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Malacarne G, Lagreze J, Rojas San Martin B, Malnoy M, Moretto M, Moser C, Dalla Costa L. Insights into the cell-wall dynamics in grapevine berries during ripening and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Plant Mol Biol 2024; 114:38. [PMID: 38605193 PMCID: PMC11009762 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01437-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The cell wall (CW) is the dynamic structure of a plant cell, acting as a barrier against biotic and abiotic stresses. In grape berries, the modifications of pulp and skin CW during softening ensure flexibility during cell expansion and determine the final berry texture. In addition, the CW of grape berry skin is of fundamental importance for winemaking, controlling secondary metabolite extractability. Grapevine varieties with contrasting CW characteristics generally respond differently to biotic and abiotic stresses. In the context of climate change, it is important to investigate the CW dynamics occurring upon different stresses, to define new adaptation strategies. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms underlying CW modifications during grapevine berry fruit ripening, plant-pathogen interaction, or in response to environmental stresses, also considering the most recently published transcriptomic data. Furthermore, perspectives of new biotechnological approaches aiming at modifying the CW properties based on other crops' examples are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Malacarne
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Trento, Italy.
| | - Jorge Lagreze
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Trento, Italy
- Centre Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Trento, Italy
| | - Barbara Rojas San Martin
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Trento, Italy
- Centre Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Trento, Italy
| | - Mickael Malnoy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Trento, Italy
| | - Marco Moretto
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Trento, Italy
| | - Claudio Moser
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Trento, Italy
| | - Lorenza Dalla Costa
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Trento, Italy
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2
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Baebler Š, Coll A, Malacarne G. Editorial: Women in plant pathogen interactions: 2022. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1249821. [PMID: 37564388 PMCID: PMC10409640 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1249821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Špela Baebler
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anna Coll
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Giulia Malacarne
- Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
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Moretto M, Sonego P, Pilati S, Matus JT, Costantini L, Malacarne G, Engelen K. A COMPASS for VESPUCCI: A FAIR Way to Explore the Grapevine Transcriptomic Landscape. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:815443. [PMID: 35283898 PMCID: PMC8908374 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.815443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Successfully integrating transcriptomic experiments is a challenging task with the ultimate goal of analyzing gene expression data in the broader context of all available measurements, all from a single point of access. In its second major release VESPUCCI, the integrated database of gene expression data for grapevine, has been updated to be FAIR-compliant, employing standards and created with open-source technologies. It includes all public grapevine gene expression experiments from both microarray and RNA-seq platforms. Transcriptomic data can be accessed in multiple ways through the newly developed COMPASS GraphQL interface, while the expression values are normalized using different methodologies to flexibly satisfy different analysis requirements. Sample annotations are manually curated and use standard formats and ontologies. The updated version of VESPUCCI provides easy querying and analyzing of integrated grapevine gene expression (meta)data and can be seamlessly embedded in any analysis workflow or tools. VESPUCCI is freely accessible and offers several ways of interaction, depending on the specific goals and purposes and/or user expertise; an overview can be found at https://vespucci.readthedocs.io/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Moretto
- Unit of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Paolo Sonego
- Unit of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Stefania Pilati
- Unit of Plant Biology and Physiology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - José Tomás Matus
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Paterna, Spain
| | - Laura Costantini
- Unit of Grapevine Genetics and Breeding, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Giulia Malacarne
- Unit of Plant Biology and Physiology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Kristof Engelen
- Unit of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
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4
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Pirrello C, Malacarne G, Moretto M, Lenzi L, Perazzolli M, Zeilmaker T, Van den Ackerveken G, Pilati S, Moser C, Giacomelli L. Grapevine DMR6-1 Is a Candidate Gene for Susceptibility to Downy mildew. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020182. [PMID: 35204683 PMCID: PMC8961545 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is a valuable crop in Europe for both economical and cultural reasons, but highly susceptible to Downy mildew (DM). The generation of resistant vines is of critical importance for a sustainable viticulture and can be achieved either by introgression of resistance genes in susceptible varieties or by mutation of Susceptibility (S) genes, e.g., by gene editing. This second approach offers several advantages: it maintains the genetic identity of cultivars otherwise disrupted by crossing and generally results in a broad-spectrum and durable resistance, but it is hindered by the poor knowledge about S genes in grapevines. Candidate S genes are Downy mildew Resistance 6 (DMR6) and DMR6-Like Oxygenases (DLOs), whose mutations confer resistance to DM in Arabidopsis. In this work, we show that grapevine VviDMR6-1 complements the Arabidopsis dmr6-1 resistant mutant. We studied the expression of grapevine VviDMR6 and VviDLO genes in different organs and in response to the DM causative agent Plasmopara viticola. Through an automated evaluation of causal relationships among genes, we show that VviDMR6-1, VviDMR6-2, and VviDLO1 group into different co-regulatory networks, suggesting distinct functions, and that mostly VviDMR6-1 is connected with pathogenesis-responsive genes. Therefore, VviDMR6-1 represents a good candidate to produce resistant cultivars with a gene-editing approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Pirrello
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (C.P.); (G.M.); (M.M.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (C.M.)
