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Galdino PM, Carvalho AAV, Florentino IF, Martins JLR, Gazola AC, de Paula JR, de Paula JAM, Torres LMB, Costa EA, de Lima TCM. Involvement of monoaminergic systems in the antidepressant-like properties of Lafoensia pacari A. St. Hil. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 170:218-225. [PMID: 25980424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil. (Lythraceae), known popularly as "pacari" or "mangaba-brava" is popularly used in the state of Goiás, Brazil. The stem bark or leaves are used to treat cancer, gastric disorders, inflammation and as a tonic to treat loss of enthusiasm. AIM OF THE STUDY Previous results suggest that the ethanol:water 7:3 extract of the stem bark of L. pacari (PEx) has antidepressant-like activity in male mice. Our aim was to perform the PEx׳s bioguided fractionation and evaluate the monoaminergic system involvement in the antidepressant effect as well as progress in the study of L. pacari mechanism of action. MATERIAL AND METHODS Mice (30-35g) orally treated (24, 5 and 1h) with PEx (100, 300 or 1000mg/kg), chloroform (ChloF-70mg/kg), ethyl acetate (180mg/kg), n-butanol (370mg/kg) and aqueous (1g/kg) fractions were submitted to the forced swimming test. To assess the mechanism of action, different groups of mice were pretreated with p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA-100mg/kg, 4 days, i.p.) and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT-100mg/kg, 4h, i.p.) to assess the involvement of serotoninergic and catecholaminergic systems in the ChloF effects, respectively. A putative in vitro inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity as well as the ex vivo hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) quantification were carried out. Phytochemical screening, spectroscopy and chromatography analysis were used for identification of compounds present in ChloF. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION After the fractionation, the ChloF 70mg/kg was the most active fraction, reducing the immobility time by 22%. Pre-treatments with both PCPA and AMPT abolished the ChloF effects, suggesting that ChloF antidepressant-like effect is dependent on serotonergic and catecholaminergic systems. ChloF did not inhibited MAO-A or MAO-B activity, excluding this as possible mechanism of action. ChloF augmented hippocampal BDNF level, which could be accounted for its antidepressant-like effect. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of saponins, tannins, steroids and triterpene in the PEx, and the presence of triterpene and steroids in ChloF. The spectroscopy and chromatography analysis identified lupeol, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol in ChloF. CONCLUSION ChloF is the fraction that better retained the crude extract active constituents. ChloF presents antidepressant-like effect that involves both serotonergic and catecholaminergic systems without inhibiting MAO enzymatic activity; this fraction also increases the hippocampal BDNF levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablinny M Galdino
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Farmacologia, CCB, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Laboratório de Farmacologia de Produtos Naturais, ICB, UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | | | - Iziara F Florentino
- Laboratório de Farmacologia de Produtos Naturais, ICB, UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - José L R Martins
- Laboratório de Farmacologia de Produtos Naturais, ICB, UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Andressa C Gazola
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, CCS, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - José R de Paula
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais, FF, UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Joelma A M de Paula
- Unidade Universitária de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, UEG, Anápolis, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Elson A Costa
- Laboratório de Farmacologia de Produtos Naturais, ICB, UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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D’Sousa’ Costa CO, Ribeiro PR, Loureiro MB, Simões RC, de Castro RD, Fernandez LG. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of extracts prepared from different tissues of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi that occurs in the coast of Bahia, Brazil. Pharmacogn Mag 2015; 11:607-14. [PMID: 26246739 PMCID: PMC4522850 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.160459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schinus terebinthifolius is widely used in traditional medicine by Brazilian quilombola and indigenous communities for treatment of several diseases. Extracts from different tissues are being used to produce creams to treat cervicitis and cervicovaginitis. However, most studies are limited to the assessment of the essential oils and extracts obtained from the leaves. OBJECTIVE The aim was to evaluate antioxidant and antibacterial activities, to assess the phytochemical profile and to quantify total phenolic compounds of various extracts prepared from S. terebinthifolius grown in the coast of Bahia, Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extracts were obtained by hot continuous extraction (soxhlet) and by maceration. Quantification of phenolic compounds was performed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant properties were assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay. Phytochemical screening was performed as described by in the literature and antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) was determined by the microdilution broth assay. RESULTS Extraction method greatly affected the metabolite profile of the extracts. Antioxidant activity varied between 21.92% and 85.76%, while total phenols ranged between 5.44 and 309.03 mg EAG/g of extract. Leaf extract obtained with soxhlet showed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 15.62 μg/mL, while stem extract obtained by maceration was able to inhibit the growth of E. faecalis at 62.5 μg/mL. Stem bark extracts showed a MIC of 500 μg/mL for both extraction methods, while no inhibition was observed for fruit extracts. CONCLUSION In general, total phenolic content, antioxidant and antibacterial activities were higher in samples obtained by soxhlet. Our results provide important clues in order to identify alternative sources of bioactive compounds that can be used to develop new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinara Oliveira D’Sousa’ Costa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioproducts (LBBB), Department of Biofunction, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioproducts (LBBB), Department of Biofunction, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Brazil
| | - Marta Bruno Loureiro
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioproducts (LBBB), Department of Biofunction, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Brazil
| | - Rafael Conceição Simões
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioproducts (LBBB), Department of Biofunction, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Brazil
| | - Renato Delmondez de Castro
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioproducts (LBBB), Department of Biofunction, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Brazil
| | - Luzimar Gonzaga Fernandez
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioproducts (LBBB), Department of Biofunction, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Brazil
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Antimicrobial Analysis of an Antiseptic Made from Ethanol Crude Extracts of P. granatum and E. uniflora in Wistar Rats against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:751791. [PMID: 26146655 PMCID: PMC4469841 DOI: 10.1155/2015/751791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Surgical site infection remains a challenge for hospital infection control, especially when it relates to skin antisepsis in the surgical site. OBJECTIVE To analyze the antimicrobial activity in vivo of an antiseptic from ethanol crude extracts of P. granatum and E. uniflora against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. METHODS Agar drilling and minimal inhibitory tests were conducted for in vitro evaluation. In the in vivo bioassay were used Wistar rats and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 14990). Statistical analysis was performed through variance analysis and Scott-Knott cluster test at 5% probability and significance level. RESULTS In the in vitro, ethanolic extracts of Punica granatum and Eugenia uniflora and their combination showed the best antimicrobial potential against S. epidermidis and S. aureus. In the in vivo bioassay against S. epidermidis, there was no statistically significant difference between the tested product and the patterns used after five minutes of applying the product. CONCLUSION The results indicate that the originated product is an antiseptic alternative source against S. epidermidis compared to chlorhexidine gluconate. It is suggested that further researches are to be conducted in different concentrations of the test product, evaluating its effectiveness and operational costs.
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Guimarães LC, de Oliveira CFR, Marangoni S, de Oliveira DGL, Macedo MLR. Purification and characterization of a Kunitz inhibitor from Poincianella pyramidalis with insecticide activity against the Mediterranean flour moth. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 118:1-9. [PMID: 25752423 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the characterization of a trypsin inhibitor from Poincianella pyramidalis seeds (PpyTI). The partial sequencing of PpyTI revealed homology to Kunitz inhibitors, clustered as a member of Family I03 in MEROPS database. PpyTI has a single polypeptide chain of 19,042 Da and presents stability at high temperatures (up to 70 °C) and a wide range of pH. In vitro assays showed that disulfide bridges have an important stabilization role of reactive site in PpyTI, a characteristic shared among several Kunitz inhibitors. Bioassays carried out with the Mediterranean flour moth (Anagasta kuehniella) revealed a significant decrease in both larval weight and survival of PpyTI-fed larvae, besides a larval stage extension. Through biochemical analysis, we demonstrated that the PpyTI insecticide effects were triggered by digestion process commitment, through the inhibition of trypsin and chymotrypsin activities, the major digestive enzymes in this species. The insecticide effects and biochemical characterization of PpyTI encourage further studies using this inhibitor for insect pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lays Cordeiro Guimarães
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil; Department of Food Technology and Public Health, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Caio Fernando Ramalho de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil; Department of Food Technology and Public Health, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Sergio Marangoni
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Daniella Gorete Lourenço de Oliveira
- Department of Food Technology and Public Health, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Lígia Rodrigues Macedo
- Department of Food Technology and Public Health, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil.
