Predictors of Procedural and Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Symptomatic Tricuspid Regurgitation Undergoing Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair

New therapeutic approach for tricuspid regurgitation: Transcatheter tricuspid valve replacement or repair

The tricuspid valve is a complex structure with normal function dependent on the leaflet morphology, right atrial and annular dynamics, and right ventricular and chordal support. Thus, the pathophysiology of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is equally complex and current medical and surgical management options are limited. Transcatheter devices are currently being investigated as possible treatment options with lower morbidity and mortality than open surgical procedures. These devices can be divided by their implant location/mechanism of action: leaflet approximation devices, annuloplasty devices, orthotopic valve implants, and heterotopic valve implants. The current review will discuss each class of transcatheter device therapy, and further delve into the current understanding of who and when to treat. Finally, we will include a brief discussion of the future of device and surgical therapy trials for TR and the remaining questions to answer about this complex disease process.

Periprocedural, short-term, and long-term outcomes following transcatheter tricuspid valve repair: a systemic review and meta-analysis

Background

There has been an increasing use of transcatheter tricuspid valve repair (TTVR) recently. However, the periprocedural, short-term, and long-term outcomes of TTVR remain unclear.

Objectives

To determine the clinical outcomes in patients with significant tricuspid regurgitation undergoing TTVR.

Design

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Data Source and Methods

The systematic review and meta-analysis is reported according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. PubMed and EMBASE were searched for clinical trials and observational studies until March 2022. Studies reporting the incidence of clinical outcomes after TTVR were included. The clinical outcomes included periprocedural, short-term (in-hospital or within 30 days), and long-term (>6-month follow-up) outcomes. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality whereas the secondary outcomes included technical success, procedural success, cardiovascular mortality, rehospitalization for heart failure (HHF), major bleeding, and single leaflet device attachment. The incidence of these outcomes across studies was pooled by a random-effects model.

Results

A total of 21 studies with 896 patients were included. A total of 729 (81.4%) patients underwent isolated TTVR while only 167 (18.6%) patients underwent combined mitral and tricuspid valve repair. Over 80% of the patients used coaptation devices while approximately 20% used annuloplasty devices. The median follow-up duration was 365 days. Technical and procedural success was high at 93.9% and 82.1%, respectively. The pooled perioperative, short-term, and long-term all-cause mortality for patients undergoing TTVR was 1.0%, 3.3%, and 14.1%, respectively. The long-term cardiovascular mortality rate was 5.3% while the HHF rate was 21.5%. Major bleeding and single leaflet device attachment were two major complications, accounting for 14.3% and 6.4%, respectively, during long-term follow-up.

Conclusion

TTVR is associated with high procedural success and low procedural and short-term mortality. However, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and HHF rates remain high during long-term follow-up.

Registration

PROSPERO (CRD42022310020).

Guiding Interventions for Secondary Tricuspid Regurgitation: Follow the Intricate Interplay Between Form and Function

Secondary tricuspid regurgitation (TR) has long been considered a benign and well-tolerated valvular lesion that resolves after treatment of the underlying disease. This view has been challenged by data indicating that long-standing TR can be a progressive disorder, contributing to right ventricular failure and end-organ damage, despite adequate treatment of the underlying disease. Surgical correction is curative, but infrequently performed and historically associated with poor outcomes. This may be due to delayed diagnosis, lack of well-defined surgical indications, and, consequently, late intervention in patients in poor clinical condition with failing right ventricles. Because of limited evidence about timing and corresponding outcome of tricuspid valve surgery, current guideline recommendations are rather conservative and show several inconsistencies. Nevertheless, there has been a trend toward a more aggressive approach in the surgical treatment of TR with improved outcomes. Moreover, emerging transcatheter options claim to provide a lower-risk alternative for selected patients. This may facilitate earlier treatment and improve the attitude toward an early treatment strategy of secondary TR, yet is not reflected in the guidelines. Future research is needed for risk stratification to determine inclusion criteria and optimal timing for intervention.

Transcatheter Tricuspid Valve Repair in Prohibitive Risk Patients: Impact on Quality of Life and Major Organ Systems

BACKGROUND

Percutaneous repair for severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is emerging as a viable option, but patient selection is challenging and predetermined by comorbidities. This study evaluated mid-term outcomes of transcatheter tricuspid valve repair (TTVR) in very sick inoperable patients and explored the concept of risk-based therapeutic futility.

METHODS

TTVR patients treated in our centre were prospectively assigned to prohibitive-risk (PR) and high-risk (HR) subgroups, based on Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) Score, frailty indices, and major organ system compromise. Efficacy and safety outcomes were compared at baseline, 30 days, and 6 months.

RESULTS

Thirty-three patients (mean age 81.9 ± 5.1 years) completed follow-up from May 2021 to March 2022: 18 PR (mean STS Score 15.5 ± 7%) and 15 HR (mean STS Score 6.4 ± 1.7%). The primary efficacy end point of at least 1 grade of TR reduction by 30 days was recorded in 93.9% of all patients, with no device-related adverse events. Improvement in initial New York Heart Association functional class III/IV occurred in 74% of PR and 93% of HR patients. Six-minute walk test increased by 81 ± 43.6 metres (P < 0.001) and 85.8 ± 47.9 metres (P < 0.001), respectively. Renal function tests improved by 15% (P = 0.048) and 7% (P = 0.050), while liver enzymes decreased by 18% (P = 0.020) and 28% (P = 0.052). Right ventricular systolic function increased in both subgroups by at least 24% (P < 0.001). Six-month mortality was 12.1%, with 6 hospitalisations for acute heart failure.

CONCLUSIONS

TR reduction significantly affected quality of life, functional capacity, cardiac remodelling, and multiorgan involvement similarly in PR and HR patients. TTVR is feasible in very sick symptomatic patients, regardless of predicted risk.

The evolving role of multi-modality imaging in transcatheter tricuspid valve interventions

Tricuspid valve pathophysiology is not well-understood. Emergence of novel transcatheter tricuspid therapies has fueled the requirements for improved imaging visualization techniques and interventional imaging physician skillsets in guiding these complex transcatheter procedures. There is growing understanding on the clinical significance of tricuspid regurgitation which expanded the interest for percutaneous tricuspid valve interventions. The present review concentrates on three essential aspects of tricuspid valve pathophysiology: anatomical considerations for tricuspid interventions, optimal timing of tricuspid interventions by imaging guidance, and the role of interventional imaging physicians’ skillset and knowledge in this field.