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Giulia Malacarne
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (C.P.); (G.M.); (M.M.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Marco Moretto
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (C.P.); (G.M.); (M.M.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Luisa Lenzi
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (C.P.); (G.M.); (M.M.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Michele Perazzolli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (C.P.); (G.M.); (M.M.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (C.M.)
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Tieme Zeilmaker
- SciENZA Biotechnologies B.V., Sciencepark 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Guido Van den Ackerveken
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Stefania Pilati
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (C.P.); (G.M.); (M.M.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Claudio Moser
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (C.P.); (G.M.); (M.M.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Lisa Giacomelli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (C.P.); (G.M.); (M.M.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Pilati S, Malacarne G, Navarro-Payá D, Tomè G, Riscica L, Cavecchia V, Matus JT, Moser C, Blanzieri E. Vitis OneGenE: A Causality-Based Approach to Generate Gene Networks in Vitis vinifera Sheds Light on the Laccase and Dirigent Gene Families. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1744. [PMID: 34944388 PMCID: PMC8698957 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The abundance of transcriptomic data and the development of causal inference methods have paved the way for gene network analyses in grapevine. Vitis OneGenE is a transcriptomic data mining tool that finds direct correlations between genes, thus producing association networks. As a proof of concept, the stilbene synthase gene regulatory network obtained with OneGenE has been compared with published co-expression analysis and experimental data, including cistrome data for MYB stilbenoid regulators. As a case study, the two secondary metabolism pathways of stilbenoids and lignin synthesis were explored. Several isoforms of laccase, peroxidase, and dirigent protein genes, putatively involved in the final oxidative oligomerization steps, were identified as specifically belonging to either one of these pathways. Manual curation of the predicted sequences exploiting the last available genome assembly, and the integration of phylogenetic and OneGenE analyses, identified a group of laccases exclusively present in grapevine and related to stilbenoids. Here we show how network analysis by OneGenE can accelerate knowledge discovery by suggesting new candidates for functional characterization and application in breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Pilati
- Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (G.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Giulia Malacarne
- Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (G.M.); (C.M.)
| | - David Navarro-Payá
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, 46908 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (D.N.-P.); (J.T.M.)
| | - Gabriele Tomè
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy;
| | - Laura Riscica
- Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (L.R.); (E.B.)
| | - Valter Cavecchia
- CNR-Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, 38123 Trento, Italy;
| | - José Tomás Matus
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, 46908 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (D.N.-P.); (J.T.M.)
| | - Claudio Moser
- Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (G.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Enrico Blanzieri
- Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (L.R.); (E.B.)
- CNR-Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, 38123 Trento, Italy;
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Vezzulli S, Malacarne G, Masuero D, Vecchione A, Dolzani C, Goremykin V, Mehari ZH, Banchi E, Velasco R, Stefanini M, Vrhovsek U, Zulini L, Franceschi P, Moser C. The Rpv3-3 Haplotype and Stilbenoid Induction Mediate Downy Mildew Resistance in a Grapevine Interspecific Population. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:234. [PMID: 30894868 PMCID: PMC6414455 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of new resistant varieties to the oomycete Plasmopara viticola (Berk.& Curt) is a promising way to combat downy mildew (DM), one of the major diseases threatening the cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Taking advantage of a segregating population derived from "Merzling" (a mid-resistant hybrid) and "Teroldego" (a susceptible landrace), 136 F1 individuals were characterized by combining genetic, phenotypic, and gene expression data to elucidate the genetic basis of DM resistance and polyphenol biosynthesis upon P. viticola infection. An improved consensus linkage map was obtained by scoring 192 microsatellite markers. The progeny were screened for DM resistance and production of 42 polyphenols. QTL mapping showed that DM resistance is associated with the herein named Rpv3-3 specific haplotype and it identified 46 novel metabolic QTLs linked to 30 phenolics-related parameters. A list of the 95 most relevant candidate genes was generated by specifically exploring the stilbenoid-associated QTLs. Expression analysis of 11 genes in Rpv3-3 +/- genotypes displaying disparity in DM resistance level and stilbenoid accumulation revealed significant new candidates for the genetic control of stilbenoid biosynthesis and oligomerization. These overall findings emphasized that DM resistance is likely mediated by the major Rpv3-3 haplotype and stilbenoid induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Vezzulli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Giulia Malacarne
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Domenico Masuero
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Antonella Vecchione
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Chiara Dolzani
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Vadim Goremykin
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Zeraye Haile Mehari
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Elisa Banchi
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Riccardo Velasco
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- CREA Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Conegliano, Italy
| | - Marco Stefanini
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Luca Zulini