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Heredia-Vieira SC, Simonet AM, Vilegas W, Macías FA. Unusual C,O-Fused Glycosylapigenins from Serjania marginata Leaves. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:77-84. [PMID: 25517504 DOI: 10.1021/np500715x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A phytochemical study of a Serjania marginata leaf extract with antiulcer activity afforded 15 compounds, including the new 3-O-α-l-arabinopyranosyl(1→3)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)[β-d-glucopyranosyl(1→4)]-α-l-arabinopyranosyloleanolic acid (1) and 7,5″-anhydroapigenin 8-C-α-(2,6-dideoxy-5-hydroxy-ribo-hexopyranosyl)-4'-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (4). The structures of the new compounds were determined by spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR techniques, mass spectrometry, and chemical methods. Compound 4 is a C-hexopyranosylapigenin with an unusual cyclic ether linkage between C-5″ and C-7 of apigenin. The isolated proanthocyanidins have high antioxidant activities, and these compounds are probably responsible for the gastroprotective effect of the extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia C Heredia-Vieira
- Grupo de Alelopatía, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Biomoléculas (INBIO), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz , C/República Saharaui, 7, 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
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da Silva Marcondes DB, Reichert CL, de Andrade LF, de Moraes Santos CA, Weffort-Santos AM. Cytotoxicity and apoptogenic effects of Lafoensia pacari. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 157:243-250. [PMID: 25311274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The stem barks of Lafoensia pacari have been traditionally used not only by South Amerindians but also by Brazilian and Paraguayan populations for treating a variety of unhealthy conditions to which their biological potential has been scientifically documented in several reports over the last decade. Although its anticancer usage is also popular, no scientific support for such activity has been found. AIM To provide scientific evidence for the anticancer popularity of Lafoensia pacari. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extracts prepared according to the popular use along with a methanol extract and its four fractions were produced from Lafoensia pacari stem barks. The chromatogram profile of each one was obtained by HPLC. Several tumor cell lines were exposed to these solutions in in vitro assays and the effects evaluated by morphological, growth, and cell cycle status changes. RESULTS High toxicity determined by the lactate dehydrogenase levels with a significant drop in the cell proliferation index were found for all cell lines included in this study after exposition to Lafoensia pacari extract and fractions. The morphological features along with the expression of annexin V have strongly suggested apoptosis induction, which has been confirmed by G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. CONCLUSIONS The data have clearly shown that exposition of human tumor cell lines to Lafoensia pacari stem barks extract leads to apoptosis induction due to cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phases, supporting its anticancer use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Beck da Silva Marcondes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Lothário Meissner, 632, Jardim Botânico, 80210-170 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Cristiane Loiva Reichert
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Lothário Meissner, 632, Jardim Botânico, 80210-170 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Ferrari de Andrade
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua Francisco H. dos Santos, s/n, Jd. das Américas, 81531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Cid Aimbiré de Moraes Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Lothário Meissner, 632, Jardim Botânico, 80210-170 Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Lothário Meissner, 632, Jardim Botânico, 80210-170 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Almeriane Maria Weffort-Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Lothário Meissner, 632, Jardim Botânico, 80210-170 Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Laboratório de Hematologia, Departamento de Patologia Médica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Lothário Meissner, 632, Jardim Botânico, 80210-170 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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Cole ER, dos Santos RB, Lacerda Júnior V, Martins JDL, Greco SJ, Cunha Neto A. Chemical composition of essential oil from ripe fruit of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi and evaluation of its activity against wild strains of hospital origin. Braz J Microbiol 2014; 45:821-8. [PMID: 25477913 PMCID: PMC4204964 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014000300009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential oil (EO) composition of ripe fruit of S. terebinthifolius Raddi was analyzed by GC-MS. The oil extraction yielded 6.54 ± 1.06% (w/w). Seventeen compounds were identified, accounting for 91.15% of the total oil, where monoterpenes constituted the main chemical class (85.81%), followed by sesquiterpenes (5.34%). The major monoterpene identified was δ-3-carene (30.37%), followed by limonene (17.44%), α-phellandrene (12.60%) and α-pinene (12.59%). Trans-caryophyllene (1.77%) was the major sesquiterpene identified. The antibacterial activity of the essential oil was evaluated against wild strains of hospital origin (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella oxytoca, Corynebacterium sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter sp., Enterobacter agglomerans, Bacillus sp., Nocardia sp. and Streptococcus group D). The essential oil of the ripe fruit of S. terebinthifolius Raddi has shown to be active against all tested wild strains, with minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 3.55 μg/mL to 56.86 μg/mL. However, it has revealed some differences in susceptibility: the general, Gram-positive species showed greater sensitivity to the action of EO, which is probably due to the lower structural complexity of their cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Cole
- Departamento de Química Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo VitóriaES Brazil Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil. ; Departamento de Farmácia Universidade Vila Velha Vila VelhaES Brazil Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - R B dos Santos
- Departamento de Química Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo VitóriaES Brazil Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - V Lacerda Júnior
- Departamento de Química Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo VitóriaES Brazil Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - J D L Martins
- Departamento de Farmácia Universidade Vila Velha Vila VelhaES Brazil Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - S J Greco
- Departamento de Química Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo VitóriaES Brazil Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - A Cunha Neto
- Departamento de Química Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo VitóriaES Brazil Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
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Vieira DRP, Amaral FM, Maciel MCG, Nascimento FRF, Libério SA, Rodrigues VP. Plant species used in dental diseases: ethnopharmacology aspects and antimicrobial activity evaluation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:1441-1449. [PMID: 25046828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ethnopharmacological surveys show that several plant species are used empirically by the population, in oral diseases. However, it is necessary to check the properties of these plant species. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate in vitro antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans from plant species selected in a previous ethnopharmacology study. MATERIALS AND METHODS An ethnopharmacological survey was conducted with users of a dental clinic school services, located in Sao Luis, Maranhão, Brazil, aiming to identify plant species used in oral diseases treatment. From the ethnopharmacological survey, species were selected for in vitro antimicrobial activity evaluation against Streptococcus mutans, by agar diffusion method and determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). RESULTS Two hundred and seventy one people participated in the research: 55.7% reported the use of plants for medicinal purposes, 29.5% of which have knowledge and/or use plants for some type of oral disease. Thirty four species belonging to 24 (twenty four) botanical families were reported, being Aloe vera L., Anacardium occidentale L., Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, Chenopodium ambrosioides L. and Punica granatum L. the most cited. The most commonly reported indications were healing after tooth extraction, followed by toothache, inflammation and bleeding gums., The determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) demonstrated that Punica granatum L., Psidium guajava L. and Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi showed similar activity to 0.12% chlorhexidine, used as positive control. CONCLUSION That result is important to follow up the study of these species in the search for new anticariogenic agents originated by plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise R P Vieira
- Federal University of Maranhão, Bacanga Campus, Portugueses Avenue, s/n, Odontology Building, 65085-580 São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.
| | - Flavia MaM Amaral
- Federal University of Maranhão, Bacanga Campus, Portugueses Avenue, s/n, Pharmacy Building, 65085-580 São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Márcia C G Maciel
- Federal University of Maranhão, Bacanga Campus, Portugueses Avenue, s/n, Immune Physiology Laboratory, 65085-580 São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Flávia R F Nascimento
- Federal University of Maranhão, Bacanga Campus, Portugueses Avenue, s/n, Immune Physiology Laboratory, 65085-580 São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Silvana A Libério
- Federal University of Maranhão, Bacanga Campus, Portugueses Avenue, s/n, Odontology Building, 65085-580 São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Vandílson P Rodrigues
- Federal University of Maranhão, Bacanga Campus, Portugueses Avenue, s/n, Odontology Building, 65085-580 São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
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Antiparasitic activity of natural and semi-synthetic tirucallane triterpenoids from Schinus terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae): structure/activity relationships. Molecules 2014; 19:5761-76. [PMID: 24802987 PMCID: PMC6271887 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19055761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis and Chagas are diseases caused by parasitic protozoans that affect the poorest population in the World, causing a high mortality and morbidity. As a result of highly toxic and long-term treatments, the discovery of novel, safe and more efficacious drugs is essential. In this work, the in vitro antiparasitic activity and mammalian cytotoxicity of three natural tirucallane triterpenoids, isolated from leaves of Schinus terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae), and nine semi-synthetic derivatives were investigated against Leishmania (L.) infantum and Trypanosoma cruzi. Trypomastigotes of T. cruzi were the most susceptible parasites and seven compounds demonstrated a trypanocidal activity with IC50 values in the range between 15 and 58 µg/mL. Four compounds demonstrated selectivity towards the intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania, with IC50 values in the range between 28 and 97 µg/mL. The complete characterization of triterpenoids was afforded after thorough analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data as well as electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Additionally, structure-activity relationships were performed using Decision Trees.