Funktionelle Trikuspidalklappeninsuffizienz – Klinische und echokardiografische Parameter für die Auswahl von Patient und Verfahren

Die sekundäre Trikuspidalklappeninsuffizienz (TI) ist ein häufiger Klappenfehler und führt oft erst in fortgeschrittenen Stadien zu Symptomen. Die Prognose von betroffenen Patienten ist eingeschränkt und die perioperative Letalität bei konventioneller Chirurgie der isolierten TI hoch, sodass kathetergestützte Verfahren einen enormen technischen Fortschritt in den letzten Jahren gemacht haben. Zudem hat die anatomische und auch klinische Patientenauswahl an Bedeutung gewonnen, da sowohl in der klinischen Präsentation als auch in der individuellen Anatomie der Trikuspidalklappe eine große Variabilität herrscht. Klinisch ist bzw. sind insbesondere das Vorhandensein einer (präkapillären) pulmonalen Hypertonie oder fortgeschrittene Stadien des Rechtsherz-Remodelings mit einer reduzierten Prognose nach kathetergestützten Eingriffen assoziiert. Zudem sind relevante Komorbiditäten und funktionelle Fitness/Gebrechlichkeit zu evaluieren. Echokardiografisch ist die funktionelle TI durch eine Anulus- und/oder rechtsventrikuläre bzw. rechtsatriale Dilatation gekennzeichnet, welche zu Koaptationsdefekten der Trikuspidalklappensegel und einer Zügelung der Segel („Tethering“) führen können. Die Ausprägung dieser Parameter sowie die Anulusgröße, der Schweregrad der TI und das Vorhandensein von transvalvulären Sonden im Bezug zur Trikuspidalklappe sind die wichtigsten echokardiografischen Parameter, die in die Patientenauswahl einfließen müssen.

The TriClip system for edge-to-edge transcatheter tricuspid valve repair. A Spanish multicenter study

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES

In patients with tricuspid regurgitation (TR), edge-to-edge transcatheter tricuspid valve repair (TTVR) is the strategy with the highest penetration worldwide. A dedicated edge-to-edge TTVR system has recently become available in Europe. The present study describes the initial experience with the system in Spain.

METHODS

This multicenter study collected individual data from the centers accepted for the use of the novel system within an initial limited release. Between June 2020 and March 2021, all patients undergoing an edge-to-edge TTVR using the TriClip system in Spain were included in the study. The primary endpoint was the achievement of a TR reduction of at least 1 grade at discharge.

RESULTS

We included 34 patients. Most of them reported a previous history of atrial fibrillation (91%) and only 1 had a pacemaker lead. The primary endpoint (TR reduction of at least 1 grade at discharge) was met in all patients. Most of the patients required 1 (47%) or 2 clips (44%) with a clear predominance of XT (87%) over NT (13%). The location of the first clip was anteroseptal in >90% of the patients. Only 1 patient had a partial detachment, which was stabilized with additional clips in the same procedure. At discharge, TR severity was≤2 in 91% of patients. At 3 months, mortality was nil. Overall, 88% of patients were in New York Heart Association functional class≤2 and 80% had residual TR≤2.

CONCLUSIONS

Edge-to-edge TTVR seemed to be effective and safe with a sustained TR reduction at 3 months. Further studies will be needed to confirm our findings.

Indications, Limitations, and Development of Tricuspid Valve Interventions in Adults

Tricuspid regurgitation is associated with excessive mortality and poor outcomes regardless of the cause and associated comorbidities. Despite this clear association with mortality, tricuspid valve diseases remain undertreated. Tricuspid valve surgery, either repair or replacement, has shown little detectable survival benefit. Transcatheter tricuspid valve interventions have emerged as a less invasive approach to tricuspid valve diseases. They can be categorised into coaptation devices, annuloplasty devices, transcatheter tricuspid valve replacement, heterotopic caval valve implantation, and tricuspid valve-in-valve. Despite the late referral and the patient's profile, results remain fairly acceptable at least in the short term, with good procedural device success, excellent safety profile, and sustained reduction of tricuspid regurgitation for up to 1 year. Because results are limited to the mid-term, transcatheter tricuspid valve intervention durability will need to be established before broader adoption of these technologies.

Transcatheter and surgical treatment of tricuspid regurgitation: Predicting right ventricular decompensation and favorable responders

Isolated tricuspid regurgitation (TR) has gained increasing recognition in recent years both in the surgical and in the cardiological community. Left untreated, isolated TR significantly worsens survival. Despite being a strong predictor of negative prognosis, interventions to correct TR are rarely performed due to increased surgical risk and late patient presentation. Recently, the ultimate focus has been on patient selection, surgical or transcatheter indication, and correct timing. Furthermore, of paramount importance is the identification of predictors of outcome following treatment, in order to discriminate between favorable and unfavorable responders and guide the decision-making process of the most adequate treatment for every patient.

Edge-to-Edge Repair for Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation. Preliminary Echo-Data and Clinical Implications from the Tricuspid Regurgitation IMAging (TRIMA) Study

Background: The natural history of tricuspid valve regurgitation (TR) is characterized by poor prognosis and high in-hospital mortality when treated with isolated surgery. We report the preliminary echocardiographic and procedural results of a prospective cohort of symptomatic patients with high to prohibitive surgical risk and at least severe TR who underwent transcatheter edge-to-edge repair through the TriClipTM system. Methods: From June 2020 to March 2022, 27 consecutive patients were screened, and 13 underwent transcatheter TriClipTM repair. In-hospital, 30-day and six-month clinical and echocardiographic outcomes were collected. Results: Nine patients had severe, three massive and one baseline torrential TR. Sustained TR reduction of ≥1 grade was achieved in all patients, of which 90% reached a moderate TR or less. On transthoracic echocardiographic examination, there were significant reductions in vena contracta width (p < 0.001), effective regurgitant orifice area (p < 0.001) and regurgitant volume (p < 0.001) between baseline and hospital discharge. We also observed a significant reduction in tricuspid annulus diameter (p < 0.001), right ventricular basal diameter (p = 0.001) and right atrial area (p = 0.026). Conclusion: Treatment with the edge-to-edge TriClip device is safe and effective. The resulting echocardiographic improvements indicate tricuspid valve leaflet approximation does not just significantly reduce the grade of TR but also affects adjacent structures and improves right ventricular afterload adaptation.