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Pietro Franceschi
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Claudio Moser
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
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7
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Haile ZM, Malacarne G, Pilati S, Sonego P, Moretto M, Masuero D, Vrhovsek U, Engelen K, Baraldi E, Moser C. Dual Transcriptome and Metabolic Analysis of Vitis vinifera cv. Pinot Noir Berry and Botrytis cinerea During Quiescence and Egressed Infection. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1704. [PMID: 32082332 PMCID: PMC7002552 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is an important necrotroph in vineyards. Primary infections are mostly initiated by airborne conidia from overwintered sources around bloom, then the fungus remains quiescent from bloom till maturity and egresses at ripeness. We previously described in detail the process of flower infection and quiescence initiation. Here, we complete the characterization studying the cross-talk between the plant and the fungus during pathogen quiescence and egression by an integrated transcriptomic and metabolic analysis of the host and the pathogen. Flowers from fruiting cuttings of the cv. Pinot Noir were inoculated with a GFP-labeled strain of B. cinerea at full cap-off stage, and molecular analyses were carried out at 4 weeks post inoculation (wpi, fungal quiescent state) and at 12 wpi (fungal pre-egression and egression states). The expressed fungal transcriptome highlighted that the fungus remodels its cell wall to evade plant chitinases besides undergoing basal metabolic activities. Berries responded by differentially regulating genes encoding for different PR proteins and genes involved in monolignol, flavonoid, and stilbenoid biosynthesis pathways. At 12 wpi, the transcriptome of B. cinerea in the pre-egressed samples showed that virulence-related genes were expressed, suggesting infection process was initiated. The egressed B. cinerea expressed almost all virulence and growth related genes that enabled the pathogen to colonize the berries. In response to egression, ripe berries reprogrammed different defense responses, though futile. Examples are activation of membrane localized kinases, stilbene synthases, and other PR proteins related to SA and JA-mediated responses. Our results indicated that hard-green berries defense program was capable to hamper B. cinerea growth. However, ripening associated fruit cell wall self-disassembly together with high humidity created the opportunity for the fungus to egress and cause bunch rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeraye Mehari Haile
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Pathology, DISTAL, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Plant Protection Research Division of Melkassa Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Giulia Malacarne
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giulia Malacarne,
| | - Stefania Pilati
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Paolo Sonego
- Unit of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Marco Moretto
- Unit of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Domenico Masuero
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Kristof Engelen
- ESAT-ELECTA, Electrical Energy and Computer Architectures, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elena Baraldi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Pathology, DISTAL, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Moser
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy
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Malacarne G, Pilati S, Valentini S, Asnicar F, Moretto M, Sonego P, Masera L, Cavecchia V, Blanzieri E, Moser C. Discovering Causal Relationships in Grapevine Expression Data to Expand Gene Networks. A Case Study: Four Networks Related to Climate Change. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:1385. [PMID: 30298082 PMCID: PMC6161569 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years the scientific community has been heavily engaged in studying the grapevine response to climate change. Final goal is the identification of key genetic traits to be used in grapevine breeding and the setting of agronomic practices to improve climatic resilience. The increasing availability of transcriptomic studies, describing gene expression in many tissues and developmental, or treatment conditions, have allowed the implementation of gene expression compendia, which enclose a huge amount of information. The mining of transcriptomic data represents an effective approach to expand a known local gene network (LGN) by finding new related genes. We recently published a pipeline based on the iterative application of the PC-algorithm, named NES2RA, to expand gene networks in Escherichia coli and Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we propose the application of this method to the grapevine transcriptomic compendium Vespucci, in order to expand four LGNs related to the grapevine response to climate change. Two networks are related to the secondary metabolic pathways for anthocyanin and stilbenoid synthesis, involved in the response to solar radiation, whereas the other two are signaling networks, related to the hormones abscisic acid and ethylene, possibly involved in the regulation of cell water balance and cuticle transpiration. The expansion networks produced by NES2RA algorithm have been evaluated by comparison with experimental data and biological knowledge on the identified genes showing fairly good consistency of the results. In addition, the algorithm was effective in retaining only the most significant interactions among the genes providing a useful framework for experimental validation. The application of the NES2RA to Vitis vinifera expression data by means of the BOINC-based implementation is available upon request (valter.cavecchia@cnr.it).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Malacarne
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all′Adige, Italy
| | - Stefania Pilati
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all′Adige, Italy
| | - Samuel Valentini
- Unit of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all′Adige, Italy
| | - Francesco Asnicar
- Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Marco Moretto
- Unit of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all′Adige, Italy
| | - Paolo Sonego
- Unit of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all′Adige, Italy
| | - Luca Masera
- Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Valter Cavecchia
