotype triggered by coinfection with intestinal helminth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliezer Rovira-Diaz
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07101
| | - Darine W. El-Naccache
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07101
| | - Jojo Reyes
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07101
| | - Yanlin Zhao
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07101
| | - Azadeh Nasuhidehnavi
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07101
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07101
| | - William C. Gause
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07101
| | - George S. Yap
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07101
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Hilligan KL, Oyesola OO, Namasivayam S, Howard N, Clancy CS, Oland SD, Garza NL, Lafont BAP, Johnson RF, Mayer-Barber KD, Sher A, Loke P. Helminth exposure protects against murine SARS-CoV-2 infection through macrophage dependent T cell activation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.11.09.515832. [PMID: 36380767 PMCID: PMC9665339 DOI: 10.1101/2022.11.09.515832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Helminth endemic regions report lower COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. Here, we show that lung remodeling from a prior infection with a lung migrating helminth, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis , enhances viral clearance and survival of human-ACE2 transgenic mice challenged with SARS-CoV-2 (SCV2). This protection is associated with a lymphocytic infiltrate including an increased accumulation of pulmonary SCV2-specific CD8+ T cells and anti-CD8 antibody depletion abrogated the N. brasiliensis -mediated reduction in viral loads. Pulmonary macrophages with a type-2 transcriptional signature persist in the lungs of N. brasiliensis exposed mice after clearance of the parasite and establish a primed environment for increased antigen presentation. Accordingly, depletion of macrophages ablated the augmented viral clearance and accumulation of CD8+ T cells driven by prior N. brasiliensis infection. Together, these findings support the concept that lung migrating helminths can limit disease severity during SCV2 infection through macrophage-dependent enhancement of anti-viral CD8+ T cell responses. Abstract Figure
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry L. Hilligan
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Oyebola O. Oyesola
- Type 2 Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sivaranjani Namasivayam
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nina Howard
- Type 2 Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Chad S. Clancy
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Sandra D. Oland
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicole L. Garza
- SARS-CoV-2 Virology Core, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bernard A. P. Lafont
- SARS-CoV-2 Virology Core, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Reed F. Johnson
- SARS-CoV-2 Virology Core, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Katrin D. Mayer-Barber
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - P’ng Loke
- Type 2 Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Murshed M, Al-Quraishy S, Mares MM, Mohammed OB, Aljawdah HMA. Survey of Dicrocoelium dendriticum infection in imported Romani and local sheep ( Ovis aries), and potential epidemiological role in Saudi Arabia. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:1215-1225. [PMID: 36811998 PMCID: PMC9890332 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiology of parasite infection in local and imported breeds is quite an essential topic in the meat industry and human health. This study aims to determine the prevalence of Dicrocoelium dendriticum in local sheep breeds (Naemi, Najdi, and Harri) and imported breeds from Romania (Romani breed) and the epidemiology of the infection in Saudi Arabia. Morphological description, the relationship between dicrocoeliasis and sex, age, and histological changes were also presented. A total of 6845 slaughtered sheep at Riyadh Automated slaughterhouse were investigated and followed up for 4 months between 2020-2021. It included 4,680 local breeds and 2,165 imported Romanian breeds. Fecal samples and livers and gallbladders from slaughtered animals were examined for apparent pathological lesions. The results indicated that the infection rate in slaughtered animals was 10.6% in imported Romani sheep and 0.9% in the local Naeimi breed. After identifying the parasite morphologically, negative results were obtained from examining feces, gallbladders, and livers of Najdi and Harry sheep breeds. The mean number of eggs per 20 µL/gallbladder was low (72.78 ± 17.8: 76.11 ± 5.07), medium (334.59 ± 90.6: 292.91 ± 26.63), and high (1113.2 ± 22.3: 1004 ± 143.4) in imported and Naeime sheep, respectively. Significant differences were found between gender and age (males and females were 3.67% and 6.31%; > 2 years 4.39%, 1-2 years 4.22%, and 1 year 3.53%) respectively. Histopathological lesions in the liver were more pronounced. Our survey confirmed the presence of D. dendriticum in imported Romani and local Naeimi sheep, and the potential role of imported sheep in the epidemiology of dicrocoeliasis in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutee Murshed
- Department of Zoology, College of Science,
King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia,Corresponding author: Mutee Murshed,
Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451,
Saudi Arabia. Tel: +966-4676916, E-mail:
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Department of Zoology, College of Science,
King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Mares
- Department of Zoology, College of Science,
King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama B. Mohammed
- Department of Zoology, College of Science,
King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hossam M. A. Aljawdah
- Department of Zoology, College of Science,
King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Novák J, Macháček T, Majer M, Kostelanská M, Skulinová K, Černý V, Kolářová L, Hrdý J, Horák P. Toxocara canis infection worsens the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. Parasitology 2022; 149:1720-1728. [PMID: 36050813 PMCID: PMC11010483 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022001238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Toxocara canis, a gastrointestinal parasite of canids, is also highly prevalent in many paratenic hosts, such as mice and humans. As with many other helminths, the infection is associated with immunomodulatory effects, which could affect other inflammatory conditions including autoimmune and allergic diseases. Here, we investigated the effect of T. canis infection on the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Mice infected with 2 doses of 100 T. canis L3 larvae 5 weeks prior to EAE induction (the Tc+EAE group) showed higher EAE clinical scores and greater weight loss compared to the non-infected group with induced EAE (the EAE group). Elevated concentrations of all measured serum cytokines (IL-1α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IFN-γ and TNF-α) were observed in the Tc+EAE group compared to the EAE group. In the CNS, the similar number of regulatory T cells (Tregs; CD4+FoxP3+Helios+) but their decreased proportion from total CD4+ cells was found in the Tc+EAE group compared to the EAE group. This could indicate that the group Tc+EAE harboured significantly more CD4+ T cells of non-Treg phenotype within the affected CNS. Altogether, our results demonstrate that infection of mice with T. canis worsens the course of subsequently induced EAE. Further studies are, therefore, urgently needed to reveal the underlying pathological mechanisms and to investigate possible risks for the human population, in which exposure to T. canis is frequent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Novák
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Studničkova 7, 128 00, Praha 2, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Macháček
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Praha 2, Czechia
| | - Martin Majer
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Praha 2, Czechia
| | - Marie Kostelanská
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Studničkova 7, 128 00, Praha 2, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Skulinová
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Studničkova 7, 128 00, Praha 2, Czechia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Praha 2, Czechia
| | - Viktor Černý
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Studničkova 7, 128 00, Praha 2, Czechia
| | - Libuše Kolářová
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Studničkova 7, 128 00, Praha 2, Czechia
- National Reference Laboratory for Tissue Helminthoses, General University Hospital in Prague, Studničkova 7, 128 00, Praha 2, Czechia
| | - Jiří Hrdý
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Studničkova 7, 128 00, Praha 2, Czechia
| | - Petr Horák
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Praha 2, Czechia
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Uthailak N, Adisakwattana P, Thiangtrongjit T, Limpanont Y, Chusongsang P, Chusongsang Y, Tanasarnprasert K, Reamtong O. Discovery of Schistosoma mekongi circulating proteins and antigens in infected mouse sera. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275992. [PMID: 36227939 PMCID: PMC9562170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by an infection of the parasitic flatworms schistosomes. Schistosoma mekongi is a restricted Schistosoma species found near the Mekong River, mainly in southern Laos and northern Cambodia. Because there is no vaccine or effective early diagnosis available for S. mekongi, additional biomarkers are required. In this study, serum biomarkers associated with S. mekongi-infected mice were identified at 14-, 28-, 42-, and 56-days post-infection. Circulating proteins and antigens of S. mekongi in mouse sera were analyzed using mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Serine protease inhibitors and macrophage erythroblast attacher were down-regulated in mouse sera at all infection timepoints. In addition, 54 circulating proteins and 55 antigens of S. mekongi were identified. Notable circulating proteins included kyphoscoliosis peptidase and putative tuberin, and antigens were detected at all four infection timepoints, particularly in the early stages (12 days). The putative tuberin sequence of S. mekongi was highly similar to homologs found in other members of the genus Schistosoma and less similar to human and murine sequences. Our study provided the identity of promising diagnostic biomarkers that could be applicable in early schistosomiasis diagnosis and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naphatsamon Uthailak
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Poom Adisakwattana
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tipparat Thiangtrongjit
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yanin Limpanont
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phiraphol Chusongsang
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yupa Chusongsang
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanthi Tanasarnprasert
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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64
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Chang T, Jung BK, Chai JY, Cho SI. The notable global heterogeneity in the distribution of COVID-19 cases and the association with pre-existing parasitic diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010826. [PMID: 36215332 PMCID: PMC9584393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory disease that has caused extensive ravages worldwide since being declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). Unlike initially predicted by WHO, the incidence and severity of COVID-19 appeared milder in many Low-to-Middle-Income Countries (LMIC). To explain this noticeable disparity between countries, many hypotheses, including socio-demographic and geographic factors, have been put forward. This study aimed to estimate the possible association of parasitic diseases with COVID-19 as either protective agents or potential risk factors. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A country-level ecological study using publicly available data of countries was conducted. We conceptualized the true number of COVID-19 infections based on a function of test positivity rate (TPR) and employed linear regression analysis to assess the association between the outcome and parasitic diseases. We considered demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic confounders previously suggested. A notable heterogeneity was observed across WHO regions. The countries in Africa (AFRO) showed the lowest rates of COVID-19 incidence, and the countries in the Americas (AMRO) presented the highest. The multivariable model results were computed using 165 countries, excluding missing values. In the models analyzed, lower COVID-19 incidence rates were consistently observed in malaria-endemic countries, even accounting for potential confounding variables, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, the population aged 65 and above, and differences in the duration of COVID-19. However, the other parasitic diseases were not significantly associated with the spread of the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study suggests that malaria prevalence is an essential factor that explains variability in the observed incidence of COVID-19 cases at the national level. Potential associations of COVID-19 with schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases (STHs) are worthy of further investigation but appeared unlikely, based on this analysis, to be critical factors of the variability in COVID-19 epidemic trends. The quality of publicly accessible data and its ecological design constrained our research, with fundamental disparities in monitoring and testing capabilities between countries. Research at the subnational or individual level should be conducted to explore hypotheses further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehee Chang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Kwang Jung
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-il Cho
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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A New Role for Old Friends: Effects of Helminth Infections on Vaccine Efficacy. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101163. [PMID: 36297220 PMCID: PMC9608950 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most successful medical inventions to enable the eradication or control of common and fatal diseases. Environmental exposure of hosts, including helminth infections, plays an important role in immune responses to vaccines. Given that helminth infections are among the most common infectious diseases in the world, evaluating vaccine efficiency in helminth-infected populations may provide critical information for selecting optimal vaccination programs. Here, we reviewed the effects of helminth infections on vaccination and its underlying immunological mechanisms, based on findings from human studies and animal models. Moreover, the potential influence of helminth infections on SARS-CoV-2 vaccine was also discussed. Based on these findings, there is an urgent need for anthelmintic treatments to eliminate helminth suppressive impacts on vaccination effectiveness during implementing mass vaccination in parasite endemic areas.
