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Ekambaram SP, Perumal SS, Balakrishnan A. Scope of Hydrolysable Tannins as Possible Antimicrobial Agent. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1035-45. [PMID: 27062587 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolysable tannins (HTs) are secondary metabolites from plants, which are roughly classified into gallotannins and ellagitannins having gallic acid and ellagic acid residues respectively attached to the hydroxyl group of glucose by ester linkage. The presence of hexahydroxydiphenoyl and nonahydroxyterphenoyl moieties is considered to render antimicrobial property to HTs. HTs also show considerable synergy with antibiotics. Nevertheless, they have low pharmacokinetic property. The present review presents the scope of HTs as future antimicrobial agent. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanmuga Priya Ekambaram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Anna University BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Senthamil Selvan Perumal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Anna University BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ajay Balakrishnan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Anna University BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamilnadu, India
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Majed F, Nafees S, Rashid S, Ali N, Hasan SK, Ali R, Shahid A, Sultana S. Terminalia Chebula Attenuates DMBA/Croton Oil-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Swiss albino Mouse Skin. Toxicol Int 2016; 22:21-9. [PMID: 26862256 PMCID: PMC4721172 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6580.172252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to investigate underlying molecular mechanism for antitumorigenic potential of Terminalia chebula (TC) against chemically-induced skin tumorigenesis in Swiss albino mice. It is used as herbal medicine because it exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic activity. However, the précised underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS In light of the important role of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (i-NOS), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress in carcinogenesis, chemopreventive efficacy of TC against 7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene (DMBA), and croton oil-induced 2-stage skin carcinogenesis was studied in terms of cytoprotective antioxidant enzymes activity, lipid peroxidation (LPO), inflammatory responses, and expression of various molecular markers in skin tissues. RESULTS We found that topical application of TC at dose of 30 mg/kg b. wt. mouse effectively suppressed oxidative stress and deregulated activation of inflammatory mediators and tumorigenesis. Histological findings further supported the protective effects of TC against DMBA/croton oil-induced cutaneous damage. CONCLUSION The findings of the present study suggest that the chemopreventive effect of TC is associated with upregulation of endogenous cytoprotective machinery and downregulation of inflammatory mediators (interleukin (IL)-6, COX-2, i-NOS, ODC, and NF-κB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferial Majed
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Sana Nafees
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Nemat Ali
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Syed Kazim Hasan
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Rashid Ali
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Ayaz Shahid
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarwat Sultana
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
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A Review on Potential Mechanisms of Terminalia chebula in Alzheimer's Disease. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2016; 2016:8964849. [PMID: 26941792 PMCID: PMC4749770 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8964849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current management of Alzheimer's disease (AD) focuses on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) and NMDA receptor antagonists, although outcomes are not completely favorable. Hence, novel agents found in herbal plants are gaining attention as possible therapeutic alternatives. The Terminalia chebula (Family: Combretaceae) is a medicinal plant with a wide spectrum of medicinal properties and is reported to contain various biochemicals such as hydrolysable tannins, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids, so it may prove to be a good therapeutic alternative. In this research, we reviewed published scientific literature found in various databases: PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Scirus, and Google Scholar, with the keywords: T. chebula, AD, neuroprotection, medicinal plant, antioxidant, ellagitannin, gallotannin, gallic acid, chebulagic acid, and chebulinic acid. This review shows that T. chebula extracts and its constituents have AChEI and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, all of which are currently relevant to the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Cock IE. The medicinal properties and phytochemistry of plants of the genus Terminalia (Combretaceae). Inflammopharmacology 2015; 23:203-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-015-0246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kumar CU, Pokuri VK, Pingali U. Evaluation of the Analgesic Activity of Standardized Aqueous Extract of Terminalia chebula in Healthy Human Participants Using Hot Air Pain Model. