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The effect of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of induced type 1 diabetes mellitus in rats. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:1597-1610. [PMID: 32430801 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02908-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the current study was to evaluate the therapeutic and regenerative effects of MSCs derived exosomes in the treatment of type 1 DM and to compare its effects with MSCs themselves. The experiment was done on forty albino rats grouped as follows, group (1): Ten healthy rats, group (2): Ten induced type 1 DM rats, group (3): Ten induced type 1 DM rats received exosomes intraperitoneally, and group (4): Ten induced type 1 DM rats received MSCs intraperitoneally. Serum glucose and plasma insulin levels were assessed weekly. QRT-PCR was done to assess regeneration of pancreatic beta cells by measuring insulin, Pdx1, Smad2, Smad3 and TGFβ genes. Additionally, histopathological and immune-histochemical examinations were done to confirm pancreatic tissue regeneration. RESULTS Regarding the assessed genes (insulin, Pdx1, Smad2, Smad3 and Tgfβ) gene expression in MSCs treated group showed significant increase compared to diabetic group (p value < 0.001) and gene expression in exosomes treated group was increased significantly compared to diabetic and MSCs treated groups (p value < 0.001). Histopathological and immune-histochemical examination revealed regeneration of pancreatic islets in both treated groups. CONCLUSION MSCs Derived exosomes showed superior therapeutic and regenerative results than MSCs themselves.
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Moura SR, Bras JP, Freitas J, Osório H, Barbosa MA, Santos SG, Almeida MI. miR-99a in bone homeostasis: Regulating osteogenic lineage commitment and osteoclast differentiation. Bone 2020; 134:115303. [PMID: 32126314 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tight coupling between osteoblasts and osteoclasts is essential to maintain bone homeostasis. Deregulation of this process leads to loss and deterioration of the bone tissue causing diseases, such as osteoporosis. MicroRNAs are able to control bone-related mechanisms and have been explored as therapeutic tools. In this study, we investigated the potential of miR-99a-5p to modulate osteogenic differentiation, osteoclastogenesis, and the osteoblasts-osteoclasts crosstalk. METHODS To achieve this goal, human primary Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSC) were differentiated into osteoblasts and adipocytes, and miR-99a-5p expression was evaluated by RT-qPCR. Knockdown and overexpression experiments were conducted to modulate miR-99a-5p expression in MC3T3 cells. Cell proliferation and cell death/apoptosis were evaluated by resazurin assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Proteomic analysis was used to identify the miR-99a-5p regulatory network, and ELISA to evaluate OPG levels in the cell culture supernatant. Conditioned media from MC3T3-transfected cells was used to culture RAW 264.7 cells and the effect on osteoclast differentiation was assessed. Human primary monocytes were isolated to induce osteoclastogenesis and evaluate miR-99a-5p expression. Finally, levels of miR-99a-5p were modulated in RAW 264.7 cells to understand the impact on osteoclastogenesis. RESULTS The results show that miR-99a-5p is significantly downregulated during the early stages of human primary MSCs osteogenic differentiation and during MC3T3 osteogenic differentiation. On the other hand, miR-99a-5p levels are increased during the initial stages of adipogenic differentiation. Inhibition of miR-99a-5p in MC3T3 pre-osteoblastic cells promoted osteogenic differentiation, whereas its overexpression suppressed the levels of osteogenic specific genes (Runx2 and Alpl), as well as mineralization, with no effect on proliferation or apoptosis. Proteomic analysis of miR-99a-5p-transfected cells showed that numerous proteins known to be involved in cell differentiation were altered, including osteogenic differentiation markers and extracellular matrix proteins. While inhibition of miR-99a-5p increased the Tnfrsf11b (OPG encoding gene)/Tnfsf11 (RANKL encoding gene) mRNA expression ratio, in addition to increasing OPG secretion, miR-99a-5p overexpression resulted in the opposite effect. The cell culture supernatant of miR-99a-5p-inhibited MC3T3 cells impaired the osteoclastogenic potential of RAW 264.7 cells by decreasing the number of multinucleated cells and reducing the expression of osteoclastogenic markers. Interestingly, miR-99a-5p expression is increased during osteoclasts differentiation, both in human primary monocytes and RAW 264.7. These results show that miR-99a-5p per se is a positive regulator of osteoclastogenic differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Globally, our findings show that miR-99a-5p inhibition promotes the commitment into osteogenic differentiation, impairs osteoclastogenic differentiation, and control bone cells communication. Ultimately, it supports miR-99a-5p as a target candidate for future miRNA-based therapies for bone diseases associated with bone remodeling deregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Reis Moura
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joao Paulo Bras
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jaime Freitas
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Osório
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Ipatimup - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mario Adolfo Barbosa
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Gomes Santos