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, Trento, Italy
| | - Enrico Blanzieri
- Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, Trento, Italy
| | - Claudio Moser
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all′Adige, Italy
- *Correspondence: Claudio Moser,
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9
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Haile ZM, Pilati S, Sonego P, Malacarne G, Vrhovsek U, Engelen K, Tudzynski P, Zottini M, Baraldi E, Moser C. Molecular analysis of the early interaction between the grapevine flower and Botrytis cinerea reveals that prompt activation of specific host pathways leads to fungus quiescence. Plant Cell Environ 2017; 40:1409-1428. [PMID: 28239986 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Grape quality and yield can be impaired by bunch rot, caused by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Infection often occurs at flowering, and the pathogen stays quiescent until fruit maturity. Here, we report a molecular analysis of the early interaction between B. cinerea and Vitis vinifera flowers, using a controlled infection system, confocal microscopy and integrated transcriptomic and metabolic analysis of the host and the pathogen. Flowers from fruiting cuttings of the cultivar Pinot Noir were infected with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labelled B. cinerea and studied at 24 and 96 hours post-inoculation (h.p.i.). We observed that penetration of the epidermis by B. cinerea coincided with increased expression of genes encoding cell-wall-degrading enzymes, phytotoxins and proteases. Grapevine responded with a rapid defence reaction involving 1193 genes associated with the accumulation of antimicrobial proteins, polyphenols, reactive oxygen species and cell wall reinforcement. At 96 h.p.i., the reaction appears largely diminished both in the host and in the pathogen. Our data indicate that the defence responses of the grapevine flower collectively are able to restrict invasive fungal growth into the underlying tissues, thereby forcing the fungus to enter quiescence until the conditions become more favourable to resume pathogenic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeraye Mehari Haile
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38010, Trentino, Italy
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46,, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Pilati
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38010, Trentino, Italy
| | - Paolo Sonego
- Computational Biology Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38010, Trentino, Italy
| | - Giulia Malacarne
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38010, Trentino, Italy
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38010, Trentino, Italy
| | - Kristof Engelen
- Computational Biology Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38010, Trentino, Italy
| | - Paul Tudzynski
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Michela Zottini
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B,, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Elena Baraldi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46,, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Moser
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38010, Trentino, Italy
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Malacarne G, Coller E, Czemmel S, Vrhovsek U, Engelen K, Goremykin V, Bogs J, Moser C. The grapevine VvibZIPC22 transcription factor is involved in the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis. J Exp Bot 2016; 67:3509-22. [PMID: 27194742 PMCID: PMC4892739 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In grapevine, flavonoids constitute one of the most abundant subgroups of secondary metabolites, influencing the quality, health value, and typicity of wines. Their synthesis in many plant species is mainly regulated at the transcriptional level by modulation of flavonoid pathway genes either by single regulators or by complexes of different regulators. In particular, bZIP and MYB factors interact synergistically in the recognition of light response units present in the promoter of some genes of the pathway, thus mediating light-dependent flavonoid biosynthesis. We recently identified VvibZIPC22, a member of clade C of the grapevine bZIP family, in a quantitative trait locus (QTL) specifically associated with kaemperol content in mature berries. Here, to validate the involvement of this candidate gene in the fine regulation of flavonol biosynthesis, we characterized its function by in vitro and in vivo experiments. A role for this gene in the control of flavonol biosynthesis was indeed confirmed by its highest expression at flowering and during UV light-mediated induction, paralleled by accumulation of the flavonol synthase 1 transcript and flavonol compounds. The overexpression of VvibZIPC22 in tobacco caused a significant increase in several flavonoids in the flower, via induction of general and specific genes of the pathway. In agreement with this evidence, VvibZIPC22 was able to activate the promoters of specific genes of the flavonoid pathway, alone or together with other factors, as revealed by transient reporter assays. These findings, supported by in silico indications, allowed us to propose VvibZIPC22 as a new regulator of flavonoid biosynthesis in grapevine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Malacarne
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Emanuela Coller
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Stefan Czemmel
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Kristof Engelen
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Vadim Goremykin
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Jochen Bogs
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany Studiengang Weinbau und Oenologie, Dienstleistungszentrum Laendlicher Raum Rheinpfalz, Breitenweg 71, D-67435 Neustadt, Germany
| | - Claudio Moser
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