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:FC01-4. [PMID: 26155489 PMCID: PMC4484081 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/11369.5916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain affects millions of people worldwide, opioid analgesics have been used for chronic painful conditions. Due to their adverse effects, safer alternatives would be beneficial. Terminalia chebula, with proven analgesic action has been evaluated in the hot air pain model for its analgesic activity. AIM To evaluate analgesic activity and safety of single oral dose of Terminalia chebula using hot air pain model in healthy human participants. SETTING AND DESIGN Randomized, Double blind, Placebo controlled, Cross over study. MATERIALS AND METHODS After taking written informed consent to IEC approved protocol, 12 healthy human participants were randomized to receive either single oral dose of two capsules of Terminalia chebula 500 mg each or identical placebo capsules in a double blinded manner. Thermal pain was assessed using hot air analgesiometer, to deliver thermal pain stimulus. Mean Pain Threshold time and Mean Pain Tolerance time measured in seconds at baseline and 180 minutes post drug. A washout period of two weeks was given for cross-over between the two treatments. RESULTS Terminalia chebula significantly increased mean pain threshold and tolerance time compared to baseline and placebo. Mean pain threshold time increased from 34.06±2.63 seconds to 41.00±2.99 seconds (p<0.001) and mean pain tolerance time increased from 49.67± 3.72 seconds to 57.30±3.07 seconds (p<0.001). The increase in mean percentage change for pain threshold time is 20.42% (p<0.001) and for pain tolerance time is 17.50% (p<0.001). CONCLUSION In the present study, Terminalia chebula significantly increased Pain Threshold time and Pain Tolerance time compared to Placebo. Study medications were well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjeevi Uday Kumar
- Senior Resident, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Venkata Kishan Pokuri
- Senior Resident, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Usharani Pingali
- Additional Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
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de Araujo AR, Quelemes PV, Perfeito MLG, de Lima LI, Sá MC, Nunes PHM, Joanitti GA, Eaton P, Soares MJDS, de Souza de Almeida Leite JR. Antibacterial, antibiofilm and cytotoxic activities of Terminalia fagifolia Mart. extract and fractions. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2015; 14:25. [PMID: 25902872 PMCID: PMC4406121 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-015-0084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The methicillin resistance of bacteria from the genus Staphylococcus and its ability to form biofilms are important factors in pathogenesis of these microorganisms. Thus, the search for new antimicrobials agents, especially from plants, has been intensified. In this context, Terminalia species have been the subject of research for many pharmacological activities. In this study we evaluated the antibacterial, antibiofilm and cytotoxic activities of the ethanol extract (EtE) from Terminalia fagifolia stem bark as well as that of three fractions of the extract (AqF, HaF and WSF). METHODS We determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by microdilution in 96-well plates, where the strains were exposed to serial dilutions of the ethanol extract and fractions, ranging from 12.5 to 400 μg/mL. We then determined the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), seeding the inoculum (10 μL) with concentrations equal to or greater than the MIC in Mueller-Hinton agar. To test the antibiofilm activity biofilm formation was induced in the presence of concentrations equivalent to 1/2, 1/4 and 1/8 of the MIC extract or fraction tested. In addition, the effect of the EtE and the fractions on cell viability was tested by the MTT assay on human MCF-7 breast cancer and mouse fibroblast NIH/3T3. To obtain high-resolution images of the effect of the aqueous fraction on the bacterial morphology, atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging of treated S. aureus cells was performed. RESULTS We observed antibacterial activity of EtE and fractions with MICs ranging from 25-200 μg/mL and MBCs ranging from 200-400 μg/mL. Regarding antibiofilm activity, both the EtE as the AqF, HaF and WSF fractions showed significant inhibition of the biofilm formation, with inhibition of biofilms formation of over 80% for some strains. The EtE and fractions showed a moderate cytotoxicity in cell line NIH/3T3 viability and potential antitumoral activity on human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. The microscopic images obtained revealed morphological changes to the S. aureus ATCC 29213 surface caused by AqF, as well as significant size alterations. CONCLUSIONS The results show potential antibacterial, antibiofilm and antitumoral activities of the ethanol extract and fractions of T. fagifolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyne Rodrigues de Araujo
- Center for Research on Medicinal Plants, Federal University of Piauí, Piauí, Brazil. .,Biodiversity and Biotechnology Research Center, Biotec, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil.
| | - Patrick Veras Quelemes
- Biodiversity and Biotechnology Research Center, Biotec, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil.
| | - Márcia Luana Gomes Perfeito
- Biodiversity and Biotechnology Research Center, Biotec, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil.
| | - Luíza Ianny de Lima
- Biodiversity and Biotechnology Research Center, Biotec, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil. .,Campus Ceilândia, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
| | - Melka Coêlho Sá
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Peter Eaton
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | | | - José Roberto de Souza de Almeida Leite
- Center for Research on Medicinal Plants, Federal University of Piauí, Piauí, Brazil. .,Biodiversity and Biotechnology Research Center, Biotec, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil.
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Kamatham S, Kumar N, Gudipalli P. Isolation and characterization of gallic acid and methyl gallate from the seed coats of Givotia rottleriformis Griff. and their anti-proliferative effect on human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:520-529. [PMID: 28962387 PMCID: PMC5598244 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated gallic acid (GA) and methyl gallate (MG) from the seed coats of G. rottleriformis. We investigated the effect of purified GA and MG on A431 skin cancer cell proliferation in a dose and time dependent manner. We analyzed the apoptosis enhancer/suppressor regulatory marker proteins in GA/MG treated A431 cells in a dose or time dependent manner. We found that GA/MG is an effective natural molecule to avoid the risk of skin cancers.