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Figueredo FG, Lucena BFF, Tintino SR, Matias EFF, Leite NF, Andrade JC, Nogueira LFB, Morais EC, Costa JGM, Coutinho HDM, Rodrigues FFG. Chemical composition and evaluation of modulatory of the antibiotic activity from extract and essential oil of Myracrodruon urundeuva. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2014; 52:560-565. [PMID: 24251788 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.853810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The combination of antibiotics with natural products has demonstrated promising synergistic effects in several therapeutic studies. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a combination of an ethanol extract of Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. All. (Anacardiaceae) (aroeira plant) and its essential oil with six antimicrobial drugs against multiresistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli from clinical isolates. MATERIALS AND METHODS After identification of the chemical components by GC-MS, the antibacterial activity of the natural products and antibiotics was assessed by determining the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the microdilution method and concentrations ranging 8-512 μg/mL and 0.0012-2.5 mg/mL, respectively. Assays were performed to test for a possible synergistic action between the plant products and the antimicrobials, using the extract and the oil at a sub-inhibitory concentration (128 μg/mL) and antibiotic at concentrations varying between 8 and 512 μg/mL. RESULTS The GC-MS analysis identified the main compound as δ-carene (80.41%). The MIC of the natural products was >1024 μg/mL, except against S. aureus ATCC25923. Only the combinations of the natural products with gentamicin, amikacin and clindamycin were effective against S. aureus 358, enhancing the antibiotic activity by reducing the MIC. CONCLUSIONS The extract from aroeira showed a higher antibacterial activity and the oil was more effective in potentiating the activity of conventional antibiotics.
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dos Santos AF, Fonseca SA, César FA, de Azevedo Albuquerque MCP, Santana JV, Santana AEG. A penta-substituted pyridine alkaloid from the rhizome of Jatropha elliptica (Pohl) Muell. Arg. is active against Schistosoma mansoni and Biomphalaria glabrata. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:1077-84. [PMID: 24500523 PMCID: PMC3932162 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3743-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Jatropha elliptica is a shrub distributed throughout the north and west of Brazil and reputedly possesses a wide range of therapeutical properties. The roots of this plant possess molluscicidal activity and contain terpenoids, coumarin, lignoid, steroids and alkaloid. In the present study, we assessed the schistosomicidal, miracicidal and cercaricidal activities (against Schistosoma mansoni) and molluscicidal activities (against adults and egg masses of Biomphalaria glabrata) of the alkaloid diethyl 4-phenyl-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate, isolated from the ethanol extract of the rhizome of J. elliptica, have been determined. The alkaloid was 100 % lethal to adult schistosomes within 4 days at a concentration of 50 μg/mL. Alterations were observed in the schistosome tegument occasioned by treatment with the alkaloid, such as formation of vesicles and vacuolisation. The extent of tegumental damage of the worm was proportional to the time of incubation and to the concentration of compound. The alkaloid also exhibited a potent cercaricidal activity (LC100 = 2 μg/mL); it was totally ineffective against miracicidal forms of the parasite. Moreover, the alkaloid presented strong activity against adult snails (LC90 = 36.43 μg/mL) but was inactive against their egg masses. It is observed then the potential of this compound for the development of new therapies for the treatment of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldenir Feitosa dos Santos
- Grupo Estudo de Compostos Naturais Bioativos, Centro Universitário Cesmac, 57051-160, Maceió, AL, Brazil
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Cardoso CAL, Coelho RG, Honda NK, Pott A, Pavan FR, Leite CQF. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant, antimicrobial and antimycobacterial activities of Serjania erecta Radlk. (Sapindaceae). BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502013000400017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serjania erecta Radlk.(Sapindaceae) is a medicinal plant traditionally used in Brazil. We assayed the ethanolic extract of leaves and roots against seven microorganisms. The REMA (Resazurin Microtiter Assay) assay was used to measure the biological activity in vitro against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and our results showed moderate activity of the ethanolic extract. On the other hand S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, S. setubal, C. albicans, S. cerevisiae and E. coli revealed that the leaves and roots of S. erecta inhibited the growth of all microorganisms. The ethanolic extracts of leaves and roots showed low values of antioxidant activities. The ethanolic extracts of leaves and roots were analyzed by chromatographic and spectrometric methods. (-)-Epicatechin, kaempferol aglycone and five glycoside derivates were isolated: kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside from the roots and kaempferol, kaempferol 3,7-di-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, vitexin, isovitexin and (-)-epicatechin in the leaves. This is the first chemical study reported in the literature about this specie.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Arnildo Pott
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
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dos Santos OJ, Barros-Filho AKD, Malafaia O, Ribas-Filho JM, Santos RHP, Santos RAP. Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) in the healing process of gastrorraphy in rats. ABCD-ARQUIVOS BRASILEIROS DE CIRURGIA DIGESTIVA 2013; 25:140-6. [PMID: 23411801 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-67202012000300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrorraphy, isolated or associated with the use of biological adhesives, was throughout the history of surgery the usual way to promote healing in gastric lesions and the use of herbal medicine has been increasingly more employed. AIM To evaluate the wound healing in the stomach of rats with the use of the hydroalcoholic extract of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (aroeira). METHODS Sixty rats, adult males, were divided into two groups: aroeira group and control group. Each one was subdivided into four subgroups of 15 animals (test groups). Each subdivided subgroup was also subdivided into three subgroups of five rats (deaths periods of 7, 14 and 21 days). All animals underwent the same surgical procedure (injury and stomach suture); animals in the aroeira group received daily dose of 100 mg/kg of hydroalcoholic extract via gavage while the control group received isotonic saline solution. Parameters evaluated were: macroscopic and microscopic changes, test for resistance to insufflation of atmospheric air and test for tensile strength. RESULTS All animals had good healing of the abdominal wall and gastrorraphies without infection and dehiscence. Both groups had adhesions to the gastrorraphies surfaces with neighboring organs. The resistance test by insufflation of atmospheric air and tensile strength showed higher average of pressure on the 7th day and breaking strength in the time periods for the aroeira group. The intensity of chronic inflammation revealed statistically significant differences in the variables fibroblast proliferation and collagen. CONCLUSION The use of hydroalcoholic extract of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi accelerated the stomach healing in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando José dos Santos
- Department of Medicine II, Federal University of Maranhão, Campus of Bacanga, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
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Gehrke ITS, Neto AT, Pedroso M, Mostardeiro CP, Da Cruz IBM, Silva UF, Ilha V, Dalcol II, Morel AF. Antimicrobial activity of Schinus lentiscifolius (Anacardiaceae). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 148:486-491. [PMID: 23684720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Schinus lentiscifolius Marchand (syn. Schinus weinmannifolius Engl) is a plant native to Rio Grande do Sul (Southern Brazil) and has been used in Brazilian traditional medicine as antiseptic and antimicrobial for the treatment of many different health problems as well as to treat leucorrhea and to assist in ulcer and wound healing. Although it is a plant widely used by the population, there are no studies proving this popular use. MATERIAL AND METHODS The crude aqueous extract, the crude neutral methanol extract, fractions prepared from this extract (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol), pure compounds isolated from these fractions, and derivatives were investigated in vitro for antimicrobial activities against five Gram positive bacteria: Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Streptococcus pyogenes, three Gram negative bacteria: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Shigella sonnei, and four yeasts: Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The isolated compound moronic acid, which is the most active, was tested against a range of other bacteria such as two Gram positive bacteria, namely, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus spp, and six Gram negative bacteria, namely, Burkholderia cepacia, Providencia stuartii, Morganella morganii, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Proteus mirabilis. RESULTS The leaf aqueous extract (decoction) of Schinus lentiscifolius showed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, ranging from 125 to 250 μg/ml (MIC) against the tested bacteria and fungi. The n-hexane extract, despite being very little active against bacteria, showed an excellent antifungal activity, especially against Candida albicans (MIC=25 μg/ml), Candida tropicalis (MIC=15.5 μg/ml), and Cryptococcus neoformans, (MIC=15.5 μg/ml). From the acetate fraction (the most active against bacteria), compounds 1-6 were isolated: nonadecanol (1), moronic acid (2), gallic acid methyl ester (3), gallic acid (4), quercetin (5) and quercitrin (6). The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of moronic acid between 1.5 and 3 μg/ml against most of the tested bacteria shows that it is one of the metabolites responsible for the antibacterial activity of Schinus lentiscifolius. CONCLUSION The antimicrobial activity and some constituents of Schinus lentiscifolius are reported for the first time. The results of the present study provide scientific basis for the popular use of Schinus lentiscifolius for a number of different health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaine T S Gehrke
- Center for Research in Natural Products (NPPN), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Huber PC, Reis GP, Amstalden MC, Lancellotti M, Almeida WP. Synthesis, spectroscopic characterizations and antimicrobial activity of copper and zinc complexes of levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and 3-carboxy-4-quinolone. Polyhedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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de Macedo DM, Pereira OL, Wheeler GS, Barreto RW. Corynespora cassiicola f. sp. schinii, a Potential Biocontrol Agent for the Weed Schinus terebinthifolius in the United States. PLANT DISEASE 2013; 97:496-500. [PMID: 30722252 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-12-0598-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Schinus terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae), Brazilian peppertree (BP), is a major environmental weed in many tropical and subtropical areas of the globe, including Florida, Hawai'i, and Australia. This plant has been the target of a classical biocontrol project in the United States involving pathogens collected in Brazil for several years. A fungus was found in the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo causing leaf spots and severe foliage blight on BP. Examination of the morphology and internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis confirmed that the fungus is a strain of Corynespora cassiicola. Preliminary host-range tests involving 24 species, including 11 species in the family Anacardiaceae, were conducted with the fungus, and specificity toward BP was confirmed. Plants of Brazilian pepper tree from populations in Florida and Hawai'i included in the tests became severely diseased. Therefore, the recognition of a new forma specialis-Corynespora cassiicola f. sp. schinii-is proposed. The specificity of this forma specialis and the severity of the disease it caused in the field and under controlled conditions indicate that it has the potential for use as a biocontrol agent for BP in areas where it is an exotic invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi Mesquita de Macedo