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Ines Almeida
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells repair a Parkinson's disease model by inducing autophagy. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:288. [PMID: 32341347 PMCID: PMC7184757 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2473-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressively debilitating neurodegenerative condition that leads to motor and cognitive dysfunction. At present, clinical treatment can only improve symptoms, but cannot effectively protect dopaminergic neurons. Several reports have demonstrated that human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hucMSCs) afford neuroprotection, while their application is limited because of their uncontrollable differentiation and other reasons. Stem cells communicate with cells through secreted exosomes (Exos), the present study aimed to explore whether Exos secreted by hucMSCs could function instead of hucMSCs. hucMSCs were successfully isolated and characterized, and shown to contribute to 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-stimulated SH-SY5Y cell proliferation; hucMSC-derived Exos were also involved in this process. The Exos were purified and identified, and then labeled with PKH 26, it was found that the Exos could be efficiently taken up by SH-SY5Y cells after 12 h of incubation. Pretreatment with Exos promoted 6-OHDA-stimulated SH-SY5Y cells to proliferate and inhibited apoptosis by inducing autophagy. Furthermore, Exos reached the substantia nigra through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vivo, relieved apomorphine-induced asymmetric rotation, reduced substantia nigra dopaminergic neuron loss and apoptosis, and upregulated the level of dopamine in the striatum. These results demonstrate that hucMSCs-Exos have a treatment capability for PD and can traverse the BBB, indicating their potential for the effective treatment of PD.
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Luo S, Du L, Cui Y. Potential Therapeutic Applications and Developments of Exosomes in Parkinson’s Disease. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1447-1457. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Libo Du
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yan Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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Álvarez-Viejo M. Mesenchymal stem cells from different sources and their derived exosomes: A pre-clinical perspective. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:100-109. [PMID: 32184935 PMCID: PMC7062037 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i2.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of cell therapy as a strategy for the treatment of many diseases, mesenchymal stem cells have emerged as ideal candidates, yet the underlying mechanisms of their beneficial effects are only partially understood. At the start of the 21st century, a paracrine effect was proposed as a mechanism of tissue repair by these cells. In addition, a role was suggested for a heterogeneous population of extracellular vesicles in cell-to-cell communication. Some of these vesicles including exosomes have been isolated from most fluids and cells, as well as from supernatants of in vitro cell cultures. Recent research in the field of regenerative medicine suggests that exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells could be a powerful new therapeutic tool. This review examines the therapeutic potential of these exosomes obtained from the sources most used in cell therapy: bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Álvarez-Viejo
- Unidad de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Servicio de Hematología y Hemoterapia, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo 33011, Spain
- Plataforma de Terapias Avanzadas, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo 33011, Spain
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Tissue-infiltrating macrophages mediate an exosome-based metabolic reprogramming upon DNA damage. Nat Commun 2020; 11:42. [PMID: 31896748 PMCID: PMC6940362 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13894-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage and metabolic disorders are intimately linked with premature disease onset but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we show that persistent DNA damage accumulation in tissue-infiltrating macrophages carrying an ERCC1-XPF DNA repair defect (Er1F/−) triggers Golgi dispersal, dilation of endoplasmic reticulum, autophagy and exosome biogenesis leading to the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in vivo and ex vivo. Macrophage-derived EVs accumulate in Er1F/− animal sera and are secreted in macrophage media after DNA damage. The Er1F/− EV cargo is taken up by recipient cells leading to an increase in insulin-independent glucose transporter levels, enhanced cellular glucose uptake, higher cellular oxygen consumption rate and greater tolerance to glucose challenge in mice. We find that high glucose in EV-targeted cells triggers pro-inflammatory stimuli via mTOR activation. This, in turn, establishes chronic inflammation and tissue pathology in mice with important ramifications for DNA repair-deficient, progeroid syndromes and aging. DNA damage is associated with metabolic disorders, but the mechanism in unclear. Here, the authors show that persistent DNA damage induced by lack of the endonuclease XPF-ERCC1 triggers extracellular vesicle biogenesis in tissue infiltrating macrophages, and that vesicle uptake stimulates glucose uptake in recipient cells, leading to increased inflammation.