Transcatheter tricuspid valve interventions: Current status and future perspectives

The development of transcatheter therapies to treat valvular heart diseases has changed the rules of the game, particularly in the case of aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation. In the last years, the tricuspid valve has also been the focus of these percutaneous techniques for several reasons: (1) tricuspid regurgitation is a frequent disease associated with poor clinical outcomes in spite of medical treatment, leading to end-stage right ventricular heart failure, (2) surgical tricuspid valve repair or replacement has been the treatment of choice for patients with tricuspid valve disease, but high mortality rates for isolated surgical tricuspid valve intervention have been reported in the literature, and (3) most patients with tricuspid pathology are ultimately denied cardiac surgery because of their comorbidity burden. Thus, in this context the development of less invasive catheter-based therapies would be of high clinical relevance. The present review provides an overview regarding the framework of chronic tricuspid regurgitation transcatheter therapeutic options, summarizes the transcatheter systems under clinical use or clinical evaluation with their technical features, and describes the updated current evidence in this challenging and evolving field.

Transcatheter edge-to-edge repair of tricuspid regurgitation in the Netherlands: state of the art and future perspectives

Despite the high prevalence and adverse clinical outcomes of severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR), conventional treatment options, surgical or pharmacological, are limited. Surgery is associated with a high peri-operative risk and medical treatment has not clearly resulted in clinical improvements. Therefore, there is a high unmet need to reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with severe TR. During recent years, several transcatheter solutions have been studied. This review focuses on the transcatheter edge-to-edge repair of TR (TTVR) with respect to patient selection, the procedure, pre- and peri-procedural echocardiographic assessments and clinical outcomes. Furthermore, we highlight the current status of TTVR in the Netherlands and provide data from our initial experience at the University Medical Centre Groningen.

Atrial Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation: Novel Definition and Impact on Prognosis

BACKGROUND

Atrial functional tricuspid regurgitation (atrial TR) has received growing recognition as a TR entity with a distinct cause owing to its independence from valvular tethering as the predominant mechanism underlying TR. However, characterization of atrial TR varies, and a universal definition is lacking.

METHODS

In total, 651 patients with significant functional TR were analyzed, including 438 conservatively treated individuals and 213 patients who received transcatheter tricuspid valve repair (TTVR). Based on a clustering approach, we defined atrial TR as tricuspid valve (TV) tenting height ≤10 mm, midventricular right ventricular diameter ≤38 mm, and left ventricular ejection fraction ≥50%.

RESULTS

Patients with atrial TR were more often females, had higher right ventricular fractional area change, higher left ventricular ejection fraction, and lower LV end-diastolic diameter, TV tenting area and height, lower right ventricular and tricuspid annular size, enlarged, but lower right atrial area and lower TV effective regurgitant orifice area (all P<0.05). Patients with atrial TR had significantly better long-term survival than non-atrial TR in the conservatively treated TR cohort (P<0.01, n=438). Atrial TR was independently associated with a lower rate of the combined end point of mortality and heart failure hospitalization at 1-year follow-up in the TTVR cohort (hazard ratio, 0.39; P<0.05, n=213). TR degree was significantly reduced after TTVR in non-atrial and atrial TR (P<0.01). Functional parameters significantly improved following TTVR independent of TR cause (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

An echocardiography-based atrial TR definition is associated with prognostic relevance in patients with functional TR in conservatively treated TR and after TTVR.

Impact of Tricuspid Regurgitation on Outcomes of Mitral Valve Surgery after Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) severity after mitral transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) has been shown to impact outcomes but unknown in patients requiring mitral valve (MV) surgery after TEER. We sought to determine the impact of preoperative TR severity and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction on MV surgery after TEER. From 7/2009 to 7/2020, 260/332 patients in the CUTTING-EDGE registry who underwent MV surgery after TEER had paired echocardiographic evaluation on TR severity, and ≥moderate (2+) vs <2+ TR at the time of index TEER were compared. Median follow-up post-MV surgery was 9.1 months, 96.5% complete at 30 days and 81.9% complete at 1 year. Mean age was 73.8 ± 10.3; with primary/mixed and secondary MR present in 65.6% and 32.0%, respectively. Proportion of ≥2+ TR increased from TEER to MV surgery (40% vs 57%, P < 0.001). Compared to <2+ TR group, ≥2+ pre-TEER TR patients were older, had higher STS risk score at TEER, higher RVSP, more RV dysfunction, more MR post-TEER, and a shorter median interval from TEER to MV surgery (1.9 vs 4.9 months, P = 0.023). Mortality was higher in the ≥2+ pre-TEER TR group at 30 days(24.2% vs 13.8%, P = 0.043) and 1 year (45.3% vs 22.3%, P = 0.003). On Kaplan-Meier analysis, cumulative mortality was 23.8% at 1 year and 31.6% at 3 years after MV surgery overall, and was associated with preoperative RV dysfunction (P = 0.023), ≥2+ TR at pre-TEER (P = 0.001) and presurgery (P = 0.004), but not concomitant tricuspid surgery. Moderate or greater pre-TEER TR was associated with worse outcomes, and pre-TEER TR worsened significantly at MV surgery. Concomitant tricuspid surgery did not increase overall mortality.

Clinical and Echocardiographic Outcomes of Transcatheter Tricuspid Valve Interventions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background

Medically managed tricuspid regurgitation (TR) has detrimental outcomes. Transcatheter tricuspid valve interventions (TTVIs) represent an alternative to surgery in high-risk patients; however, only early experiences exist.

Aim

The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical and echocardiographic outcomes of TTVI.

Methods

MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, and SCOPUS databases were searched for studies published up to June 2021. Studies reporting data on outcome post-TTVIs were included. This study was designed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) requirements. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality at 30-day and 1-year post-TTVI.

Results

Out of 2,718 studies, 27 were included. Notably, 30-day and 1-year all-cause mortalities were 5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4-8%, p < 0.001) and 25% (95% CI: 12-45%, p = 0.016). Procedural success was associated with a 58% risk reduction in 1-year mortality vs. lack thereof (odds ratio 0.42, 95% CI: 0.27-0.66, p < 0.001). TTVI is associated with a significant reduction in TR severity (TR EROA, mean difference [MD] 0.31 cm2; 95% CI: 0.23-0.39 cm2, p < 0.001; regurgitant volume, MD 23.54 ml; 95% CI: 17.4-29.68 ml, p = 0.03) and increase in forward stroke volume (FSV, MD 3.98 ml; 95% CI: 0.11-7.86 ml, p = 0.04).

Conclusion

TTVI significantly reduces TR severity and increases FSV and is associated with improved survival at 1 year compared with patients without procedural success. Long-term outcomes compared with medical therapy await the results of ongoing pivotal trials; nonetheless, TTVIs appear to be a promising alternative to surgery for TR.

Leaflet-to-annulus index and residual tricuspid regurgitation following tricuspid transcatheter edge-to-edge repair

BACKGROUND

A mismatch between tricuspid leaflet size and annular dilation is one of the morphological features tied to the development of tricuspid regurgitation (TR).