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66
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Oliveira FMS, Cruz RE, Pinheiro GRG, Caliari MV. Comorbidities involving parasitic diseases: A look at the benefits and complications. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:1819-1826. [PMID: 35876147 PMCID: PMC9679356 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221108387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections acquired by the population cause substantial morbidity worldwide, with individuals from developing countries being most affected. Some parasites remain in the host for long periods, settling in different organs, manipulating the flow of nutrients and metabolites, and influencing the immune response, favoring their adaptation. The host attempts to counteract the metabolic and immunological alterations and the possible damage caused by infection. These metabolic and immunological changes experienced by the host can influence the progression of other existing morbidities or those that will be acquired in the future. Cancer and metabolic diseases are also frequent causes of morbidity in the world population. The large numbers of individuals affected by cancer and metabolic diseases and the high prevalence of morbidity caused by parasitic diseases favor the development of comorbidity involving these pathologies. This review provides an overview of major advances in research on cancer and metabolic diseases associated with parasitic infections. Information about hosts and parasites such as alterations of the immune response, metabolism and adaptation mechanisms of the parasites, and parasitic molecules with therapeutic potential is provided, as well as the beneficial results or complications related to the comorbidities discussed herein. We emphasize the need to conduct additional studies addressing comorbidities associated with parasitic infections to improve the understanding of the impact of this association on the progression of morbidities, as well as the possibility of the therapeutic use of and therapeutic approaches involving parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício Marcus Silva Oliveira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ruth Elizabeth Cruz
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Rafael Gomide Pinheiro
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Vidigal Caliari
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil,Marcelo Vidigal Caliari.
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Donskow-Łysoniewska K, Maruszewska-Cheruiyot M, Krawczak-Wójcik K, Gonzalez JF, Hernández JN, Stear MJ. Nematode galectin binds IgE and modulates mast cell activity. Vet Parasitol 2022; 311:109807. [PMID: 36155863 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell degranulation is the major mechanism influencing establishment and survival of the abomasal nematode Teladorsagia circumcincta and probably many other gastrointestinal nematodes. Host galectins-3 and -9 have been shown to bind IgE and positively and negatively influence mast cell degranulation. As incoming nematodes produce large amounts of galectin, we hypothesised that nematode galectin competes with host galectin and inhibits mast cell degranulation. ELISA was used to show that nematode galectin reduced total IgE activity. Galectin also reduced the binding of sheep IgE to the surface of a mast cell line and decreased the release of LCT-4 and Beta hexosaminidase but not MMP-9. These results indicate that nematode galectin influences mast cell degranulation and identify a potential immunomodulatory mechanism used by nematodes to enhance their establishment and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Donskow-Łysoniewska
- Laboratory of Parasitology, General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Maruszewska-Cheruiyot
- Laboratory of Parasitology, General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Krawczak-Wójcik
- Laboratory of Parasitology, General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jorge F Gonzalez
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña S/N, Arucas, Spain
| | - Julia N Hernández
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña S/N, Arucas, Spain
| | - Michael J Stear
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, Agribio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
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Gencheva R, Cheng Q, Arnér ESJ. Thioredoxin reductase selenoproteins from different organisms as potential drug targets for treatment of human diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 190:320-338. [PMID: 35987423 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is a selenoprotein with a central role in cellular redox homeostasis, utilizing a highly reactive and solvent-exposed selenocysteine (Sec) residue in its active site. Pharmacological modulation of TrxR can be obtained with several classes of small compounds showing different mechanisms of action, but most often dependent upon interactions with its Sec residue. The clinical implications of TrxR modulation as mediated by small compounds have been studied in diverse diseases, from rheumatoid arthritis and ischemia to cancer and parasitic infections. The possible involvement of TrxR in these diseases was in some cases serendipitously discovered, by finding that existing clinically used drugs are also TrxR inhibitors. Inhibiting isoforms of human TrxR is, however, not the only strategy for human disease treatment, as some pathogenic parasites also depend upon Sec-containing TrxR variants, including S. mansoni, B. malayi or O. volvulus. Inhibiting parasite TrxR has been shown to selectively kill parasites and can thus become a promising treatment strategy, especially in the context of quickly emerging resistance towards other drugs. Here we have summarized the basis for the targeting of selenoprotein TrxR variants with small molecules for therapeutic purposes in different human disease contexts. We discuss how Sec engagement appears to be an indispensable part of treatment efficacy and how some therapeutically promising compounds have been evaluated in preclinical or clinical studies. Several research questions remain before a wider application of selenoprotein TrxR inhibition as a first-line treatment strategy might be developed. These include further mechanistic studies of downstream effects that may mediate treatment efficacy, identification of isoform-specific enzyme inhibition patterns for some given therapeutic compounds, and the further elucidation of cell-specific effects in disease contexts such as in the tumor microenvironment or in host-parasite interactions, and which of these effects may be dependent upon the specific targeting of Sec in distinct TrxR isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosveta Gencheva
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Qing Cheng
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden; Department of Selenoprotein Research, National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, 1122, Budapest, Hungary.
