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Brachypodium Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL) Promotes Antiviral Defenses against Panicum mosaic virus and Its Satellites. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.03518-20. [PMID: 33593968 PMCID: PMC8545123 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03518-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachypodium distachyon has recently emerged as a premier model plant for monocot biology, akin to Arabidopsis thaliana We previously reported genome-wide transcriptomic and alternative splicing changes occurring in Brachypodium during compatible infections with Panicum mosaic virus (PMV) and its satellite virus (SPMV). Here, we dissected the role of Brachypodium phenylalanine ammonia lyase 1 (PAL1), a key enzyme for phenylpropanoid and salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis and the induction of plant defenses. Targeted metabolomics profiling of PMV-infected and PMV- plus SPMV-infected (PMV/SPMV) Brachypodium plants revealed enhanced levels of multiple defense-related hormones and metabolites such as cinnamic acid, SA, and fatty acids and lignin precursors during disease progression. The virus-induced accumulation of SA and lignin was significantly suppressed upon knockdown of B. distachyon PAL1 (BdPAL1) using RNA interference (RNAi). The compromised SA accumulation in PMV/SPMV-infected BdPAL1 RNAi plants correlated with weaker induction of multiple SA-related defense gene markers (pathogenesis related 1 [PR-1], PR-3, PR-5, and WRKY75) and enhanced susceptibility to PMV/SPMV compared to that of wild-type (WT) plants. Furthermore, exogenous application of SA alleviated the PMV/SPMV necrotic disease phenotypes and delayed plant death caused by single and mixed infections. Together, our results support an antiviral role for BdPAL1 during compatible host-virus interaction, perhaps as a last resort attempt to rescue the infected plant.IMPORTANCE Although the role of plant defense mechanisms against viruses are relatively well studied in dicots and in incompatible plant-microbe interactions, studies of their roles in compatible interactions and in grasses are lagging behind. In this study, we leveraged the emerging grass model Brachypodium and genetic resources to dissect Panicum mosaic virus (PMV)- and its satellite virus (SPMV)-compatible grass-virus interactions. We found a significant role for PAL1 in the production of salicylic acid (SA) in response to PMV/SPMV infections and that SA is an essential component of the defense response preventing the plant from succumbing to viral infection. Our results suggest a convergent role for the SA defense pathway in both compatible and incompatible plant-virus interactions and underscore the utility of Brachypodium for grass-virus biology.
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Valadares RBS, Marroni F, Sillo F, Oliveira RRM, Balestrini R, Perotto S. A Transcriptomic Approach Provides Insights on the Mycorrhizal Symbiosis of the Mediterranean Orchid Limodorum abortivum in Nature. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:251. [PMID: 33525474 PMCID: PMC7911150 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study of orchid mycorrhizal interactions is particularly complex because of the peculiar life cycle of these plants and their diverse trophic strategies. Here, transcriptomics has been applied to investigate gene expression in the mycorrhizal roots of Limodorum abortivum, a terrestrial mixotrophic orchid that associates with ectomycorrhizal fungi in the genus Russula. Our results provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying plant-fungus interactions in adult orchids in nature and in particular into the plant responses to the mycorrhizal symbiont(s) in the roots of mixotrophic orchids. Our results indicate that amino acids may represent the main nitrogen source in mycorrhizal roots of L. abortivum, as already suggested for orchid protocorms and other orchid species. The upregulation, in mycorrhizal L. abortivum roots, of some symbiotic molecular marker genes identified in mycorrhizal roots from other orchids as well as in arbuscular mycorrhiza, may mirror a common core of plant genes involved in endomycorrhizal symbioses. Further efforts will be required to understand whether the specificities of orchid mycorrhiza depend on fine-tuned regulation of these common components, or whether specific additional genes are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael B. S. Valadares
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, 66050-000 Belém, Pará, Brazil; (R.B.S.V.); (R.R.M.O.)
| | - Fabio Marroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Via delle Scienze, I-33100 Udine, Italy;
- Istituto di Genomica Applicata, Via Linussio 51, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Fabiano Sillo
- Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile Delle Piante, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, I-10125 Torino, Italy;
| | - Renato R. M. Oliveira
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, 66050-000 Belém, Pará, Brazil; (R.B.S.V.); (R.R.M.O.)
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile Delle Piante, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, I-10125 Torino, Italy;
| | - Silvia Perotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, I-10125 Torino, Italy
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Aragón W, Formey D, Aviles-Baltazar NY, Torres M, Serrano M. Arabidopsis thaliana Cuticle Composition Contributes to Differential Defense Response to Botrytis cinerea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:738949. [PMID: 34804086 PMCID: PMC8603936 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.738949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of a plant cuticle can change in response to various abiotic or biotic stresses and plays essential functions in disease resistance responses. Arabidopsis thaliana mutants altered in cutin content are resistant to Botrytis cinerea, presumably because of increased cuticular water and solute permeability, allowing for faster induction of defense responses. Within this context, our knowledge of wax mutants is limited against this pathogen. We tested the contribution of cuticular components to immunity to B. cinerea using mutants altered in either cutin or wax alone, or in both cutin and wax contents. We found that even all the tested mutants showed increased permeability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in comparison with wild-type plants and that only cutin mutants showed resistance. To elucidate the early molecular mechanisms underlying cuticle-related immunity, we performed a transcriptomic analysis. A set of upregulated genes involved in cell wall integrity and accumulation of ROS were shared by the cutin mutants bdg, lacs2-3, and eca2, but not by the wax mutants cer1-4 and cer3-6. Interestingly, these genes have recently been shown to be required in B. cinerea resistance. In contrast, we found the induction of genes involved in abiotic stress shared by the two wax mutants. Our study reveals new insight that the faster recognition of a pathogen by changes in cuticular permeability is not enough to induce resistance to B. cinerea, as has previously been hypothesized. In addition, our data suggest that mutants with resistant phenotype can activate other defense pathways, different from those canonical immune ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Aragón
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Wendy Aragón, ; Mario Serrano,
| | - Damien Formey
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | - Martha Torres
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Mario Serrano
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Wendy Aragón, ; Mario Serrano,
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Planchon A, Durambur G, Besnier JB, Plasson C, Gügi B, Bernard S, Mérieau A, Trouvé JP, Dubois C, Laval K, Driouich A, Mollet JC, Gattin R. Effect of a Bacillus subtilis strain on flax protection against Fusarium oxysporum and its impact on the root and stem cell walls. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:304-322. [PMID: 32890441 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In Normandy, flax is a plant of important economic interest because of its fibres. Fusarium oxysporum, a telluric fungus, is responsible for the major losses in crop yield and fibre quality. Several methods are currently used to limit the use of phytochemicals on crops. One of them is the use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) occurring naturally in the rhizosphere. PGPR are known to act as local antagonists to soil-borne pathogens and to enhance plant resistance by eliciting the induced systemic resistance (ISR). In this study, we first investigated the cell wall modifications occurring in roots and stems after inoculation with the fungus in two flax varieties. First, we showed that both varieties displayed different cell wall organization and that rapid modifications occurred in roots and stems after inoculation. Then, we demonstrated the efficiency of a Bacillus subtilis strain to limit Fusarium wilt on both varieties with a better efficiency for one of them. Finally, thermo-gravimetry was used to highlight that B. subtilis induced modifications of the stem properties, supporting a reinforcement of the cell walls. Our findings suggest that the efficiency and the mode of action of the PGPR B. subtilis is likely to be flax variety dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Planchon
- Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Univ. Artois, EA7519 - unité Transformations & Agro-ressources, SFR NORVEGE, Mont Saint Aignan, France
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, GlycoMEV, SFR NORVEGE, I2C Carnot, Rouen, France
| | - Gaëlle Durambur
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, GlycoMEV, SFR NORVEGE, I2C Carnot, Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Besnier
- Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Univ. Artois, EA7519 - unité Transformations & Agro-ressources, SFR NORVEGE, Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Carole Plasson
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, GlycoMEV, SFR NORVEGE, I2C Carnot, Rouen, France
| | - Bruno Gügi
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, GlycoMEV, SFR NORVEGE, I2C Carnot, Rouen, France
| | - Sophie Bernard
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, GlycoMEV, SFR NORVEGE, I2C Carnot, Rouen, France
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, PRIMACEN (Plateforme de Recherche en IMAgerie CEllulaire de Normandie) IRIB, Rouen, France
| | | | | | - Caroline Dubois
- Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, unité AGHYLE - UP 2018.C101, SFR NORVEGE, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Karine Laval
- Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, unité AGHYLE - UP 2018.C101, SFR NORVEGE, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, GlycoMEV, SFR NORVEGE, I2C Carnot, Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Claude Mollet
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, GlycoMEV, SFR NORVEGE, I2C Carnot, Rouen, France
| | - Richard Gattin
- Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Univ. Artois, EA7519 - unité Transformations & Agro-ressources, SFR NORVEGE, Mont Saint Aignan, France
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55
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Comparative proteomic analysis of the sweetpotato provides insights into response mechanisms to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. batatas. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21368. [PMID: 33288851 PMCID: PMC7721700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78557-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fusarium wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. batatas (Fob) is one of the devastating diseases of sweetpotato. However, the molecular mechanisms of sweetpotato response to Fob is poorly understood. In the present study, comparative quantitative proteomic analysis was conducted to investigate the defense mechanisms involved. Two sweetpotato cultivars with differential Fob infection responses were inoculated with Fob spore suspensions and quantitatively analyzed by Tandem Mass Tags (TMT). 2267 proteins were identified and 1897 of them were quantified. There were 817 proteins with quantitative ratios of 1.2-fold change between Fob-inoculated and mock-treated samples. Further, nine differentially expressed proteins were validated by Parallel Reaction Monitoring (PRM). According to Gene Ontology (GO) annotation information, the proteins functioned in molecular metabolism, cellular component formation, and biological processes. Interestingly, the results showed that sweetpotato resistant response to Fob infection included many proteins associated with signaling transduction, plant resistance, chitinase and subtilisin-like protease. The functions and possible roles of those proteins were discussed. The results provides first insight into molecular mechanisms involved in sweetpotato defense responses to Fob.