Gallic acid (GA) and its derivative methyl gallate (MG) are well studied plant phenolics. They have exhibited anticancer effects in several cancer cell lines. However, the presence of GA/MG in the seed coats of Givotia rottleriformis and their inhibitory effect on human epidermoid carcinoma (A431) skin cancer cells were not reported. In this study we have isolated and chemically characterized the bioactive compounds GA and MG from the bioassay guided methanolic (MeOH) seed coat extracts of G. rottleriformis. The fractions obtained from open silica column chromatography were subjected to in vitro enzymatic assays. Among seven fractions we found that only fractions 5 and 6 showed significant inhibition activity toward COX-1 with an IC50 value of 28 μg/mL and 9.3 μg/mL and COX-2 with an IC50 value of 35 μg/mL and 7.0 μg/mL respectively. However, we could not find 5-LOX enzyme inhibition activity. MG (10 mg/g DW) and GA (6 mg/g DW) were the major compounds of seed coats. Cell viability was analyzed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, which showed that GA/MG significantly reduced the growth of A431 cells with an IC50 value of 25 μg/mL and 53 μg/mL and 11 μg/mL and 43 μg/mL at 24 h and 48 h, respectively. However the cytotoxic effect of GA/MG on HaCaT normal skin keratinocyte cell line was found to be less. Western blot analysis has shown that GA/MG treatment down regulated Bcl-2 and up regulated cleaved caspase-3 with respect to increasing doses. Our results conclude that GA and MG have potential anticancer effects and can be used as therapeutic agents for skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kamatham
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Padmaja Gudipalli
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Kumar N, D G, Gupta G, Karnati R. Chebulagic acid from Terminalia chebula causes G1 arrest, inhibits NFκB and induces apoptosis in retinoblastoma cells. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:319. [PMID: 25169718 PMCID: PMC4158129 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Plants are the valuable source of natural products with important medicinal properties. Most of the approved anti cancer drugs have a natural product origin or are natural products. Retinoblastoma is the most common ocular cancer of children. Although chemotherapy is the preferred mode of therapy, a successful treatment for retinoblastoma requires enucleation. Chebulagic acid (CA) from Terminalia chebula was shown to have anti-proliferative properties in the studies on cancerous cell lines. Due to anti cancer properties of CA and due to limitation in treatment options for retinoblastoma, the present study is undertaken to understand the role of CA on the proliferation of retinoblastoma cells. Methods Anti proliferative potential of CA was determined by MTT assay. The expression levels of various cell death mediators in retinoblastoma cells with CA treatment were assessed by Western blotting. Flowcytometer analysis was used to estimate the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and to determine the percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis. Results The present study showed CA inhibited the proliferation of retinoblastoma cells in a dose dependent manner. CA modulated MMP, induced release of Cytochrome c, activated caspase 3 and shifted the ratio of BAX and Bcl2 towards cell death. G1 arrest, noticed in CA treated cells, is mediated by the increase in the expression of CDK inhibitor p27. CA treatment also decreased the levels of NFκB in the nucleus. This decrease is mediated by suppression in degradation of IκBα. Conclusion CA has shown significant anti proliferative potential on retinoblastoma cells. Our findings clearly demonstrate that CA induces G1 arrest, inhibits NFκB and induces apoptosis of retinoblastoma cells.
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Ruma K, Sunil K, Prakash HS. Bioactive potential of endophytic Myrothecium sp. isolate M1-CA-102, associated with Calophyllum apetalum. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2014; 52:665-676. [PMID: 24635191 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.863950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Endophytes colonizing medicinal plants are diverse, constituting a rich bioresource for novel natural products. OBJECTIVE Myrothecium sp. isolate M1-CA-102 was the most promising among the 16 Myrothecium isolates screened. The bioactive potential of the crude extract from the Calophyllum apetalum Willd. endophytic Myrothecium sp. (Alb. & Schwein.) Ditmar (Incertae sedis) isolate M1-CA-102 and its thin layer chromatography (TLC) fractions were screened based on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial activities, and cytotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antioxidant activity was measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging capacities. Further, 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) and human cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition were assessed at different concentrations (25, 50, and 100 μg/mL for the crude extract, 5, 25, and 50 μg/mL for the TLC fractions). DNA-nicking assay as an indicator of the capacity of extracts to scavenge hydroxyl radical was recorded at a concentration of 50 μg/mL. Cell cytotoxicity was recorded by colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Antibacterial (Bacillus subtilis) and anti-Candida (Candida albicans) assays were performed by the microdilution method. RESULTS The DPPH and ABTS IC50 values of M1-CA-102 extract were 10 and 6 μg/mL compared with 6.1 and 7.03 μg/mL for the positive control quercetin. The cytotoxicity IC50 value of M1-CA-102 extract was 37 μg/mL, while the M-I TLC fraction was 21 μg/mL. The M1-CA-102 extract gave an IC50 value of 58 and 8 μg/mL for 15-LOX and COX-2, respectively. The MIC values for antimicrobial activity for M1-CA-102 extract ranged from 35 to 54 μg/mL, while for the TLC fractions, it ranged from 91 to 515 μg/mL. CONCLUSION The results indicate that Myrothecium M1-CA-102 isolated from C. apetalum is a potential source of natural metabolites of pharmaceutical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmakar Ruma
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore , Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka , India