AIMS

We assessed the association of the leaflet-to-annulus index (LAI) with residual TR after transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER).

METHODS

Consecutive patients who underwent TEER for TR were enrolled. Significant residual TR was defined as a post-procedural TR ≥3+, and patients were divided into two groups according to the amount of residual TR. The LAI was retrospectively calculated using procedural transoesophageal echocardiography and was defined as follows: (anterior leaflet length+septal leaflet length)/septolateral tricuspid annulus diameter.

RESULTS

Of 140 patients, 43 patients had residual TR ≥3+ after TEER. The patients with residual TR ≥3+ had a lower LAI compared to those with residual TR <3+ (1.04±0.10 vs 1.13±0.09; p=0.001). In multivariable analysis, the LAI was associated with residual TR ≥3+ (odds ratio [OR] [per 0.1 increase]: 0.57; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.35-0.94; p=0.02), independent of baseline TR severity or coaptation gap size. Patients with residual TR ≥3+ had a higher incidence of the composite outcome, consisting of all-cause mortality and heart failure hospitalisation within one year after TEER (47.1% vs 26.6%, p=0.02). Residual TR ≥3+ was an independent predictor of the composite outcome within one year (hazard ratio: 2.04; 95% CI: 1.01-4.11; p=0.04).

CONCLUSIONS

The leaflet-to-annulus mismatch (i.e., LAI) is associated with residual TR ≥3+ after TEER for TR. A detailed echocardiographic analysis of the tricuspid valve will be conducive to identifing suitable subjects for TEER.

Invasive Hemodynamic Assessment and Procedural Success of Transcatheter Tricuspid Valve Repair-Important Factors for Right Ventricular Remodeling and Outcome

Introduction

Severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a common condition promoting right heart failure and is associated with a poor long-term prognosis. Transcatheter tricuspid valve repair (TTVR) emerged as a low-risk alternative to surgical repair techniques. However, patient selection remains controversial, particularly regarding the benefits of TTVR in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH).

Aim

We aimed to investigate the impact of preprocedural invasive hemodynamic assessment and procedural success on right ventricular (RV) remodeling and outcome.

Methods

All patients undergoing TTVR with a TR reduction of ≥1 grade without precapillary or combined PH [mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) ≥25 mmHg, mean pulmonary artery Wedge pressure ≤ 15 mmHg, pulmonary vascular resistance ≥3 Wood units] were assigned to the responder group. All patients with a TR reduction of ≥1 grade and precapillary or combined PH were classified as non-responders. Patients with a TR reduction ≥2 grade were directly classified as responders, and patients without TR reduction were directly assigned as non-responders.

Results

A total of 107 patients were enrolled, 75 were classified as responders and 32 as non-responders. We observed evidence of significant RV reverse remodeling in responders with a decrease in RV diameters (-2.9 mm, p = 0.001) at a mean follow-up of 229 days (±219 SD) after TTVR. RV function improved in responders [fractional area change (FAC) + 5.7%, p < 0.001, RV free wall strain +3.9%, p = 0.006], but interestingly further deteriorated in non-responders (FAC -4.5%, p = 0.003, RV free wall strain -3.9%, p = 0.007). Non-responders had more persistent symptoms than responders (NYHA ≥3, 72% vs. 11% at follow-up). Subsequently, non-response was associated with a poor long-term prognosis in terms of death, heart failure (HF) hospitalization, and re-intervention after 2 years (freedom of death, HF hospitalization, and reintervention at 2 years: 16% vs. 78%, log-rank: p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Hemodynamic assessment before TTVR and procedural success are significant factors for patient prognosis. The hemodynamic profiling prior to intervention is an essential component in patient selection for TTVR. The window for edge-to-edge TTVR might be limited, but timely intervention is an important factor for a better outcome and successful right ventricular reverse remodeling.

3D localization of vena contracta using Doppler ICE imaging in tricuspid valve interventions

Purpose

Tricuspid valve (TV) interventions face the challenge of imaging the anatomy and tools because of the ‘TEE-unfriendly’ nature of the TV. In edge-to-edge TV repair, a core step is to position the clip perpendicular to the coaptation gap. In this study, we provide a semi-automated method to localize the VC from Doppler intracardiac echo (ICE) imaging in a tracked 3D space, thus providing a pre-mapped location of the coaptation gap to assist device positioning.

Methods

A magnetically tracked ICE probe with Doppler imaging capabilities is employed in this study for imaging three patient-specific TVs placed in a pulsatile heart phantom. For each of the valves, the ICE probe is positioned to image the maximum regurgitant flow for five cardiac cycles. An algorithm then extracts the regurgitation imaging and computes the exact location of the vena contracta on the image.

Results

Across the three pathological, patient-specific valves, the average distance error between the detected VC and the ground truth model is \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$({1.22 \pm 2.00})$$\end{document}(1.22±2.00)mm. For each of the valves, one case represented the outlier where the algorithm misidentified the vena contracta to be near the annulus. In such cases, it is recommended to retake the five-second imaging data.

Conclusion

This study presented a method for ultrasound-based localization of vena contracta in 3D space. Mapping such anatomical landmarks has the potential to assist with device positioning and to simplify tricuspid valve interventions by providing more contextual information to the interventionalists, thus enhancing their spatial awareness. Additionally, ICE can be used to provide live US and Doppler imaging of the complex TV anatomy throughout the procedure.

Anatomy of a Transcatheter Mitral Valve Service

Transcatheter mitral therapies offer treatment options to selected patients who are unable to undergo open procedures due to prohibitive surgical risk. Data detailing the design and structure of transcatheter mitral services to ensure appropriate patient selection and tailored management strategies is lacking. We report our initial experience of developing and running a purpose-built transcatheter mitral service. The nature and number of referral sources, the multi-disciplinary make-up of the dedicated Mitral Heart Team and the use of integrative imaging assessment with incorporation of computational solutions are discussed. In addition, a summary of the clinical decision-making process is presented. This report sets out a framework from which future clinics can evolve to improve and streamline the delivery of transcatheter mitral therapies.

The relevance of tricuspid regurgitation in patients undergoing percutaneous treatment of mitral regurgitation

OBJECTIVES

 Investigate the impact of concomitant tricuspid regurgitation (TR) on clinical outcomes during long-term follow-up in patients undergoing percutaneous treatment of mitral regurgitation (MR) with the MitraClip system.

BACKGROUND

Patients undergoing mitral repair using the MitraClip frequently present with concomitant TR. It is uncertain how the presence of TR impacts the long-term outcomes of such patients.

METHODS

We analyzed consecutive patients with MitraClip implantation from the prospective MitraSwiss registry. Endpoints were all-cause mortality, hospitalization for heart failure, and the composite endpoint of the two.