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Rad MJ, Navi Z, Heidari AR, Arab FL, Tabasi N, Rastin M, Khadem Rezaiyan M, Moghaddas E, Mahmoudi M. Evaluation of the immunoregulatory effect of
Dicrocoelium dendriticum
eggs on inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokines in
EAE
model. Parasite Immunol 2022; 44:e12942. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mozhdeh Jafari Rad
- Immunology Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Zahra Navi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Amir Reza Heidari
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Fahimeh Lavi Arab
- Immunology Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Nafiseh Tabasi
- Immunology Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Maryam Rastin
- Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Majid Khadem Rezaiyan
- Clinical Research Development Unit Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Elham Moghaddas
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
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Diosdado A, Simón F, Serrat J, González-Miguel J. Interaction of helminth parasites with the haemostatic system of their vertebrate hosts: a scoping review. PARASITE (PARIS, FRANCE) 2022; 29:35. [PMID: 35833785 PMCID: PMC9281497 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2022034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Helminth parasitoses are among the most prevalent health issues worldwide. Their control depends largely on unravelling host–parasite interactions, including parasitic exploitation of the host haemostatic system. The present study undertakes a scoping review of the research carried out in this field with the aim of unifying and updating concepts. Multiple keywords combined with Boolean operators were employed to design the literature search strategy. Two online databases were used to identify original peer-reviewed articles written in English and published before 1st January 2020 describing molecular interactions between helminth parasites and the host haemostatic system. Relevant data from the selected sources of evidence were extracted and analysed. Ninety-six publications reporting 259 interactions were selected. Fifty-three proteins belonging to 32 species of helminth parasites were involved in interactions with components of the host haemostatic system. Many of these proteins from both parasite and host were conserved among the different interactions identified. Most of these interactions were related to the inhibition of the coagulation system and the activation of fibrinolysis. This was associated mainly with a potential of parasites to reduce the formation of blood clots in the host and attributed to biological processes, such as parasite nutrition, survival, invasion, evasion and migration or the appearance of pathological mechanisms in the host. A wide range of helminth parasites have developed similar strategies to exploit the haemostatic system of their hosts, which could be regarded as an evolutionary conserved mechanism that could confer benefits to parasites in terms of survival and establishment in their vertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Diosdado
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Fernando Simón
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Judit Serrat
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Javier González-Miguel
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), 37008 Salamanca, Spain - Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre of One Health (COH), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, H91 DK59 Galway, Ireland
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Tsubokawa D, Satoh M. Strongyloides venezuelensis-derived venestatin ameliorates asthma pathogenesis by suppressing receptor for advanced glycation end-products-mediated signaling. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2022; 75:102148. [PMID: 35863725 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2022.102148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION EF-hand Ca2+-binding proteins such as S100 protein family members are recognized by the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and are involved in the pathogenesis of asthma/allergic airway inflammation (AAI). Venestatin, an EF-hand Ca2+-binding protein, which is secreted by the parasitic helminth Strongyloides venezuelensis, binds with RAGE and suppresses RAGE-mediated inflammatory responses after parasite invasion. In this study, we evaluated the effect of venestatin on pathogenesis in a house dust mite (HDM) murine model of asthma/AAI. METHODS Mice were intranasally treated with HDM, HDM with recombinant venestatin, or HDM with synthetic peptides, which were designed based on the EF-hand Ca2+-binding domain of venestatin. Pro-inflammatory responses in the lungs of mice were assessed. RESULTS HDM treatment induced inflammatory cell infiltration, phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase and inhibitor κB, and production of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-5 in the lungs. Co-administration of recombinant venestatin with HDM suppressed these pro-inflammatory responses. Treatment with synthetic peptides reduced inflammatory cell infiltration in a RAGE-dependent manner. CONCLUSION The EF-hand domain of venestatin may have potential therapeutic benefits in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Tsubokawa
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.
| | - Masashi Satoh
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
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Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Study of Yupingfeng Powder in the Treatment of Allergic Diseases. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1323744. [PMID: 35855823 PMCID: PMC9288288 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1323744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To explore the potential mechanisms of Yupingfeng Powder (YPFP) in the treatment of allergic diseases by using network pharmacology and molecular docking technology. Methods The active components and targets of YPFP were screened by the TCMSP database. The targets associated with atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food allergy were obtained from GeneCards and OMIM databases, respectively. The intersection of the above disease-related targets was identified as allergy-related targets. Then, allergy-related targets and YPFP-related targets were crossed to obtain the potential targets of YPFP for allergy treatment. A protein-protein-interaction (PPI) network and a drug-target-disease topology network were constructed to screen hub targets and key ingredients. Next, GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed separately on the potential targets and hub targets to identify the biological processes and signaling pathways involved. Finally, molecular docking was conducted to verify the binding affinity between key ingredients and hub targets. Results In this study, 45 active ingredients were identified from YPFP, and 48 allergy-related targets were predicted by network pharmacology. IL6, TNF, IL1B, PTGS2, CXCL8, JUN, CCL2, IL10, IFNG, and IL4 were screened as hub targets by the PPI network. However, quercetin, kaempferol, wogonin, formononetin, and 7-O-methylisomucronulatol were identified as key ingredients by the drug-target-disease topological network. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the therapeutic effect of YPFP on allergy involved multiple biological processes and signaling pathways, including positive regulation of fever generation, positive regulation of neuroinflammatory response, vascular endothelial growth factor production, negative regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response, positive regulation of mononuclear cell migration, type 2 immune response, and negative regulation of lipid storage. Molecular docking verified that all the key ingredients had good binding affinity with hub targets. Conclusion This study revealed the key ingredients, hub targets, and potential mechanisms of YPFP antiallergy, and these data can provide some theoretical basis for subsequent allergy treatment and drug development.
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Baiden F, Fleck S, Leigh B, Ayieko P, Tindanbil D, Otieno T, Lawal B, Tehtor M, Rogers M, Odeny L, Hodges MH, Sonnie M, Samai M, Ishola D, Lowe B, Watson-Jones D, Greenwood B. Prevalence of malaria and helminth infections in rural communities in northern Sierra Leone, a baseline study to inform Ebola vaccine study protocols. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270968. [PMID: 35793331 PMCID: PMC9258822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction
Recurrent parasitic infections may influence the immune response to vaccines. In the Partnership for Research on Ebola VACcinations extended follow-UP and clinical research capacity build-UP (PREVAC-UP) study being undertaken in Mambolo, northern Sierra Leone, participants are being followed up to assess the potential impact of exposure to malaria and/or helminth infections on long-term immune response to two Ebola vaccines. To support the development of the assays that will be used in this evaluation, a parasitological survey was conducted in Mambolo between November 2019 and February 2020.
Methods
Healthy individuals aged ≥1 year who were resident in Mambolo Chiefdom were selected using a stratified sampling approach and questionnaires were administered to explore their sociodemographic characteristics. Microscopy was used to detect malaria parasites, intestinal helminths and urinary schistosome infections. Rapid blood tests were used to detect infections with Onchocerca volvulus and Wuchereria bancrofti. We estimated the overall prevalence of these infections and used adjusted logistic regression models to explore risk factors for malaria and hookworm infection.
Results
Eight hundred and fifteen (815) residents, 50.9% of whom were female were surveyed. Overall, 309 (39.1%) of 791 persons tested for malaria had a positive blood slide; Plasmodium falciparum was the dominant species. Helminth infection was detected in 122 (15.0%) of 815 stool samples including three mixed infections. The helminth infections comprised 102 (12.5%) cases of hookworm, 11 (1.3%) cases of Trichuris trichiura, 10 (1.2%) cases of Schistosoma mansoni and two (0.2%) cases of Ascaris lumbricoides. Being male (OR = 2.01, 95% CI 1.15–3.50) and residing in a non-riverine community (OR = 4.02, 95%CI 2.32–6.98) were the factors associated with hookworm infection. Onchocerca volvulus and Wuchereria bancrofti infections were found in 3.3% and 0.4% of participants respectively.