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Del Corpo D, Fullone MR, Miele R, Lafond M, Pontiggia D, Grisel S, Kieffer‐Jaquinod S, Giardina T, Bellincampi D, Lionetti V. AtPME17 is a functional Arabidopsis thaliana pectin methylesterase regulated by its PRO region that triggers PME activity in the resistance to Botrytis cinerea. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1620-1633. [PMID: 33029918 PMCID: PMC7694680 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is synthesized in a highly methylesterified form in the Golgi cisternae and partially de-methylesterified in muro by pectin methylesterases (PMEs). Arabidopsis thaliana produces a local and strong induction of PME activity during the infection of the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. AtPME17 is a putative A. thaliana PME highly induced in response to B. cinerea. Here, a fine tuning of AtPME17 expression by different defence hormones was identified. Our genetic evidence demonstrates that AtPME17 strongly contributes to the pathogen-induced PME activity and resistance against B. cinerea by triggering jasmonic acid-ethylene-dependent PDF1.2 expression. AtPME17 belongs to group 2 isoforms of PMEs characterized by a PME domain preceded by an N-terminal PRO region. However, the biochemical evidence for AtPME17 as a functional PME is still lacking and the role played by its PRO region is not known. Using the Pichia pastoris expression system, we demonstrate that AtPME17 is a functional PME with activity favoured by an increase in pH. AtPME17 performs a blockwise pattern of pectin de-methylesterification that favours the formation of egg-box structures between homogalacturonans. Recombinant AtPME17 expression in Escherichia coli reveals that the PRO region acts as an intramolecular inhibitor of AtPME17 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Del Corpo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Maria R. Fullone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”Pasteur Institute‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Rossella Miele
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”Pasteur Institute‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | | | - Daniela Pontiggia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Sacha Grisel
- Biodiversité et Biotechnologie FongiquesINRAAix Marseille University, UMR1163MarseilleFrance
| | | | | | - Daniela Bellincampi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
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57
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Zhong L, Wang X, Fan L, Ye X, Li Z, Cui Z, Huang Y. Characterization of an acidic pectin methylesterase from Paenibacillus xylanexedens and its application in fruit processing. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 179:105798. [PMID: 33232801 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A pectinase-producing bacterial isolate, identified as Paenibacillus xylanexedens SZ 29, was screened by using the soil dilution plate with citrus pectin and congo red. A pectin methylesterase gene (Pxpme) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The gene coded for a protein with 334 amino acids and a calculated molecular mass of 36.76 kDa. PxPME showed the highest identity of 32.4% with the characterized carbohydrate esterase family 8 pectin methylesterase from Daucus carota. The recombined PxPME showed a specific activity with 39.38 U/mg against citrus pectin with >65% methylesterification. The optimal pH and temperature for PxPME activity were 5.0 and 45 °C. Its Km and Vmax value were determined to be 1.43 mg/mL and 71.5 μmol/mg·min, respectively. Moreover, PxPME could increase the firmness of pineapple cubes by 114% when combined with CaCl2. The acidic and mesophilic properties make PxPME a potential candidate for application in the fruit processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xianfeng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhoukun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhongli Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Resource Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, China.
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58
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Zhong H, Zhang F, Pan M, Wu X, Zhang W, Han S, Xie H, Zhou X, Wang M, Ai CM, He T. Comparative phenotypic and transcriptomic analysis of Victoria and flame seedless grape cultivars during berry ripening. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:2616-2630. [PMID: 33090714 PMCID: PMC7714085 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Grape berry development is a highly coordinated and intricate process. Herein, we analyzed the phenotypic and transcriptomic patterns of Victoria (VT) and Flame Seedless (FS) grape varieties during berry development. Physiological analysis and transcriptomic sequencing were performed at four berry developmental phases. VT berry size was comparatively larger to the FS variety. At maturity, 80 days postanthesis (DPA), the FS soluble solids were 61.8% higher than VT. Further, 4889 and 2802 differentially expressed genes were identified from VT and FS 40 DPA to 80 DPA development stages, respectively. VvSWEET15, VvHXK, and MYB44 genes were up‐regulated during the postanthesis period, while bHLH14, linked to glucose metabolism, was gradually down‐regulated during berry development. These genes may have significant roles in berry development, ripening, and sugar accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Zhong
- College of Forestry and Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China.,Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Fuchun Zhang
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Mingqi Pan
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Xinyu Wu
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Shouan Han
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhou
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Min Wang
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Caikasimu Maikeer Ai
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Tianming He
- College of Forestry and Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
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59
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Gong L, Han S, Yuan M, Ma X, Hagan A, He G. Transcriptomic analyses reveal the expression and regulation of genes associated with resistance to early leaf spot in peanut. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:381. [PMID: 32782019 PMCID: PMC7418390 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Early leaf spot (ELS) caused by Cercospora arachidicola (Hori) is a serious foliar disease in peanut worldwide, which causes considerable reduction of yield. Identification of resistance genes is important for both conventional and molecular breeding. Few resistance genes have been identified and the mechanism of defense responses to this pathogen remains unknown. Results We detected several genes involved in disease resistance to ELS through transcriptome analysis. Using RNA-seq technology, one hundred thirty-three differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between resistant and susceptible lines. Among these DEGs, coiled coil-nucleotide binding-leucine rich repeat (NLR) type resistance genes were identified as duplicated R genes on the chromosome B2. Peanut phytoalexin deficient 4 (PAD4) regulator of effector-triggered immunity mediated by NLR resistance proteins and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) genes play important roles in early leaf spot resistance. Our study provides the useful information on plant response to C. arachidicola infection in peanut. The results suggest that a few major genes and several factors mediate the resistance to ELS disease, showing the characteristics of quantitative trait in defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Gong
- Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, 36088, USA
| | - Suoyi Han
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Mei Yuan
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Xingli Ma
- Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | | | - Guohao He
- Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, 36088, USA.
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60
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Mahmood K, Orabi J, Kristensen PS, Sarup P, Jørgensen LN, Jahoor A. De novo transcriptome assembly, functional annotation, and expression profiling of rye (Secale cereale L.) hybrids inoculated with ergot (Claviceps purpurea). Sci Rep 2020; 10:13475. [PMID: 32778722 PMCID: PMC7417550 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70406-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rye is used as food, feed, and for bioenergy production and remain an essential grain crop for cool temperate zones in marginal soils. Ergot is known to cause severe problems in cross-pollinated rye by contamination of harvested grains. The molecular response of the underlying mechanisms of this disease is still poorly understood due to the complex infection pattern. RNA sequencing can provide astonishing details about the transcriptional landscape, hence we employed a transcriptomic approach to identify genes in the underlying mechanism of ergot infection in rye. In this study, we generated de novo assemblies from twelve biological samples of two rye hybrids with identified contrasting phenotypic responses to ergot infection. The final transcriptome of ergot susceptible (DH372) and moderately ergot resistant (Helltop) hybrids contain 208,690 and 192,116 contigs, respectively. By applying the BUSCO pipeline, we confirmed that these transcriptome assemblies contain more than 90% of gene representation of the available orthologue groups at Virdiplantae odb10. We employed a de novo assembled and the draft reference genome of rye to count the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two hybrids with and without inoculation. The gene expression comparisons revealed that 228 genes were linked to ergot infection in both hybrids. The genome ontology enrichment analysis of DEGs associated them with metabolic processes, hydrolase activity, pectinesterase activity, cell wall modification, pollen development and pollen wall assembly. In addition, gene set enrichment analysis of DEGs linked them to cell wall modification and pectinesterase activity. These results suggest that a combination of different pathways, particularly cell wall modification and pectinesterase activity contribute to the underlying mechanism that might lead to resistance against ergot in rye. Our results may pave the way to select genetic material to improve resistance against ergot through better understanding of the mechanism of ergot infection at molecular level. Furthermore, the sequence data and de novo assemblies are valuable as scientific resources for future studies in rye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Mahmood
- Nordic Seed A/S, Grindsnabevej 25, 8300, Odder, Denmark. .,Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, Flakkebjerg, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark.
| | - Jihad Orabi
- Nordic Seed A/S, Grindsnabevej 25, 8300, Odder, Denmark
| | | | | | - Lise Nistrup Jørgensen
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, Flakkebjerg, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Ahmed Jahoor
- Nordic Seed A/S, Grindsnabevej 25, 8300, Odder, Denmark.,Department of Plant Breeding, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23053, Alnarp, Sweden
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61
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Wang J, Ling L, Cai H, Guo C. Gene-wide identification and expression analysis of the PMEI family genes in soybean (Glycine max). 3 Biotech 2020; 10:335. [PMID: 32656068 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02328-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitors (PMEI) gene family is widely spread in plants and plays crucial roles in plant development as well as biotic and abiotic stress response. However, little information was known about the function of PMEI genes in soybean. Herein, we identified 170 PMEI genes in soybean. These PMEI genes were divided into four groups (I-IV) based on phylogenetic analysis, and they were unevenly distributed in 18 soybean chromosomes. Gene structures and motif pattern analyses revealed that the PMEI genes in the same group showed the same characteristics. For the GmPMEI genes, gene duplication events occurred broadly, 52 pairs tandem duplication events and 55 pairs segmental duplication events suggested that the GmPMEI genes had high homology. Besides, the PMEI genes presented different expression patterns in different tissues, while several of these genes were expressed only in flowers. Under the biotic and abiotic stresses, PMEI genes had significant positive impact on the tolerance ability of soybean, and the ABA-responsive elements and SA-responsive elements played vital roles in responding to a variety of stresses. This study provides insights into the evolution and potential functions of GmPMEIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, No. 1 of Shida Road, Limin Development Zone, Harbin, 150025 China
- Heilongjiang Vocational College of Biology Science and Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Ling
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, No. 1 of Shida Road, Limin Development Zone, Harbin, 150025 China
| | - He Cai
- Mudanjiang Normal University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Changhong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, No. 1 of Shida Road, Limin Development Zone, Harbin, 150025 China
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Weiller F, Gerber L, Trygg J, Fangel JU, Willats WG, Driouich A, Vivier MA, Moore JP. Overexpression of VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 in Tobacco Screened Using Glycan Microarrays Reveals Cell Wall Reorganisation in the Absence of Fungal Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E388. [PMID: 32679889 PMCID: PMC7565493 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of Vitis vinifera polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 1 (VviPGIP1) in Nicotiana tabacum has been linked to modifications at the cell wall level. Previous investigations have shown an upregulation of the lignin biosynthesis pathway and reorganisation of arabinoxyloglucan composition. This suggests cell wall tightening occurs, which may be linked to defence priming responses. The present study used a screening approach to test four VviPGIP1 and four NtCAD14 overexpressing transgenic lines for cell wall alterations. Overexpressing the tobacco-derived cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (NtCAD14) gene is known to increase lignin biosynthesis and deposition. These lines, particularly PGIP1 expressing plants, have been shown to lead to a decrease in susceptibility towards grey rot fungus Botrytis cinerea. In this study the aim was to investigate the cell wall modulations that occurred prior to infection, which should highlight potential priming phenomena and phenotypes. Leaf lignin composition and relative concentration of constituent monolignols were evaluated using pyrolysis gas chromatography. Significant concentrations of lignin were deposited in the stems but not the leaves of NtCAD14 overexpressing plants. Furthermore, no significant changes in monolignol composition were found between transgenic and wild type plants. The polysaccharide modifications were quantified using gas chromatography (GC-MS) of constituent monosaccharides. The major leaf polysaccharide and cell wall protein components were evaluated using comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP). The most significant changes appeared at the polysaccharide and protein level. The pectin fraction of the transgenic lines had subtle variations in patterning for methylesterification epitopes for both VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 transgenic lines versus wild type. Pectin esterification levels have been linked to pathogen defence in the past. The most marked changes occurred in glycoprotein abundance for both the VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 lines. Epitopes for arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) and extensins were notably altered in transgenic NtCAD14 tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Weiller
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; (F.W.); (M.A.V.)
| | - Lorenz Gerber
- Department of Plant Sciences, Swedish Agricultural University, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Johan Trygg
- Computational Life Science Cluster, Department of Chemistry, University of Umeå, 901 87 Umea, Sweden;
| | - Jonatan U. Fangel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - William G.T. Willats
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK;
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (GlycoMEV), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France;
| | - Melané A. Vivier
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; (F.W.); (M.A.V.)
| | - John P. Moore
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; (F.W.); (M.A.V.)