RESULTS

We enrolled 177 patients (mean age 76 ± 9 years, 37% female). Acute procedural success was achieved in 149 (84%). Concomitant moderate or severe TR was present in 31% at baseline and 32% before discharge. After a median follow-up of 1103 days (IQR: 555-1766 days), 70 (40%) of patients had died, and 34 (19%) were hospitalized for heart failure. In multivariable analysis, TR at baseline was associated with an increase in all-cause mortality (HR: 2.34, 95% CI: 1.36-4.03, p < 0.01), hospitalization for heart failure (HR: 3.19, 95% CI: 1.37-7.41, p = 0.01), and the composite endpoint (HR: 2.00, 95% CI: 1.19-3.36, p = 0.01).

CONCLUSION

Despite treatment of MR, TR did not improve in most patients. The presence of relevant TR at baseline was associated with reduced survival and higher rates of hospitalization for heart failure. More research is needed to understand the causal role of TR in such patients and to investigate if simultaneous treatment of concomitant TR may improve prognosis in patients undergoing percutaneous treatment of MR.

Atrial Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation as a Distinct Pathophysiological and Clinical Entity: No Idiopathic Tricuspid Regurgitation Anymore

Functional tricuspid regurgitation (FTR) is a strong and independent predictor of patient morbidity and mortality if left untreated. The development of transcatheter procedures to either repair or replace the tricuspid valve (TV) has fueled the interest in the pathophysiology, severity assessment, and clinical consequences of FTR. FTR has been considered to be secondary to tricuspid annulus (TA) dilation and leaflet tethering, associated to right ventricular (RV) dilation and/or dysfunction (the "classical", ventricular form of FTR, V-FTR) for a long time. Atrial FTR (A-FTR) has recently emerged as a distinct pathophysiological entity. A-FTR typically occurs in patients with persistent/permanent atrial fibrillation, in whom an imbalance between the TA and leaflet areas results in leaflets malcoaptation, associated with the dilation and loss of the sphincter-like function of the TA, due to right atrium enlargement and dysfunction. According to its distinct pathophysiology, A-FTR poses different needs of clinical management, and the various interventional treatment options will likely have different outcomes than in V-FTR patients. This review aims to provide an insight into the anatomy of the TV, and the distinct pathophysiology of A-FTR, which are key concepts to understanding the objectives of therapy, the choice of transcatheter TV interventions, and to properly use pre-, intra-, and post-procedural imaging.

Transcatheter Leaflet Strategies for Tricuspid Regurgitation TriClip and CLASP

Since the recognition of the impact of significant tricuspid regurgitation on the clinical course and mortality, intensive efforts have been made in identifying and developing individually suitable and catheter-based therapy strategies to offer those often older and multimorbid patients at high surgical risk safe, feasible, and efficacious treatment options with justifiable risk. Up to now, transcatheter edge-to-edge repair with leaflet approximation devices such as TriClip (Abbott, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and PASCAL Implant System (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA, USA) have been evaluated best and several clinical trials could prove safety, feasibility, and efficacy of said devices leading to their recent CE mark. However, further randomized controlled trial are pending and necessary to evaluate their impact on clinical course and outcome in comparison to established treatment recommendations.

Transcatheter Annular Approaches for Tricuspid Regurgitation (Cardioband and Others)

The tricuspid valve often is referred to as "the forgotten valve" because it frequently is managed conservatively due to poor prognostic outcomes with conventional surgical intervention, in particular, in high-risk patients. Nevertheless, a paradigm shift has occurred in recent years, due to a growing evidence base supporting the independent prognostic influence of severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) on patient outcomes. Both transcatheter valve replacement and valve repair have emerged as feasible and efficacious interventions for TR correction. Novel transcatheter repair techniques that replicate surgical annuloplasty are evolving as potentially lower-risk alternatives.

Orthotopic Transcatheter Tricuspid Valve Replacement

Severe tricuspid regurgitation renders patients frail, and surgical treatment is associated with high mortality. Because most of the tricuspid regurgitation patients are functional and have significant annular dilation, large coaptation gaps are seen. This anatomy is best addressed with transcatheter tricuspid valve replacement (TTVR), and promising therapies are under clinical investigation. Most TTVR devices are in early clinical development with one transcatheter heart valve in pivotal trial; TTVR is expected to significantly affect tricuspid regurgitation and survival.

Reduction in Right Atrial Pressures Is Associated With Hemodynamic Improvements After Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair of the Tricuspid Valve

BACKGROUND

Investigational transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) for severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) has shown promise as an alternative to surgery, but factors influencing outcomes, optimal patient selection, and procedural timing remain incompletely defined. Given the limitations of determining TR severity by conventional echocardiography, our objectives were to determine whether invasive right atrial (RA) pressures performed during the procedure are related to patient outcomes.

METHODS

This study was a retrospective review of patients who underwent off-label tricuspid TEER using MitraClip (Abbott Vascular, Menlo Park, CA) for significant TR at a single institution. Intraprocedural mean RA pressure, RA peak V-wave, RA pressure nadir, and systolic increase in RA pressure (XV height) were recorded.

RESULTS

Thirty-eight patients underwent tricuspid TEER; 33 underwent concomitant mitral TEER for mitral regurgitation. The study cohort was 39% female with a mean age of 78.6±14.3 years. Median follow-up was 339 days (interquartile range, 100-601). Any reduction in mean RA pressure, RA peak V-wave, RA nadir, and XV height occurred in 74%, 82%, 45%, and 87% of patients, respectively. At 1 year, event-free survival was 47%. Postprocedure XV height correlated with TR severity as determined by echocardiography (P<0.0001). The highest quartile of postprocedure XV height (>8 mm Hg) had worse event-free survival compared with those who had concluding XV height ≤8 mm Hg (P=0.02). Attainment of a concluding XV height less than or equal to median value was associated with a lower creatinine the next day (1.27±0.47 versus 1.64±0.47 mg/dL, P=0.04).

CONCLUSIONS

Intraprocedural XV height correlates with TR severity after tricuspid TEER, and lower concluding pressures are associated with improved outcomes. Analysis of RA pressures may serve as a complementary tool for the evaluation of disease severity and procedural guidance.