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Olinto Liparini Pereira
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Gregory Sherman Wheeler
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314
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Nossa PM, Guenka LC, Couto LB, da-Cruz-Perez DE. Effects of the serjania erecta and zeyheria montana ethanol extracts in experimental pulpitis in rats: a histological study. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2013; 18:e337-42. [PMID: 23229264 PMCID: PMC3613889 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.18470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate, by the semi-quantitative histological analysis, the anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extracts of Serjania erecta e Zeyheria Montana, in experimental pulpits in rats. STUDY DESIGN In order to induce pulp inflammation, cavities were performed on the occlusal surface of the mandibular first molars of 45 male rats, without pulp exposure. The animals were distributed into 4 groups: GI, teeth without cavities; GII, single dose of saline solution via intraperitoneal (IP); GIII, single dose (IP) of 300 mg/Kg of ethanolic extract of Zeyheria montana; GIV, single dose (IP) of 300 mg/Kg of ethanolic extract of Serjania erecta. After 6, 12 and 24 hours, 5 animals of each group were killed by anesthetic overdose. The histological analyses of the pulp tissue were performed and the data analyzed by Dunn's multiple test, at significance of 5%. RESULTS After 12 h, the GIII presented score statistically lower (p<0.05) than positive control group. After 24 h, GIII presented inflammatory index statistically lower than the positive control (p<0.01) and Serjania erecta (p<0.05) groups. CONCLUSION The Zeyheria montana extract presented better anti-inflammatory activity than positive control group and Serjania erecta extract, which did not show anti-inflammatory effect in the analyzed periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia-Mara Nossa
- School of Dentistry, University of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Gomes FS, Procópio TF, Napoleão TH, Coelho LCBB, Paiva PMG. Antimicrobial lectin from Schinus terebinthifolius leaf. J Appl Microbiol 2012. [PMID: 23190078 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Schinus terebinthifolius leaves are used for treating human diseases caused by micro-organisms. This work reports the isolation, characterization and antimicrobial activity of S. terebinthifolius leaf lectin (SteLL). METHODS AND RESULTS The isolation procedure involved protein extraction with 0.15 mol l(-1) NaCl, filtration through activated charcoal and chromatography of the filtrate on a chitin column. SteLL is a 14-kDa glycopeptide with haemagglutinating activity that is inhibited by N-acetyl-glucosamine, not affected by ions (Ca(2+) and Mg(2+)) and stable upon heating (30-100 °C) as well as over the pH 5.0-8.0. The antimicrobial effect of SteLL was evaluated by determining the minimal inhibitory (MIC), bactericide (MBC) and fungicide (MFC) concentrations. Lectin was active against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enteritidis and Staphylococcus aureus. Highest bacteriostatic and bactericide effects were detected for Salm. enteritidis (MIC: 0.45 μg ml(-1)) and Staph. aureus (MBC: 7.18 μg ml(-1)), respectively. SteLL impaired the growth (MIC: 6.5 μg ml(-1)) and survival (MFC: 26 μg ml(-1)) of Candida albicans. CONCLUSIONS SteLL, a chitin-binding lectin, purified in milligram quantities, showed antimicrobial activity against medically important bacteria and fungi. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY SteLL can be considered as a new biomaterial for potential antimicrobial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Gomes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, CCB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Tamashiro Filho P, Sikiru Olaitan B, Tavares de Almeida DA, Lima JCDS, Marson-Ascêncio PG, Donizeti Ascêncio S, Rios-Santos F, Martins DTDO. Evaluation of antiulcer activity and mechanism of action of methanol stem bark extract of Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil. (Lytraceae) in experimental animals. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 144:497-505. [PMID: 23069941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Lafoensia pacari St.-Hil. is a tree native to the Brazilian Cerrado. Its bark macerate is popularly used in Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of peptic ulcer, wound healing and inflammation. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the antiulcer activities of the methanol extract of Lafoensia pacari (MELP) and possible mechanisms of actions involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS The stem bark of Lafoensia pacari was macerated in methanol to obtain the crude methanol extract of Lafoensia pacari (MELP). The gastroprotective and ulcer healing of MELP were evaluated using ethanol, indomethacin, cold-restraint stress-induced (acute) and acetic acid (chronic) ulcer models. The probable mode of action of MELP was also evaluated by determining intestinal transit, involvement of non-protein sulfhyhydryls (NP-SH), gastric mucus secretion, gastric secretory parameters and pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-17 (IL-17). Phytochemical analysis was carried out using classical methods and ellagic acid, one of the most important pharmacological active compounds was confirmed by HPLC. RESULTS The results of the pharmacological studies on MELP demonstrated potent and effective gastroprotection against ethanol, indomethacin and cold stress-induced acute ulcers and ulcer healing in acetic acid induced chronic ulcer. MELP had no significant effect on the intestinal motility and it is also independent of mucus production but rather have a mucolytic effect. In pylorus-ligated rats the extract showed anti-secretory activity by decreasing total gastric juice volume and gastric acidity while increasing the gastric pH. The gastroprotection against ethanol is partially attributed to effective attenuation in the decrease in NP-SH levels, inhibition of the increases in the pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-17. Phytochemical analysis of MELP revealed the presence of pyrrogalic tannins, saponins, steroids, triterpenoids and simple phenols, with ellagic acid being the major components. CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that MELP possesses preventive and curative effects against gastric ulcer in experimental animals. These effects are partly dependent on its anti-oxidant, anti-secretory properties and inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and independent of gastric/intestinal motility and mucus secretion. Ellagic acid, a compound of proven antiulcer activity, was found in MELP as the major component. These results confirmed the traditional use of MELP in Brazilian popular medicine for the treatment of gastric ulcers and shed some light on some of its mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Tamashiro Filho
- Department of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, n. 2367, Cuiabá 78060-900, Mato Grosso, Brazil
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Santana JS, Sartorelli P, Guadagnin RC, Matsuo AL, Figueiredo CR, Soares MG, da Silva AM, Lago JHG. Essential oils from Schinus terebinthifolius leaves - chemical composition and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2012; 50:1248-53. [PMID: 22870865 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2012.666880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT In folk medicine, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae), has been used as a remedy for ulcers, respiratory problems, wounds, rheumatism, gout, diarrhea, skin ailments and arthritis, as well as to treat tumors and leprosy. OBJECTIVE To investigate the chemical composition and cytotoxicity of essential oil from leaves of S. terebinthifolius as well as the identification of active compounds from this oil. MATERIAL AND METHODS Essential oil from S. terebinthifolius leaves, obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus, was characterized in terms of its chemical composition. Also, the crude oil was subjected to chromatographic separation procedures to afford an active fraction composed of α- and β-pinenes. These compounds, including hydrogenation (pinane) and epoxydation (α-pinene oxide) derivatives from α-pinene, were tested in vitro against murine melanoma cell line (B16F10-Nex2) and human melanoma (A2058), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7), leukemia (human leukemia (HL-60) and cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cell lines. RESULTS Forty-nine constituents were identified in the oil (97.9% of the total), with germacrene D (23.7%), bicyclogermacrene (15.0%), β-pinene (9.1%) and β-longipinene (8.1%) as the main compounds. The crude essential oil showed cytotoxic effects in several cell lines, mainly on leukemia and human cervical carcinoma. Fractions composed mainly of α- and β-pinenes as well as those composed of individually pinenes showed effective activities against all tested cell lines. Aiming to determinate preliminary structure/activity relationships, α-pinene was subjected to epoxydation and hydrogenation procedures whose obtained α-pinene oxide showed an expressive depression in its cytotoxicity effect, similar as observed to pinane derivative. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The obtained results indicated that the monoterpenes α- and β-pinenes could be responsible to the cytotoxic activity detected in the crude oil from leaves of S. terebinthifolius. In addition, it was possibly inferred that the presence of double bond in their structures, mainly at endocyclic position, is crucial to cytotoxic potential detected in these derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeferson S Santana
- instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Diadema, Brazil
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Costa EMMDB, Evangelista APDA, Medeiros ACDD, Dametto FR, Carvalho RAD. In vitro evaluation of the root canal cleaning ability of plant extracts and their antimicrobial action. Braz Oral Res 2012; 26:215-21. [DOI: 10.1590/s1806-83242012000300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Silva SMFQE, Pinheiro SMB, Queiroz MVF, Pranchevicius MC, Castro JGD, Perim MC, Carreiro SC. Atividade in vitro de extratos brutos de duas espécies vegetais do cerrado sobre leveduras do gênero Candida. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2012; 17:1649-56. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232012000600028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivou-se conhecer a atividade de Lafoensia pacari e a de Brossimum gaudichaudii, sobre leveduras do gênero Candida isoladas da mucosa vaginal. As leveduras foram isoladas a partir de esfregaço de mucosa vaginal de mulheres com ou sem sintomatologia. Realizou-se os testes de susceptibilidade em duplicata para 34 linhagens de Candida frente aos extratos brutos das espécies vegetais, nas concentrações de 50, 100 e 200 mg.mL-1. Consideraram-se como ativos os extratos que produziram halos de inibição com média a partir de 10 mm. Evidenciou-se atividade antifúngica de B. gaudichaudii na concentração de 200 mg.mL-1, enquanto que a de L. pacari mostrou-se ativo a 50 mg.mL-1. A atividade dos extratos vegetais estudados destacou-se em relação à Nistatina creme (100.000UI/4g) utilizada como controle.