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Ahmed RI, Ren A, Yang D, Ding A, Kong Y. Identification and characterization of pectin related gene NbGAE6 through virus-induced gene silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana. Gene 2020; 741:144522. [PMID: 32145329 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a transient based reverse genetic tool used to elucidate the function of novel gene in N. benthamiana. In current study, 14 UDP-D-glucuronate 4-epimerase (GAE) family members were identified and their gene structure, phylogeny and expression pattern were analyzed. VIGS system was optimized for the functional characterization of NbGAE6 homologous genes in N. benthamiana. Whilst the GAE family is well-known for the interconversion of UDP-D-GlcA and UDP-D-GalA during pectin synthesis. Our results revealed that the downregulation of these genes significantly reduced the amount of GalA in the homogalacturunan which is the major component of pectin found in primary cell wall. Biphenyl assay and high performance liquid chromatography analysis (HPLC) depicted that the level of 'GalA' monosaccharide reduced to 40-51% in VIGS plants as compared to the wild type plants. Moreover, qRT-PCR also confirmed the downregulation of the NbGAE6 mRNA in VIGS plants. In all, this is the first comprehensive study of the optimization of VIGS system for the provision of rapid silencing of GAE family members in N. benthamiana, eliminating the need of stable transformants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Imtiaz Ahmed
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Angyan Ren
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Dahai Yang
- Tobacco Breeding and Biotechnology Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming 650021, China
| | - Anming Ding
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yingzhen Kong
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266108, China.
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Bhaskar Rao T, Chopperla R, Prathi NB, Balakrishnan M, Prakasam V, Laha GS, Balachandran SM, Mangrauthia SK. A Comprehensive Gene Expression Profile of Pectin Degradation Enzymes Reveals the Molecular Events during Cell Wall Degradation and Pathogenesis of Rice Sheath Blight Pathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E71. [PMID: 32466257 PMCID: PMC7345747 DOI: 10.3390/jof6020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheath blight disease of rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn (teleomorph: Thanatephorus cucumeris) remains a global challenge due to the absence of reliable resistance genes and poor understanding of pathogen biology. Pectin, one of the most vital constituents of the plant cell wall, is targeted by pectin methylesterases, polygalacturonases, and few other enzymes of fungal pathogens. In this study, we catalogued the expressed genes of the fungal genome from RNAseq of R. solani infected four rice genotypes. Analysis of RNAseq revealed 3325 pathogen genes commonly expressed in all rice genotypes, in which 49, 490, and 83 genes were specific to BPT5204, Tetep, and Pankaj genotypes, respectively. To identify the early and late responding genes of R. solani during plant cell wall degradation, a real-time PCR analysis of 30 pectinolytic enzymes was done at six different time points after inoculation. The majority of these genes showed maximum induction at the 72 h time point, suggesting that it is the most crucial stage of infection. Pankaj showed lesser induction of these genes as compared to other genotypes. Leaf-blade tissue and 45 days old-growth stage are more favorable for the expression of pectin degradation genes of R. solani. Additionally, the expression analysis of these genes from four different strains of R. solani suggested differential regulation of genes but no distinct expression pattern between highly virulent and mild strains. The implications of the differential regulation of these genes in disease development have been discussed. This study provides the first such comprehensive analysis of R. solani genes encoding pectin degrading enzymes, which would help to decipher the pathogen biology and sheath blight disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talluri Bhaskar Rao
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad 500030, India; (T.B.R.); (R.C.); (N.B.P.); (V.P.); (G.S.L.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Ramakrishna Chopperla
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad 500030, India; (T.B.R.); (R.C.); (N.B.P.); (V.P.); (G.S.L.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Naresh Babu Prathi
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad 500030, India; (T.B.R.); (R.C.); (N.B.P.); (V.P.); (G.S.L.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Marudamuthu Balakrishnan
- Bioinformatics Lab, ICAR- National Academy of Agricultural Research Management, Hyderabad 500030, India;
| | - Vellaisamy Prakasam
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad 500030, India; (T.B.R.); (R.C.); (N.B.P.); (V.P.); (G.S.L.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Gouri Sankar Laha
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad 500030, India; (T.B.R.); (R.C.); (N.B.P.); (V.P.); (G.S.L.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Sena Munuswamy Balachandran
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad 500030, India; (T.B.R.); (R.C.); (N.B.P.); (V.P.); (G.S.L.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Satendra K. Mangrauthia
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad 500030, India; (T.B.R.); (R.C.); (N.B.P.); (V.P.); (G.S.L.); (S.M.B.)
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MYB43 in Oilseed Rape ( Brassica napus) Positively Regulates Vascular Lignification, Plant Morphology and Yield Potential but Negatively Affects Resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11050581. [PMID: 32455973 PMCID: PMC7290928 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana MYB43 (AtMYB43) is suggested to be involved in cell wall lignification. PtrMYB152, the Populus orthologue of AtMYB43, is a transcriptional activator of lignin biosynthesis and vessel wall deposition. In this research, MYB43 genes from Brassica napus (rapeseed) and its parental species B. rapa and B. oleracea were molecularly characterized, which were dominantly expressed in stem and other vascular organs and showed responsiveness to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection. The BnMYB43 family was silenced by RNAi, and the transgenic rapeseed lines showed retardation in growth and development with smaller organs, reduced lodging resistance, fewer silique number and lower yield potential. The thickness of the xylem layer decreased by 28%; the numbers of sclerenchymatous cells, vessels, interfascicular fibers, sieve tubes and pith cells in the whole cross section of the stem decreased by 28%, 59%, 48%, 34% and 21% in these lines, respectively. The contents of cellulose and lignin decreased by 17.49% and 16.21% respectively, while the pectin content increased by 71.92% in stems of RNAi lines. When inoculated with S. sclerotiorum, the lesion length was drastically decreased by 52.10% in the stems of transgenic plants compared with WT, implying great increase in disease resistance. Correspondingly, changes in the gene expression patterns of lignin biosynthesis, cellulose biosynthesis, pectin biosynthesis, cell cycle, SA- and JA-signals, and defensive pathways were in accordance with above phenotypic modifications. These results show that BnMYB43, being a growth-defense trade-off participant, positively regulates vascular lignification, plant morphology and yield potential, but negatively affects resistance to S. sclerotiorum. Moreover, this lignification activator influences cell biogenesis of both lignified and non-lignified tissues of the whole vascular organ.
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Dewhirst RA, Afseth CA, Castanha C, Mortimer JC, Jardine KJ. Cell wall O-acetyl and methyl esterification patterns of leaves reflected in atmospheric emission signatures of acetic acid and methanol. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227591. [PMID: 32433654 PMCID: PMC7239448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants emit high rates of methanol (meOH), generally assumed to derive from pectin demethylation, and this increases during abiotic stress. In contrast, less is known about the emission and source of acetic acid (AA). In this study, Populus trichocarpa (California poplar) leaves in different developmental stages were desiccated and quantified for total meOH and AA emissions together with bulk cell wall acetylation and methylation content. While young leaves showed high emissions of meOH (140 μmol m-2) and AA (42 μmol m-2), emissions were reduced in mature (meOH: 69%, AA: 60%) and old (meOH: 83%, AA: 76%) leaves. In contrast, the ratio of AA/meOH emissions increased with leaf development (young: 35%, mature: 43%, old: 82%), mimicking the pattern of O-acetyl/methyl ester ratios of leaf bulk cell walls (young: 35%, mature: 38%, old: 51%), which is driven by an increase in O-acetyl and decrease in methyl ester content with age. The results are consistent with meOH and AA emission sources from cell wall de-esterification, with young expanding tissues producing highly methylated pectin that is progressively demethyl-esterified. We highlight the quantification of AA/meOH emission ratios as a potential tool for rapid phenotype screening of structural carbohydrate esterification patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Dewhirst
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Cassandra A. Afseth
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Cristina Castanha
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Jenny C. Mortimer
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States of America
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Kolby J. Jardine
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
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Gladala‐Kostarz A, Doonan JH, Bosch M. Mechanical stimulation in Brachypodium distachyon: Implications for fitness, productivity, and cell wall properties. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1314-1330. [PMID: 31955437 PMCID: PMC7318644 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stimulation, including exposure to wind, is a common environmental variable for plants. However, knowledge about the morphogenetic response of the grasses (Poaceae) to mechanical stimulation and impact on relevant agronomic traits is very limited. Two natural accessions of Brachypodium distachyon were exposed to wind and mechanical treatments. We surveyed a wide range of stem-related traits to determine the effect of the two treatments on plant growth, development, and stem biomass properties. Both treatments induced significant quantitative changes across multiple scales, from the whole plant down to cellular level. The two treatments resulted in shorter stems, reduced biomass, increased tissue rigidity, delayed flowering, and reduced seed yield in both accessions. Among changes in cell wall-related features, a substantial increase in lignin content and pectin methylesterase activity was most notable. Mechanical stimulation also reduced the enzymatic sugar release from the cell wall, thus increasing biomass recalcitrance. Notably, treatments had a distinct and opposite effect on vascular bundle area in the two accessions, suggesting genetic variation in modulating these responses to mechanical stimulation. Our findings highlight that exposure of grasses to mechanical stimulation is a relevant environmental factor affecting multiple traits important for their utilization in food, feed, and bioenergy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Gladala‐Kostarz
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS)Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwythUK
| | - John H. Doonan
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS)Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwythUK
- National Plant Phenomics Centre, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural SciencesAberystwyth UniversityAberystwythUK
| | - Maurice Bosch
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS)Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwythUK
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Ma Y, Marzougui A, Coyne CJ, Sankaran S, Main D, Porter LD, Mugabe D, Smitchger JA, Zhang C, Amin MN, Rasheed N, Ficklin SP, McGee RJ. Dissecting the Genetic Architecture of Aphanomyces Root Rot Resistance in Lentil by QTL Mapping and Genome-Wide Association Study. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062129. [PMID: 32244875 PMCID: PMC7139309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) is an important source of protein for people in developing countries. Aphanomyces root rot (ARR) has emerged as one of the most devastating diseases affecting lentil production. In this study, we applied two complementary quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis approaches to unravel the genetic architecture underlying this complex trait. A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population and an association mapping population were genotyped using genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to discover novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). QTL mapping identified 19 QTL associated with ARR resistance, while association mapping detected 38 QTL and highlighted accumulation of favorable haplotypes in most of the resistant accessions. Seven QTL clusters were discovered on six chromosomes, and 15 putative genes were identified within the QTL clusters. To validate QTL mapping and genome-wide association study (GWAS) results, expression analysis of five selected genes was conducted on partially resistant and susceptible accessions. Three of the genes were differentially expressed at early stages of infection, two of which may be associated with ARR resistance. Our findings provide valuable insight into the genetic control of ARR, and genetic and genomic resources developed here can be used to accelerate development of lentil cultivars with high levels of partial resistance to ARR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ma
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (Y.M.); (D.M.); (S.P.F.)