Conclusion
Malaria and hookworm are the most prevalent parasite infections and those most likely to influence long-term immune response to Ebola vaccines among the trial participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Baiden
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Suzanne Fleck
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bailah Leigh
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Philip Ayieko
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Daniel Tindanbil
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tuda Otieno
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bolarinde Lawal
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mattu Tehtor
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Maariam Rogers
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Lazarus Odeny
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Respiratory Diseases Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Mohamed Samai
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - David Ishola
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brett Lowe
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Watson-Jones
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Brian Greenwood
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Lampard-Scotford AR, McCauley A, Kuebel JA, Ibbott R, Mutapi F. Impact of parasitic infection on mental health and illness in humans in Africa: a systematic review. Parasitology 2022; 149:1003-1018. [PMID: 35549773 PMCID: PMC11010480 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of research implicates inflammation as a potential pathway in the aetiology and pathophysiology of some mental illnesses. A systematic review was conducted to determine the association between parasitic infection and mental illnesses in humans in Africa and reviewed the state of the evidence available. The search focused on publications from Africa documenting the relationship between parasites from two parasite groups, helminths and protozoans, and four classifications of mental illness: mood affective disorders, neurotic and stress-related disorders, schizotypal disorders and unspecified mental illnesses. In the 26 reviewed papers, the prevalence of mental illness was significantly higher in people with parasitic infection compared to those without infection, i.e., 58.2% vs 41.8% (P < 0.001). An overall odds ratio found that the association of having a mental illness when testing positive for a parasitic infection was four times that of people without infection. Whilst the study showed significant associations between parasite infection and mental illness, it also highlights gaps in the present literature on the pathophysiology of mental illness in people exposed to parasite infection. This study highlighted the importance of an integrated intervention for parasitic infection and mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra R. Lampard-Scotford
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
- Ashworth Laboratories, NIHR Global Health Research Unit Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa (TIBA), University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Angela McCauley
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
- Ashworth Laboratories, NIHR Global Health Research Unit Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa (TIBA), University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Julius Arthur Kuebel
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
- Ashworth Laboratories, NIHR Global Health Research Unit Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa (TIBA), University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Rachel Ibbott
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
- Ashworth Laboratories, NIHR Global Health Research Unit Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa (TIBA), University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Francisca Mutapi
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
- Ashworth Laboratories, NIHR Global Health Research Unit Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa (TIBA), University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
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75
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Stevenson MM, Valanparambil RM, Tam M. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells: The Expanding World of Helminth Modulation of the Immune System. Front Immunol 2022; 13:874308. [PMID: 35757733 PMCID: PMC9229775 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.874308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with helminths or parasitic worms are highly prevalent worldwide especially in developing regions. Helminths cause chronic infections that are associated with suppression of immune responses to unrelated pathogens, vaccines, and by-stander antigens responsible for dysregulated immune responses as occurs in diseases such as allergies. Helminths use multiple mechanisms to modulate the immune system to evade the highly polarized type 2 immune response required to expel adult worms and for immunity to reinfection. Anthelmintic drugs are efficient in reducing adult worm burdens in helminth-infected individuals, but resistance to these drugs is rapidly increasing and vaccines against these pathogens are not available. Emerging evidence indicate that helminths induce myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), originally described in tumor-bearing mice and cancer patients. MDSC are a heterogenous population of immature cells that consist of two distinct sub-populations, polymorphonuclear (PMN)-MDSC and monocytic (M)-MDSC based on morphology and phenotype. MDSC suppress the function of T cells and other innate and adaptive immune cells including NK cells and B cells. During cancer or infection with bacteria or viruses, there is marked expansion of MDSC. Furthermore, the frequencies of MDSC correlate inversely with the prognosis and survival of tumor-bearing hosts as well as bacterial and viral burdens, persistence, and outcome in infected hosts. Currently, there is a paucity of data on MDSC and helminth infections. Here, we provide a survey of the evidence accumulated so far that overall support a role for MDSC in modulating immune responses during helminth infections. We review data from studies in various helminths, including those that infect humans. Finally, we summarize the progress to date in understanding the role of MDSC in helminth infections and briefly discuss potential host-directed strategies to target MDSC-mediated suppression of immune responses to helminths in favor of development of immunity to eliminate adult worms and possibly induce protection against reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Stevenson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rajesh M Valanparambil
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mifong Tam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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76
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Reichwald JJ, Risch F, Neumann AL, Frohberger SJ, Scheunemann JF, Lenz B, Ehrens A, Strutz W, Schumak B, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP. ILC2s Control Microfilaremia During Litomosoides sigmodontis Infection in Rag2-/- Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:863663. [PMID: 35757689 PMCID: PMC9222899 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.863663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are inducers of type 2 immune responses, but their role during filarial infection remains unclear. In the present study, we used the Litomosoides sigmodontis rodent model of filariasis to analyze ILC2s during infection in susceptible BALB/c mice that develop a chronic infection with microfilaremia and semi-susceptible C57BL/6 mice that eliminate the filariae shortly after the molt into adult worms and thus do not develop microfilaremia. ILC2s (CD45+ Lineage- TCRβ- CD90.2+ Sca-1+ IL-33R+ GATA-3+) were analyzed in the pleural cavity, the site of L. sigmodontis infection, after the infective L3 larvae reached the pleural cavity (9 days post infection, dpi), after the molt into adult worms (30dpi) and during the peak of microfilaremia (70dpi). C57BL/6 mice had significantly increased ILC2 numbers compared to BALB/c mice at 30dpi, accompanied by substantially higher IL-5 and IL-13 levels, indicating a stronger type 2 immune response in C57BL/6 mice upon L. sigmodontis infection. At this time point the ILC2 numbers positively correlated with the worm burden in both mouse strains. ILC2s and GATA-3+ CD4+ T cells were the dominant source of IL-5 in L. sigmodontis-infected C57BL/6 mice with ILC2s showing a significantly higher IL-5 expression than CD4+ T cells. To investigate the importance of ILC2s during L. sigmodontis infection, ILC2s were depleted with anti-CD90.2 antibodies in T and B cell-deficient Rag2-/- C57BL/6 mice on 26-28dpi and the outcome of infection was compared to isotype controls. Rag2-/- mice were per se susceptible to L. sigmodontis infection with significantly higher worm burden than C57BL/6 mice and developed microfilaremia. Depletion of ILC2s did not result in an increased worm burden in Rag2-/- mice, but led to significantly higher microfilariae numbers compared to isotype controls. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that ILC2s are essentially involved in the control of microfilaremia in Rag2-/- C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia J Reichwald
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frederic Risch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Neumann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan J Frohberger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johanna F Scheunemann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Benjamin Lenz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Ehrens
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wiebke Strutz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Beatrix Schumak
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc P Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
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77
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Soichot J, Guttmann N, Rehrauer H, Joller N, Tritten L. Nematode microRNAs can Individually Regulate Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 and mTOR in Differentiating T Helper 2 Lymphocytes and Modulate Cytokine Production in Macrophages. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:909312. [PMID: 35836928 PMCID: PMC9274173 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.909312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes are masterful immunomodulators. This class of pathogens has evolved a spectrum of sophisticated strategies to regulate and evade host immune responses, mediated through the release of various molecules. In this context, the release of microRNAs (miRNAs), short post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, has been of particular interest in the host-parasite interplay. Evidence that parasite-derived miRNAs modulate host innate and adaptive immune responses has become increasingly compelling. However, since miRNAs are usually contained in extracellular vesicles containing other mediators, it is difficult to assign an observed effect on host cells to miRNAs specifically. Here, the effects of some abundantly secreted miRNAs by nematodes used as models of gastrointestinal infections (Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri, Trichuris muris and Ascaris suum) were evaluated, addressing the potential of parasite miRNAs to impair in vitro differentiation of two important types of immune cells in the context of helminth infections, Th2 lymphocytes and macrophages. Mimicking a continuous exposure to low concentrations of nematode miRNAs, the interferon gamma signaling, the IL-2/STAT5 signaling, and the mTOR signaling pathways were identified as downregulated by Hpo-miR-71-5p. Interferon regulatory factor 4 (Irf4) was validated as a target of Hpo-miR-71-5p, while Mtor is targeted by Asu-miR-791-3p, abundant in the T. muris secretions. By trend, Hpo-miR-71-5p impacts mildly but consistently on the amounts of inflammatory cytokines in unpolarized macrophages but leads to slightly increased IL-10 level in alternatively activated cells. In addition, our data suggests that transfected miRNAs remain for days in recipient cells, and that Hpo-miR-71-5p can incorporate into mouse Argonaute protein complexes. Nematode miRNAs can impair both innate and adaptive arms of host immunity. Hpo-miR-71-5p in particular, absent in mammals, interacts with host genes and pathways with crucial involvement in anthelmintic immune responses. This report brings new insights into the dynamics of miRNA-driven immunomodulation and highlights putative targeted pathways. Although the absolute repression is subtle, it is expected that the dozens of different miRNAs released by nematodes may have a synergistic effect on surrounding host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Soichot
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Guttmann
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hubert Rehrauer
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich/University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Joller
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lucienne Tritten
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Lucienne Tritten,
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78
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Adjobimey T, Meyer J, Terkeš V, Parcina M, Hoerauf A. Helminth antigens differentially modulate the activation of CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes of convalescent COVID-19 patients in vitro. BMC Med 2022; 20:241. [PMID: 35764965 PMCID: PMC9241220 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02441-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a recently discovered strain of coronavirus. The virus has spread rapidly, causing millions of death worldwide. Contrary to the predictions, prevalence and mortality due to COVID-19 have remained moderate on the African continent. Several factors, including age, genetics, vaccines, and co-infections, might impact the course of the pandemic in Africa. Helminths are highly endemic in Sub-Saharan Africa and are renowned for their ability to evade, skew, and suppress human immune responses through various immune-modulatory mechanisms. Such effects will likely impact SARS-CoV-2 transmission and disease progression. METHODS Here, we analyzed in vitro the impact of antigen extracts from three major helminth parasites, including Onchocerca volvulus, Brugia malayi, and Ascaris lumbricoides, on the immune reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 peptides in COVID-19 patients. Activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was investigated using flow cytometry to monitor the expression of CD137 (4-1BB) and CD69. Cytokine expression, including IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TNFα, was measured by Luminex in cell culture supernatants. RESULTS We observed that helminth antigens significantly reduced the frequency of SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD4+ T helper cells. In contrast, the expression of SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD8+ T cells was not affected and even significantly increased when PBMCs from COVID-19 patients living in Benin, an endemic helminth country, were used. In addition, stimulation with helminth antigens was associated with increased IL-10 and a reduction of IFNγ and TNFα. CONCLUSIONS Our data offer a plausible explanation for the moderate incidence of COVID-19 in Africa and support the hypothesis that helper T cell-mediated immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 are mitigated in the presence of helminth antigens, while virus-specific cytotoxic T cell responses are maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomabu Adjobimey
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany. .,Unité de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (FAST), Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Bénin.