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Moretto M, Sonego P, Pilati S, Malacarne G, Costantini L, Grzeskowiak L, Bagagli G, Grando MS, Moser C, Engelen K. VESPUCCI: Exploring Patterns of Gene Expression in Grapevine. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:633. [PMID: 27242836 PMCID: PMC4862315 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale transcriptional studies aim to decipher the dynamic cellular responses to a stimulus, like different environmental conditions. In the era of high-throughput omics biology, the most used technologies for these purposes are microarray and RNA-Seq, whose data are usually required to be deposited in public repositories upon publication. Such repositories have the enormous potential to provide a comprehensive view of how different experimental conditions lead to expression changes, by comparing gene expression across all possible measured conditions. Unfortunately, this task is greatly impaired by differences among experimental platforms that make direct comparisons difficult. In this paper, we present the Vitis Expression Studies Platform Using COLOMBOS Compendia Instances (VESPUCCI), a gene expression compendium for grapevine which was built by adapting an approach originally developed for bacteria, and show how it can be used to investigate complex gene expression patterns. We integrated nearly all publicly available microarray and RNA-Seq expression data: 1608 gene expression samples from 10 different technological platforms. Each sample has been manually annotated using a controlled vocabulary developed ad hoc to ensure both human readability and computational tractability. Expression data in the compendium can be visually explored using several tools provided by the web interface or can be programmatically accessed using the REST interface. VESPUCCI is freely accessible at http://vespucci.colombos.fmach.it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Moretto
- Department of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund MachTrento, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
| | - Paolo Sonego
- Department of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund MachTrento, Italy
| | - Stefania Pilati
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund MachTrento, Italy
| | - Giulia Malacarne
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund MachTrento, Italy
| | - Laura Costantini
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund MachTrento, Italy
| | - Lukasz Grzeskowiak
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund MachTrento, Italy
| | - Giorgia Bagagli
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund MachTrento, Italy
| | - Maria Stella Grando
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund MachTrento, Italy
| | - Claudio Moser
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund MachTrento, Italy
| | - Kristof Engelen
- Department of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund MachTrento, Italy
- *Correspondence: Kristof Engelen,
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Malacarne G, Costantini L, Coller E, Battilana J, Velasco R, Vrhovsek U, Grando MS, Moser C. Regulation of flavonol content and composition in (Syrah×Pinot Noir) mature grapes: integration of transcriptional profiling and metabolic quantitative trait locus analyses. J Exp Bot 2015; 66:4441-53. [PMID: 26071529 PMCID: PMC4507773 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flavonols are a ubiquitous class of flavonoids that accumulate preferentially in flowers and mature berries. Besides their photo-protective function, they play a fundamental role during winemaking, stabilizing the colour by co-pigmentation with anthocyanins and contributing to organoleptic characteristics. Although the general flavonol pathway has been genetically and biochemically elucidated, the genetic control of flavonol content and composition at harvest is still not clear. To this purpose, the grapes of 170 segregating F1 individuals from a 'Syrah'×'Pinot Noir' population were evaluated at the mature stage for the content of six flavonol aglycons in four seasons. Metabolic data in combination with genetic data enabled the identification of 16 mQTLs (metabolic quantitative trait loci). For the first time, major genetic control by the linkage group 2 (LG 2)/MYBA region on flavonol variation, in particular of tri-hydroxylated flavonols, is demonstrated. Moreover, seven regions specifically associated with the fine control of flavonol biosynthesis are identified. Gene expression profiling of two groups of individuals significantly divergent for their skin flavonol content identified a large set of differentially modulated transcripts. Among these, the transcripts coding for MYB and bZIP transcription factors, methyltranferases, and glucosyltranferases specific for flavonols, proteins, and factors belonging to the UV-B signalling pathway and co-localizing with the QTL regions are proposed as candidate genes for the fine regulation of flavonol content and composition in mature grapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Malacarne
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Laura Costantini
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Emanuela Coller
- Computational Biology Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Juri Battilana
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Riccardo Velasco
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Maria Stella Grando
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Claudio Moser
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
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Costantini L, Malacarne G, Lorenzi S, Troggio M, Mattivi F, Moser C, Grando MS. New candidate genes for the fine regulation of the colour of grapes. J Exp Bot 2015; 66:4427-40. [PMID: 26071528 PMCID: PMC4507754 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, great progress has been made in clarifying the main determinants of anthocyanin accumulation in grape berry skin. However, the molecular details of the fine variation among cultivars, which ultimately contributes to wine typicity, are still not completely understood. To shed light on this issue, the grapes of 170 F1 progeny from the cross 'Syrah'×'Pinot Noir' were characterized at the mature stage for the content of 15 anthocyanins during four growing seasons. This huge data set was used in combination with a dense genetic map to detect genomic regions controlling the anthocyanin pathway both at key enzymatic points and at particular branches. Genes putatively involved in fine tuning the global regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis were identified by exploring the gene predictions in the QTL (quantitative trait locus) confidence intervals and their expression profile during berry development in offspring with contrasting anthocyanin accumulation. New information on some aspects which had scarcely been investigated so far, such as anthocyanin transport into the vacuole, or completely neglected, such as acylation, is provided. These genes represent a valuable resource in grapevine molecular-based breeding programmes to improve both fruit and wine quality and to tailor wine sensory properties according to consumer demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Costantini