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Zhang H, Lei Y, Yuan P, Li L, Luo C, Gao R, Tian J, Feng Z, Nice EC, Sun J. ROS-mediated autophagy induced by dysregulation of lipid metabolism plays a protective role in colorectal cancer cells treated with gambogic acid. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96418. [PMID: 24810758 PMCID: PMC4014500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gambogic acid (GA), the main active component of gamboge resin, has potent antitumor activity both in vivo and in vitro. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we found that GA could initiate autophagy in colorectal cancer cells, and inhibition of the autophagy process accelerated the effect of proliferative inhibition and apoptotic cell death induced by GA, implying a protective role of autophagy. Two-dimensional electrophoresis-based proteomics showed that GA treatment altered the expression of multiple proteins involved in redox signaling and lipid metabolism. Functional studies revealed that GA-induced dysregulation of lipid metabolism could activate 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), resulting in intracellular ROS accumulation, followed by inhibition of Akt-mTOR signaling and autophagy initiation. Finally, results using a xenograft model suggested ROS-induced autophagy protect against the antitumor effect of GA. Taken together, these data showed new biological activities of GA against colorectal cancer underlying the protective role of ROS-induced autophagy. This study will provide valuable insights for future studies regarding the anticancer mechanisms of GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyuan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunlong Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuohua Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Edouard C Nice
- Monash University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Nishanth RP, Prasad T, Jyotsna RG, Reddy PK, Reddanna P. Hepatoprotective Effects ofTerminalia chebulaFruit Extract against 2-AAF–Induced Hepatic Damage in Albino Mice: Role of MDR1 and COX-2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10496475.2014.882283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Jiang B, Huang X, Yao H, Jiang J, Wu X, Jiang S, Wang Q, Lu T, Xu J. Discovery of potential anti-inflammatory drugs: diaryl-1,2,4-triazoles bearing N-hydroxyurea moiety as dual inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:2114-27. [PMID: 24562695 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41936c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of hybrids from diaryl-1,2,4-triazole and hydroxamic acid or N-hydroxyurea were synthesized and evaluated as novel anti-inflammatory agents. The biological data showed that (i) all the compounds showed dual COX-2/5-LOX inhibitory activities in vitro, and 15e showed optimal inhibitory activities (COX-2: IC50 = 0.15 μM, 5-LOX: IC50 = 0.85 μM), (ii) 15e selectively inhibited COX-2 relative to COX-1 with selectivity index (SI = 0.012) comparable to celecoxib (SI = 0.015), (iii) 15e exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity (inhibition: 54.1%) which was comparable to the reference drug celecoxib (inhibition: 46.7%) in a xylene-induced ear edema assay, and (iv) 15e displayed promising analgesic activity in acetic acid-induced writhing response and hot-plate assay. Finally, a molecular modeling study revealed the binding interactions of 15e with COX-2 and 5-LOX. Our findings suggest that 15e may be a promising anti-inflammatory agent for further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.
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Guerrini A, Mancini I, Maietti S, Rossi D, Poli F, Sacchetti G, Gambari R, Borgatti M. Expression of Pro-inflammatory Interleukin-8 is Reduced by Ayurvedic Decoctions. Phytother Res 2014; 28:1173-81. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene Mancini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; University of Ferrara; Italy
| | - Silvia Maietti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; University of Ferrara; Italy
| | - Damiano Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; University of Ferrara; Italy
| | - Ferruccio Poli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Italy
| | - Gianni Sacchetti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; University of Ferrara; Italy
| | - Roberto Gambari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; University of Ferrara; Italy
| | - Monica Borgatti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; University of Ferrara; Italy
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Inhibition of Angiogenesis In Vitro by Chebulagic Acid: A COX-LOX Dual Inhibitor. Int J Vasc Med 2013; 2013:843897. [PMID: 24288615 PMCID: PMC3833124 DOI: 10.1155/2013/843897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a crucial step in the growth of cancer and its metastasis. It is regulated by several endogenous factors which may stimulate or inhibit the new blood vessel growth. Besides these endogenous factors, several exogenous factors including some natural compounds are known to modulate angiogenesis. Angiogenesis being a potential target for drugs against a number of pathological conditions, search for compounds from natural sources that can affect angiogenesis is of great interest. The objective of our present study was to understand the effect of chebulagic acid, a COX-LOX dual inhibitor isolated from the fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz., on angiogenesis. The model systems used were rat aortic rings and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The results showed that chebulagic acid exerts an antiangiogenic effect. This was evidenced from decreased sprouting in rat aortic rings and decrease in biochemical markers in endothelial cells treated with chebulagic acid. It downregulated the production of CD31, E-selectin, and vascular endothelial growth factor in human umbilical vein endothelial cells in culture (HUVEC). Further studies to understand the molecular mechanism of action of chebulagic acid revealed that CA exerts its anti angiogenic effect by modulating VE cadherin-β catenin signalling in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
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Terminalia chebula extract protects OGD-R induced PC12 cell death and inhibits lps induced microglia activation. Molecules 2013; 18:3529-42. [PMID: 23519197 PMCID: PMC6270427 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18033529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Terminalia chebula, native to Southeast Asia, is a popular medicinal plant in Ayurveda. It has been previously reported to have strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy. In this study, we aimed to investigate if fruit extract from T. chebula might protect neuronal cells against ischemia and related diseases by reduction of oxidative damage and inflammation in rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) using in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation followed by reoxygenation (OGD-R) ischemia and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced cell death. Cell survival was evaluated by a 2-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Free radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide inhibition were measured by diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and Griess reagent, respectively. We found that T. chebula extract: (1) increases the survival of cells subjected to OGD-R by 68%, and H2O2 by 91.4%; (2) scavenges the DPPH free radical by 96% and decreases malondialdehyde (MDA) levels from 237.0 ± 15.2% to 93.7 ± 2.2%; (3) reduces NO production and death rate of microglia cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These results suggest that T. chebula extract has the potential as a natural herbal medicine, to protect the cells from ischemic damage and the possible mechanism might be the inhibition of oxidative and inflammatory processes.