| | - Afef Marzougui
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (A.M.); (S.S.); (C.Z.)
| | - Clarice J. Coyne
- USDA-ARS Plant Germplasm Introduction and Testing Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Sindhuja Sankaran
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (A.M.); (S.S.); (C.Z.)
| | - Dorrie Main
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (Y.M.); (D.M.); (S.P.F.)
| | - Lyndon D. Porter
- USDA-ARS Grain Legume Genetics and Physiology Research Unit, Prosser, WA 99350, USA;
| | - Deus Mugabe
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (D.M.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Jamin A. Smitchger
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (D.M.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Chongyuan Zhang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (A.M.); (S.S.); (C.Z.)
| | - Md. Nurul Amin
- Breeder Seed Production Center, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Debiganj-5020, Panchagarh, Bangladesh;
| | - Naser Rasheed
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Stephen P. Ficklin
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (Y.M.); (D.M.); (S.P.F.)
| | - Rebecca J. McGee
- USDA-ARS Grain Legume Genetics and Physiology Research Unit, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-509-335-0300
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Wen B, Zhang F, Wu X, Li H. Characterization of the Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) Pectin Methylesterases: Evolution, Activity of Isoforms and Expression During Fruit Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:238. [PMID: 32194610 PMCID: PMC7063471 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pectin methylesterase (PME, EC 3.1.1.11) is a hydrolytic enzyme of pectin that plays multiple roles in different plant development processes and responses to biotic stress. To characterize the molecular evolution and functional divergence of the PME gene family, a genome-wide analysis of the PME gene family in the tomato was performed. In total, 57 non-redundant PME genes were identified, and these PME genes were divided into five groups based on their phylogeneny; their classification was supported by similar gene structures and domain distributions. The PME genes were found to be unevenly distributed among 12 chromosomes of the tomato. In addition, 11 segmental duplication and 11 tandem duplication events occurred in these PME genes, implying that both contributed to the expansion of the tomato PME gene family. Non-synonymous/synonymous mutation ratio analysis revealed that positive selection played a key role in the functional divergence of PME genes. Interspecific collinear analysis indicated a large divergence in the PME gene family after the divergence of monocot and dicot plants in ancient times. Gene expression pattern analysis suggested that PMEs plays roles in the different parts of the tomato plant, including the fruit. Three newly identified candidate genes (Solyc03g083360, Solyc07g071600, and Solyc12g098340) may have functions during fruit ripening. Immunoassays suggested that the tomato isoform PE1 and PE2 may change pectin structure at cell junctions, which could be associated with fruit softening. In addition, our analysis indicate that two undescribed PE isoforms might be active in leaves and fruits. This study increases our understanding of the PME gene family in the tomato and may facilitate further functional analyses to elucidate PME function, especially during fruit ripening.
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Hasegawa K, Kamada S, Takehara S, Takeuchi H, Nakamura A, Satoh S, Iwai H. Rice Putative Methyltransferase Gene OsPMT16 Is Required for Pistil Development Involving Pectin Modification. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:475. [PMID: 32425965 PMCID: PMC7212358 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pectin synthesis and modification are vital for plant development, although the underlying mechanisms are still not well understood. Furthermore, reports on the function of pectin in the pistil are limited. Herein, we report the functional characterization of the OsPMT16 gene, which encodes a putative pectin methyltransferase (PMT) in rice. The cell walls of rice leaves contain less pectin, and chemical analysis of pectin in the flower organ had not been previously performed. Therefore, in the present study, the amount of pectin in the reproductive tissues of rice was investigated. Of the reproductive tissues, the pistil was especially rich in pectin; thus, we focused on the pistil. OsPMT16 expression was confirmed in the pistil, and effects of pectin methylesterification regulation on the reproductive stage were investigated by studying the phenotype of the T-DNA insertion mutant. The ospmt16 mutant showed significantly reduced fertility. When the flowers were observed, tissue morphogenesis was abnormal in the pistil. Immunofluorescence staining by pectin-specific monoclonal antibodies of the pistil revealed that total pectin and esterified pectin were decreased among ospmt16 mutants. These results indicate that OsPMT16 contributes significantly to pistil development during reproductive growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shihomi Kamada
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shohei Takehara
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Haruki Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Atsuko Nakamura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shinobu Satoh
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iwai
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Chiniquy D, Underwood W, Corwin J, Ryan A, Szemenyei H, Lim CC, Stonebloom SH, Birdseye DS, Vogel J, Kliebenstein D, Scheller HV, Somerville S. PMR5, an acetylation protein at the intersection of pectin biosynthesis and defense against fungal pathogens. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:1022-1035. [PMID: 31411777 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew (Golovinomyces cichoracearum), one of the most prolific obligate biotrophic fungal pathogens worldwide, infects its host by penetrating the plant cell wall without activating the plant's innate immune system. The Arabidopsis mutant powdery mildew resistant 5 (pmr5) carries a mutation in a putative pectin acetyltransferase gene that confers enhanced resistance to powdery mildew. Here, we show that heterologously expressed PMR5 protein transfers acetyl groups from [14 C]-acetyl-CoA to oligogalacturonides. Through site-directed mutagenesis, we show that three amino acids within a highly conserved esterase domain in putative PMR5 orthologs are necessary for PMR5 function. A suppressor screen of mutagenized pmr5 seed selecting for increased powdery mildew susceptibility identified two previously characterized genes affecting the acetylation of plant cell wall polysaccharides, RWA2 and TBR. The rwa2 and tbr mutants also suppress powdery mildew disease resistance in pmr6, a mutant defective in a putative pectate lyase gene. Cell wall analysis of pmr5 and pmr6, and their rwa2 and tbr suppressor mutants, demonstrates minor shifts in cellulose and pectin composition. In direct contrast to their increased powdery mildew resistance, both pmr5 and pmr6 plants are highly susceptibile to multiple strains of the generalist necrotroph Botrytis cinerea, and have decreased camalexin production upon infection with B. cinerea. These results illustrate that cell wall composition is intimately connected to fungal disease resistance and outline a potential route for engineering powdery mildew resistance into susceptible crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Chiniquy
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - William Underwood
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jason Corwin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Andrew Ryan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Heidi Szemenyei
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Candice C Lim
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | | | - John Vogel
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Daniel Kliebenstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Shauna Somerville
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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72
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Kanungo A, Bag BP. Structural insights into the molecular mechanisms of pectinolytic enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42485-019-00027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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73
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Ingel B, Jeske DR, Sun Q, Grosskopf J, Roper MC. Xylella fastidiosa Endoglucanases Mediate the Rate of Pierce's Disease Development in Vitis vinifera in a Cultivar-Dependent Manner. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:1402-1414. [PMID: 31216219 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-19-0096-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is a gram-negative bacterium that causes Pierce's disease (PD) in grapevine. X. fastidiosa is xylem-limited and interfaces primarily with pit membranes (PMs) that separate xylem vessels from one another and from adjacent xylem parenchyma cells. PMs are composed of both pectic and cellulosic substrates, and dissolution of PMs is facilitated by X. fastidiosa cell wall-degrading enzymes. A polygalacturonase, which hydrolyzes the pectin component of PMs, is required for both movement and pathogenicity in grapevines. Here, we demonstrate that two X. fastidiosa β-1,4-endoglucanases (EGases), EngXCA1 and EngXCA2, also play a role in how X. fastidiosa interfaces with grapevine PMs. The loss of EngXCA1 and EngXCA2 in tandem reduces both X. fastidiosa virulence and population size and slows the rate of PD symptom development and progression. Moreover, we demonstrate that single and double EGases mutants alter the rate of PD progression differently in two grapevine cultivars, Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay, and that Chardonnay is significantly more susceptible to PD than Cabernet Sauvignon. Interestingly, we determined that there are quantitative differences in the amount of fucosylated xyloglucans that make up the surface of PMs in these cultivars. Fucosylated xyloglucans are targets of the X. fastidiosa EGases, and xyloglucan abundance could impact PM dissolution and affect PD symptom development. Taken together, these results indicate that X. fastidiosa EGases and the PM carbohydrate composition of different grape cultivars are important factors that influence PD symptom development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Ingel
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Daniel R Jeske
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Qiang Sun
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, WI 54481, U.S.A
| | - Joseph Grosskopf
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, WI 54481, U.S.A
| | - M Caroline Roper
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
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74
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Proteomics of PTI and Two ETI Immune Reactions in Potato Leaves. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194726. [PMID: 31554174 PMCID: PMC6802228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have a variety of ways to defend themselves against pathogens. A commonly used model of the plant immune system is divided into a general response triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and a specific response triggered by effectors. The first type of response is known as PAMP triggered immunity (PTI), and the second is known as effector-triggered immunity (ETI). To obtain better insight into changes of protein abundance in immunity reactions, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis of a PTI and two different ETI models (relating to Phytophthora infestans) in potato. Several proteins showed higher abundance in all immune reactions, such as a protein annotated as sterol carrier protein 2 that could be interesting since Phytophthora species are sterol auxotrophs. RNA binding proteins also showed altered abundance in the different immune reactions. Furthermore, we identified some PTI-specific changes of protein abundance, such as for example, a glyoxysomal fatty acid beta-oxidation multifunctional protein and a MAR-binding protein. Interestingly, a lysine histone demethylase was decreased in PTI, and that prompted us to also analyze protein methylation in our datasets. The proteins upregulated explicitly in ETI included several catalases. Few proteins were regulated in only one of the ETI interactions. For example, histones were only downregulated in the ETI-Avr2 interaction, and a putative multiprotein bridging factor was only upregulated in the ETI-IpiO interaction. One example of a methylated protein that increased in the ETI interactions was a serine hydroxymethyltransferase.
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75
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Wahia H, Zhou C, Sarpong F, Mustapha AT, Liu S, Yu X, Li C. Simultaneous optimization of
Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris
reduction, pectin methylesterase inactivation, and bioactive compounds enhancement affected by thermosonication in orange juice. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hafida Wahia
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang People's Republic of China
| | - Cunshan Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang People's Republic of China
- School of Biological and Food Engineering Chuzhou University Chuzhou People's Republic of China
- Co‐Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio‐industry Technology Huaihai Institute of Technology Lianyungang People's Republic of China
| | - Frederick Sarpong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang People's Republic of China
| | | | - Shulan Liu
- School of Biological and Food Engineering Chuzhou University Chuzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Yu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Li
- Co‐Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio‐industry Technology Huaihai Institute of Technology Lianyungang People's Republic of China
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76
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Tsyganova AV, Seliverstova EV, Brewin NJ, Tsyganov VE. Comparative analysis of remodelling of the plant-microbe interface in Pisum sativum and Medicago truncatula symbiotic nodules. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:983-996. [PMID: 30793221 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Infection of host cells by nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria, known as rhizobia, involves the progressive remodelling of the plant-microbe interface. This process was examined by using monoclonal antibodies to study the subcellular localisation of pectins and arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) in wild-type and ineffective nodules of Pisum sativum and Medicago truncatula. The highly methylesterified homogalacturonan (HG), detected by monoclonal antibody JIM7, showed a uniform localisation in the cell wall, regardless of the cell type in nodules of P. sativum and M. truncatula. Low methylesterified HG, recognised by JIM5, was detected mainly in the walls of infection threads in nodules of both species. The galactan side chain of rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I), recognised by LM5, was present in the nodule meristem in both species and in the infection thread walls in P. sativum, but not in M. truncatula. The membrane-anchored AGP recognised by JIM1 was observed on the plasma membrane in nodules of P. sativum and M. truncatula. In P. sativum, the AGP epitope recognised by JIM1 was present on mature symbiosome membranes of wild-type nodules, but JIM1 labelling was absent from symbiosome membranes in the mutant Sprint-2Fix- (sym31) with undifferentiated bacteroids, suggesting a possible involvement of AGP in the maturation of symbiosomes. Thus, the common and species-specific traits of cell wall remodelling during nodule differentiation were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Tsyganova
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Podbelsky chaussee 3, St.-Petersburg, Russia, 196608
| | - Elena V Seliverstova
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Podbelsky chaussee 3, St.-Petersburg, Russia, 196608
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Torez 44, St.-Petersburg, Russia, 194223
| | | | - Viktor E Tsyganov
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Podbelsky chaussee 3, St.-Petersburg, Russia, 196608.