| | - Julia Meyer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Vedrana Terkeš
- Department of Infectiology, General Hospital Zadar, Zadar, Croatia
| | - Marijo Parcina
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.,Bonn-Cologne Site, German Center for Infectious Disease Research (DZIF), Bonn, Germany
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79
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Andriamanantena Z, Randrianarisaona F, Rakotondrainipiana M, Andriantsalama P, Randriamparany R, Randremanana R, Randrianirina F, Novault S, Duffy D, Huetz F, Hasan M, Schoenhals M, Sansonetti PJ, Vonaesch P, Vigan-Womas I. Changes in Systemic Regulatory T Cells, Effector T Cells, and Monocyte Populations Associated With Early-Life Stunting. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864084. [PMID: 35720335 PMCID: PMC9202423 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stunting and environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) may be responsible for altered gut and systemic immune responses. However, their impact on circulating immune cell populations remains poorly characterized during early life. A detailed flow cytometry analysis of major systemic immune cell populations in 53 stunted and 52 non-stunted (2 to 5 years old) children living in Antananarivo (Madagascar) was performed. Compared to age-matched non-stunted controls, stunted children aged 2-3 years old had a significantly lower relative proportion of classical monocytes. No significant associations were found between stunting and the percentages of effector T helper cell populations (Th1, Th2, Th17, Th1Th17, and cTfh). However, we found that HLA-DR expression (MFI) on all memory CD4+ or CD8+ T cell subsets was significantly lower in stunted children compared to non-stunted controls. Interestingly, in stunted children compared to the same age-matched non-stunted controls, we observed statistically significant age-specific differences in regulatory T cells (Treg) subsets. Indeed, in 2- to 3-year-old stunted children, a significantly higher percentage of memory Treg, whilst a significantly lower percentage of naive Treg, was found. Our results revealed that both innate and adaptive systemic cell percentages, as well as activation status, were impacted in an age-related manner during stunting. Our study provides valuable insights into the understanding of systemic immune system changes in stunted children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zo Andriamanantena
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | | | - Prisca Andriantsalama
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Ravaka Randriamparany
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Rindra Randremanana
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Sophie Novault
- Cytometry and Biomarkers Unit of Technology and Service, Université de Paris, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Darragh Duffy
- Translational Immunology Lab, Department of Immunology, Université de Paris, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - François Huetz
- Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Milena Hasan
- Cytometry and Biomarkers Unit of Technology and Service, Université de Paris, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Schoenhals
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Pascale Vonaesch
- Institut Pasteur, Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Paris, France
| | - Inès Vigan-Womas
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar,*Correspondence: Inès Vigan-Womas,
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80
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Bruschi F, Ashour D, Othman A. Trichinella-induced immunomodulation: Another tale of helminth success. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2022; 27:e00164. [PMID: 35615625 PMCID: PMC9125654 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2022.e00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis is a unique parasite in that both the adults and larvae survive in two different intracellular niches in the same host. The immune response, albeit intense, is highly modulated to ensure the survival of both the host and the parasite. It is skewed to T helper 2 and regulatory arms. Diverse cells from both the innate and adaptive compartments of immunity, including dendritic cells, T regulatory cells, and alternatively activated macrophages are thought to mediate such immunomodulation. The parasite has also an outstanding ability to evade the immune system by several elaborate processes. The molecules derived from the parasites including Trichinella, particularly the components of the excretory-secretory products, are being continually identified and explored for the potential of ameliorating the immunopathology in animal models of diverse inflammatory and autoimmune human diseases. Herein we discuss the various aspects of Trichinella-induced immunomodulation with a special reference to the practical implications of the immune system manipulation in alleviating or possibly curing human diseases.
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Key Words
- AAM, alternatively activated macrophage
- AW, adult worm
- Allergy
- Autoimmune diseases
- Breg, regulatory B cell
- CAM, classically activated macrophage
- Cancer
- ES L1, ES product of T. spiralis muscle larva
- ES, excretory–secretory
- IFN- γ, interferon-γ
- IIL, intestinal infective larva
- IL, interleukin
- Immune evasion
- Immunomodulation
- ML, muscle larva
- NBL, newborn larva
- NOS, nitric oxide synthase
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TNF- α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- Th, T helper
- Tol-DC, tolerogenic dendritic cell
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- Trichinella
- Trichinella-derived molecules
- Ts-AES, ES from adult T. spiralis
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Bruschi
- School of Medicine, Department of Translational Research, N.T.M.S., Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - D.S. Ashour
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - A.A. Othman
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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81
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Loke P, Lee SC, Oyesola OO. Effects of helminths on the human immune response and the microbiome. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1224-1233. [PMID: 35732819 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00532-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Helminths have evolved sophisticated immune regulating mechanisms to prevent rejection by their mammalian host. Our understanding of how the human immune system responds to these parasites remains poor compared to mouse models of infection and this limits our ability to develop vaccines as well as harness their unique properties as therapeutic strategies against inflammatory disorders. Here, we review how recent studies on human challenge infections, self-infected individuals, travelers, and endemic populations have improved our understanding of human type 2 immunity and its effects on the microbiome. The heterogeneity of responses between individuals and the limited access to tissue samples beyond the peripheral blood are challenges that limit human studies on helminths, but also provide opportunities to transform our understanding of human immunology. Organoids and single-cell sequencing are exciting new tools for immunological analysis that may aid this pursuit. Learning about the genetic and immunological basis of resistance, tolerance, and pathogenesis to helminth infections may thus uncover mechanisms that can be utilized for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P'ng Loke
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Soo Ching Lee
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Oyebola O Oyesola
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Zawistowska-Deniziak A, Lambooij JM, Kalinowska A, Patente TA, Łapiński M, van der Zande HJP, Basałaj K, de Korne CM, Chayé MAM, Gasan TA, Norbury LJ, Giera M, Zaldumbide A, Smits HH, Guigas B. Fasciola hepatica Fatty Acid Binding Protein 1 Modulates T cell Polarization by Promoting Dendritic Cell Thrombospondin-1 Secretion Without Affecting Metabolic Homeostasis in Obese Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:884663. [PMID: 35720355 PMCID: PMC9204345 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.884663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The parasitic trematode Fasciola hepatica evades host immune defenses through secretion of various immunomodulatory molecules. Fatty Acid Binding Proteins (fhFABPs) are among the main excreted/secreted proteins and have been shown to display anti-inflammatory properties. However, little is currently known regarding their impact on dendritic cells (DCs) and their subsequent capacity to prime specific CD4+ T cell subsets. Methodology/Principal Findings The immunomodulatory effects of both native F. hepatica extracts and recombinant fhFABPs were assessed on monocyte-derived human DCs (moDCs) and the underlying mechanism was next investigated using various approaches, including DC-allogenic T cell co-culture and DC phenotyping through transcriptomic, proteomic and FACS analyses. We mainly showed that fhFABP1 induced a tolerogenic-like phenotype in LPS-stimulated moDCs characterized by a dose-dependent increase in the cell-surface tolerogenic marker CD103 and IL-10 secretion, while DC co-stimulatory markers were not affected. A significant decrease in secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12p70 and IL-6 was also observed. In addition, these effects were associated with an increase in both Th2-on-Th1 ratio and IL-10 secretion by CD4+ T cells following DC-T cell co-culture. RNA sequencing and targeted proteomic analyses identified thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) as a non-canonical factor highly expressed and secreted by fhFABP1-primed moDCs. The effect of fhFABP1 on T cell skewing was abolished when using a TSP-1 blocking antibody during DC-T cell co-culture. Immunomodulation by helminth molecules has been linked to improved metabolic homeostasis during obesity. Although fhFABP1 injection in high-fat diet-fed obese mice induced a potent Th2 immune response in adipose tissue, it did not improved insulin sensitivity or glucose homeostasis. Conclusions/Significance We show that fhFABP1 modulates T cell polarization, notably by promoting DC TSP-1 secretion in vitro, without affecting metabolic homeostasis in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zawistowska-Deniziak
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Joost M. Lambooij
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alicja Kalinowska
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Thiago A. Patente
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Maciej Łapiński
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hendrik J. P. van der Zande
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Katarzyna Basałaj
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Clarize M. de Korne
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden, Netherlands
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mathilde A. M. Chayé
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Thomas A. Gasan
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Luke J. Norbury
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- School of Science, STEM College, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Martin Giera
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Arnaud Zaldumbide
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hermelijn H. Smits
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden, Netherlands
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83