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Bag A, Bhattacharyya SK, Chattopadhyay RR. The development of Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) in clinical research. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013; 3:244-52. [PMID: 23620847 PMCID: PMC3631759 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants are part and parcel of human society to combat diseases from the dawn of civilization. Terminalia chebula Retz. (Fam. Combretaceae), is called the 'King of Medicine' in Tibet and is always listed at the top of the list of 'Ayurvedic Materia Medica' because of its extraordinary power of healing. The whole plant possesses high medicinal value and traditionally used for the treatment of various ailments for human beings. Some of the folklore people used this plant in the treatment of asthma, sore throat, vomiting, hiccough, diarrhea, dysentery, bleeding piles, ulcers, gout, heart and bladder diseases. The plant has been demonstrated to possess multiple pharmacological and medicinal activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antiproliferative, radioprotective, cardioprotective, antiarthritic, anticaries, gastrointestinal motility and wound healing activity. But no systematic updated information on the therapeutic effectiveness of Terminalia chebula, a popular herbal remedy in India and South-East Asia has so far been reported. This review highlights an updated information particularly on the phytochemistry and various pharmacological and medicinal properties of Terminalia chebula Retz. and some of its isolated compounds, along with their safety evaluation. This may provide incentive for proper evaluation of the plant as medicinal agent against the human diseases and also to bridge the lacunae in the existing literature and future scope which may offer immense opportunity for researchers engaged in validation of the traditional claims and development of safe and effective botanical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rabi Ranjan Chattopadhyay
- *Corresponding author: Rabi Ranjan Chattopadhyay, Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute 203, Barrackpore Trunk Road Kolkata-700 108, India. Tel: +91-33-2575 3275 Fax: +91-33-2577 3049 E-mail: ;
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Sarabhai S, Sharma P, Capalash N. Ellagic acid derivatives from Terminalia chebula Retz. downregulate the expression of quorum sensing genes to attenuate Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 virulence. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53441. [PMID: 23320085 PMCID: PMC3539995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Burgeoning antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa has necessitated the development of anti pathogenic agents that can quench acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) mediated QS with least risk of resistance. This study explores the anti quorum sensing potential of T. chebula Retz. and identification of probable compounds(s) showing anti QS activity and the mechanism of attenuation of P. aeruginosa PAO1 virulence factors. Methods and Results Methanol extract of T. chebula Retz. fruit showed anti QS activity using Agrobacterium tumefaciens A136. Bioactive fraction (F7), obtained by fractionation of methanol extract using Sephadex LH20, showed significant reduction (p<0.001) in QS regulated production of extracellular virulence factors in P. aeruginosa PAO1. Biofilm formation and alginate were significantly (p<0.05) reduced with enhanced (20%) susceptibility to tobramycin. Real Time PCR of F7 treated P. aeruginosa showed down regulation of autoinducer synthase (lasI and rhlI) and their cognate receptor (lasR and rhlR) genes by 89, 90, 90 and 93%, respectively. Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry also showed 90 and 64% reduction in the production of 3-oxo-C12HSL and C4HSL after treatment. Decrease in AHLs as one of the mechanisms of quorum quenching by F7 was supported by the reversal of inhibited swarming motility in F7-treated P. aeruginosa PAO1 on addition of C4HSL. F7 also showed antagonistic activity against 3-oxo-C12HSL-dependent QS in E. coli bioreporter. C. elegans fed on F7-treated P. aeruginosa showed enhanced survival with LT50 increasing from 24 to 72 h. LC-ESI-MS of F7 revealed the presence of ellagic acid derivatives responsible for anti QS activity in T. chebula extract. Conclusions This is the first report on anti QS activity of T. chebula fruit linked to EADs which down regulate the expression of lasIR and rhlIR genes with concomitant decrease in AHLs in P. aeruginosa PAO1 causing attenuation of its virulence factors and enhanced sensitivity of its biofilm towards tobramycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajal Sarabhai
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Aparoy P, Reddy KK, Reddanna P. Structure and ligand based drug design strategies in the development of novel 5- LOX inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 2012; 19:3763-78. [PMID: 22680930 PMCID: PMC3480706 DOI: 10.2174/092986712801661112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are non-heme iron containing dioxygenases involved in the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (AA). Depending on the position of insertion of oxygen, LOXs are classified into 5-, 8-, 9-, 12- and 15-LOX. Among these, 5-LOX is the most predominant isoform associated with the formation of 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HpETE), the precursor of non-peptido (LTB4) and peptido (LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4) leukotrienes. LTs are involved in inflammatory and allergic diseases like asthma, ulcerative colitis, rhinitis and also in cancer. Consequently 5-LOX has become target for the development of therapeutic molecules for treatment of various inflammatory disorders. Zileuton is one such inhibitor of 5-LOX approved for the treatment of asthma. In the recent times, computer aided drug design (CADD) strategies have been applied successfully in drug development processes. A comprehensive review on structure based drug design strategies in the development of novel 5-LOX inhibitors is presented in this article. Since the crystal structure of 5-LOX has been recently solved, efforts to develop 5-LOX inhibitors have mostly relied on ligand based rational approaches. The present review provides a comprehensive survey on these strategies in the development of 5-LOX inhibitors.