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77
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Kafkaletou M, Fasseas C, Tsantili E. Increased firmness and modified cell wall composition by ethylene were reversed by the ethylene inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) in the non-climacteric olives harvested at dark green stage - Possible implementation of ethylene for olive quality. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 238:63-71. [PMID: 31146183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the firmness retention by ethylene treatment in olive fruit, as observed earlier. Ethylene concentrations up to 1000 μL L-1 were applied to dark green 'Konservolia' olives harvested shortly before the green maturation and exposed to 20 °C for up to 9 d. Surprisingly, the results indicated a tendency to fruit firmness increases in concentration-dependent manner in a non-climacteric fruit. The highest concentration increased the firmness within 12 h by approximately 1.35-fold, but transiently for approximately up to 5 d; all ethylene inhibitors tested, either of synthesis (ethoxyvinyl glycine or AVG), or perception (1 -methyl-cyclopropene or 1-MCP, and silver nitrate) prevented the firmness increase. Texture was evaluated by firmness and changes in lignin, cellulose (CL), total pectins (TPC), water soluble pectins (WSP) and total non-cellulosic sugars (total sugars) concentrations, and in pectin esterification degree (DE) in the alcohol insoluble residue (AIR) of 'Konservolia' fruit pericarp during 1.5-d, 5-d and 10-d treatments with 1000 μL L-1 ethylene at 20 °C. Pectins in AIR were also extracted sequentially with cyclohexane-trans-1,2-diaminetetra-acetate (CDTA), Na2CO3, 1 M and 4 M KOH. The results showed that on day 1.5, the increased firmness was consistent with increased CL (crystalline formation, as observed by microscopy), total sugars and DE levels, but reduced WSP, whereas softening reversed the changes and lowered TPC and CDTA-soluble pectins in all fruit on day 10. However, on day 5 ethylene-treated olives exhibited a transitional phase during softening, characterized by retention of high TPC concentration and energy demand, as indicated by elevated respiration rates. The inhibitor 1-MCP, applied before ethylene, did inhibit the responses to ethylene treatment. Ethylene firming effect and the respective cell wall changes in olives are demonstrated for first time. The experiments could be used for research on perception and transcription responses to ethylene in olive, a non-climacteric fruit. In practice, high ethylene concentrations could also be beneficial for firmness increase and/or short storage of dark green olives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Kafkaletou
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Botanikos, 118 55, Athens, Greece.
| | - Costas Fasseas
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Botanikos, 11855, Athens, Greece.
| | - Eleni Tsantili
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Botanikos, 118 55, Athens, Greece.
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78
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Fang H, Dong Y, Yue X, Hu J, Jiang S, Xu H, Wang Y, Su M, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Wang N, Chen X. The B-box zinc finger protein MdBBX20 integrates anthocyanin accumulation in response to ultraviolet radiation and low temperature. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1503-1512. [PMID: 30919454 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation and low temperature promote the accumulation of anthocyanins, which give apple skins their red colour. Although many transcription regulators have been characterized in the UV-B and low-temperature pathways, their interregulation and synergistic effects are not well understood. Here, a B-box transcription factor gene, MdBBX20, was characterized in apple and identified to promote anthocyanin biosynthesis under UV-B conditions in field experiments and when overexpressed in transgenic apple calli. The transcript level of MdBBX20 was significantly induced by UV-B. Specific G-box elements in the promoters of target genes were identified as interaction sites for MdBBX20. Further experimental interrogation of the UV-B signalling pathways showed that MdBBX20 could interact with MdHY5 in vitro and in vivo and that this interaction was required to significantly enhance the promoter activity of MdMYB1. MdBBX20 also responded to low temperature (14°C) with the participation of MdbHLH3, which directly bound a low temperature-response cis elements in the MdBBX20 promoter. These findings demonstrate the molecular mechanism by which MdBBX20 integrates low-temperature- and UV-B-induced anthocyanin accumulation in apple skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Yuhui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Xuanxuan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Jiafei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Shenghui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Haifeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Yicheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Mengyu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Zongying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Xuesen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
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79
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Gadaleta A, Colasuonno P, Giove SL, Blanco A, Giancaspro A. Map-based cloning of QFhb.mgb-2A identifies a WAK2 gene responsible for Fusarium Head Blight resistance in wheat. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6929. [PMID: 31061411 PMCID: PMC6502796 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43334-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is one of the most threating pathogen of wheat, responsible for Fusarium head blight (FHB) which annually leads to yield losses, grain quality decay and accumulation of harmful mycotoxins in kernels. Host resistance represents the most effective approach to limit disease damages; however, only a limited number of resistant loci have currently been detected in durum genotypes. In this work we report the map-based cloning of a FHB-QTL on 2A chromosome of durum wheat, introgressed from a resistant line derived from the Chinese wheat cv. Sumai-3. A marker enrichment of the QTL region was carried out leading to the inclusion of 27 new SNPs respect to the previous map. A wall-associated receptor-like kinase (WAK2) gene was identified in the region and sequenced, in the resistant parent (RP) one gene was predicted accounting for a genomic sequence of 5,613 structured into 6 exons, whereas two adjacent genes were predicted on the same DNA plus strand of the susceptible parent (SP).t The involvement of WAK2 gene in FHB resistance mechanism was assessed by gene expression comparison between resistant and susceptible wheat lines, and disease symptoms evaluation in 3 TILLING mutants for WAK protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Gadaleta
- Department of Environmental and Territorial Sciences (DiSAAT), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Amendola 165/A - 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Pasqualina Colasuonno
- Department of Environmental and Territorial Sciences (DiSAAT), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Amendola 165/A - 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Lucia Giove
- Department of Environmental and Territorial Sciences (DiSAAT), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Amendola 165/A - 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Blanco
- Department of Environmental and Territorial Sciences (DiSAAT), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Amendola 165/A - 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelica Giancaspro
- Department of Environmental and Territorial Sciences (DiSAAT), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Amendola 165/A - 70126, Bari, Italy
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80
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Ding Y, Mei J, Chai Y, Yu Y, Shao C, Wu Q, Disi JO, Li Y, Wan H, Qian W. Simultaneous Transcriptome Analysis of Host and Pathogen Highlights the Interaction Between Brassica oleracea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:542-550. [PMID: 30265202 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-18-0204-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
White mold disease caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating disease of Brassica crops. Here, we simultaneously assessed the transcriptome changes from lesions produced by S. sclerotiorum on disease-resistant (R) and -susceptible (S) B. oleracea pools bulked from a resistance-segregating F2 population. Virulence genes of S. sclerotiorum, including polygalacturonans, chitin synthase, secretory proteins, and oxalic acid biosynthesis, were significantly repressed in lesions of R B. oleracea at 12 h postinoculation (hpi) but exhibited similar expression patterns in R and S B. oleracea at 24 hpi. Resistant B. oleracea induced expression of receptors potentially to perceive Sclerotinia signals during 0 to 12 hpi and deployed complex strategies to suppress the pathogen establishment, including the quick accumulation of reactive oxygen species via activating Ca2+ signaling and suppressing pathogen oxalic acid generation in S. sclerotiorum. In addition, cell wall degradation was inhibited in the resistant B. oleracea potentially to prevent the expansion of Sclerotinia hyphae. The transcriptome changes in S. sclerotiorum and host revealed that resistant B. oleracea produces strong responses against S. sclerotiorum during early infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijuan Ding
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- 2 Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiaqin Mei
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- 2 Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yaru Chai
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- 2 Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yang Yu
- 3 College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; and
| | - Chaoguo Shao
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qinan Wu
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | | | - Yuhua Li
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Huafang Wan
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- 2 Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wei Qian
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- 2 Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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81
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Vicente CSL, Nemchinov LG, Mota M, Eisenback JD, Kamo K, Vieira P. Identification and characterization of the first pectin methylesterase gene discovered in the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212540. [PMID: 30794636 PMCID: PMC6386239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Similar to other plant-parasitic nematodes, root lesion nematodes possess an array of enzymes that are involved in the degradation of the plant cell wall. Here we report the identification of a gene encoding a cell wall-degrading enzyme, pectin methylesterase PME (EC 3.1.1.11), in the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans. Both genomic and coding sequences of the gene were cloned for this species, that included the presence of four introns which eliminated a possible contamination from bacteria. Expression of the Pp-pme gene was localized in the esophageal glands of P. penetrans as determined by in situ hybridization. Temporal expression of Pp-pme in planta was validated at early time points of infection. The possible function and activity of the gene were assessed by transient expression of Pp-pme in plants of Nicotiana benthamiana plants via a Potato virus X-based vector. To our knowledge, this is the first report on identification and characterization of a PME gene within the phylum Nematoda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia S. L. Vicente
- ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Évora, Portugal
| | - Lev G. Nemchinov
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Manuel Mota
- Departamento de Biologia & ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Évora, Portugal
| | - Jonathan D. Eisenback
- School of Plant Environmental Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Kamo
- Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, United States of National Arboretum, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paulo Vieira
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
- School of Plant Environmental Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
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Haile ZM, Malacarne G, Pilati S, Sonego P, Moretto M, Masuero D, Vrhovsek U, Engelen K, Baraldi E, Moser C. Dual Transcriptome and Metabolic Analysis of Vitis vinifera cv. Pinot Noir Berry and Botrytis cinerea During Quiescence and Egressed Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1704. [PMID: 32082332 PMCID: PMC7002552 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is an important necrotroph in vineyards. Primary infections are mostly initiated by airborne conidia from overwintered sources around bloom, then the fungus remains quiescent from bloom till maturity and egresses at ripeness. We previously described in detail the process of flower infection and quiescence initiation. Here, we complete the characterization studying the cross-talk between the plant and the fungus during pathogen quiescence and egression by an integrated transcriptomic and metabolic analysis of the host and the pathogen. Flowers from fruiting cuttings of the cv. Pinot Noir were inoculated with a GFP-labeled strain of B. cinerea at full cap-off stage, and molecular analyses were carried out at 4 weeks post inoculation (wpi, fungal quiescent state) and at 12 wpi (fungal pre-egression and egression states). The expressed fungal transcriptome highlighted that the fungus remodels its cell wall to evade plant chitinases besides undergoing basal metabolic activities. Berries responded by differentially regulating genes encoding for different PR proteins and genes involved in monolignol, flavonoid, and stilbenoid biosynthesis pathways. At 12 wpi, the transcriptome of B. cinerea in the pre-egressed samples showed that virulence-related genes were expressed, suggesting infection process was initiated. The egressed B. cinerea expressed almost all virulence and growth related genes that enabled the pathogen to colonize the berries. In response to egression, ripe berries reprogrammed different defense responses, though futile. Examples are activation of membrane localized kinases, stilbene synthases, and other PR proteins related to SA and JA-mediated responses. Our results indicated that hard-green berries defense program was capable to hamper B. cinerea growth. However, ripening associated fruit cell wall self-disassembly together with high humidity created the opportunity for the fungus to egress and cause bunch rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeraye Mehari Haile