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Ogongo P, Nyakundi RK, Chege GK, Ochola L. The Road to Elimination: Current State of Schistosomiasis Research and Progress Towards the End Game. Front Immunol 2022; 13:846108. [PMID: 35592327 PMCID: PMC9112563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.846108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The new WHO Roadmap for Neglected Tropical Diseases targets the global elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem. To date, control strategies have focused on effective diagnostics, mass drug administration, complementary and integrative public health interventions. Non-mammalian intermediate hosts and other vertebrates promote transmission of schistosomiasis and have been utilized as experimental model systems. Experimental animal models that recapitulate schistosomiasis immunology, disease progression, and pathology observed in humans are important in testing and validation of control interventions. We discuss the pivotal value of these models in contributing to elimination of schistosomiasis. Treatment of schistosomiasis relies heavily on mass drug administration of praziquantel whose efficacy is comprised due to re-infections and experimental systems have revealed the inability to kill juvenile schistosomes. In terms of diagnosis, nonhuman primate models have demonstrated the low sensitivity of the gold standard Kato Katz smear technique. Antibody assays are valuable tools for evaluating efficacy of candidate vaccines, and sera from graded infection experiments are useful for evaluating diagnostic sensitivity of different targets. Lastly, the presence of Schistosomes can compromise the efficacy of vaccines to other infectious diseases and its elimination will benefit control programs of the other diseases. As the focus moves towards schistosomiasis elimination, it will be critical to integrate treatment, diagnostics, novel research tools such as sequencing, improved understanding of disease pathogenesis and utilization of experimental models to assist with evaluating performance of new approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ogongo
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ruth K Nyakundi
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gerald K Chege
- Primate Unit & Delft Animal Centre, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lucy Ochola
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Environmental Health, School of Behavioural and Lifestyle Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
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84
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Gildner TE, Cepon-Robins TJ, Urlacher SS. Cumulative host energetic costs of soil-transmitted helminth infection. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:629-641. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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85
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Ianiro G, Iorio A, Porcari S, Masucci L, Sanguinetti M, Perno CF, Gasbarrini A, Putignani L, Cammarota G. How the gut parasitome affects human health. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2022; 15:17562848221091524. [PMID: 35509426 PMCID: PMC9058362 DOI: 10.1177/17562848221091524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiome (GM) is a complex ecosystem that includes numerous prokaryotic and eukaryotic inhabitants. The composition of GM can influence an array of host physiological functions including immune development. Accumulating evidence suggest that several members of non-bacterial microbiota, including protozoa and helminths, that were earlier considered as pathogens, could have a commensal or beneficial relationship with the host. Here we examine the most recent data from omics studies on prokaryota-meiofauna-host interaction as well as the impact of gut parasitome on gut bacterial ecology and its role as 'immunological driver' in health and disease to glimpse new therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Iorio
- Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Parasitology and Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Porcari
- Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Luca Masucci
- Microbiology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario ‘A. Gemelli’ IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Microbiology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario ‘A. Gemelli’ IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Federico Perno
- Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology, and Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Lorenza Putignani
- Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Parasitology and Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cammarota
- Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
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86
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Administration of Hookworm Excretory/Secretory Proteins Improves Glucose Tolerance in a Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050637. [PMID: 35625566 PMCID: PMC9138508 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is recognised as the world’s fastest growing chronic condition globally. Helminth infections have been shown to be associated with a lower prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D), in part due to their ability to induce a type 2 immune response. Therefore, to understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie the development of T2D-induced insulin resistance, we treated mice fed on normal or diabetes-promoting diets with excretory/secretory products (ES) from the gastrointestinal helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. We demonstrated that treatment with crude ES products from adult worms (AES) or infective third-stage larvae (L3ES) from N. brasiliensis improved glucose tolerance and attenuated body weight gain in mice fed on a high glycaemic index diet. N. brasiliensis ES administration to mice was associated with a type 2 immune response measured by increased eosinophils and IL-5 in peripheral tissues but not IL-4, and with a decrease in the level of IL-6 in adipose tissue and corresponding increase in IL-6 levels in the liver. Moreover, treatment with AES or L3ES was associated with significant changes in the community composition of the gut microbiota at the phylum and order levels. These data highlight a role for N. brasiliensis ES in modulating the immune response associated with T2D, and suggest that N. brasiliensis ES contain molecules with therapeutic potential for treating metabolic syndrome and T2D.
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87
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Yordanova IA, Jürchott K, Steinfelder S, Vogt K, Krüger U, Kühl AA, Sawitzki B, Hartmann S. The Host Peritoneal Cavity Harbors Prominent Memory Th2 and Early Recall Responses to an Intestinal Nematode. Front Immunol 2022; 13:842870. [PMID: 35418979 PMCID: PMC8996181 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.842870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal parasitic nematodes affect a quarter of the world’s population, typically eliciting prominent effector Th2-driven host immune responses. As not all infected hosts develop protection against reinfection, our current understanding of nematode-induced memory Th2 responses remains limited. Here, we investigated the activation of memory Th2 cells and the mechanisms driving early recall responses to the enteric nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus in mice. We show that nematode-cured mice harbor memory Th2 cells in lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs with distinct transcriptional profiles, expressing recirculation markers like CCR7 and CD62-L in the mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN), and costimulatory markers like Ox40, as well as tissue homing and activation markers like CCR2, CD69 and CD40L in the gut and peritoneal cavity (PEC). While memory Th2 cells persist systemically in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues following cure of infection, peritoneal memory Th2 cells in particular displayed an initial prominent expansion and strong parasite-specific Th2 responses during early recall responses to a challenge nematode infection. This effect was paralleled by a significant influx of dendritic cells (DC) and eosinophils, both also appearing exclusively in the peritoneal cavity of reinfected mice. In addition, we show that within the peritoneal membrane lined by peritoneal mesothelial cells (PeM), the gene expression levels of cell adhesion markers VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 decrease significantly in response to a secondary infection. Overall, our findings indicate that the host peritoneal cavity in particular harbors prominent memory Th2 cells and appears to respond directly to H. polygyrus by an early recall response via differential regulation of cell adhesion markers, marking the peritoneal cavity an important site for host immune responses to an enteric pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivet A Yordanova
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Jürchott
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Katrin Vogt
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Krüger
- Core Unite Genomics, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin und Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, iPATH.Berlin, Core Unit for Immunopathology for Experimental Models, Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Sawitzki
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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88
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Xu JY, Gu X, Xie Y, He R, Xu J, Xiong L, Peng X, Yang G. Regulatory effects of a novel cysteine protease inhibitor in Baylisascaris schroederi migratory larvae on mice immune cells. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:121. [PMID: 35379304 PMCID: PMC8981815 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05240-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is a well-known, rare and endangered species. Baylisascaris schroederi is a pathogenic ascarid. Infection with B. schroederi may cause death in giant pandas. At present, the immune evasion mechanism of B. schroederi is little known. Cysteine protease inhibitors (CPI) play important roles in the regulation of host immune responses against certain nematodes. In this study, we focused on the analysis of the regulation of B. schroederi migratory larvae CPI (rBsCPI-1) on mice immune cells. Methods First, the pattern recognition receptors on the surface of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and the signal pathways that transduce extracellular signals into the nucleus activated by rBsCPI-1 were identified. Then, the regulatory effects of rBsCPI-1 on PBMCs physiological activities were detected. Finally, the effects of rBsCPI-1 on TLR signaling pathway activation and NF-κB phosphorylation in mice immunized with recombinant protein were analysed. Results The results suggested that rBsCPI-1 secreted by B. schroederi migratory larvae is mainly recognized by TLR2 and TLR4 on PBMCs. Extracellular signals are transduced into the nucleus through the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, enhancing the phagocytosis, migration, and apoptosis of PBMCs; meanwhile, rBsCPI-1 induces high expression of NO. Thus, rBsCPI-1 plays a role in immune regulation. In addition, the high expression of negative regulatory factors also ensured that TLR activation is maintained at the optimal level. Conclusions rBsCPI-1 can transduce regulatory signals into immune cells by activating the TLR2/4-NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway, having a certain regulatory effect on the physiological activities. Meanwhile, rBsCPI-1 can maintain the immune response in a balance by limiting the over-activation of the TLRs signaling pathway and thus contributes to B. schroederi immune evasion. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05240-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yun Xu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - XiaoBin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Lang Xiong
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - XueRong Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - GuangYou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.