Transcatheter treatment for tricuspid valve disease

Approximately 4% of subjects aged 75 years or more have clinically relevant tricuspid regurgitation (TR). Primary TR results from anatomical abnormality of the tricuspid valve apparatus and is observed in only 8-10% of the patients with tricuspid valve disease. Secondary TR is more common and arises as a result of annular dilation caused by right ventricular enlargement and dysfunction as a consequence of pulmonary hypertension, often caused by left-sided heart disease or atrial fibrillation. Irrespective of its aetiology, TR leads to volume overload and increased wall stress, both of which negatively contribute to detrimental remodelling and worsening TR. This vicious circle translates into impaired survival and increased heart failure symptoms in patients with and without reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Interventions to correct TR are underutilised in daily clinical practice owing to increased surgical risk and late patient presentation. The recently introduced transcatheter tricuspid valve interventions aim to address this unmet need. Dedicated expertise and an interdisciplinary Heart Team evaluation are essential to integrate these new techniques successfully and select patients. The present article proposes a standardised approach to evaluate patients with TR who may be candidates for transcatheter interventions. In addition, a state-of-the-art review of the available transcatheter therapies, the main criteria for patient and device selection, and information concerning the remaining uncertainties are provided.

Transcatheter tricuspid valve interventions: Current devices and associated evidence

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a common finding in patients with chronic cardiopathy, and often a marker of an advanced disease. Being silent or with symptoms intertwined with the primitive left heart disease, TR has often been neglected, leading to the late referral of patients with advanced right-heart failure. Hence, isolated tricuspid surgery has been associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, the worse of all valve interventions, and medical management has been limited to symptomatic treatment. In this context, percutaneous therapies for severe TR have gained traction, addressing the unmet therapeutic gap for a less invasive disease-modifying management. The aim of this review is to provide an updated overview on transcatheter tricuspid valve interventions, focusing on devices' characteristics, associated evidence, and future perspectives.

Transgastric imaging-The key to successful periprocedural TEE guiding for edge-to-edge repair of the tricuspid valve

Intraprocedural transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) guidance plays an essential role in transcatheter repair therapy of the tricuspid valve (TV). So far, several different imaging concepts are in use. We propose an imaging protocol that fully addresses the morphological complexity of the TV and further offers efficacious workarounds for the frequently occurring restrictions of TV imaging in edge-to-edge repair of the TV. As a tertiary referral center with a large experience of more than 250 cases of transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) of the TV performed at the Heart Valve Center in Mainz/Germany, we have constantly adapted our peri-interventional echocardiographic approach to accomplish both. As a key measure for success, we intensely rely on the transgastric acoustic windows that not only deliver high-resolution information on the morphology of the TV and all relevant procedural steps but also help to avoid the frequent shadowing artifacts experienced in transesophageal imaging.

Leaflet Configuration and Residual Tricuspid Regurgitation After Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Tricuspid Repair

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to assess the anatomical leaflet variation and investigate its impact on the procedural outcome in patients undergoing transcatheter edge-to-edge tricuspid repair.

BACKGROUND

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is associated with a poor prognosis.

METHODS

The study participants were consecutive patients who underwent transcatheter edge-to-edge tricuspid repair with the MitraClip, TriClip, or PASCAL systems from June 2015 to July 2020 at the Bonn Heart Center. The tricuspid leaflet morphologies were imaged using 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography. The severity of TR was assessed according to the 5-grade scheme. The primary endpoint was residual TR ≥3+ within 30 days.

RESULTS

Of the 145 study participants, 103 (71.1%) participants were categorized as the 3-leaflet configuration, while 42 (28.9%) were categorized as the 4-leaflet configuration. Successful device implantation was achieved in 136 (93.8%) patients, with no statistical difference between the 3-leaflet and 4-leaflet configuration groups. However, compared with patients with a 3-leaflet configuration, patients with 4-leaflet configuration more frequently had residual TR ≥3+ (18.4% vs 38.1%; P = 0.018). In the multivariable model, the 4-leaflet configuration was associated with an increased risk of residual TR ≥3+ (odds ratio: 2.65; 95% CI 1.15-6.10; P = 0.022), independent of baseline TR grade, coaptation gap width, and TR jet location. After 1-year follow-up, compared with patients with residual TR <3+, patients with residual TR ≥3+ had a significantly higher incidence of the composite of all-cause mortality or heart failure hospitalization (27.7% vs 56.1%; P = 0.016).

CONCLUSIONS

A 4-leaflet configuration of the tricuspid valve is observed in approximately one-third of patients undergoing transcatheter edge-to-edge tricuspid repair, which is associated with an increased risk of residual TR after the procedure.

Revival of a forgotten valve: use of the percutaneous clip for the treatment of tricuspid regurgitation

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is common in patients with left-sided valvular heart disease and is independently associated with increased mortality and morbidity because it leads to right-sided heart failure and recurrent hospitalization. The prognostic benefit of isolated TR surgical repair or replacement is unclear and medical treatment of decompensated right heart failure alone does not prevent the progression of the disease. Recently, minimal invasive catheter-based techniques have emerged as a feasible and effective option for TR treatment in selected high-risk patients who would clinically benefit from tricuspid valve repair. We provide an overview of the current state of transcatheter TR treatment using the edge-to-edge technique.

Recent advances in multimodality imaging of the tricuspid valve

INTRODUCTION

The tricuspid valve (TV) and the right heart chambers are complex three-dimensional structures that are difficult to assess using tomographic imaging techniques. The progressive aging of the general population and the advancements in treating left-sided heart diseases by transcatheter procedures have contributed to the tricuspid regurgitation (TR) becoming a major public health problem associated with progression to refractory heart failure and poor outcome. Recent advances in multimodality cardiac imaging allow a better understanding of the pathophysiology of TR that may translate in better management of patients.

AREAS COVERED

Three-dimensional echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance, and computed tomography provide complementary information to i. assess the TV complex; ii. identify the etiology and the mechanisms of TR; iii. evaluate its severity and hemodynamic consequences; iv. explore the remodeling of the right heart chambers; and v. properly plan, guide, and monitor the transcatheter interventions aimed to reduce the severity of TR.

EXPERT OPINION

We need thorough understanding of both the TV and the right heart chamber geometry and function to understand the pathophysiology of TR. The integrated use of multimodality cardiac imaging is pivotal to assess patients with TR and to identify tailored and timely treatment of TR in properly selected patients.

Transcatheter Tricuspid Valve-in-Valve Procedure-An Illustrative Case Report and Review

Severe tricuspid commitment is no longer understood as merely a marker of disease but is now widely thought of as a significant contributor to cardiac morbidity and mortality. However, isolated tricuspid valve surgery remains rare and to this day continues to be associated with the highest surgical risk among all valve procedures and high operative mortality rates, especially in reoperations. Therefore, the development of tricuspid transcatheter procedures is as necessary as it was for the other valves a couple of years ago. Recently, multiple percutaneous therapies have been developed for the management of severe tricuspid disease, initially only repair and more recently replacement, thus creating a new branch for the management of patients who have already undergone surgery and who present with dysfunctional bioprostheses. The purpose of this review and report is to demonstrate current and possible future challenges, and to show that the valve-in-valve procedure of the tricuspid valve is feasible and safe, and now can be performed in all its range, in the smallest to the largest sizes of presentation, without incurring the untoward risks of conventional surgery.