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Pathology, DISTAL, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Plant Protection Research Division of Melkassa Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Giulia Malacarne
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giulia Malacarne,
| | - Stefania Pilati
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Paolo Sonego
- Unit of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Marco Moretto
- Unit of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Domenico Masuero
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Kristof Engelen
- ESAT-ELECTA, Electrical Energy and Computer Architectures, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elena Baraldi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Pathology, DISTAL, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Moser
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy
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83
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Bömer M, O’Brien JA, Pérez-Salamó I, Krasauskas J, Finch P, Briones A, Daudi A, Souda P, Tsui TL, Whitelegge JP, Paul Bolwell G, Devoto A. COI1-dependent jasmonate signalling affects growth, metabolite production and cell wall protein composition in arabidopsis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:1117-1129. [PMID: 29924303 PMCID: PMC6324744 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cultured cell suspensions have been the preferred model to study the apoplast as well as to monitor metabolic and cell cycle-related changes. Previous work showed that methyl jasmonate (MeJA) inhibits leaf growth in a CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (COI1)-dependent manner, with COI1 being the jasmonate (JA) receptor. Here, the effect of COI1 overexpression on the growth of stably transformed arabidopsis cell cultures is described. METHODS Time-course experiments were carried out to analyse gene expression, and protein and metabolite levels. KEY RESULTS Both MeJA treatment and the overexpression of COI1 modify growth, by altering cell proliferation and expansion. DNA content as well as transcript patterns of cell cycle and cell wall remodelling markers were altered. COI1 overexpression also increases the protein levels of OLIGOGALACTURONIDE OXIDASE 1, BETA-GLUCOSIDASE/ENDOGLUCANASES and POLYGALACTURONASE INHIBITING PROTEIN2, reinforcing the role of COI1 in mediating defence responses and highlighting a link between cell wall loosening and growth regulation. Moreover, changes in the levels of the primary metabolites alanine, serine and succinic acid of MeJA-treated Arabidopsis cell cultures were observed. In addition, COI1 overexpression positively affects the availability of metabolites such as β-alanine, threonic acid, putrescine, glucose and myo-inositol, thereby providing a connection between JA-inhibited growth and stress responses. CONCLUSIONS This study contributes to the understanding of the regulation of growth and the production of metabolic resources by JAs and COI1. This will have important implications in dissecting the complex relationships between hormonal and cell wall signalling in plants. The work also provides tools to uncover novel mechanisms co-ordinating cell division and post-mitotic cell expansion in the absence of organ developmental control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Bömer
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
- Present address: Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - José A O’Brien
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Imma Pérez-Salamó
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Jovaras Krasauskas
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Paul Finch
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Andrea Briones
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
- Present address: Biometrology, National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Arsalan Daudi
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
- Present address: Bio-Protocol LLC, PO Box 2073, Sunnyvale, CA 94087-0073, USA
| | - Puneet Souda
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tjir-Li Tsui
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Julian P Whitelegge
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - G Paul Bolwell
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Alessandra Devoto
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Wu HC, Bulgakov VP, Jinn TL. Pectin Methylesterases: Cell Wall Remodeling Proteins Are Required for Plant Response to Heat Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1612. [PMID: 30459794 PMCID: PMC6232315 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) is expected to be of increasing worldwide concern in the near future, especially with regard to crop yield and quality as a consequence of rising or varying temperatures as a result of global climate change. HS response (HSR) is a highly conserved mechanism among different organisms but shows remarkable complexity and unique features in plants. The transcriptional regulation of HSR is controlled by HS transcription factors (HSFs) which allow the activation of HS-responsive genes, among which HS proteins (HSPs) are best characterized. Cell wall remodeling constitutes an important component of plant responses to HS to maintain overall function and growth; however, little is known about the connection between cell wall remodeling and HSR. Pectin controls cell wall porosity and has been shown to exhibit structural variation during plant growth and in response to HS. Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) are present in multigene families and encode isoforms with different action patterns by removal of methyl esters to influencing the properties of cell wall. We aimed to elucidate how plant cell walls respond to certain environmental cues through cell wall-modifying proteins in connection with modifications in cell wall machinery. An overview of recent findings shed light on PMEs contribute to a change in cell-wall composition/structure. The fine-scale modulation of apoplastic calcium ions (Ca2+) content could be mediated by PMEs in response to abiotic stress for both the assembly and disassembly of the pectic network. In particular, this modulation is prevalent in guard cell walls for regulating cell wall plasticity as well as stromal aperture size, which comprise critical determinants of plant adaptation to HS. These insights provide a foundation for further research to reveal details of the cell wall machinery and stress-responsive factors to provide targets and strategies to facilitate plant adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chen Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Victor P. Bulgakov
- Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Tsung-Luo Jinn
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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85
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Tran D, Dauphin A, Meimoun P, Kadono T, Nguyen HTH, Arbelet-Bonnin D, Zhao T, Errakhi R, Lehner A, Kawano T, Bouteau F. Methanol induces cytosolic calcium variations, membrane depolarization and ethylene production in arabidopsis and tobacco. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:849-860. [PMID: 29579139 PMCID: PMC6215043 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Methanol is a volatile organic compound released from plants through the action of pectin methylesterases (PMEs), which demethylesterify cell wall pectins. Plant PMEs play a role in developmental processes but also in responses to herbivory and infection by fungal or bacterial pathogens. However, molecular mechanisms that explain how methanol could affect plant defences remain poorly understood. Methods Using cultured cells and seedlings from Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco BY2 expressing the apoaequorin gene, allowing quantification of cytosolic Ca2+, a reactive oxygen species (ROS) probe (CLA, Cypridina luciferin analogue) and electrophysiological techniques, we followed early plant cell responses to exogenously supplied methanol applied as a liquid or as volatile. Key Results Methanol induces cytosolic Ca2+ variations that involve Ca2+ influx through the plasma membrane and Ca2+ release from internal stores. Our data further suggest that these Ca2+ variations could interact with different ROS and support a signalling pathway leading to well known plant responses to pathogens such as plasma membrane depolarization through anion channel regulation and ethylene synthesis. Conclusions Methanol is not only a by-product of PME activities, and our data suggest that [Ca2+]cyt variations could participate in signalling processes induced by methanol upstream of plant defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tran
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
- Department of Physiology & Cell Information Systems Group, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Aurélien Dauphin
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Paris, France
| | - Patrice Meimoun
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, UMR7622–IBPS, Paris, France
| | - Takashi Kadono
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Hieu T H Nguyen
- Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, University of Kitakyushu, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Delphine Arbelet-Bonnin
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
| | - Rafik Errakhi
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
- Eurofins Agriscience Service, Marocco
| | - Arnaud Lehner
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA4358, SFR Normandie végétal, Rouen, France
| | - Tomonori Kawano
- Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, University of Kitakyushu, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Japan
- LINV Kitakyushu Research Center, Kitakyushu, Japan
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Interdisciplinary Energy Research Institute (PIERI), Paris, France
| | - François Bouteau
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
- LINV Kitakyushu Research Center, Kitakyushu, Japan
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86
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Dai F, Wang Z, Li Z, Luo G, Wang Y, Tang C. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of mulberry (Morus atropurpurea) fruit response to Ciboria carunculoides. J Proteomics 2018; 193:142-153. [PMID: 30315889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to gain insights into the molecular mechanisms and dynamics of the mulberry (Morus atropurpurea) fruit response to Ciboria carunculoides infection. A transcriptomic and proteomic study was carried out based on RNA sequencing and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification analysis, respectively. These data were then validated using quantitative real-time PCR and multiple reaction monitoring assays. Comparative analyses revealed that 9.0% of the transcriptome and 20.8% of the proteome were differentially regulated after C. carunculoides infection at the early stage (stage 1) and middle stage (stage 2), but correlation analysis revealed that only 145 genes were differentially regulated at both the transcriptome and proteome levels. The combined transcriptome and proteome analysis showed that plant hormone signal transduction, calcium-mediated defense signaling, transcription factors, and secondary metabolites were stimulated, whereas photosynthesis and cellular growth-related metabolism were suppressed after C. carunculoides infection. These finding provide theoretical foundation for disease resistance breeding of C. carunculoides. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Ciboria carunculoides is a major fungal pathogen that infects mulberry fruit, leading to extensive damage and productivity loss. Despite this major impact, the mulberry fruit response to C. carunculoides infection has yet to be characterized. This study provides the first system-wide datasets with which to examine changes in the transcriptome and proteome after C. carunculoides infection in mulberry fruit. The results showed that plant hormone signal transduction, calcium-mediated defense signaling, and other pathways were stimulated, whereas photosynthesis and cellular growth-related metabolism were suppressed by C. carunculoides. These results will lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms triggered in mulberry fruit in response to C. carunculoides infection and will provide new molecular targets for regulating defense responses to fungal pathogens in berry fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanwei Dai
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenjiang Wang
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyi Li
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoqing Luo
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cuiming Tang
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.