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Rao CV, Janakiram NB, Mohammed A. Lipoxygenase and Cyclooxygenase Pathways and Colorectal Cancer Prevention. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2012; 8:316-324. [PMID: 23293573 PMCID: PMC3535427 DOI: 10.1007/s11888-012-0146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the commonest malignancies in both men and women. In spite of significant progress in screening and in surgical and therapeutic interventions, colorectal cancer (CRC) is still a major public health problem. Accumulating evidence suggests that targeting inflammatory pathways may provide protection against the development of CRC. Eicosanoids derived from the enzymes cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) may contribute to CRC carcinogenesis. Approaches for targeting COX-1 and COX-2 with traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents or targeting COX-2 with specific inhibitors are highly successful at the preclinical and clinical levels; however, large-scale clinical applicability of these agents is limited owing to unwanted side effects. Emerging studies suggests that 5-LOX-derived leukotrienes may contribute to colon tumor development and risk of thrombotic events. Thus, developing drugs that target both 5-LOX and COX-2 may provide a safer strategy. In this review, we discuss evidence for the involvement of 5-LOX in colon tumor development and targeting 5-LOX and COX-2 with synthetic and naturally occurring agents for CRC prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinthalapally V Rao
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, PC Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Sarkar R, Hazra B, Mandal N. Reducing power and iron chelating property of Terminalia chebula (Retz.) alleviates iron induced liver toxicity in mice. Altern Ther Health Med 2012; 12:144. [PMID: 22938047 PMCID: PMC3489879 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 70% methanol extract of Terminalia chebula Retz. fruit (TCME) was investigated for its in vitro iron chelating property and in vivo ameliorating effect on hepatic injury of iron overloaded mice. METHODS The effect of fruit extract on Fe2+-ferrozine complex formation and Fe2+ mediated pUC-18 DNA breakdown was studied in order to find the in vitro iron chelating activity. Thirty-six Swiss Albino mice were divided into six groups of: blank, patient control and treated with 50, 100, 200 mg/kg b.w. of TCME and desirox (standard iron chelator drug with Deferasirox as parent compound). Evaluations were made for serum markers of hepatic damage, antioxidant enzyme, lipid per oxidation and liver fibrosis levels. The reductive release of ferritin iron by the extract was further studied. RESULTS In vitro results showed considerable iron chelation with IC50 of 27.19 ± 2.80 μg/ml, and a significant DNA protection with [P]50 of 1.07 ± 0.03 μg/ml along with about 86% retention of supercoiled DNA. Iron-dextran injection (i.p.) caused significant increase in the levels of the serum enzymes, viz., alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Bilirubin, which were subsequently lowered by oral administration of 200 mg/kg b.w. dose of the fruit extract by 81.5%, 105.88%, 188.08% and 128.31%, respectively. Similarly, treatment with the same dose of the extract was shown to alleviate the reduced levels of liver antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase and non-enzymatic reduced glutathione, by 49.8%, 53.5%, 35.4% and 11% respectively, in comparison to the iron overloaded mice. At the same time, the fruit extract effectively lowered the iron-overload induced raised levels of lipid per oxidation, protein carbonyl, hydroxyproline and liver iron by 49%, 67%, 67% and 26%, respectively, with oral treatment of 200 mg/kg b.w. dose of TCME. The fruit extract also showed potential activity for reductive release of ferritin iron. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that Terminalia chebula extract may contain active substances capable of lessening iron overload induced toxicity, and hence possibly be useful as iron chelating drug for iron overload diseases.
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Das ND, Jung KH, Park JH, Choi MR, Lee HT, Kim MS, Lee SR, Chai YG. Proteomic analysis of Terminalia chebula extract-dependent changes in human lymphoblastic T cell protein expression. J Med Food 2012; 15:651-7. [PMID: 22471968 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Terminalia chebula is a native plant from southern Asia to southwestern China that is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of malignant tumors and diabetes. This plant also has antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties. The present study assessed T. chebula extract-dependent protein expression changes in Jurkat cells. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) were performed to assess protein expression and networks, respectively. A comparative proteomic profile was determined in T. chebula extract (50 μg/mL)-treated and control cells; the expressions of β-tubulin, ring finger and CHY zinc finger domain containing 1, and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor kinase were significantly down-regulated in T. chebula extract-treated Jurkat cells. Moreover, the molecular basis for the T. chebula extract-dependent protein expression changes in Jurkat cells was determined by IPA. Treatment with the T. chebula extract significantly inhibited nuclear factor-κB activity and affected the proteomic profile of Jurkat cells. The molecular network signatures and functional proteomics obtained in this study may facilitate the evaluation of potential antitumor therapeutic targets and elucidate the molecular mechanism of T. chebula extract-dependent effects in Jurkat cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nando Dulal Das
- Division of Molecular & Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
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Chandramohan Reddy T, Bharat Reddy D, Aparna A, Arunasree KM, Gupta G, Achari C, Reddy G, Lakshmipathi V, Subramanyam A, Reddanna P. Anti-leukemic effects of gallic acid on human leukemia K562 cells: Downregulation of COX-2, inhibition of BCR/ABL kinase and NF-κB inactivation. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:396-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Luo W, Wen L, Zhao M, Yang B, Ren J, Shen G, Rao G. Structural identification of isomallotusinin and other phenolics in Phyllanthus emblica L. fruit hull. Food Chem 2011; 132:1527-1533. [PMID: 29243645 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The air-dried fruit hull of Phyllanthus emblica L. was extracted with 95% ethanol, and then the extract was partitioned by diethyl ether and ethyl acetate (EA). The EA fraction was then subjected to separation and purification using silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography repeatedly to obtain five hydrolysable tannins. They were identified as mucic acid 1,4-lactone 3-o-gallate (C1), isocorilagin (C2), chebulanin (C3), chebulagic acid (C4) and isomallotusinin (C5) using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry. Isomallotusinin and chebulanin were identified from emblica dried fruit hull for the first time, and isomallotusinin was the first time identified from Phyllanthus. Furthermore, the antioxidant abilities of these hydrolysable tannins were investigated using DPPH and ABTS+ radical scavenging systems. All hydrolysable tannins showed strong DPPH and ABTS+ radical scavenging activities. Isomallotusinin and chebulagic acid exhibited the highest antioxidant activity compared to other purified compounds tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Analysis and Test Center of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lingrong Wen