Multimodality cardiac imaging and new display options to broaden our understanding of the tricuspid valve

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The prognostic impact of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) and the subsequent development of percutaneous procedures targeting the tricuspid valve (TV), has brought to the forefront the role of imaging for the assessment of the forgotten valve. As illustrated in several studies and summarized in this review, currently a multimodality imaging approach is required to understand the pathophysiology of TR, due to the complex TV anatomy and the close relationship between the severity of TR and the extent of the remodeling of the right heart chambers.

RECENT FINDINGS

Recently, the advance in the tranhscatheter treatment of the TV has led to a growing interest in the development of dedicated software packages and new display modalities to increase our understanding of the TV. As a consequence, a transversal knowledge of the different imaging modalities is required for contemporary cardiac-imaging physicians.

SUMMARY

This review highlights the main features, and the pros and cons of echocardiography, cardiac computed tomography, cardiac magnetic resonance and emerging technologies, as 3D printing and virtual reality, in the assessment of patients with TR.

Transcatheter tricuspid valve repair: early experience in the Netherlands

Background

Symptomatic tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is increasingly prevalent and impairs quality of life and survival, despite medical treatment. Transcatheter tricuspid valve repair (TTVR) has recently become available as a treatment option for patients not eligible for tricuspid valve surgery. In this study we describe the early experience with TTVR in the Netherlands.

Methods

All consecutive patients scheduled for TTVR in two tertiary hospitals were included in the current study. Patients were symptomatic and had severe functional TR. TTVR was performed either with the MitraClip (off-label use) or dedicated TriClip delivery system and device. Procedural success was defined as achievement of clip implantation, TR reduction ≥ 1 grade and no need for re-do surgical or transcatheter intervention. Clinical improvement was evaluated after 4 weeks.

Results

Twenty-one patients (median age 78 years, 33% male, 95% New York Heart Association class ≥ 3, 100% history of atrial fibrillation) underwent TTVR. Procedural success was achieved in 16 patients, of whom 15 reported symptomatic improvement (New York Heart Association class 1 or 2). There was no in-hospital mortality and no major complications occurred. Baseline glomerular filtration rate and TR coaptation gap size were associated with procedural success.

Conclusion

The current study showed that TTVR seems a promising treatment option for patients with severe functional TR deemed high risk for surgery. Successful TR reduction is most likely in patients with limited coaptation gap size and strongly determines clinical benefit. Adequate patient selection and timing of treatment seem essential for an optimal patient outcome.

Supplementary Information

The online version of this article (10.1007/s12471-021-01613-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair for Treatment of Tricuspid Regurgitation

BACKGROUND

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a frequent disease with a progressive increase in mortality as disease severity increases. Transcatheter therapies for treatment of TR may offer a safe and effective alternative to surgery in this high-risk population.

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this report was to study the 1-year outcomes with the TriClip transcatheter tricuspid valve repair system, including repair durability, clinical benefit and safety.

METHODS

The TRILUMINATE trial (n = 85) is an international, prospective, single arm, multicenter study investigating safety and performance of the TriClip Tricuspid Valve Repair System in patients with moderate or greater TR. Echocardiographic assessment was performed by a core laboratory.

RESULTS

At 1 year, TR was reduced to moderate or less in 71% of subjects compared with 8% at baseline (p < 0.0001). Patients experienced significant clinical improvements in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class I/II (31% to 83%, p < 0.0001), 6-minute walk test (272.3 ± 15.6 to 303.2 ± 15.6 meters, p = 0.0023) and Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) score (improvement of 20 ± 2.61 points, p < 0.0001). Significant reverse right ventricular remodeling was observed in terms of size and function. The overall major adverse event rate and all-cause mortality were both 7.1% at 1 year.

CONCLUSION

Transcatheter tricuspid valve repair using the TriClip device was found to be safe and effective in patients with moderate or greater TR. The repair itself was durable at reducing TR at 1 year and was associated with a sustained and marked clinical benefit with low mortality after 1 year in a fragile population that was at high surgical risk. (TRILUMINATE Study With Abbott Transcatheter Clip Repair System in Patients With Moderate or Greater TR; NCT03227757).

Feasibility Study of the Transcatheter Valve Repair System for Severe Tricuspid Regurgitation

BACKGROUND

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a prevalent disease with limited treatment options.

OBJECTIVES

This is the first 30-day report of the U.S. single-arm, multicenter, prospective CLASP TR early feasibility study of the PASCAL transcatheter valve repair system in the treatment of TR.

METHODS

Patients with symptomatic TR despite optimal medical therapy, reviewed by the local heart team and central screening committee, were eligible for the study. Data were collected at baseline, discharge, and the 30-day follow-up and were reviewed by an independent clinical events committee and echocardiographic core laboratory. Feasibility endpoints included safety (composite major adverse event [MAE] rate), echocardiographic, clinical, and functional endpoints.

RESULTS

Of the 34 patients enrolled in the study, the mean age was 76 years, 53% were women, the mean Society of Thoracic Surgeons score was 7.3%, 88% had atrial fibrillation/flutter, 97% had severe or greater TR, and 79% had New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III/IV symptoms. Twenty-nine patients (85%) received implants; at 30 days, 85% of them achieved a TR severity reduction of at least 1 grade, with 52% with moderate or less TR (p < 0.001). The MAE rate was 5.9%, and none of the patients experienced cardiovascular mortality, stroke, myocardial infarction, renal complication, or reintervention. Eighty-nine percent of the patients improved to NYHA functional class I/II (p < 0.001), the mean 6-min walk distance improved by 71 m (p < 0.001), and the mean Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire score improved by 15 points (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

In this early experience, the repair system performed as intended, with substantial TR reduction, favorable safety results with a low MAE rate, no mortality or reintervention, and significant improvements in functional status, exercise capacity, and quality of life. (Edwards CLASP TR EFS [CLASP TR EFS]; NCT03745313).