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Sundaresha S, Sharma S, Shandil RK, Sharma S, Thakur V, Bhardwaj V, Kaushik SK, Singh BP, Chakrabarti SK. An insight into the downstream analysis of RB gene in F1 RB potato lines imparting field resistance to late blight. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2018; 45:1026-1037. [PMID: 32291002 DOI: 10.1071/fp17299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Earlier studies have shown that level of late blight resistance conferred by the classical R gene (RB Rpi-blb1) is dependent on genetic background of the recipient genotype. This was revealed in the analysis of late blight response that belonged to a group of F1 progeny obtained from the cross between Kufri Jyoti and SP951, which showed wide variation in late blight resistance response in spite of possessing the same RB gene. The global gene expression pattern in the RB potato lines was studied in response to late blight infection using cDNA microarray analysis to reveal the background effect. Leaf samples were collected at 0, 24, 72 and 120h post inoculation (hpi) with Phytophthora infestans for gene expression analysis using 61031 gene sequences. Significantly upregulated (1477) and downregulated (4245) genes common in the RB-transgenic F1 lines at 24 and 72 hpi were classified into several categories based on GO identifiers and majority of genes were assigned putative biological functions. Highest expression of an NBS-LRR along with protease, pectin esterase inhibitors, chaperones and reactive oxygen species genes were observed which affirmed a significant role of these categories in the defence response of RB-KJ lines. Results suggest that the immune priming of plant receptors are likely to be involved in stability and functionality of RB to induce resistance against P. infestans. This study is important for effective deployment of RB gene in the host background and contributes immensely to scientific understanding of R gene interaction with host protein complexes to regulate defence system in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sundaresha
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla - 171 001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjeev Sharma
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla - 171 001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh K Shandil
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla - 171 001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sadhana Sharma
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla - 171 001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vandana Thakur
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla - 171 001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vinay Bhardwaj
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla - 171 001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Surinder K Kaushik
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi -110012, India
| | - Bir Pal Singh
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla - 171 001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Swarup K Chakrabarti
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla - 171 001, Himachal Pradesh, India
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The Multifaceted Role of Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitors (PMEIs). Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102878. [PMID: 30248977 PMCID: PMC6213510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cell walls are complex and dynamic structures that play important roles in growth and development, as well as in response to stresses. Pectin is a major polysaccharide of cell walls rich in galacturonic acid (GalA). Homogalacturonan (HG) is considered the most abundant pectic polymer in plant cell walls and is partially methylesterified at the C6 atom of galacturonic acid. Its degree (and pattern) of methylation (DM) has been shown to affect biomechanical properties of the cell wall by making pectin susceptible for enzymatic de-polymerization and enabling gel formation. Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) catalyze the removal of methyl-groups from the HG backbone and their activity is modulated by a family of proteinaceous inhibitors known as pectin methylesterase inhibitors (PMEIs). As such, the interplay between PME and PMEI can be considered as a determinant of cell adhesion, cell wall porosity and elasticity, as well as a source of signaling molecules released upon cell wall stress. This review aims to highlight recent updates in our understanding of the PMEI gene family, their regulation and structure, interaction with PMEs, as well as their function in response to stress and during development.
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89
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Egging V, Nguyen J, Kurouski D. Detection and Identification of Fungal Infections in Intact Wheat and Sorghum Grain Using a Hand-Held Raman Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2018; 90:8616-8621. [PMID: 29898358 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Global population growth drives increasing food demand, which is anticipated to increase by at least 20% over the next 15 years. Rapid detection and identification of plant pathogens allows for up to a 50% increase in the total agricultural yield worldwide. Current molecular methods for pathogen diagnostics, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), are costly, time-consuming, and destructive. These limitations recently catalyzed a push toward developing minimally invasive and substrate general techniques that can be used in the field for confirmatory detection and identification of plant pathogens. Raman spectroscopy (RS) is a noninvasive, nondestructive, and label-free technique that can be used to determine chemical structure of analyzed specimens. In this study, we demonstrate that by using a hand-held Raman spectrometer, we can identify whether wheat or sorghum grains are healthy or not and identify present plant pathogens. We show that RS enables diagnosis of simple diseases, such as ergot, that are caused by one pathogen, as well as complex diseases, such as black tip or mold, which are induced by several different pathogens. The combination of chemometric analysis and RS allows for distinguishing between healthy and infected grains with high accuracy. We also show that RS can be used to determine states of disease development on grain. These results demonstrate that Raman-based approach for disease detection on plants is sample agnostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Egging
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Jasmine Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Dmitry Kurouski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States.,The Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
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90
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Bibbiani S, Colzi I, Taiti C, Guidi Nissim W, Papini A, Mancuso S, Gonnelli C. Smelling the metal: Volatile organic compound emission under Zn excess in the mint Tetradenia riparia. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 271:1-8. [PMID: 29650146 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated the effect of Zn excess on growth, metal accumulation and photosynthetic changes in Tetradenia riparia, in relation to possible variations in the composition of the plant volatilome. Experiments were carried out in hydroponics exposing plants to a range of Zn concentrations. Zinc excess negatively affected plant growth in a dose-dependent manner. The metal was accumulated proportionally to its concentration in the medium and preferentially allocated to roots. All the photosynthetic parameters and the concentration of some photosynthetic pigments were negatively affected by Zn, whereas the level of leaf total soluble sugars remained unchanged. Twenty-three different VOCs were identified in the plant volatilome. Each compound was emitted at a different level and intensity of emission was manifold increased by the presence of Zn in the growth medium. The Zn-induced compounds could represent both an adaptive response (f.i. methanol, acetylene, C6-aldehydes, isoprene, terpenes) and a damage by-product (f.i. propanal, acetaldehyde, alkyl fragments) of the metal presence in the culture medium. Given that the Zn-mediated induction of those VOCs, considered protective, occurred even under a Zn-limited photosynthetic capacity, our work supports the hypothesis of an active role of such molecules in an adaptive plant response to trace metal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Bibbiani
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences - Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Colzi
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121 Florence, Italy.
| | - Cosimo Taiti
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences - Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Werther Guidi Nissim
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences - Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Alessio Papini
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121 Florence, Italy.
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences - Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Cristina Gonnelli
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121 Florence, Italy.
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Genome-Wide Identification, Molecular Evolution, and Expression Profiling Analysis of Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitor Genes in Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051338. [PMID: 29724020 PMCID: PMC5983585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pectin methylesterase inhibitor genes (PMEIs) are a large multigene family and play crucial roles in cell wall modifications in plant growth and development. Here, a comprehensive analysis of the PMEI gene family in Brassicacampestris, an important leaf vegetable, was performed. We identified 100 BrassicacampestrisPMEI genes (BcPMEIs), among which 96 BcPMEIs were unevenly distributed on 10 chromosomes and nine tandem arrays containing 20 BcPMEIs were found. We also detected 80 pairs of syntenic PMEI orthologs. These findings indicated that whole-genome triplication (WGT) and tandem duplication (TD) were the main mechanisms accounting for the current number of BcPMEIs. In evolution, BcPMEIs were retained preferentially and biasedly, consistent with the gene balance hypothesis and two-step theory, respectively. The molecular evolution analysis of BcPMEIs manifested that they evolved through purifying selection and the divergence time is in accordance with the WGT data of B. campestris. To obtain the functional information of BcPMEIs, the expression patterns in five tissues and the cis-elements distributed in promoter regions were investigated. This work can provide a better understanding of the molecular evolution and biological function of PMEIs in B. campestris.
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92
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Otulak-Kozieł K, Kozieł E, Lockhart BEL. Plant Cell Wall Dynamics in Compatible and Incompatible Potato Response to Infection Caused by Potato Virus Y (PVY NTN). Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030862. [PMID: 29543714 PMCID: PMC5877723 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell wall provides the structure of the plant, and also acts as a barier against biotic stress. The vein necrosis strain of Potato virus Y (PVYNTN) induces necrotic disease symptoms that affect both plant growth and yield. Virus infection triggers a number of inducible basal defense responses, including defense proteins, especially those involved in cell wall metabolism. This study investigates the comparison of cell wall host dynamics induced in a compatible (potato cv. Irys) and incompatible (potato cv. Sárpo Mira with hypersensitive reaction gene Ny-Smira) PVYNTN–host–plant interaction. Ultrastructural analyses revealed numerous cell wall changes induced by virus infection. Furthermore, the localization of essential defensive wall-associated proteins in susceptible and resistant potato host to PVYNTN infection were investigated. The data revealed a higher level of detection of pathogenesis-related protein 2 (PR-2) in a compatible compared to an incompatible (HR) interaction. Immunofluorescence analyses indicated that hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGP) (extensin) synthesis was induced, whereas that of cellulose synthase catalytic subunits (CesA4) decreased as a result of PVYNTN infection. The highest level of extensin localization was found in HR potato plants. Proteins involved in cell wall metabolism play a crucial role in the interaction because they affect the spread of the virus. Analysis of CesA4, PR-2 and HRGP deposition within the apoplast and symplast confirmed the active trafficking of these proteins as a step-in potato cell wall remodeling in response to PVYNTN infection. Therefore, cell wall reorganization may be regarded as an element of “signWALLing”—involving apoplast and symplast activation as a specific response to viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Otulak-Kozieł
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Edmund Kozieł
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Benham E L Lockhart
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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93
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Chen J, Chen X, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Ou X, An L, Feng H, Zhao Z. A cold-induced pectin methyl-esterase inhibitor gene contributes negatively to freezing tolerance but positively to salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 222:67-78. [PMID: 29407551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant pectin methyl-esterase (PME) and PME inhibitor (PMEI) belong to large gene families whose members are proposed to be widely involved in growth, development, and stress responses; however, the biological functions of most PMEs and PMEIs have not been characterized. In this study, we studied the roles of CbPMEI1, a cold-induced pectin methyl-esterase inhibitor (PMEI) gene from Chorispora bungeana, under freezing and salt stress. The putative CbPMEI1 peptide shares highest similarity (83%) with AT5G62360 (PMEI13) of Arabidopsis. Overexpression of either CbPMEI1 or PMEI13 in Arabidopsis decreased tissue PME activity and enhanced the degree of methoxylation of cell wall pectins, indicating that both genes encode functional PMEIs. CbPMEI1 and PMEI13 were induced by cold but repressed by salt stress and abscisic acid, suggesting distinct roles of the genes in freezing and salt stress tolerance. Interestingly, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing CbPMEI1 or PMEI13 showed decreased freezing tolerance, as indicated by survival and electrolyte leakage assays. On the other hand, the salt tolerance of transgenic plants was increased, showing higher rates of germination, root growth, and survival under salinity conditions as compared with non-transgenic wild-type plants. Although the transgenic plants were freezing-sensitive, they showed longer roots than wild-type plants under cold conditions, suggesting a role of PMEs in balancing the trade-off between freezing tolerance and growth. Thus, our study indicates that CbPMEI1 and PMEI13 are involved in root growth regulation under cold and salt stresses, and suggests that PMEIs may be potential targets for genetic engineering aimed to improve fitness of plants under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xuehui Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yidan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiangli Ou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lizhe An
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Huyuan Feng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Zhiguang Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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94