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Giulia Malacarne
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Silvia Lorenzi
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Michela Troggio
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Fulvio Mattivi
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Claudio Moser
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Maria Stella Grando
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
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Malacarne G, Vellano C. Effects of nostril plugging and of habenulectomy on sexual behaviour in the male crested newt. Behav Processes 2014; 7:307-17. [PMID: 24923496 DOI: 10.1016/0376-6357(82)90003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/1982] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to gain some insight into the possible involvement of the habenulae in the control of sexual behaviour in the male crested newt, a comparison was made between the effects of olfactory deprivation by bilateral nostril plugging and of habenulectomy on courtship performance and locomotor activity. Both treatments led to a decrease in spontaneous locomotion and to a drastic abolition of the complex courtship ritual characterized by the sequence of male postures displayed prior to spermatophore deposition. Following nostril plug removal, the animals resumed their normal activities. Unilateral plugging had no effect. These results seem to lend further support to the importance of specific olfactory stimuli in sexual behaviour. The main finding obtained here was the strict comparability between the behavioural changes resulting from habenulectomy and the olfactory-related changes following nostril plugging, linking from a functional point of view the habenulae with the olfactory system. According to recent reports available in the literature, the morphological organization of the habenular nuclei in urodeles still needs further clarification. On the basis of the present results, the possible importance of the habenulae in olfactory integration in the crested newt might be postulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Malacarne
- Institute of Comparative Anatomy, University of Turin, Via Giolitti 34 - 10123 Turin Italy
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Perazzolli M, Malacarne G, Baldo A, Righetti L, Bailey A, Fontana P, Velasco R, Malnoy M. Characterization of resistance gene analogues (RGAs) in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) and their evolutionary history of the Rosaceae family. PLoS One 2014; 9:e83844. [PMID: 24505246 PMCID: PMC3914791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of resistance gene analogues (RGAs) with a nucleotide-binding site (NBS) domain accounts for the largest number of disease resistance genes and is one of the largest gene families in plants. We have identified 868 RGAs in the genome of the apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) cultivar ‘Golden Delicious’. This represents 1.51% of the total number of predicted genes for this cultivar. Several evolutionary features are pronounced in M. domestica, including a high fraction (80%) of RGAs occurring in clusters. This suggests frequent tandem duplication and ectopic translocation events. Of the identified RGAs, 56% are located preferentially on six chromosomes (Chr 2, 7, 8, 10, 11, and 15), and 25% are located on Chr 2. TIR-NBS and non-TIR-NBS classes of RGAs are primarily exclusive of different chromosomes, and 99% of non-TIR-NBS RGAs are located on Chr 11. A phylogenetic reconstruction was conducted to study the evolution of RGAs in the Rosaceae family. More than 1400 RGAs were identified in six species based on their NBS domain, and a neighbor-joining analysis was used to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships among the protein sequences. Specific phylogenetic clades were found for RGAs of Malus, Fragaria, and Rosa, indicating genus-specific evolution of resistance genes. However, strikingly similar RGAs were shared in Malus, Pyrus, and Prunus, indicating high conservation of specific RGAs and suggesting a monophyletic origin of these three genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Perazzolli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Giulia Malacarne
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Angela Baldo
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Plant Genetic Resources Unit, Geneva, New York, United States of America
| | - Laura Righetti
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Aubrey Bailey
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Plant Genetic Resources Unit, Geneva, New York, United States of America
| | - Paolo Fontana
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Riccardo Velasco
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Mickael Malnoy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Tizzani P, Negri E, Silvano F, Malacarne G, Meneguz PG. Does the use of playback affect the estimated numbers of red–legged partridge Alectoris rufa? Anim Biodiv Conserv 2012. [DOI: 10.32800/abc.2012.35.0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The red–legged partridge Alectoris rufa lives in a situation of potential conservation risk for its long–term preservation in Italy as its habitat is increasingly threatened by the disappearance of traditional agriculture–related environments. In such a situation, it is important to use effective and appropriate monitoring methods to assess population changes over time and to identify potential conservation threats. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the playback method to estimate the density of calling males. We compared playback method with spontaneous calling of males at dawn and direct observations along transects. The results on raw count data of playback counts revealed a strong underestimation rate compared to the method that gave the best results: count of spontaneous calls at dawn. Our study provides a critical evaluation of a method that is widely used even though data about its effectiveness are scarce. Our data do not evaluate detection probability of the three methods. Our aim was only to evaluate which methods give the best results in term of population size estimation under the same field condition (same population density, same period, same monitoring area). The results raise some doubts about the ability of the playback method to monitor red–legged partridge populations. The implications of our results for red–legged population management are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Cucco
- DISIT; University of Piemonte Orientale; Alessandria; Italy