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89
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Mitigation of Toxoplasma gondii-induced ileitis by Trichinellaspiralis infection pinpointing immunomodulation. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:491-501. [DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01476-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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90
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Dai M, Yang X, Yu Y, Pan W. Helminth and Host Crosstalk: New Insight Into Treatment of Obesity and Its Associated Metabolic Syndromes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:827486. [PMID: 35281054 PMCID: PMC8913526 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.827486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its associated Metabolic Syndromes (Mets) represent a global epidemic health problem. Metabolic inflammation, lipid accumulation and insulin resistance contribute to the progression of these diseases, thereby becoming targets for drug development. Epidemiological data have showed that the rate of helminth infection negatively correlates with the incidence of obesity and Mets. Correspondingly, numerous animal experiments and a few of clinic trials in human demonstrate that helminth infection or its derived molecules can mitigate obesity and Mets via induction of macrophage M2 polarization, inhibition of adipogenesis, promotion of fat browning, and improvement of glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and metabolic inflammation. Interestingly, sporadic studies also uncover that several helminth infections can reshape gut microbiota of hosts, which is intimately implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity and Mets. Overall, these findings indicate that the crosstalk between helminth and hosts may be a novel direction for obesity and Mets therapy. The present article reviews the molecular mechanism of how helminth masters immunity and metabolism in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education (Xuzhou Medical University), Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yinghua Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Pan, ; Yinghua Yu,
| | - Wei Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Pan, ; Yinghua Yu,
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91
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Stetter N, Hartmann W, Brunn ML, Stanelle-Bertram S, Gabriel G, Breloer M. A Combination of Deworming and Prime-Boost Vaccination Regimen Restores Efficacy of Vaccination Against Influenza in Helminth-Infected Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 12:784141. [PMID: 34992602 PMCID: PMC8724120 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.784141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminths still infect a quarter of the human population. They manage to establish chronic infections by downmodulating the immune system of their hosts. Consequently, the immune response of helminth-infected individuals to vaccinations may be impaired as well. Here we study the impact of helminth-induced immunomodulation on vaccination efficacy in the mouse system. We have previously shown that an underlying Litomosoides sigmodontis infection reduced the antibody (Ab) response to anti-influenza vaccination in the context of a systemic expansion of type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1). Most important, vaccine-induced protection from a challenge infection with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus (2009 pH1N1) was impaired in vaccinated, L. sigmodontis-infected mice. Here, we aim at the restoration of vaccination efficacy by drug-induced deworming. Treatment of mice with Flubendazole (FBZ) resulted in elimination of viable L. sigmodontis parasites in the thoracic cavity after two weeks. Simultaneous FBZ-treatment and vaccination did not restore Ab responses or protection in L. sigmodontis-infected mice. Likewise, FBZ-treatment two weeks prior to vaccination did not significantly elevate the influenza-specific Ig response and did not protect mice from a challenge infection with 2009 pH1N1. Analysis of the regulatory T cell compartment revealed that L. sigmodontis-infected and FBZ-treated mice still displayed expanded Tr1 cell populations that may contribute to the sustained suppression of vaccination responses in successfully dewormed mice. To outcompete this sustained immunomodulation in formerly helminth-infected mice, we finally combined the drug-induced deworming with an improved vaccination regimen. Two injections with the non-adjuvanted anti-influenza vaccine Begripal conferred 60% protection while MF59-adjuvanted Fluad conferred 100% protection from a 2009 pH1N1 infection in FBZ-treated, formerly L. sigmodontis-infected mice. Of note, applying this improved prime-boost regimen did not restore protection in untreated L. sigmodontis-infected mice. In summary our findings highlight the risk of failed vaccinations due to helminth infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Stetter
- Section for Molecular Biology and Immunology, Helminth-Immunology Group, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wiebke Hartmann
- Section for Molecular Biology and Immunology, Helminth-Immunology Group, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Brunn
- Section for Molecular Biology and Immunology, Helminth-Immunology Group, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Stanelle-Bertram
- Research Department for Viral Zoonoses - One Health, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology Heinrich Pette Institute (HPI), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gülsah Gabriel
- Research Department for Viral Zoonoses - One Health, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology Heinrich Pette Institute (HPI), Hamburg, Germany.,Institute for Virology, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Minka Breloer
- Section for Molecular Biology and Immunology, Helminth-Immunology Group, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,Department for Biology, University Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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92
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Hardisty GR, Knipper JA, Fulton A, Hopkins J, Dutia BM, Taylor MD. Concurrent Infection With the Filarial Helminth Litomosoides sigmodontis Attenuates or Worsens Influenza A Virus Pathogenesis in a Stage-Dependent Manner. Front Immunol 2022; 12:819560. [PMID: 35140712 PMCID: PMC8818685 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.819560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Filarial helminths infect approximately 120 million people worldwide initiating a type 2 immune response in the host. Influenza A viruses stimulate a virulent type 1 pro-inflammatory immune response that in some individuals can cause uncontrolled immunopathology and fatality. Although coinfection with filariasis and influenza is a common occurrence, the impact of filarial infection on respiratory viral infection is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of pre-existing filarial infection on concurrent infection with influenza A virus. A murine model of co-infection was established using the filarial helminth Litomosoides sigmodontis and the H1N1 (A/WSN/33) influenza A virus (IAV). Co-infection was performed at 3 different stages of L. sigmodontis infection (larval, juvenile adult, and patency), and the impact of co-infection was determined by IAV induced weight loss and clinical signs, quantification of viral titres, and helminth counts. Significant alterations of IAV pathogenesis, dependent upon stage of infection, was observed on co-infection with L. sigmodontis. Larval stage L. sigmodontis infection alleviated clinical signs of IAV co-infection, whilst more established juvenile adult infection also significantly delayed weight loss. Viral titres remained unaltered at either infection stage. In contrast, patent L. sigmdodontis infection led to a reversal of age-related resistance to IAV infection, significantly increasing weight loss and clinical signs of infection as well as increasing IAV titre. These data demonstrate that the progression of influenza infection can be ameliorated or worsened by pre-existing filarial infection, with the outcome dependent upon the stage of filarial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth R. Hardisty
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna A. Knipper
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Fulton
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John Hopkins
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matthew D. Taylor
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Matthew D. Taylor,
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93
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Koda S, Zhu XQ, Zheng KY, Yan C. Molecular Mechanisms of Clonorchis sinensis-Host Interactions and Implications for Vaccine Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:781768. [PMID: 35118069 PMCID: PMC8804234 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.781768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by Clonorchis sinensis remain a significant public health challenge for both humans and animals, causing pyogenic cholangitis, cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, biliary fibrosis, and even cholangiocarcinoma. However, the strategies used by the parasite and the immunological mechanisms used by the host have not yet been fully understood. With the advances in technologies and the accumulated knowledge of host-parasite interactions, many vaccine candidates against liver flukes have been investigated using different strategies. In this review, we explore and analyze in-depth the immunological mechanisms involved in the pathogenicity of C. sinensis. We highlight the different mechanisms by which the parasite interacts with its host to induce immune responses. All together, these data will allow us to have a better understanding of molecular mechansism of host-parasite interactions, which may shed lights on the development of an effective vaccine against C. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Koda
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Kui-Yang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kui-Yang Zheng, ; Chao Yan,
| | - Chao Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kui-Yang Zheng, ; Chao Yan,
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94
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Na-AIP-1 secreted by human hookworms suppresses collagen-induced arthritis. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:527-535. [PMID: 35031905 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00909-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Proteins from helminths have been posed as new immunomodulatory agents with exciting potential in the treatment of immune-mediated diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study we assess the effects of a helminthic excretory/secretory (ES) protein Na-AIP-1 as monotherapy and in combination with methotrexate (MTX) in the well-described collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model of RA. CIA was induced in DBA/1 J mice which were treated after the onset of arthritis with Na-AIP-1 monotherapy, MTX or Na-AIP-1 + MTX. The clinical scores for weight, arthritis and paw width were recorded along with joint histology as outcome measures. For the clinical parameters of weight, paw score and paw width, none of the Na-AIP-1 monotherapy, MTX therapy or Na-AIP-1 + MTX combination therapy groups displayed any significant difference when compared to the arthritis control. However, a significant reduction in histological score was identified after both monotherapy (Na-AIP-1: 0.83 ± 0.24 vs Arthritis control: 5.58 ± 1.49, p = 0.0277) and combination therapy (Na-AIP-1 + MTX: 0.55 ± 0.28 vs Arthritis control: 5.58 ± 1.49, p = 0.0233) when compared to arthritis control. Furthermore, Na-AIP-1 as both monotherapy (Na-AIP-1: 0.83 ± 0.24 vs MTX: 5.73 ± 1.82 p = 0.0261) and combination therapy (Na-AIP-1 + MTX: 0.55 ± 0.28 vs MTX: 5.73 ± 1.82, p = 0.0221) also significantly reduced histological score when compared to MTX monotherapy. Na-AIP-1 significantly reduced joint pathology in CIA. The hookworm protein Na-AIP-1 seems to be effective in the treatment of RA as monotherapy and when dosed together with MTX, constituting a potential new candidate for drug development. Research should focus on elucidating the mechanism of Na-AIP-1 action as a means to identify novel targets for therapeutics and to further our current understanding of immunobiology in RA.