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Bacete L, Mélida H, Miedes E, Molina A. Plant cell wall-mediated immunity: cell wall changes trigger disease resistance responses. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:614-636. [PMID: 29266460 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a repertoire of monitoring systems to sense plant morphogenesis and to face environmental changes and threats caused by different attackers. These systems integrate different signals into overreaching triggering pathways which coordinate developmental and defence-associated responses. The plant cell wall, a dynamic and complex structure surrounding every plant cell, has emerged recently as an essential component of plant monitoring systems, thus expanding its function as a passive defensive barrier. Plants have a dedicated mechanism for maintaining cell wall integrity (CWI) which comprises a diverse set of plasma membrane-resident sensors and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The PRRs perceive plant-derived ligands, such as peptides or wall glycans, known as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). These DAMPs function as 'danger' alert signals activating DAMP-triggered immunity (DTI), which shares signalling components and responses with the immune pathways triggered by non-self microbe-associated molecular patterns that mediate disease resistance. Alteration of CWI by impairment of the expression or activity of proteins involved in cell wall biosynthesis and/or remodelling, as occurs in some plant cell wall mutants, or by wall damage due to colonization by pathogens/pests, activates specific defensive and growth responses. Our current understanding of how these alterations of CWI are perceived by the wall monitoring systems is scarce and few plant sensors/PRRs and DAMPs have been characterized. The identification of these CWI sensors and PRR-DAMP pairs will help us to understand the immune functions of the wall monitoring system, and might allow the breeding of crop varieties and the design of agricultural strategies that would enhance crop disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bacete
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugo Mélida
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Miedes
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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95
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Dolzblasz A, Banasiak A, Vereecke D. Neovascularization during leafy gall formation on Arabidopsis thaliana upon Rhodococcus fascians infection. PLANTA 2018; 247:215-228. [PMID: 28942496 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2778-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Extensive de novo vascularization of leafy galls emerging upon Rhodococcus fascians infection is achieved by fascicular/interfascicular cambium activity and transdifferentiation of parenchyma cells correlated with increased auxin signaling. A leafy gall consisting of fully developed yet growth-inhibited shoots, induced by the actinomycete Rhodococcus fascians, differs in structure compared to the callus-like galls induced by other bacteria. To get insight into the vascular development accompanying the emergence of the leafy gall, the anatomy of infected axillary regions of the inflorescence stem of wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana accession Col-0 plants and the auxin response in pDR5:GUS-tagged plants were followed in time. Based on our observations, three phases can be discerned during vascularization of the symptomatic tissue. First, existing fascicular cambium becomes activated and interfascicular cambium is formed giving rise to secondary vascular elements in a basipetal direction below the infection site in the main stem and in an acropetal direction in the entire side branch. Then, parenchyma cells in the region between both stems transdifferentiate acropetally towards the surface of the developing symptomatic tissue leading to the formation of xylem and vascularize the hyperplasia as they expand. Finally, parenchyma cells in the developing gall also transdifferentiate to vascular elements without any specific direction resulting in excessive vasculature disorderly distributed in the leafy gall. Prior to any apparent anatomical changes, a strong auxin response is mounted, implying that auxin is the signal that controls the vascular differentiation induced by the infection. To conclude, we propose the "sidetracking gall hypothesis" as we discuss the mechanisms driving the formation of superfluous vasculature of the emerging leafy gall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Dolzblasz
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Alicja Banasiak
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Danny Vereecke
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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96
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Dorokhov YL, Sheshukova EV, Komarova TV. Methanol in Plant Life. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1623. [PMID: 30473703 PMCID: PMC6237831 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, plant-emitted methanol was considered a biochemical by-product, but studies in the last decade have revealed its role as a signal molecule in plant-plant and plant-animal communication. Moreover, methanol participates in metabolic biochemical processes during growth and development. The purpose of this review is to determine the impact of methanol on the growth and immunity of plants. Plants generate methanol in the reaction of the demethylation of macromolecules including DNA and proteins, but the main source of plant-derived methanol is cell wall pectins, which are demethylesterified by pectin methylesterases (PMEs). Methanol emissions increase in response to mechanical wounding or other stresses due to damage of the cell wall, which is the main source of methanol production. Gaseous methanol from the wounded plant induces defense reactions in intact leaves of the same and neighboring plants, activating so-called methanol-inducible genes (MIGs) that regulate plant resistance to biotic and abiotic factors. Since PMEs are the key enzymes in methanol production, their expression increases in response to wounding, but after elimination of the stress factor effects, the plant cell should return to the original state. The amount of functional PMEs in the cell is strictly regulated at both the gene and protein levels. There is negative feedback between one of the MIGs, aldose epimerase-like protein, and PME gene transcription; moreover, the enzymatic activity of PMEs is modulated and controlled by PME inhibitors (PMEIs), which are also induced in response to pathogenic attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri L. Dorokhov
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Yuri L. Dorokhov,
| | | | - Tatiana V. Komarova
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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97
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A transcriptomics approach uncovers novel roles for poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in the basal defense response in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0190268. [PMID: 29284022 PMCID: PMC5746271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) or loss of Arabidopsis thaliana PARG1 (poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase) disrupt a subset of plant defenses. In the present study we examined the impact of altered poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation on early gene expression induced by the microbe-associate molecular patterns (MAMPs) flagellin (flg22) and EF-Tu (elf18). Stringent statistical analyses and filtering identified 178 genes having MAMP-induced mRNA abundance patterns that were altered by either PARP inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) or PARG1 knockout. From the identified set of 178 genes, over fifty Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion lines were chosen and screened for altered basal defense responses. Subtle alterations in callose deposition and/or seedling growth in response to those MAMPs were observed in knockouts of At3g55630 (FPGS3, a cytosolic folylpolyglutamate synthetase), At5g15660 (containing an F-box domain), At1g47370 (a TIR-X (Toll-Interleukin Receptor domain)), and At5g64060 (a predicted pectin methylesterase inhibitor). Over-represented GO terms for the gene expression study included "innate immune response" for elf18/parg1, highlighting a subset of elf18-activated defense-associated genes whose expression is altered in parg1 plants. The study also allowed a tightly controlled comparison of early mRNA abundance responses to flg22 and elf18 in wild-type Arabidopsis, which revealed many differences. The PARP inhibitor 3-methoxybenzamide (3MB) was also used in the gene expression profiling, but pleiotropic impacts of this inhibitor were observed. This transcriptomics study revealed targets for further dissection of MAMP-induced plant immune responses, impacts of PARP inhibitors, and the molecular mechanisms by which poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation regulates plant responses to MAMPs.
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98
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Sénéchal F, Habrylo O, Hocq L, Domon JM, Marcelo P, Lefebvre V, Pelloux J, Mercadante D. Structural and dynamical characterization of the pH-dependence of the pectin methylesterase-pectin methylesterase inhibitor complex. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:21538-21547. [PMID: 29109147 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) catalyze the demethylesterification of pectin, one of the main polysaccharides in the plant cell wall, and are of critical importance in plant development. PME activity generates highly negatively charged pectin and mutates the physiochemical properties of the plant cell wall such that remodeling of the plant cell can occur. PMEs are therefore tightly regulated by proteinaceous inhibitors (PMEIs), some of which become active upon changes in cellular pH. Nevertheless, a detailed picture of how this pH-dependent inhibition of PME occurs at the molecular level is missing. Herein, using an interdisciplinary approach that included homology modeling, MD simulations, and biophysical and biochemical characterizations, we investigated the molecular basis of PME3 inhibition by PMEI7 in Arabidopsis thaliana Our complementary approach uncovered how changes in the protonation of amino acids at the complex interface shift the network of interacting residues between intermolecular and intramolecular. These shifts ultimately regulate the stability of the PME3-PMEI7 complex and the inhibition of the PME as a function of the pH. These findings suggest a general model of how pH-dependent proteinaceous inhibitors function. Moreover, they enhance our understanding of how PMEs may be regulated by pH and provide new insights into how this regulation may control the physical properties and structure of the plant cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Sénéchal
- From the EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Olivier Habrylo
- From the EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Ludivine Hocq
- From the EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Marc Domon
- From the EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Paulo Marcelo
- the Plateforme ICAP, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80054 Amiens, France
| | - Valérie Lefebvre
- From the EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- From the EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 80039 Amiens, France,
| | - Davide Mercadante
- the Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Heidelberg-HITS, 16920 Heidelberg, Germany, and .,the IWR-Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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99
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Escudero V, Jordá L, Sopeña-Torres S, Mélida H, Miedes E, Muñoz-Barrios A, Swami S, Alexander D, McKee LS, Sánchez-Vallet A, Bulone V, Jones AM, Molina A. Alteration of cell wall xylan acetylation triggers defense responses that counterbalance the immune deficiencies of plants impaired in the β-subunit of the heterotrimeric G-protein. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:386-399. [PMID: 28792629 PMCID: PMC5641240 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis heterotrimeric G-protein complex modulates pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and disease resistance responses to different types of pathogens. It also plays a role in plant cell wall integrity as mutants impaired in the Gβ- (agb1-2) or Gγ-subunits have an altered wall composition compared with wild-type plants. Here we performed a mutant screen to identify suppressors of agb1-2 (sgb) that restore susceptibility to pathogens to wild-type levels. Out of the four sgb mutants (sgb10-sgb13) identified, sgb11 is a new mutant allele of ESKIMO1 (ESK1), which encodes a plant-specific polysaccharide O-acetyltransferase involved in xylan acetylation. Null alleles (sgb11/esk1-7) of ESK1 restore to wild-type levels the enhanced susceptibility of agb1-2 to the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina BMM (PcBMM), but not to the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 or to the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. The enhanced resistance to PcBMM of the agb1-2 esk1-7 double mutant was not the result of the re-activation of deficient PTI responses in agb1-2. Alteration of cell wall xylan acetylation caused by ESK1 impairment was accompanied by an enhanced accumulation of abscisic acid, the constitutive expression of genes encoding antibiotic peptides and enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of tryptophan-derived metabolites, and the accumulation of disease resistance-related secondary metabolites and different osmolites. These esk1-mediated responses counterbalance the defective PTI and PcBMM susceptibility of agb1-2 plants, and explain the enhanced drought resistance of esk1 plants. These results suggest that a deficient PTI-mediated resistance is partially compensated by the activation of specific cell-wall-triggered immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Escudero
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Jordá
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Sopeña-Torres
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Hugo Mélida
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Eva Miedes
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Muñoz-Barrios
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Sanjay Swami
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Danny Alexander
- Metabolon Inc., 617 Davis Drive, Suite 400, Durham, NC 27713, USA
| | - Lauren S. McKee
- Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), School of Biotechnology, Division of Glycoscience, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Sánchez-Vallet
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), School of Biotechnology, Division of Glycoscience, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Alan M. Jones
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3280, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3280, USA
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040-Madrid, Spain
- Corresponding author:
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Fan H, Dong H, Xu C, Liu J, Hu B, Ye J, Mai G, Li H. Pectin methylesterases contribute the pathogenic differences between races 1 and 4 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13140. [PMID: 29030626 PMCID: PMC5640671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13625-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cell walls, which are mainly composed of pectin, play important roles in plant defence responses to pathogens. Pectin is synthesised in a highly esterified form and then de-esterified by pectin methylesterases (PMEs). Because of this, PMEs are directly involved in plant defence. However, the molecular mechanisms of their interactions with pectins remain unclear. In this study, we compared the expression level and enzyme activities of PMEs in a banana Cavendish cultivar (Musa AAA 'Brazilian') inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense pathogenic races 1 (Foc1) and 4 (Foc4). We further examined the spatial distribution of PMEs and five individual homogalacturonans (HGs) with different degree of pectin methylesterification (DM). Results suggested that the banana roots infected with Foc1 showed lower PME activity than those infected with Foc4, which was consisted with observed higher level of pectin DM. The level of HGs crosslinked with Ca2+ was significantly higher in roots infected with Foc1 compared with those infected with Foc4. Therefore, banana exhibited significantly different responses to Foc1 and Foc4 infection, and these results suggest differences in PME activities, DM of pectin and Ca2+-bridged HG production. These differences could have resulted in observed differences in virulence between Foc1 and Foc4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Honghong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chunxiang Xu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Bei Hu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jingwen Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guiwan Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Huaping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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