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Mouming Zhao
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Bao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jiaoyan Ren
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guanglin Shen
- Technology Center, Guangdong Branch of China Tobacco Industry Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510145, China
| | - Guohua Rao
- Technology Center, Guangdong Branch of China Tobacco Industry Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510145, China
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Chuang HY, Ng LT, Lin LT, Chang JS, Chen JY, Lin TC, Lin CC. Hydrolysable tannins of tropical almond show antifibrotic effects in TGF-β1-induced hepatic stellate cells. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:2777-2784. [PMID: 21725979 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC-T6) has been known to cause liver fibrosis. In this study, our objective was to investigate the effects of chebulagic acid and chebulinic acid, two hydrolysable tannins of tropical almond (Terminalia chebula) fruits, on collagen synthesis and signal transduction in transforming growth factor-β1-stimulated HSC-T6 cells. The expression of Smad2, Smad3, Smad4, collagen I(α1)/III, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) mRNAs was determined by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and their protein levels were assessed by western blotting. RESULTS Results showed that chebulagic acid and chebulinic acid at 20 µmol L(-1) exhibited cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effects on HSC-T6 cells. They also significantly decreased the expression of Smd2, Smad3 and Smad4, and the synthesis of collagen, procollagen I (α1) and III, as well as suppressing the activation of PAI-1; these events consequently facilitated the resolution of fibrosis. CONCLUSION These results indicate that both chebulagic acid and chebulinic acid possess antifibrotic activity, and their mechanism of action could be through the inhibition of the Smad pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Ying Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
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Das ND, Jung KH, Park JH, Mondol MAM, Shin HJ, Lee HS, Park KS, Choi MR, Kim KS, Kim MS, Lee SR, Chai YG. Terminalia chebula extract acts as a potential NF-κB inhibitor in human lymphoblastic T cells. Phytother Res 2011; 25:927-34. [PMID: 21509843 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Terminalia chebula (TC) is native to southern Asia to southwestern China and is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of human ailments including malignant tumors and diabetes. This plant also has antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties. Nuclear factor kappa-light chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) is responsible for the expression of numerous genes involved in cell survival, proliferation, angiogenesis, inflammation, invasion and metastasis, among other processes. This study aims to assess the NF-κB inhibitory effect of TC extract in human lymphoblastic T (Jurkat) cells. The effects of TC extract were investigated using the FRET-based Gene Blazer technique in transfected Jurkat-NF-κB-RE-bla cells. The concentration of TC extract required for NF-κB inhibition was determined by a cell proliferation assay. Treatment with TC extract (50 μg/mL) inhibited NF-κB activity and protected against IκBα degradation and strongly suppressed IκBα phosphorylation in Jurkat-NF-κB-RE-bla cells. This treatment might be crucial for inhibiting NF-κB translocation and activation. In addition, the TC extract downregulated certain NF-κB regulated genes, including IL-8 and MCP-1, in Jurkat-NF-κB-RE-bla cells. Moreover, gallic acid was identified from the TC extract demonstrating its ability to inhibit NF-κB activity in Jurkat-NF-κB-RE-bla cells. Further studies to identify the role of gallic acid in NF-κB inhibition may uncover the crucial antiinflammatory and antitumor properties of the TC extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nando Dulal Das
- Division of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan, 426-791, Korea
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Chen X, Sun F, Ma L, Wang J, Qin H, Du G. In vitro evaluation on the antioxidant capacity of triethylchebulate, an aglycone from Terminalia chebula Retz fruit. Indian J Pharmacol 2011; 43:320-3. [PMID: 21713099 PMCID: PMC3113387 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.81508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activities of triethylchebulate (TCL), an aglycone isolated from the fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz. Materials and Methods: Microsomes, mitochondria and red blood cells (RBCs) were isolated from rat liver. The antioxidant capacities were evaluated by determining the inhibitory effects of TCL on lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced RBCs hemolysis and RBCs autoxidative hemolysis. The free-radical scavenging activities were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and 2´,7´-dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate (DCFH2-DA) assay. Result: TCL significantly inhibited FeSO4/Cys-induced microsomes lipid peroxidation and protected both H2O2--induced RBCs hemolysis and RBCs auto-hemolysis in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, TCL demonstrated potent DPPH free-radical scavenging ability with IC50 at 2.4×10-5 M. In addition, TCL also moderately suppressed azide-induced mitochondria ROS formation. Conclusion: These results demonstrated that TCL was a strong antioxidant and free-radical scavenger, which might contribute to the anti-oxidative ability of Terminalia chebula Retz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Chen
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