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Schulz E, Karagianni A, Koch M, Fuhrmann G. Hot EVs - How temperature affects extracellular vesicles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 146:55-63. [PMID: 31805356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) and outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have become an extensive and diverse field of research. They hold potential as diagnostic markers, therapeutics and for fundamental biological understanding. Despite ongoing studies, numerous information regarding function, content and stability of EVs remains unclear. If EVs and OMVs ought to be used as therapeutics and in clinical environments, their stability is one of the most important factors to be considered. Especially for formulation development, EVs and OMVs need to be stable at higher temperatures. To the best of our knowledge, very little work has been published regarding heat stability of neither EVs nor OMVs. In the present study, we investigated B lymphoblastoid cell-derived EVs and OMVs derived from myxobacterial species Sorangiineae as model vesicles. We exposed the vesicles to 37 °C, 50 °C, 70 °C and 100 °C for 1 h, 6 h and 24 h, and also autoclaved them. Interestingly, physico-chemical analyses such as size, particle concentration and protein concentration showed minor alterations, particularly at 37 °C. Flow cytometry analysis emphasised these results suggesting that after heat impact, EVs and OMVs were still able to be taken up by macrophage-like dTHP-1 cells. These data indicate that both mammalian and bacterial vesicles show intrinsic stability at physiological temperature. Our findings are important to consider for vesicle formulation and for advanced bioengineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eilien Schulz
- Biogenic Nanotherapeutics Group (BION), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus E8.1, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus E8.1, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Anna Karagianni
- Biogenic Nanotherapeutics Group (BION), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus E8.1, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Marcus Koch
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2.2, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Gregor Fuhrmann
- Biogenic Nanotherapeutics Group (BION), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus E8.1, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus E8.1, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany.
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58
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Kalinec GM, Gao L, Cohn W, Whitelegge JP, Faull KF, Kalinec F. Extracellular Vesicles From Auditory Cells as Nanocarriers for Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Pro-resolving Mediators. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:530. [PMID: 31849615 PMCID: PMC6895008 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug- and noise-related hearing loss are both associated with inflammatory responses in the inner ear. We propose that intracochlear delivery of a combination of pro-resolving mediators, specialized proteins and lipids that accelerate the return to homeostasis by modifying the immune response rather than by inhibiting inflammation, might have a profound effect on the prevention of sensorineural hearing loss. However, intracochlear delivery of such agents requires a reliable and effective method to convey them, fully active, directly to the target cells. The present study provides evidence that extracellular vesicles (EVs) from auditory HEI-OC1 cells may incorporate significant quantities of anti-inflammatory drugs, pro-resolving mediators and their polyunsaturated fatty acid precursors as cargo, and potentially could work as carriers for their intracochlear delivery. EVs generated by HEI-OC1 cells were divided by size into two fractions, small (≤150 nm diameter) and large (>150 nm diameter), and loaded with aspirin, lipoxin A4, resolvin D1, and the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, docosahexanoic, and linoleic. Bottom-up proteomics revealed a differential distribution of selected proteins between small and large vesicles. Only 17.4% of these proteins were present in both fractions, whereas 61.5% were unique to smaller vesicles and only 3.7% were exclusively found in the larger ones. Importantly, the pro-resolving protein mediators Annexin A1 and Galectins 1 and 3 were only detected in small vesicles. Lipidomic studies, on the other hand, showed that small vesicles contained higher levels of eicosanoids than large ones and, although all of them incorporated the drugs and molecules investigated, small vesicles were more efficiently loaded with PUFA and the large ones with aspirin, LXA4 and resolvin D1. Importantly, our data indicate that the vesicles contain all necessary enzymatic components for the de novo generation of eicosanoids from fatty acid precursors, including pro-inflammatory agents, suggesting that their cargo should be carefully tailored to avoid interference with their therapeutic purpose. Altogether, these results support the idea that both small and large EVs from auditory HEI-OC1 cells could be used as nanocarriers for anti-inflammatory drugs and pro-resolving mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda M Kalinec
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lucy Gao
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Whitaker Cohn
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Julian P Whitelegge
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kym F Faull
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Federico Kalinec