| | - M. Grenna
- DISIT; University of Piemonte Orientale; Alessandria; Italy
| | - G. Malacarne
- DISIT; University of Piemonte Orientale; Alessandria; Italy
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Cucco M, Grenna M, Pellegrino I, Malacarne G. Egg-sequence rather than mating preference influences female egg investment in the red-legged partridge. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2011.584565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Malacarne G, Vrhovsek U, Zulini L, Cestaro A, Stefanini M, Mattivi F, Delledonne M, Velasco R, Moser C. Resistance to Plasmopara viticola in a grapevine segregating population is associated with stilbenoid accumulation and with specific host transcriptional responses. BMC Plant Biol 2011; 11:114. [PMID: 21838877 PMCID: PMC3170253 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Downy mildew, caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola, is a serious disease in Vitis vinifera, the most commonly cultivated grapevine species. Several wild Vitis species have instead been found to be resistant to this pathogen and have been used as a source to introgress resistance into a V. vinifera background. Stilbenoids represent the major phytoalexins in grapevine, and their toxicity is closely related to the specific compound. The aim of this study was to assess the resistance response to P. viticola of the Merzling × Teroldego cross by profiling the stilbenoid content of the leaves of an entire population and the transcriptome of resistant and susceptible individuals following infection. RESULTS A three-year analysis of the population's response to artificial inoculation showed that individuals were distributed in nine classes ranging from total resistance to total susceptibility. In addition, quantitative metabolite profiling of stilbenoids in the population, carried out using HPLC-DAD-MS, identified three distinct groups differing according to the concentrations present and the complexity of their profiles. The high producers were characterized by the presence of trans-resveratrol, trans-piceid, trans-pterostilbene and up to thirteen different viniferins, nine of them new in grapevine.Accumulation of these compounds is consistent with a resistant phenotype and suggests that they may contribute to the resistance response.A preliminary transcriptional study using cDNA-AFLP selected a set of genes modulated by the oomycete in a resistant genotype. The expression of this set of genes in resistant and susceptible genotypes of the progeny population was then assessed by comparative microarray analysis.A group of 57 genes was found to be exclusively modulated in the resistant genotype suggesting that they are involved in the grapevine-P. viticola incompatible interaction. Functional annotation of these transcripts revealed that they belong to the categories defense response, photosynthesis, primary and secondary metabolism, signal transduction and transport. CONCLUSIONS This study reports the results of a combined metabolic and transcriptional profiling of a grapevine population segregating for resistance to P. viticola. Some resistant individuals were identified and further characterized at the molecular level. These results will be valuable to future grapevine breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Malacarne
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Center, Via E.Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Center, Via E.Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Luca Zulini
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Center, Via E.Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cestaro
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Center, Via E.Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Marco Stefanini
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Center, Via E.Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Fulvio Mattivi
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Center, Via E.Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Massimo Delledonne
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Riccardo Velasco
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Center, Via E.Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Claudio Moser
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Center, Via E.Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
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Mattivi F, Vrhovsek U, Malacarne G, Masuero D, Zulini L, Stefanini M, Moser C, Velasco R, Guella G. Profiling of resveratrol oligomers, important stress metabolites, accumulating in the leaves of hybrid Vitis vinifera (Merzling × Teroldego) genotypes infected with Plasmopara viticola. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:5364-75. [PMID: 21510709 DOI: 10.1021/jf200771y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In the Vitaceae, viniferins represent a relatively restricted group of trans-resveratrol oligomers with antifungal properties, thus enabling plants to cope with pathogen attack. The aim of this study was to perform isolation and structural characterization of the whole class of viniferins accumulating in the leaves of hybrid Vitis vinifera (Merzling × Teroldego) genotypes infected with Plasmopara viticola . Infected leaves of resistant plants were collected 6 days after infection, extracted with methanol, and prepurified by flash chromatography using ENV+ and Toyopearl HW 40S resins. Further fractionation using normal-phase preparative chromatography and then reversed-phase preparative chromatography allowed isolation of 14 peaks. The isolated compounds were identified using advanced mass spectrometry techniques and extensive one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance measurements, UV, CD, optical properties, and molecular mechanic calculations. The results demonstrated the presence in infected leaves of seven dimers (six stilbenes and one stilbenoid), of which four were new in grapevine (ampelopsin D, quadrangularin A, E-ω-viniferin, and Z-ω-viniferin), four trimers (three stilbenes and one stilbenoid), of which two (Z-miyabenol C and E-cis-miyabenol C) were new in grapevine, three tetramer stilbenoids, all new in grapevine, isohopeaphenol, ampelopsin H, and a vaticanol C-like isomer. The isolation of a dimer deriving from the condensation of (+)-catechin with trans-caffeic acid also indicated that other preformed phenolics are structurally modified in tissues infected with P. viticola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Mattivi
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, IASMA Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.