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Park JH, Joo HS, Yoo KY, Shin BN, Kim IH, Lee CH, Choi JH, Byun K, Lee B, Lim SS, Kim MJ, Won MH. Extract from Terminalia chebula seeds protect against experimental ischemic neuronal damage via maintaining SODs and BDNF levels. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:2043-50. [PMID: 21667226 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0528-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz has been used as a traditional medicine in Asia and contains tannic acid, chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid and corilagin. Extract from T. chebula seeds (TCE) has various biological functions. We observed the neuroprotective effects of TCE against ischemic damage in the hippocampal C1 region (CA1) of the gerbil that had received oral administrations of TCE (100 mg/kg) once a day for 7 days before the induction of transient cerebral ischemia. In the TCE-treated ischemia group, neuronal neuclei (a marker for neurons)-positive neurons were distinctively abundant (62% of the sham group) in the CA1 4 days after ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) compared to those (12.2% of the sham group) in the vehicle-treated ischemia group. Four days after I-R TCE treatment markedly decreased the activation of astrocytes and microglia in the ischemic CA1 compared with the vehicle-treated ischemia group. In addition, immunoreactivities of Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1), Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD2) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the CA1 of the TCE-treated ischemia group were much higher than those in the vehicle-ischemia group 4 days after I-R. Protein levels of SOD1, SOD2 and BDNF in the TCE-treated ischemia group were also much higher than those in the vehicle-ischemia group 4 days after I-R. These results indicate that the repeated supplement of TCE protected neurons from ischemic damage induced by transient cerebral ischemia by maintaining SODs and BDNF levels as well as decreasing glial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Ha Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
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Baliga MS. Triphala, Ayurvedic formulation for treating and preventing cancer: a review. J Altern Complement Med 2011; 16:1301-8. [PMID: 21138390 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2009.0633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triphala (Sanskrit tri = three and phala = fruits), composed of the three medicinal fruits Phyllanthus emblica L. or Emblica officinalis Gaertn., Terminalia chebula Retz., and Terminalia belerica Retz. is an important herbal preparation in the traditional Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda. Triphala is an antioxidant-rich herbal formulation and possesses diverse beneficial properties. It is a widely prescribed Ayurvedic drug and is used as a colon cleanser, digestive, diuretic, and laxative. Cancer is a major cause of death, and globally studies are being conducted to prevent cancer or to develop effective nontoxic therapeutic agents. Experimental studies in the past decade have shown that Triphala is useful in the prevention of cancer and that it also possesses antineoplastic, radioprotective and chemoprotective effects. CONCLUSIONS This review for the first time summarizes these results, with emphasis on published observations. Furthermore, the possible mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects and lacunas in the existing knowledge that need to be bridged are also discussed.
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Nair V, Singh S, Gupta YK. Anti-arthritic and disease modifying activity of Terminalia chebula Retz. in experimental models. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 62:1801-6. [PMID: 21054408 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2010.01193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluates the anti-arthritic effect of Terminalia chebula hydroalcoholic extract (TCHE) in experimental models and attempts to correlate the effect of treatment on macrophage-derived pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and extent of disease activity. METHODS Arthritis was induced in rats by subplantar administration of either formaldehyde or complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Joint size was measured at regular intervals by using a micrometer screw gauge. Serum and ankle joints of rats immunized with CFA were collected and subjected to ELISA for estimation of TNF-α level and immuno-histochemistry for detection of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-R1, respectively. An acute and 28-day oral toxicity study was carried out to evaluate the safety of the test drug. KEY FINDINGS TCHE produced a significant inhibition of joint swelling as compared with control in both formaldehyde-induced and CFA-induced arthritis. TCHE treatment also reduced serum TNF-α level and synovial expression of TNF-R1, IL-6 and IL-1β. Results of acute toxicity study showed that the oral LD50 of TCHE was >2000 mg/kg. Chronic administration also did not produce any significant physiological changes as compared with normal rats. CONCLUSION Results indicate that the anti-arthritic activity of TCHE was at least in part due to its modulatory effect on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the synovium. We believe that TCHE has the potential to be used as a disease-modifying agent in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Nair
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Yoshida T, Amakura Y, Yoshimura M. Structural features and biological properties of ellagitannins in some plant families of the order Myrtales. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:79-106. [PMID: 20162003 PMCID: PMC2820991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2009] [Revised: 12/25/2009] [Accepted: 01/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant tannins, including hydrolysable and condensed varieties, are well known antioxidants in medicinal plants, foods, and edible fruits. Their diverse biological properties and potential for disease prevention have been demonstrated by various in vitro and in vivo assays. A number of ellagitannins, the largest group of hydrolysable tannins, have been isolated from dicotyledoneous angiosperms and characterized. This diverse class of tannins is sub-grouped into simple ellagitannins, C-glycosidic ellagitannins, complex tannins (condensates of C-glycosidic tannins with flavan-3-ol), and oligomers up to pentamers. This review outlines and describes the chemotaxonomic significance of structural features in various types of ellagitannins found in plants belonging to the Myrtaceae, Onagraceae, and Melastomataceae families, which are all included in the order Myrtales. Any biological activities that have been reported, including antitumor and antibacterial effects as well as enzyme inhibition, are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yoshida
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8578, Japan; E-Mails:
(Y.A.);
(M.Y.)
| | - Yoshiaki Amakura
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8578, Japan; E-Mails:
(Y.A.);
(M.Y.)
| | - Morio Yoshimura
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8578, Japan; E-Mails:
(Y.A.);
(M.Y.)
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Structural Features and Biological Properties of Ellagitannins in Some Plant Families of the Order Myrtales. Int J Mol Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms11010079 pmid: 20162003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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