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Woith E, Fuhrmann G, Melzig MF. Extracellular Vesicles-Connecting Kingdoms. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5695. [PMID: 31739393 PMCID: PMC6888613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are shed from cells of almost every type of cell or organism, showing their ubiquity in all empires of life. EVs are defined as naturally released particles from cells, delimited by a lipid bilayer, and cannot replicate. These nano- to micrometer scaled spheres shuttle a set of bioactive molecules. EVs are of great interest as vehicles for drug targeting and in fundamental biological research, but in vitro culture of animal cells usually achieves only small yields. The exploration of other biological kingdoms promises comprehensive knowledge on EVs broadening the opportunities for basic understanding and therapeutic use. Thus, plants might be sustainable biofactories producing nontoxic and highly specific nanovectors, whereas bacterial and fungal EVs are promising vaccines for the prevention of infectious diseases. Importantly, EVs from different eukaryotic and prokaryotic kingdoms are involved in many processes including host-pathogen interactions, spreading of resistances, and plant diseases. More extensive knowledge of inter-species and interkingdom regulation could provide advantages for preventing and treating pests and pathogens. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of EVs derived from eukaryota and prokaryota and we discuss how better understanding of their intercommunication role provides opportunities for both fundamental and applied biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Woith
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, D-14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Gregor Fuhrmann
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Biogenic Nanotherapeutics Group (BION), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Matthias F. Melzig
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, D-14195 Berlin, Germany;
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Burnouf T, Agrahari V, Agrahari V. Extracellular Vesicles As Nanomedicine: Hopes And Hurdles In Clinical Translation. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:8847-8859. [PMID: 32009783 PMCID: PMC6859699 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s225453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical development of cell therapies is revealing that extracellular vesicles (EVs) may become very instrumental as subcellular therapeutic adjuncts in human medicine. EVs are released by various types of cells, grown in culture, such as mesenchymal stromal cells, or obtained from patients or allogeneic donors. Some EV populations (especially species of exosomes and shed microvesicles) exhibit inherent roles in cell-cell communication, thanks to their ca. 30~1000-nm nanosize and the physiological expression of cell-specific markers on their lipid bilayer membranes. Biomedical engineers are now attempting to exploit this cellular crosstalk capacity to use EVs as smart drug delivery systems that display substantial benefits in targeting, safety, and pharmacokinetics compared to synthetic nanocarriers. In parallel, the development of a set of nano-instrumentation, biochemical tools, and preclinical assays needed for optimal characterization of both naïve and drug-loaded EVs is ongoing. Although many hurdles remain, owing to the complexity of EV populations, translation of this “subcellular therapy” platform into reality is at hand and may soon change the landscape of the therapeutic arsenal in place to treat human degenerative and metabolic pathologies as well as diseases like cancer. This article provides objective opinions, balanced between unrealistic hopes of the capacity of EVs to resolve multiple clinical issues and concrete hurdles that have to be overcome to ensure that EVs are not lost in the translation phase, so that EVs can fulfill their promise by becoming a reliable therapeutic modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Burnouf
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,International PhD Program in Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Vibhuti Agrahari
- Bernard J. Dunn School of Pharmacy, Shenandoah University, Winchester, VA, USA
| | - Vivek Agrahari
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Arlington, VA, USA
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Zhou Y, Liu S, Zhao M, Wang C, Li L, Yuan Y, Li L, Liao G, Bresette W, Zhang J, Chen Y, Cheng J, Lu Y, Liu J. Injectable extracellular vesicle-released self-assembling peptide nanofiber hydrogel as an enhanced cell-free therapy for tissue regeneration. J Control Release 2019; 316:93-104. [PMID: 31704110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have shown great potential for tissue repair, but their therapeutic capacity is limited by rapid clearance and short half-life. Herein, we purposed a hydrogel-based slow release strategy to enhance the therapeutic potency of EVs. A matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) sensitive self-assembling peptide (KMP2) hydrogel was used for the local delivery of MSC-EVs. The structure and controlled release properties of the KMP2 hydrogel were analyzed. The effects of the EV-loaded KMP2 hydrogel (KMP2-EVs) on cell apoptosis, inflammation and angiogenesis were evaluated in mice with renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. In vitro, KMP2 formed a cross-linked nanofiber hydrogel to encapsulate MSC-EVs. KMP2 showed greater degradation and EV release in response to MMP2. The released EVs had similar structures and bioactivities as fresh, isolated EVs. In vivo, I/R mice treated with KMP2-EVs showed improved renal function by reducing tubular cell apoptosis, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and macrophage infiltration than mice receiving either EVs or KMP2. Moreover, KMP2-EVs showed better efficacy on promoting endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis than KMP2 or EVs alone, which subsequently decreased chronic renal fibrosis in I/R mice. This study highlighted that the EV-released KMP2 hydrogel is a promising cell-free therapy for tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengshi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Li