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Lima JS, Figueiredo JG, Gomes RG, Stringari D, Goulin EH, Adamoski D, Kava-Cordeiro V, Galli-Terasawa LV, Glienke C. Genetic Diversity of Colletotrichum spp. an Endophytic Fungi in a Medicinal Plant, Brazilian Pepper Tree. ISRN MICROBIOLOGY 2012; 2012:215716. [PMID: 23724319 PMCID: PMC3658576 DOI: 10.5402/2012/215716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we reported thirty-nine endophytic fungi identified as Colletotrichum spp. associated with Brazilian pepper tree or aroeira (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi. Anacardiaceae) in Paraná state, Brazil. These endophytes were identified by morphological and molecular methods, using PCR taxon-specific with CaInt/ITS4, CgInt/ITS4, and Col1/ITS4 primers, which amplify specific bands in C. acutatum, C. gloeosporioides lato sensu, and Colletotrichum boninensis, respectively, and by DNA sequence analysis of the nrDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2). We also assayed the presence of dsRNA particles in Colletotrichum spp. isolates. Combining both morphological characters and molecular data, we identified the species C. gloeosporioides, C. boninense, and C. simmondsii. However, we found a high genetic variability intraspecific in C. gloeosporioides which suggests the existence of several other species. Bands of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) were detected in three of thirty-nine isolates. Identity of these bands was confirmed by RNAse, DNAse, and S1 nuclease treatments for the isolates LGMF633, LGMF726, and LGMF729. This is the first study reporting these particles of dsRNA in C. gloeosporioides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - C. Glienke
- Department of Genetics, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Box 19071, 81531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Wood CT, Schlindwein CCD, Soares GLG, Araujo PB. Feeding rates of Balloniscus sellowii (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea): the effect of leaf litter decomposition and its relation to the phenolic and flavonoid content. Zookeys 2012:231-45. [PMID: 22536111 PMCID: PMC3335417 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.176.1940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to compare the feeding rates of Balloniscus sellowii on leaves of different decomposition stages according to their phenolic and flavonoid content. Leaves from the visually most abundant plants were offered to isopods collected from the same source site. Schinus terebinthifolius,the plant species consumed at the highest rate, was used to verify feeding rates at different decomposition stages. Green leaves were left to decompose for one, two, or three months, and then were offered to isopods. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined for all decomposition stages. Consumption and egestion rates increased throughout decomposition, were highest for two-month-old leaves, and decreased again in the third month. The assimilation rate was highest for green leaves. The mode time of passage through the gut was two hours for all treatments. Ingestion of leaves occurred after two or three days for green leaves, and on the same day for one-, two- and three-month-old leaves. The speed of passage of leaves with different decomposition stages through the gut does not differ significantly when animals are fed continuously. However, it is possible that the amount retained in the gut during starvation differs depending on food quality. The digestibility value was corrected using a second food source to empty the gut of previously ingested food, so that all of the food from the experiment was egested. The digestibility value was highest for green leaves, whereas it was approximately 20% for all other stages. This was expected given that digestibility declines during decomposition as the metabolite content of the leaves decreases. The phenolic content was highest in the green leaves and lowest in three-month-old leaves. The flavonoid content was highest in green leaves and lowest after two months of decomposition. Animals ingested more phenolics when consumption was highest. The estimated amount of ingested flavonoids followed the same trend as assimilation rate. Flavonoids accounted for a large portion of total phenolics, and the estimated amount of flavonoids consumed was similar for one-, two- and three-month-old leaves. Our results suggest that the high phenolic and flavonoid concentrations in green leaves are feeding deterrents. Isopods may discriminate among concentrations of flavonoids and modify their consumption rates to maintain their intake of flavonoids when ingesting leaves with lower flavonoid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Timm Wood
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Zoologia, Laboratório de Carcinologia, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, pr. 43435, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Castelo Branco Rangel de Almeida CDF, de Vasconcelos Cabral DL, Rangel de Almeida CCB, Cavalcanti de Amorim EL, de Araújo JM, de Albuquerque UP. Comparative study of the antimicrobial activity of native and exotic plants from the Caatinga and Atlantic Forest selected through an ethnobotanical survey. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2012; 50:201-207. [PMID: 22188395 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2011.596205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The idea that many commonly used medicinal plants may lead to the discovery of new drugs has encouraged the study of local knowledge of these resources. OBJECTIVE An ethnobotanical survey of species traditionally used for the treatment of infectious diseases was undertaken in two areas of northeastern Brazil: one in the Caatinga (dry forest) and another in the Atlantic Forest (humid forest). MATERIALS Initially, diffusion tests using paper disks and subsequently, for extracts presenting significant results (inhibition halos above 15 mm), minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined. The activity was evaluated as a percentage for each species, comparing the diameters of the inhibition halos and the number of positive results against the seven microorganisms studied. Extracts were classified into three categories: strong activity-species with halos exceeding 16 mm, moderate activity-species with halos between 13 mm and 15 mm and low activity-species with halos below 12 mm. We selected 34 species, 20 from the Caatinga and 14 from the Atlantic Forest. RESULTS In the Caatinga, 50% of the 20 plant extracts studied had strong antimicrobial activity, 25% had moderate activity and 15% had low activity. In the Atlantic Forest, 28.5% of the 14 plant extracts studied showed strong activity, with 14.5% having moderate activity and 28.5% having low activity. The microorganism that was most susceptible to the extracts from the Caatinga, was Mycobacterium smegmatis; 85% of the species tested were able to inhibit its growth. The organism that was susceptible to the highest number of plant species (71%) from the Atlantic Forest was Staphylococcus aureus. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Extracts from the Caatinga showed a trend of superior antimicrobial activity compared to the species from the Atlantic Forest, in terms of both inhibiting a greater variety of microorganisms and demonstrating higher activity against susceptible strains.