New insights of tricuspid regurgitation: a large-scale prospective cohort study

AIMS

To evaluate the burden of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) in a large cohort, determine the right ventricle involvement of patients with TR and determine the characteristics of isolated TR.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Prospective study where consecutive patients undergoing an echocardiographic study in 10 centres were included. All studies with significant TR (at least moderate) were selected. We considered that patients with one of pulmonary systolic hypertension >50 mmHg, left ventricular ejection fraction <35%, New York Heart Association III-IV, or older than 85 years, had a high surgical risk. A total of 35 088 echocardiograms were performed. Significant TR was detected in 6% of studies. Moderate TR was found in 69.6%, severe in 25.5%, massive in 3.9%, and torrential in 1.0% of patients. Right ventricle was dilated in 81.7% of patients with massive/torrential TR, in 55.9% with severe TR, and in 29.3% with moderate TR (P < 0.001). Primary TR was present in 7.4% of patients whereas secondary TR was present in 92.6%. Mitral or aortic valve disease was the most common aetiology (54.6%), following by isolated TR (16%). Up to 51.9% of patients with severe, massive, or torrential primary TR and 57% of patients with severe, massive, or torrential secondary TR had a high surgical risk.

CONCLUSION

Significant TR is a prevalent condition and a high proportion of these patients have an indication for valve intervention. More than a half of patients with severe, massive, or torrential TR had a high surgical risk. Massive/torrential TR may have implications regarding selection and monitoring patients for percutaneous treatment.

Transcatheter Treatment of Secondary Tricuspid Regurgitation With Direct Annuloplasty: Results From a Multicenter Real-World Experience

[Figure: see text].

Cardiac output states in patients with severe functional tricuspid regurgitation: impact on treatment success and prognosis

AIMS

To investigate whether there is evidence for distinct cardiac output (CO) based phenotypes in patients with chronic right heart failure associated with severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) and to characterize their impact on TR treatment and outcome.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A total of 132 patients underwent isolated transcatheter tricuspid valve repair (TTVR) for functional TR at two centres. Patients were clustered according to k-means clustering into low [cardiac index (CI) < 1.7 L/min/m² ], intermediate (CI 1.7-2.6 L/min/m² ) and high CO (CI > 2.6 L/min/m² ) clusters. All-cause mortality and clinical characteristics during follow-up were compared among different CO clusters. Mortality rates were highest for patients in a low (24%) and high CO state (42%, log-rank P < 0.001). High CO state patients were characterized by larger inferior vena cava diameters (P = 0.003), reduced liver function, higher incidence of ascites (P = 0.006) and markedly reduced systemic vascular resistance (P < 0.001) as compared to TTVR patients in other CO states. Despite comparable procedural success rates, the extent of changes in right atrial pressures (P = 0.01) and right ventricular dimensions (P < 0.001) per decrease in regurgitant volume following TTVR was less pronounced in high CO state patients as compared to other CO states. Successful TTVR was associated with the smallest prognostic benefit among low and high CO state patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with chronic right heart failure and severe TR display distinct CO states. The high CO state is characterized by advanced congestive hepatopathy, a substantial decrease in peripheral vascular tone, a lack of response of central venous pressures to TR reduction, and worse prognosis. These data are relevant to the pathophysiological understanding and management of this important clinical syndrome.

Right Ventricular Contraction Patterns in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Tricuspid Valve Repair for Severe Tricuspid Regurgitation

OBJECTIVES

This study investigated patterns of right ventricular (RV) contraction by using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging in patients undergoing transcatheter tricuspid valve repair (TTVR).

BACKGROUND

The role of RV function in patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation undergoing TTVR is poorly understood.

METHODS

Global RV dysfunction was defined as CMR-derived RV ejection fraction (RVEF) ≤45% and longitudinal RV dysfunction was defined as tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) <17 mm on echocardiography. Patients were stratified into 3 types of RV contraction: type I, TAPSE ≥17 and RVEF >45%; type II, TAPSE <17 and RVEF >45%; and type III, TAPSE <17 and RVEF ≤45%. CMR feature tracking was performed to assess longitudinal and circumferential RV strain. The primary outcome was a composite of all-cause mortality or first heart failure hospitalization.

RESULTS

Of 79 patients (median age 79 years, 51% female), 18 (23%) presented with global and 40 (51%) presented with longitudinal RV dysfunction. The composite outcome occurred in 22 patients (median follow-up 362 days). Global RV dysfunction but not longitudinal RV dysfunction (hazard ratio: 6.62; 95% confidence interval: 2.77-15.77; and hazard ratio: 1.30; 95% confidence interval: 0.55-3.08, respectively) was associated with the composite outcome. Compared with type I RV contraction, patients with type II RV contraction exhibited increased circumferential strain, with a preservation of RVEF despite diminished longitudinal strain. Patients with type III RV contraction exhibited both diminished longitudinal and circumferential strain, resulting in an impaired RVEF. Patients with type III RV contraction showed the worst survival (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Global RV dysfunction is a predictor of outcomes among TTVR patients. Tricuspid regurgitation patients can be stratified into 3 types of RV contraction, in which a loss of longitudinal function can be compensated by increasing circumferential function, preserving RVEF and favorable outcomes.

Short-Term Clinical Outcomes of Transcatheter Tricuspid Valve Repair With the Third-Generation MitraClip XTR System

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to assess 30-day outcomes of transcatheter edge-to-edge repair with the MitraClip XTR for significant tricuspid regurgitation (TR), relative to baseline coaptation gap sizes (CGS).

BACKGROUND

Transcatheter edge-to-edge repair using the MitraClip NT for patients with significant TR is safe and efficacious; the utility of the MitraClip XTR is unknown.

METHODS

Patients with significant, symptomatic TR treated at a single site between April 2018 and December 2019, with consent and with complete data, were included (n = 50). Baseline and 30-day echocardiograms were assessed by an echocardiography core laboratory. Patients were divided into 3 subgroups on the basis of site-assessed CGS: subgroup I (< 7 mm), subgroup II (7 to 10 mm), and subgroup III (>10 mm).

RESULTS

Technical success of the MitraClip XTR implantation was 100% (88% in the septal-anterior position) using a median of 2 clips (interquartile range: 1 to 2). At 30 days, single-leaflet detachment was noted in 3 patients (6%), with no instances of device embolization. TR was reduced by 1 grade in subgroup I and by 2 grades in subgroups II and III. New York Heart Association functional class was reduced by 1 class in all 3 subgroups. The 6-min walk distance increased in subgroup I (+115 m; p = 0.014) and subgroup II (+31.5 m; p = 0.028) but not subgroup III (+50 m; p = 0.999). A CGS of ≤8.4 mm was predictive of a reduction to moderate or less TR.

CONCLUSIONS

MitraClip XTR implantation is a safe, effective treatment for a wider range of CGS in patients with symptomatic, significant TR than prior device iterations. All patients showed improvement in New York Heart Association functional class, and those with CGS <10 mm also experienced improved functional capacity.