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujia Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Li
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangneng Liao
- Animal Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - William Bresette
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Younan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingqiu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanrong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Patil S, Gao YG, Lin X, Li Y, Dang K, Tian Y, Zhang WJ, Jiang SF, Qadir A, Qian AR. The Development of Functional Non-Viral Vectors for Gene Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5491. [PMID: 31690044 PMCID: PMC6862238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is manipulation in/of gene expression in specific cells/tissue to treat diseases. This manipulation is carried out by introducing exogenous nucleic acids, such as DNA or RNA, into the cell. Because of their negative charge and considerable larger size, the delivery of these molecules, in general, should be mediated by gene vectors. Non-viral vectors, as promising delivery systems, have received considerable attention due to their low cytotoxicity and non-immunogenicity. As research continued, more and more functional non-viral vectors have emerged. They not only have the ability to deliver a gene into the cells but also have other functions, such as the performance of fluorescence imaging, which aids in monitoring their progress, targeted delivery, and biodegradation. Recently, many reviews related to non-viral vectors, such as polymers and cationic lipids, have been reported. However, there are few reviews regarding functional non-viral vectors. This review summarizes the common functional non-viral vectors developed in the last ten years and their potential applications in the future. The transfection efficiency and the transport mechanism of these materials were also discussed in detail. We hope that this review can help researchers design more new high-efficiency and low-toxicity multifunctional non-viral vectors, and further accelerate the progress of gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryaji Patil
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072, China.
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Yong-Guang Gao
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072, China.
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Xiao Lin
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072, China.
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Yu Li
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072, China.
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Kai Dang
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072, China.
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Ye Tian
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072, China.
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Wen-Juan Zhang
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072, China.
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Shan-Feng Jiang
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072, China.
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Abdul Qadir
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072, China.
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Ai-Rong Qian
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072, China.
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
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Ji R, Zhang X, Gu H, Ma J, Wen X, Zhou J, Qian H, Xu W, Qian J, Lin J. miR-374a-5p: A New Target for Diagnosis and Drug Resistance Therapy in Gastric Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 18:320-331. [PMID: 31614322 PMCID: PMC6796712 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemoresistance is one of the causes associated with poor prognosis in gastric cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of chemoresistance. Exosome-mediated delivery of anti-cancer molecules and drugs have emerged as a new approach for cancer therapy. We first examined the expression of miR-374a-5p in gastric cancer serum by qRT-PCR and explored the clinicopathological parameters. We then performed in vitro cell and molecular studies, including CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, and western blot, to determine the roles of miR-374a-5p in gastric cancer chemoresistance and identified its downstream target by luciferase reporter assay. We also used in vivo animal studies to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of miR-374a-5p inhibitor and exosome-mediated delivery of miR-374a-5p inhibitor in gastric cancer. miR-374a-5p expression level was elevated in gastric cancer serum, and its upregulation predicted poor prognosis. miR-374a-5p overexpression promoted while miR-374a-5p knockdown inhibited gastric cancer chemoresistance in vitro and in vivo. miR-374a-5p bound to Neurod1 to antagonize its effect on chemoresistance. Exosome-mediated delivery of miR-374a-5p inhibitor could increase Neurod1 expression, promote cell apoptosis, and suppress chemoresistance. miR-374a-5p had a promoting role in gastric cancer chemoresistance, which would provide a novel biomarker for gastric cancer diagnosis and prognosis and offer a potential target for gastric cancer drug resistance therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runbi Ji
- The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hongbing Gu
- The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jichun Ma
- The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangmei Wen
- The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingdong Zhou
- The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenrong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Qian
- The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiang Lin
- The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, China.