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Bioactivity Evaluation of Plant Extracts Used in Indigenous Medicine against the Snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, and the Larvae of Aedes aegypti. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2012:846583. [PMID: 22194773 PMCID: PMC3238495 DOI: 10.1155/2012/846583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This investigation examined the molluscicidal and larvicidal activity of eight plants that are used in the traditional medicine of the Pankararé indigenous people in the Raso da Catarina region, Bahia state, Brazil. The tested plants were chosen based on the results of previous studies. Only those plants that were used either as insect repellents or to treat intestinal parasitic infections were included in the study. Crude extracts (CEs) of these plants were tested for their larvicidal activity (against Aedes aegypti larvae in the fourth instar) and molluscicidal activity (against the snail Biomphalaria glabrata). The plant species Scoparia dulcis and Helicteres velutina exhibited the best larvicidal activities (LC50 83.426 mg/L and LC50 138.896 mg/L, resp.), and Poincianella pyramidalis, Chenopodium ambrosoides, and Mimosa tenuiflora presented the best molluscicidal activities (LC50 0.94 mg/L, LC50 13.51 mg/L, and LC50 20.22 mg/L, resp.). As we used crude extracts as the tested materials, further study is warranted to isolate and purify the most active compounds.
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Caamal-Fuentes E, Torres-Tapia LW, Simá-Polanco P, Peraza-Sánchez SR, Moo-Puc R. Screening of plants used in Mayan traditional medicine to treat cancer-like symptoms. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 135:719-724. [PMID: 21501677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the potential of plants used in Mayan traditional medicine to treat cancer-like symptoms using the Mayan ethnobotany literature, and evaluate their organic extracts for in vitro cytotoxic activity on cancer cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS The selection of the plants studied in this investigation was based on the Mayan ethnobotanical information provided by different literature sources. Extracts were obtained by maceration with methanol for 72 h of each plant part used and evaporated in vacuo to give the corresponding dried extract. Each methanol extract was tested for its cytotoxicity using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay performed in 96-well tissue plates on seven cancer cell lines, lung carcinoma (A549), cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa), laryngeal carcinoma (Hep-2), nasopharynx carcinoma (KB), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), prostate adenocarcinoma (PC-3), and cervix squamous carcinoma cells (SiHa), as well as normal human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK-293). Cell proliferation/viability was spectrophotometrically assessed at 540 nm after addition of MTT. RESULTS 51 plants were found in the literature to be used for the treatment of symptoms suggestive of cancer, 21 were chosen to evaluate the cytotoxic activity. Aeschynomene fascicularis root bark extract showed a pronounced cytotoxic activity on Hela and KB cell lines and Bonellia macrocarpa stem and root bark extracts showed similar prominent activities on KB cells. CONCLUSION 21 plants were selected according to their use in the treatment of cancer-like symptoms recorded in the ethnobotanical literature. Plant extracts prepared from Aeschynomene fascicularis root bark and Bonellia macrocarpa stem and root bark have been selected for extensive studies leading to the isolation of the active constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Caamal-Fuentes
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán 97200, Mexico
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Gachet MS, Kunert O, Kaiser M, Brun R, Zehl M, Keller W, Muñoz RA, Bauer R, Schuehly W. Antiparasitic compounds from Cupania cinerea with activities against Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:559-66. [PMID: 21438586 DOI: 10.1021/np100415m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In a survey of plants from Ecuador with antiprotozoal activity, Cupania cinerea was found to show significant in vitro activity against the Plasmodium falciparum K1 strain and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Subsequently, activity-guided isolation of the n-hexane and dichloromethane extracts from the bark of C. cinerea afforded two diterpene glycosides (1 and 2), named cupacinoside and 6'-de-O-acetylcupacinoside, and a lactonized triterpene bearing an oxepin moiety named cupacinoxepin (3), together with the known compounds scopoletin (4), caryophyllene oxide (5), two bisabolane sesquiterpenes (6 and 7), lichexanthone (8), gustastatin (9), lupenone (10), betulone (11), 17β,21β-epoxyhopan-3-one (12), taraxerol (13), and taraxerone (14). For compound 3, X-ray crystallography was employed to elucidate the relative configuration. For cupacinosides (1) and (2) and cupacinoxepin (3), in vitro activities against the P. falciparum K1 strain (IC(50)1, 1.3; 2, 1.8; and 3, 8.7 μM) and T. b. rhodesiense (IC(50)1, 4.5; 2, 15.8; and 3, 71.6 μM) were found. Cytotoxicity toward L-6 cells is discussed for all the compounds isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salomé Gachet
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
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79
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Chanda S, Rakholiya K, Nair R. Antimicrobial Activity of <i>Terminalia catappa</i> L. Leaf Extracts against Some Clinically Important Pathogenic Microbial Strains. Chin Med 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/cm.2011.24027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Garcia D, Domingues MV, Rodrigues E. Ethnopharmacological survey among migrants living in the Southeast Atlantic Forest of Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2010; 6:29. [PMID: 21034478 PMCID: PMC2987905 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4269-6-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding how people of diverse cultural backgrounds have traditionally used plants and animals as medicinal substances during displacements is one of the most important objectives of ethnopharmacological studies. An ethnopharmacological survey conducted among migrants living in the Southeast Atlantic Forest remnants (Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil) is presented herein. METHODS Ethnographical methods were used to select and interview the migrants, and botanical and zoological techniques were employed to collect the indicated resources. RESULTS We interviewed five migrants who described knowledge on 12 animals and 85 plants. Only 78 plants were present in Diadema, they belong to 37 taxonomic families; 68 were used exclusively for medicinal purposes, whereas 10 were reported to be toxic and/or presented some restriction of use. These taxa were grouped into 12 therapeutic categories (e.g., gastrointestinal disturbances, inflammatory processes or respiratory problems) based on the 41 individual complaints cited by the migrants. While the twelve animal species were used by the migrants to treat nine complaints; these were divided into six categories, the largest of which related to respiratory problems. None of the animal species and only 57 of the 78 plant species analysed in the present study were previously reported in the pharmacological literature; the popular knowledge concurred with academic findings for 30 of the plants. The seven plants [Impatiens hawkeri W. Bull., Artemisia canphorata Vill., Equisetum arvensis L., Senna pendula (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby, Zea mays L., Fevillea passiflora Vell. and Croton fuscescens Spreng)] and the two animals (Atta sexdens and Periplaneta americana) that showed maintenance of use among migrants during their displacement in Brazilian territory, have not been studied by pharmacologists yet. CONCLUSIONS Thus, they should be highlighted and focused in further pharmacology and phytochemical studies, since the persistence of their uses can be indicative of bioactive potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Garcia
- Department of Biology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Arthur Ridel, 275 CEP, 09941-510, Diadema, S.P., Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Domingues
- Department of Biology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Arthur Ridel, 275 CEP, 09941-510, Diadema, S.P., Brazil
| | - Eliana Rodrigues
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862 - 1º andar - Edifício Biomédicas CEP 04023-062, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
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81
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Galdino PM, Nascimento MVM, Sousa FBD, Ferreira RN, Paula JRD, Costa EA. Central activities of hydroalcoholic extract from Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil. stem bark. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502010000300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil. can be found from Amapá to Rio Grande do Sul states, and also in Paraguay and Bolivia. It is popularly known as pacari or mangava-brava and is used to promote weight loss, as an anti-thermal or tonic, to treat gastritis, ulcers, scarring, itching, discouragement, and cancer. In the open field tests, the hydroalcoholic extract from L. pacari stem bark (HEP) decreased the number of rearings, number of invaded squares, and increased immobility time compared to control animals. In the pentobarbital-induced sleep time test, HEP decreased latency time to sleep and increased sleeping time. In the rota-rod test, no changes in the studied parameters were observed. In the elevated plus maze, HEP increased the percentage time and percentage entries in the open arms, indicating that this extract exerts an anxiolytic-like activity.