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95
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Chaudhury A. Parasite Immunology. TEXTBOOK OF PARASITIC ZOONOSES 2022:21-30. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-7204-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
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96
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Cayrol C. IL-33, an Alarmin of the IL-1 Family Involved in Allergic and Non Allergic Inflammation: Focus on the Mechanisms of Regulation of Its Activity. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010107. [PMID: 35011670 PMCID: PMC8750818 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a member of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family that is expressed in the nuclei of endothelial and epithelial cells of barrier tissues, among others. It functions as an alarm signal that is released upon tissue or cellular injury. IL-33 plays a central role in the initiation and amplification of type 2 innate immune responses and allergic inflammation by activating various target cells expressing its ST2 receptor, including mast cells and type 2 innate lymphoid cells. Depending on the tissue environment, IL-33 plays a wide variety of roles in parasitic and viral host defense, tissue repair and homeostasis. IL-33 has evolved a variety of sophisticated regulatory mechanisms to control its activity, including nuclear sequestration and proteolytic processing. It is involved in many diseases, including allergic, inflammatory and infectious diseases, and is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of severe asthma. In this review, I will summarize the literature around this fascinating pleiotropic cytokine. In the first part, I will describe the basics of IL-33, from the discovery of interleukin-33 to its function, including its expression, release and signaling pathway. The second part will be devoted to the regulation of IL-33 protein leading to its activation or inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Cayrol
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
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97
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Helminth-Induced Human Gastrointestinal Dysbiosis: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Reveals Insights into Altered Taxon Diversity and Microbial Gradient Collapse. mBio 2021; 12:e0289021. [PMID: 34933444 PMCID: PMC8689561 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02890-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing has allowed the characterization of helminth-uninfected (HU) and helminth-infected (HI) gut microbiomes, revealing distinct profiles. However, there have been no qualitative or quantitative syntheses of these studies, which show marked variation in participant age, diet, pathogen of interest, and study location. A predefined minimally biased search strategy identified 23 studies in humans. For each of these studies, we qualitatively addressed the effects of helminth infection on within-individual (alpha) and between-individual (beta) fecal microbiome diversity, infection-associated microbial taxa, the effect of helminth clearance on microbiome composition, microbiome composition as a predictor of infection status or treatment outcome, and treatment-specific effects on the fecal microbiome. Concomitantly, we performed a meta-analysis on a subset of 7 of these studies containing raw, paired-end 16S reads and individual-level metadata, comprising 424 pretreatment or untreated HI individuals and 497 HU controls. After reducing the batch effect and adjusting for age, our data demonstrated that intestinal helminth parasites can alter the host gut microbiome by increasing alpha diversity and promoting taxonomic reassortment and gradient collapse. Most strongly influencing the microbiome composition were the helminths found in the large intestine, Enterobius vermicularis and Trichuris trichiura, suggesting that this influence appears to be specific to soil-transmitted helminths (STH) species and host anatomical niche. In summary, using a large and diverse sample set captured in the meta-analysis, we were able to evaluate the influence of individual helminth species as well as species-species interactions, each of which explained a significant portion of the variation in the microbiome.
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98
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Zeynalyan AA, Kolasani B, Naik C, Sigakis CJG, Silhan L, Mathai SK. Rapidly progressive respiratory failure after helminth larvae ingestion. BMC Pulm Med 2021; 21:422. [PMID: 34930198 PMCID: PMC8686539 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-021-01788-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-administration of helminths has gained attention among patients as a potential but unproven therapy for autoimmune disease. We present a case of rapidly progressive respiratory failure in a patient with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) as a result of self-administration of parasitic organisms. CASE A 45-year-old woman with a history of interstitial lung disease and PAH due to limited cutaneous SSc presented to pulmonary clinic with worsening dyspnea, cough, and new onset hypoxemia. Three months prior to presentation she started oral helminth therapy with Necator americanus as an alternative treatment for SSc. Laboratory evaluation revelaed eosinophilia and elevated IgE levels. IgG antibodies to Strongyloides were detected. High resolution computed tomography of the chest revealed progressive ILD and new diffuse ground glass opacities. Transthoracic echocardiogram and right heart catheterization illustrated worsening PAH and right heart failure. The patient was admitted to the hospital and emergently evaluated for lung transplantation but was not a candidate for transplantation due to comorbidities. Despite aggressive treatment for PAH and right heart failure, her respiratory status deteriorated, and the patient transitioned to comfort-focused care. CONCLUSION Although ingestion of helminths poses a risk of infection, helminth therapy has been investigated as a potential treatment for autoimmune diseases. In this case, self-prescribed helminth ingestion precipitated fatal acute worsening of lung inflammation, hypoxemia, and right heart dysfunction, highlighting the risk of experimental helminth therapy in patients, especially those with underlying respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahit A Zeynalyan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor University Medical Center, 3500 Gaston Ave, Dallas, Texas, 75246, USA.
| | - Balaji Kolasani
- Department of Internal Medicine - Pulmonary Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Chetan Naik
- Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Susan K Mathai
- Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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99
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Schneider-Crease IA, Blackwell AD, Kraft TS, Emery Thompson M, Maldonado Suarez I, Cummings DK, Stieglitz J, Snyder-Mackler N, Gurven M, Kaplan H, Trumble BC. Helminth infection is associated with dampened cytokine responses to viral and bacterial stimulations in Tsimane forager-horticulturalists. Evol Med Public Health 2021; 9:349-359. [PMID: 34868595 PMCID: PMC8634526 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoab035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and humans share long co-evolutionary histories over which STHs have evolved strategies to permit their persistence by downregulating host immunity. Understanding the interactions between STHs and other pathogens can inform our understanding of human evolution and contemporary disease patterns. Methodology We worked with Tsimane forager-horticulturalists in the Bolivian Amazon, where STHs are prevalent. We tested whether STHs and eosinophil levels—likely indicative of infection in this population—are associated with dampened immune responses to in vitro stimulation with H1N1 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens. Whole blood samples (n = 179) were treated with H1N1 vaccine and LPS and assayed for 13 cytokines (INF-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, GM-CSF and TNF-ɑ). We evaluated how STHs and eosinophil levels affected cytokine responses and T helper (Th) 1 and Th2-cytokine suite responses to stimulation. Results Infection with Ascaris lumbricoides was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) associated with lower response of some cytokines to H1N1 and LPS in women. Eosinophils were significantly negatively associated with some cytokine responses to H1N1 and LPS, with the strongest effects in women, and associated with a reduced Th1- and Th2-cytokine response to H1N1 and LPS in women and men. Conclusions and implications Consistent with the ‘old friends’ and hygiene hypotheses, we find that STHs were associated with dampened cytokine responses to certain viral and bacterial antigens. This suggests that STH infections may play an essential role in immune response regulation and that the lack of STH immune priming in industrialized populations may increase the risk of over-reactive immunity. Lay Summary: Indicators of helminth infection were associated with dampened cytokine immune responses to in vitro stimulation with viral and bacterial antigens in Tsimane forager-horticulturalists in the Bolivian Amazon, consistent with the ‘old friends’ and hygiene hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron D Blackwell
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Thomas S Kraft
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Noah Snyder-Mackler
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Michael Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Hillard Kaplan
- Economic Science Institute, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin C Trumble
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.,School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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100
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Oliveira LM, Oliveira YLDC, Oliveira YLM, Ramos ACS, Andrade GF, Sá VL, Geraldi RM, Pinheiro CS, Bueno LL, Fujiwara RT, Dolabella SS. Intestinal polyparasitism and levels of mucosal anthelmintic SIgA in children from endemic areas in Northeastern Brazil. Parasite Immunol 2021; 44:e12899. [PMID: 34861047 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between parasites during co-infections are often complex and can impact immunization and treatment programmes, as well as disease outcomes and morbidity. However, little is known about these interactions and the mechanisms involved. In this study, a coproparasitological survey was carried out in school-age children living in endemic areas of parasitic infection in the state of Sergipe, Northeastern Brazil. Anti-helminth-specific and total secretory immunoglobulin-A (SIgA) levels were measured in stool and saliva samples and were compared in children presenting monoparasitism, polyparasitism (helminths and/or intestinal protozoa) and no infections. The survey showed that protozoa were more prevalent than helminths, and that there was a high frequency of polyparasitism in the studied population, mainly from combinations of protozoan species. Although less frequent, combinations between species of protozoa and helminths were also observed. The levels of salivary SIgA in these co-infected individuals were lower than the average observed in infections with helminths alone. Although the children participating in this survey were asymptomatic, and it was, therefore, not possible to evaluate the impact of salivary SIgA reduction on the diseases, and the study highlights the need for further investigations of co-infections by intestinal parasites and the effects on immune response induced by the interactions between different parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana M Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Parasite Biology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil.,Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | - Yvanna L D C Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Yrna L M Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Parasite Biology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Anne Caroline S Ramos
- Postgraduate Program in Parasite Biology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Gabriela F Andrade
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | - Vitor L Sá
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | - Ricardo M Geraldi
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | - Carina S Pinheiro
- Department of Biointeraction, Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lilian L Bueno
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T Fujiwara
- Postgraduate Program in Parasite Biology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil.,Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Silvio S Dolabella
- Postgraduate Program in Parasite Biology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil.,Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
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