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64
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Wang J, Wang Y, Tang L, Garcia RC. Extracellular Vesicles in Mycobacterial Infections: Their Potential as Molecule Transfer Vectors. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1929. [PMID: 31474995 PMCID: PMC6703136 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are membrane-bound structures released by living cells and present in body fluids. Their composition includes proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids and are involved in transfers between cells. Extracellular vesicles can deliver molecules to cells and tissues even if distant. As a consequence, they have a role in information transmission and in the modulation of the biological function of recipient cells. Among other things, they are involved in antigen presentation and the induction of secretion events by immune cells. Thus, extracellular vesicles participate in the regulation of immune responses during infections. We will discuss their potential as effectors and disease biomarkers concerning only mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lijun Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
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65
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Salvia R, Grimaldi A, Girardello R, Scieuzo C, Scala A, Bufo SA, Vogel H, Falabella P. Aphidius ervi Teratocytes Release Enolase and Fatty Acid Binding Protein Through Exosomal Vesicles. Front Physiol 2019; 10:715. [PMID: 31275155 PMCID: PMC6593151 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular bases of the host-parasitoid interactions in the biological system Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Homoptera, Aphididae) and Aphidius ervi (Haliday) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) have been elucidated allowing the identification of a gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, the active component of maternal venom secretion, and teratocytes, the embryonic parasitic factors responsible for host physiology regulation after parasitization. Teratocytes, cells deriving from the dissociation of the serosa, the parasitoid embryonic membrane, are responsible for extra-oral digestion of host tissues in order to provide a suitable nutritional environment for the development of parasitoid larvae. Teratocytes rapidly grow in size without undergoing any cell division, synthesize, and release in the host hemolymph two proteins: a fatty acid binding protein (Ae-FABP) and an enolase (Ae-ENO). Ae-FABP is involved in transport of fatty acids deriving from host tissues to the parasitoid larva. Ae-ENO is an extracellular glycolytic enzyme that functions as a plasminogen like receptor inducing its activation to plasmin. Both Ae-FABP and Ae-ENO lack their signal peptides, and they are released in the extracellular environment through an unknown secretion pathway. Here, we investigated the unconventional mechanism by which teratocytes release Ae-FABP and Ae-ENO in the extracellular space. Our results, obtained using immunogold staining coupled with TEM and western blot analyses, show that these two proteins are localized in vesicles released by teratocytes. The specific dimension of these vesicles and the immunodetection of ALIX and HSP70, two exosome markers, strongly support the hypothesis that these vesicles are exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Rossana Girardello
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Carmen Scieuzo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Scala
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Sabino A. Bufo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- Department of Geography, Environmental Management & Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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66
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Soleymani S, Yari F, Bolhassani A, Bakhshandeh H. Platelet microparticles: An effective delivery system for anti-viral drugs. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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67
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Bai L, Liu Y, Guo K, Zhang K, Liu Q, Wang P, Wang X. Ultrasound Facilitates Naturally Equipped Exosomes Derived from Macrophages and Blood Serum for Orthotopic Glioma Treatment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:14576-14587. [PMID: 30900870 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes (Exos) are endogenous nanocarriers that have utility as novel delivery systems for the treatment of brain cancers. However, in general, natural Exos show limited BBB-crossing capacity and lack specific targeting. Further modifications including targeting peptides and genetic engineering approaches can circumvent these issues, but the process is time-consuming. Focused ultrasound (FUS) has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the diagnosis and treatment of brain diseases due to its noninvasive nature, reversibility, and instantaneous local opening of the BBB. In this study, we developed a natural and safe transportation system using FUS to increase the targeted delivery of Exos for glioma therapy. We also compared the advantages of macrophage-derived Exos (R-Exos) and blood serum-derived Exos (B-Exos) to screen for an improved platform with scope for clinical transformation. In vitro, both R-Exos and B-Exos were transported through BBB models and accumulated in glioma cells with the assistance of ultrasound exposure. R-Exos and B-Exos displayed no obvious differences in physical characteristics, drug release, tumor targeting, and cytotoxicity when combined with FUS. In vivo animal imaging studies suggested that the fluorescence intensity of B-Exos plus single FUS in brains was 4.45-fold higher than that of B-Exos alone. Furthermore, B-Exos plus twice FUS treatment efficiently suppressed glioma growth with no obvious side effects. We therefore demonstrate that the combination of FUS and naturally abundant B-Exos is a potent strategy for brain cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianmei Bai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710119 , China