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82
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Bendaoud H, Romdhane M, Souchard JP, Cazaux S, Bouajila J. Chemical Composition and Anticancer and Antioxidant Activities of Schinus Molle L. and Schinus Terebinthifolius Raddi Berries Essential Oils. J Food Sci 2010; 75:C466-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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83
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Nguyen PH, Nguyen TNA, Dao TT, Kang HW, Ndinteh DT, Mbafor JT, Oh WK. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation by benzofurans and coumestans isolated from Erythrina abyssinica. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2010; 73:598-602. [PMID: 20337486 DOI: 10.1021/np900745g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been proposed as a therapeutic target for the treatment of metabolic syndrome including obesity and type-2 diabetes. The bioassay-guided fractionation of an EtOAc-soluble extract of the stem bark of Erythrina abyssinica led to the isolation of a new coumestan, erythribyssin N (1), and two new benzofurans, erythribyssin F (2) and erythribyssin H (3), along with five known compounds (4-8). When tested for their stimulatory effects on AMPK activity at a concentration of 10 muM, compounds 4 and 5 showed potent activation, while compounds 1, 2, and 7 had moderate effects. These results suggest that benzofurans and coumestans may be new lead compounds for regulating the AMPK enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phi-Hung Nguyen
- BK21 Project Team, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 375 Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
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84
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Coe FG, Parikh DM, Johnson CA. Alkaloid presence and brine shrimp (Artemia salina) bioassay of medicinal species of eastern Nicaragua. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2010; 48:439-445. [PMID: 20645724 DOI: 10.3109/13880200903168015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We used an alkaloid test and a brine shrimp bioassay to assess the bioactivity of the medicinal plants used by eastern Nicaraguan healers in traditional medicine. Ethnomedicinal uses were obtained from interviews of traditional healers. Aqueous extracts derived from 30 species of angiosperms were assayed for the presence of alkaloids and toxicity. Species tested are distributed in 30 genera and 21 families. Of the 30 species tested for alkaloids with Dragendorff's reagent, 29 contained alkaloids. Toxicological analysis was conducted using the brine shrimp lethal assay (BSLA). Biological activity using BSLA was recorded as the median lethal concentration (LC50) that kills 50% of the larvae within 24 h of contact with the aqueous plant extracts. The LC50 of the shrimp was less than 2500 microg/mL for 3 (10%) species, 2500-5000 microg/mL for 9 (30%), 5001-7500 microg/mL for 7 (23%), 7501-10000 microg/mL for 3 (10%), and greater than 10000 microg/mL for 8 (27%) of the species. The members of the orders Santales and Rubiales in general contained species with greater toxicity than any other group. Struthanthus cassythoides (Struthanthus cassythoides Millsp.(Loranthaceae)). (LC50 1574 microg/mL) and Alibertia edulis (Rich.) A. Rich. (Rubiaceae) (LC50 1741 microg/mL) were the most toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix G Coe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3043 USA.
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85
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Silva AB, Silva T, Franco ES, Rabelo SA, Lima ER, Mota RA, da Câmara CAG, Pontes-Filho NT, Lima-Filho JV. Antibacterial activity, chemical composition, and cytotoxicity of leaf's essential oil from brazilian pepper tree (schinus terebinthifolius, raddi). Braz J Microbiol 2010; 41:158-63. [PMID: 24031476 PMCID: PMC3768621 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220100001000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibacterial potential of leaf’s essential oil (EO) from Brazilian pepper tree (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) against staphylococcal isolates from dogs with otitis externa was evaluated. The minimum inhibitory concentration of EO ranged from 78.1 to 1,250 μg/mL. The oil was analyzed by GC and GC/MS and cytotoxicity tests were carried out with laboratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Silva
- Departamento de Biologia , Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco , Recife, PE, Brasil
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86
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Rogerio AP, Fontanari C, Melo MCC, Ambrosio SR, de Souza GEP, Pereira PS, França SC, da Costa FB, Albuquerque DA, Faccioli LH. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-oedematous effects of Lafoensia pacari extract and ellagic acid. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 58:1265-73. [PMID: 16945186 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.58.9.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Lafoensia pacari St. Hil. (Lythraceae) is used in traditional medicine to treat inflammation. Previously, we demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effect that the ethanolic extract of L. pacari has in Toxocara canis infection (a model of systemic eosinophilia). In this study, we tested the antiinflammatory activity of the same L. pacari extract in mice injected intraperitoneally with β-glucan present in fraction 1 (F1) of the Histoplasma capsulatum cell wall (a model of acute eosinophilic inflammation). We also determined the anti-oedematous, analgesic and anti-pyretic effects of L. pacari extract in carrageenan-induced paw oedema, acetic acid writhing and LPS-induced fever, respectively. L. pacari extract significantly inhibited leucocyte recruitment into the peritoneal cavity induced by β-glucan. In addition, the L. pacari extract presented significant analgesic, anti-oedematous and anti-pyretic effects. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the L. pacari extract in the F1 model led us to identify ellagic acid. As did the extract, ellagic acid presented anti-inflammatory, anti-oedematous and analgesic effects. However, ellagic acid had no anti-pyretic effect, suggesting that other compounds present in the plant stem are responsible for this effect. Nevertheless, our results demonstrate potential therapeutic effects of L. pacari extract and ellagic acid, providing new prospects for the development of drugs to treat pain, oedema and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre P Rogerio
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
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87
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Passos D, Ferreira H, Vieira I, Nunes W, Felcio L, Silva E, Vale C, Duarte S, Silva E, Carvalho S. Modulatory effect of Palicourea coriacea (Rubiaceae) against damage induced by doxorubicin in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2010; 9:1153-62. [DOI: 10.4238/vol9-2gmr801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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88
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Lima LB, Vasconcelos CFB, Maranhão HML, Leite VR, Ferreira PA, Andrade BA, Araújo EL, Xavier HS, Lafayette SSL, Wanderley AG. Acute and subacute toxicity of Schinus terebinthifolius bark extract. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 126:468-473. [PMID: 19781616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) has long been used in traditional Brazilian medicine, especially to treat inflammatory and haemostatic diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY The objective of this study was to evaluate the acute and subacute toxicity (45 days) of Schinus terebinthifolius via the oral route in Wistar rats of both sexes. MATERIALS AND METHODS For the acute toxicity test, the dried extract of Schinus terebinthifolius bark was administered in doses from 0.625 to 5.0 g/kg (n=5/group/sex) and in the subacute toxicity test the following doses were used: 0.25, 0.625 and 1.5625 g/kg/day (n=13/group/sex), for 45 consecutive days. RESULTS In the acute toxicity test, Schinus terebinthifolius did not produce any toxic signs or deaths. The subacute treatment with Schinus terebinthifolius did not alter either the body weight gain or the food and water consumption. The hematological and biochemical analysis did not show significant differences in any of the parameters examined in female or male groups, except in two male groups, in which the treatment with Schinus terebinthifolius (0.25 and 0.625 g/kg) induced an increase of mean corpuscular volume values (2.9 and 2.6%, respectively). These variations are within the physiological limits described for the specie and does not have clinical relevance. CONCLUSION The acute and subacute administration of the dried extract of Schinus terebinthifolius bark did not produced toxic effects in Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Lima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, 50740-521, Brazil
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89
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Ruiz-Bustos E, Velazquez C, Garibay-Escobar A, García Z, Plascencia-Jatomea M, Cortez-Rocha M, Hernandez-Martínez J, Robles-Zepeda R. Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Some Mexican Medicinal Plants. J Med Food 2009; 12:1398-402. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2008.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E. Ruiz-Bustos
- Cuerpo Académico Biología y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora
| | - C. Velazquez
- Cuerpo Académico Biología y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora
| | - A. Garibay-Escobar
- Cuerpo Académico Biología y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora
| | - Z. García
- Cuerpo Académico Biología y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora
| | - M. Plascencia-Jatomea
- Laboratorio de Micotoxinas, Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora
| | - M.O. Cortez-Rocha
- Laboratorio de Micotoxinas, Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora
| | - J. Hernandez-Martínez
- Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo en Resolución Analítica, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - R.E. Robles-Zepeda
- Cuerpo Académico Biología y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora
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Galdino PM, Nascimento MVM, Sampaio BL, Ferreira RN, Paula JR, Costa EA. Antidepressant-like effect of Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil. ethanolic extract and fractions in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 124:581-585. [PMID: 19439172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 04/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil. (Lythraceae) has been referred in Brazilian traditional medicine for the treatment of different diseases, among them depression. Nevertheless, there are not studies about this possible effect on the central nervous system (CNS). AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the antidepressant-like effects of the ethanolic extract of Lafoensia pacari (PEtExt) and its fractions on the performance of male mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antidepressant activity was studied using forced swimming (FST) and tail suspension (TST) tests, and motor activity in the open-field test. The ethanolic extract of Lafoensia pacari (PEtExt) were administered acutely (1.0 g/kg, p.o.), for 21 days (100, 300 mg, and 1.0 g/(kg day), p.o.), three administration in a 24-h period (1.0 g/kg, p.o.), and the fractions for 21 days. Imipramine (15 mg/(kg day), p.o.) was used as the control positive. RESULTS The PEtExt significantly reduced immobility time in FST and TST, without affecting the motor activity. Only the chloroformic fraction (50 mg/(kg day), p.o.) increase the latency to immobility and decrease the immobility time in the FST. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that the extract of Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil. possesses antidepressant-like properties in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Galdino
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiologic Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, CP 131, 74001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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91
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Dvorkin-Camiel L, Whelan JS. Tropical American Plants in the Treatment of Infectious Diseases. J Diet Suppl 2009; 5:349-72. [DOI: 10.1080/19390210802519648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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de Mesquita ML, de Paula JE, Pessoa C, de Moraes MO, Costa-Lotufo LV, Grougnet R, Michel S, Tillequin F, Espindola LS. Cytotoxic activity of Brazilian Cerrado plants used in traditional medicine against cancer cell lines. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 123:439-445. [PMID: 19501276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The search for new anti-cancer drugs is one of the most prominent research areas of natural products. Numerous active compounds isolated from Brazilian Cerrado plant species have been studied with promising results. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the cytotoxic potential of 412 extracts from Brazilian Cerrado plants used in traditional medicine belonging to 21 families against tumor cell lines in culture. MATERIAL AND METHOD Maceration of 50 plant species resulted in 412 hexane, dichloromethane, ethanol and hydroalcohol extracts. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was tested against human colon carcinoma (HCT-8), melanoma (MDA-MB-435), and brain (SF-295) tumor cell lines, using the thiazolyl blue test (MTT) assay. Bioassay-guided fractionation was performed for one active extract. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Twenty-eight of the 412 tested extracts demonstrated a substantial antiproliferative effect, at least 85% inhibition of cell proliferation at 50 microg/mL against one or more cell lines. Those extracts are obtained from different parts of Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Apocynaceae, Clusiaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Sapindaceae, Sapotaceae, Simaroubaceae and Zingiberaceae. Complete dose-response curves were generated and IC(50) values were calculated for these active extracts against four cell lines HCT-8, MDA-MB-435, SF-295 and HL-60 (leukemia), and their direct cytotoxic effects were determined. In summary, 14 extracts of 13 species showed toxicity in all tested tumor cell lines, with IC(50) values ranging from 0.1 to 19.1 microg/mL. The strongest cytotoxic activity was found for the hexane extract of Casearia sylvestris var. lingua stem bark, with an IC(50) of 0.1 microg/mL for HCT-8, 0.9 microg/mL for SF-295, 1.2 microg/mL for MDA-MB-435, and 1.3 microg/mL for HL-60, and Simarouba versicolor root bark, with an IC(50) of 0.5 microg/mL for HCT-8, 0.7 microg/mL for SF-295, 1.5 microg/mL for MDA-MB-435, 1.1 microg/mL for HL-60. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the last extract led to the isolation of glaucarubinone, which showed pronounced activity against the four cell lines studied. Further studies of the active extracts are necessary for chemical characterization of the active compounds and more extensive biological evaluations.