| | - Yichen Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710119 , China
| | - Kaili Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710119 , China
| | - Kun Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710119 , China
| | - Quanhong Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710119 , China
| | - Pan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710119 , China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710119 , China
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Wang H, Sui H, Zheng Y, Jiang Y, Shi Y, Liang J, Zhao L. Curcumin-primed exosomes potently ameliorate cognitive function in AD mice by inhibiting hyperphosphorylation of the Tau protein through the AKT/GSK-3β pathway. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:7481-7496. [PMID: 30942233 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01255a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the progressive development of fatal neurodegenerative diseases. Owing to the unclearness of the pathogenesis of AD and the failure of the drug to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), there is currently a lack of effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in the treatment of AD. The aim of this study was to design exosomes (Exo) as a specifically designed carrier able to carry curcumin (cur) to prevent neuronal death in vitro and in vivo to alleviate the AD symptoms. Our results demonstrated that Exo improved the solubility and bioavailability of cur and increased drug penetration across the BBB by specific active targeting between Exo, inheriting the lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) and endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). Exosomes derived from curcumin-treated (primed) cells (Exo-cur) can better prevent the death of neurons in vitro and in vivo to relieve the symptoms of AD by inhibiting phosphorylation of the Tau protein through activating the AKT/GSK-3β pathway. Our results suggested that Exo-cur featured highly effective BBB-crossing via receptor-mediated transcytosis to access brain tissues and inhibited Tau phosphorylation, holding great potential in improving targeted drug delivery and the recovery of neuronal function in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, P R China.
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69
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Hwang DW. Perspective in Nuclear Theranostics Using Exosome for the Brain. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2019; 53:108-114. [PMID: 31057682 PMCID: PMC6473017 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-018-00567-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to its highly biocompatible property as naturally produced nanoscale particle and drug carrying ability, exosome has attracted much interest in the biomedical area. Versatile functions of exosome in biological system play an important role in elucidating mysterious and unknown biological processes and pathological disease progression. For usage of exosome as brain disease therapeutics, even though the ability of exosomes crossing blood brain barrier (BBB) is not well clearly proven, the small size and their own characteristics possessing cell-derived molecular contents may provide great and beneficial tools for brain delivery and brain-associated disease therapy. A variety of trials related to bioapplications using stem cell-derived exosome in regenerative therapy or autologous exosome shuttling inhibitor targeting brain disease-associated protein marker enhance possibility of exosome toward clinical application. The radionuclide PET or SPECT imaging of radiolabeled exosome will be clearly able to provide accurate clues for analyzing their whole body distribution, targeting efficacy, and the degree of non-specific tissue uptake. In this perspective, the practical information on thranostics of exosome for brain delivery and therapy is offered and radionuclide-based exosome applicability will be dealt with.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Won Hwang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 110-744 South Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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70
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Jiang H, Li ZP, Tian GX, Pan RY, Xu CM, Zhang B, Wu JL. Liver-targeted liposomes for codelivery of curcumin and combretastatin A4 phosphate: preparation, characterization, and antitumor effects. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:1789-1804. [PMID: 30880980 PMCID: PMC6413741 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s188971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent efforts have been focused on combining two or more therapeutic approaches with different mechanisms to enhance antitumor therapy. Moreover, nanosize drug-delivery systems for codelivering two drugs with proapoptotic and antiangiogenic activities have exhibited great potential in efficient treatment of cancers. Methods Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA)–modified liposomes (GA LPs) for liver-targeted codelivery of curcumin (Cur) and combretastatin A4 phosphate (CA4P) were prepared and characterized. In vitro cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, cell migration, in vivo biodistribution, antitumor activity, and histopathological studies were performed. Results Compared with unmodified LPs (Cur-CA4P LPs), Cur-CA4P/GA LPs were taken up effectively by human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (BEL-7402) and showed higher cytotoxicity than free drugs. In vivo real-time near-infrared fluorescence–imaging results indicated that GA-targeted LPs increased accumulation in the tumor region. Moreover, Cur-CA4P/GA LPs showed stronger inhibition of tumor proliferation than Cur, Cur + CA4P, and Cur-CA4P LPs in vivo antitumor studies, which was also verified by H&E staining. Conclusion GA-modified LPs can serve as a promising nanocarrier for liver-targeted co-delivery of antitumor drugs against hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China,
| | - Zhi-Peng Li
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China,
| | - Gui-Xiang Tian
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China,
| | - Rui-Yan Pan
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China,
| | - Chong-Mei Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China,
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China,
| | - Jing-Liang Wu
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China,
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71
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Liu S, Zhan Y, Luo J, Feng J, Lu J, Zheng H, Wen Q, Fan S. Roles of exosomes in the carcinogenesis and clinical therapy of non-small cell lung cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:338-346. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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72
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Park K. Inherent antimicrobial activity by bacteria-derived vesicles. J Control Release 2018; 290:180. [PMID: 30446187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kinam Park
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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73
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Exosomes and Exosome-Inspired Vesicles for Targeted Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040218. [PMID: 30404188 PMCID: PMC6321407 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The similarities between exosomes and liposomes, together with the high organotropism of several types of exosomes, have recently prompted the development of engineered-exosomes or exosome-mimetics, which may be artificial (liposomal) or cell-derived vesicles, as advanced platforms for targeted drug delivery. Here, we provide the current state-of-the-art of using exosome or exosome-inspired systems for drug delivery. We review the various approaches investigated and the shortcomings of each approach. Finally the challenges which have been identified to date in this field are summarized.
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Bari E, Perteghella S, Di Silvestre D, Sorlini M, Catenacci L, Sorrenti M, Marrubini G, Rossi R, Tripodo G, Mauri P, Marazzi M, Torre ML. Pilot Production of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Freeze-Dried Secretome for Cell-Free Regenerative Nanomedicine: A Validated GMP-Compliant Process. Cells 2018; 7:cells7110190. [PMID: 30380806 PMCID: PMC6262564 DOI: 10.3390/cells7110190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a pilot production process for mesenchymal stem/stromal freeze-dried secretome was performed in a validated good manufacturing practice (GMP)-compliant cell factory. Secretome was purified from culture supernatants by ultrafiltration, added to cryoprotectant, lyophilized and characterized. We obtained a freeze-dried, "ready-off-the-shelf" and free soluble powder containing extracellular vesicles and proteins. In the freeze-dried product, a not-aggregated population of extracellular vesicles was detected by nanoparticle tracking analysis; Fourier transform infrared spectra showed the simultaneous presence of protein and lipids, while differential scanning calorimetry demonstrated that lyophilization process successfully occurred. A proteomic characterization allowed the identification of proteins involved in immune response, response to stress, cytoskeleton and metabolism. Moreover, the product was not cytotoxic up to concentrations of 25 mg/mL (on human fibroblasts, chondrocytes and nucleus pulposus cells by MTT assay) and was blood compatible up to 150 mg/mL. Finally, at concentrations between 5 and 50 mg/mL, freeze-dried secretome showed to in vitro counteract the oxidative stress damage induced by H₂O₂ on nucleus pulposus cells by MTT assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Bari
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Sara Perteghella
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
- PharmaExceed srl, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Dario Di Silvestre
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, F.lli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Milan, Italy.
| | - Marzio Sorlini
- PharmaExceed srl, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
- Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, SUPSI, Via Pobiette 11, 6928 Manno, Switzerland.
| | - Laura Catenacci
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Milena Sorrenti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Marrubini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Rossana Rossi
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, F.lli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Tripodo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Pierluigi Mauri
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, F.lli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Milan, Italy.
| | - Mario Marazzi
- Tissue Therapy Unit, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy.
| | - Maria Luisa Torre
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
- PharmaExceed srl, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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