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93
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El-Massry KF, El-Ghorab AH, Shaaban HA, Shibamoto T. Chemical compositions and antioxidant/antimicrobial activities of various samples prepared from Schinus terebinthifolius leaves cultivated in Egypt. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:5265-5270. [PMID: 19462981 DOI: 10.1021/jf900638c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Essential oil, dichloromethane extract, and ethanol extract were prepared from fresh Schinus terebinthifolius leaves cultivated in Egypt. The essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The essential oil comprised 4.97% monoterpenes, 56.96% sesquiterpenes, 34.37% oxygenated monoterpenes, and 3.32% oxygenated sesquiterpenes. The major compounds in the essential oil were cis-beta-terpineol (GC peak area%, 17.87%), (E)-caryophyllene (17.56%), beta-cedrene (9.76%), and citronellal (7.03%). The major phenolic compounds identified in the ethanol extract were caffeic acid (5.07 mg/100 mg extract), coumaric acid (1.64 mg), and syringic acid (1.59 mg). The antioxidant activity of ethanol extract, which was comparable with that of butylhydroquinone, was superior to essential oil and dichloromethane extract in 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl and beta-carotene/bleaching assays. The dichloromethane extract exhibited the greatest antimicrobial activity against 6 strains, followed by the ethanol extract and the essential oil.
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94
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Uchôa VT, de Paula RC, Krettli LG, Santana AEG, Krettli AU. Antimalarial activity of compounds and mixed fractions of Cecropia pachystachya. Drug Dev Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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95
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Castro SBR, Leal CAG, Freire FR, Carvalho DA, Oliveira DF, Figueiredo HCP. Antibacterial activity of plant extracts from Brazil against fish pathogenic bacteria. Braz J Microbiol 2008; 39:756-60. [PMID: 24031303 PMCID: PMC3768474 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220080004000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Brazilian plants extracts against fish pathogenic bacteria. Forty six methanolic extracts were screened to identify their antibacterial properties against Streptococcus agalactiae, Flavobacterium columnare and Aeromonas hydrophila. Thirty one extracts showed antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B R Castro
- AQUAVET - Laboratório de Doenças de Animais Aquáticos, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras , Lavras, MG , Brasil
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96
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Gomig F, Pietrovski EF, Guedes A, Dalmarco EM, Calderari MT, Guimarães CL, Pinheiro RM, Cabrini DA, Otuki MF. Topical anti-inflammatory activity of Serjania erecta Radlk (Sapindaceae) extracts. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 118:220-224. [PMID: 18513901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Serjania erecta Radlk (Sapindaceae), commonly called cinco-folhas or cipó-cinco-folhas in Brazil, is thought to be effective for treating several inflammatory diseases. In order to verify the topical anti-inflammatory effect of Serjania erecta, hydroalcoholic extract and fractions were obtained by extraction in solvents of increasing polarity and were tested in mouse models using croton-oil-induced inflammation. Our findings showed that topical application of Serjania erecta hydroalcoholic extract (0.01-3.0 mg/ear), and the dichloromethane (0.03-1.0 mg/ear), ethyl acetate (0.03-1.0 mg/ear), and hexane (0.003-1.0 mg/ear) fractions revealed significant activity, causing a dose-dependent reduction of croton-oil ear edema (ID(50)=0.14 mg/ear, 0.23 mg/ear, 0.14 mg/ear, 0.04 mg/ear, respectively). The extract and all tested fractions also decreased tissue myeloperoxidase activity (indicative of polymorphonuclear leukocytes influx) in mouse-ears treated with croton oil with a maximum inhibition of 72% at 3.0 mg/ear for the hydroalcoholic extract and 81%, 78%, and 83% at 1.0mg/ear for dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and hexane fractions, respectively. As expected, dexamethasone (0.05 mg/ear) was effective in inhibiting both edema and myeloperoxidase activity (99% and 82%, respectively). In conclusion, our results indicate a topical anti-inflammatory effect for the species of Serjania studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciane Gomig
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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97
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Alviano WS, Alviano DS, Diniz CG, Antoniolli AR, Alviano CS, Farias LM, Carvalho MAR, Souza MM, Bolognese AM. In vitro antioxidant potential of medicinal plant extracts and their activities against oral bacteria based on Brazilian folk medicine. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53:545-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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98
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Mothana RAA, Abdo SAA, Hasson S, Althawab FMN, Alaghbari SAZ, Lindequist U. Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities and phytochemical screening of some yemeni medicinal plants. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2008; 7:323-30. [PMID: 18955315 PMCID: PMC2887327 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nen004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The traditional medicine still plays an important role in the primary health care in Yemen. The current study represents the investigation of 16 selected plants, which were collected from different localities of Yemen. The plants were dried and extracted with two different solvents (methanol and hot water) to yield 34 crude extracts. The obtained extracts were tested for their antimicrobial activity against three Gram-positive bacteria, two Gram-negative bacteria, one yeast species and three multiresistant Staphylococcus strains using agar diffusion method, for their antioxidant activity using scavenging activity of DPPH radical method and for their cytotoxic activity using the neutral red uptake assay. In addition, a phytochemical screening of the methanolic extracts was done. Antibacterial activity was shown only against Gram-positive bacteria, among them multiresistant bacteria. The highest antimicrobial activity was exhibited by the methanolic extracts of Acalypha fruticosa, Centaurea pseudosinaica, Dodonaea viscosa, Jatropha variegata, Lippia citriodora, Plectranthus hadiensis, Tragia pungens and Verbascum bottae. Six methanolic extracts especially those of A. fruticosa, Actiniopteris semiflabellata, D. viscosa, P. hadiensis, T. pungens and V. bottae showed high free radical scavenging activity. Moreover, remarkable cytotoxic activity against FL-cells was found for the methanolic extracts of A. fruticosa, Iris albicans, L. citriodora and T. pungens. The phytochemical screening demonstrated the presence of different types of compounds like flavonoids, terpenoids and others, which could be responsible for the obtained activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi A A Mothana
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sana'a-University, PO Box 33039, Institute of Pharmacy, College of Medical science, University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen and Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, F-L-Jahn Str. 15a, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
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