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Fenoglio S, Bo T, Cucco M, Mercalli L, Malacarne G. Effects of global climate change on freshwater biota: A review with special emphasis on the Italian situation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/11250000903176497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Velasco R, Zharkikh A, Affourtit J, Dhingra A, Cestaro A, Kalyanaraman A, Fontana P, Bhatnagar SK, Troggio M, Pruss D, Salvi S, Pindo M, Baldi P, Castelletti S, Cavaiuolo M, Coppola G, Costa F, Cova V, Dal Ri A, Goremykin V, Komjanc M, Longhi S, Magnago P, Malacarne G, Malnoy M, Micheletti D, Moretto M, Perazzolli M, Si-Ammour A, Vezzulli S, Zini E, Eldredge G, Fitzgerald LM, Gutin N, Lanchbury J, Macalma T, Mitchell JT, Reid J, Wardell B, Kodira C, Chen Z, Desany B, Niazi F, Palmer M, Koepke T, Jiwan D, Schaeffer S, Krishnan V, Wu C, Chu VT, King ST, Vick J, Tao Q, Mraz A, Stormo A, Stormo K, Bogden R, Ederle D, Stella A, Vecchietti A, Kater MM, Masiero S, Lasserre P, Lespinasse Y, Allan AC, Bus V, Chagné D, Crowhurst RN, Gleave AP, Lavezzo E, Fawcett JA, Proost S, Rouzé P, Sterck L, Toppo S, Lazzari B, Hellens RP, Durel CE, Gutin A, Bumgarner RE, Gardiner SE, Skolnick M, Egholm M, Van de Peer Y, Salamini F, Viola R. The genome of the domesticated apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.). Nat Genet 2010; 42:833-9. [DOI: 10.1038/ng.654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1538] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Garcia-Fernandez V, Guasco B, Tanvez A, Lacroix A, Cucco M, Leboucher G, Malacarne G. Influence of mating preferences on yolk testosterone in the grey partridge. Anim Behav 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Scalabrin S, Troggio M, Moroldo M, Pindo M, Felice N, Coppola G, Prete G, Malacarne G, Marconi R, Faes G, Jurman I, Grando S, Jesse T, Segala C, Valle G, Policriti A, Fontana P, Morgante M, Velasco R. Physical mapping in highly heterozygous genomes: a physical contig map of the Pinot Noir grapevine cultivar. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:204. [PMID: 20346114 PMCID: PMC2865496 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars grown today are those selected centuries ago, even though grapevine is one of the most important fruit crops in the world. Grapevine has therefore not benefited from the advances in modern plant breeding nor more recently from those in molecular genetics and genomics: genes controlling important agronomic traits are practically unknown. A physical map is essential to positionally clone such genes and instrumental in a genome sequencing project. RESULTS We report on the first whole genome physical map of grapevine built using high information content fingerprinting of 49,104 BAC clones from the cultivar Pinot Noir. Pinot Noir, as most grape varieties, is highly heterozygous at the sequence level. This resulted in the two allelic haplotypes sometimes assembling into separate contigs that had to be accommodated in the map framework or in local expansions of contig maps. We performed computer simulations to assess the effects of increasing levels of sequence heterozygosity on BAC fingerprint assembly and showed that the experimental assembly results are in full agreement with the theoretical expectations, given the heterozygosity levels reported for grape. The map is anchored to a dense linkage map consisting of 994 markers. 436 contigs are anchored to the genetic map, covering 342 of the 475 Mb that make up the grape haploid genome. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a resource that makes it possible to access the grapevine genome, opening the way to a new era both in grape genetics and breeding and in wine making. The effects of heterozygosity on the assembly have been analyzed and characterized by using several complementary approaches which could be easily transferred to the study of other genomes which present the same features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Scalabrin
- Istituto di Genomica Applicata, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico di Udine Luigi Danieli, Via J Linussio 51, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Cucco M, Guasco B, Ottonelli R, Balbo V, Malacarne G. The influence of temperature on egg composition in the grey partridgePerdix perdix. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2009.9522511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Salmaso M, Malacarne G, Troggio M, Faes G, Stefanini M, Grando MS, Velasco R. A grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) genetic map integrating the position of 139 expressed genes. Theor Appl Genet 2008; 116:1129-43. [PMID: 18347774 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-008-0741-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/01/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine molecular maps based on microsatellites, AFLP and RAPD markers are now available. SSRs are essential to allow cross-talks between maps, thus upgrading any growing grapevine maps. In this work, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were developed from coding sequences and from unique BAC-end sequences, and nested in a SSR framework map of grapevine. Genes participating to flavonoids metabolism and defence, and signal transduction pathways related genes were also considered. Primer pairs for 351 loci were developed from ESTs present on public databases and screened for polymorphism in the "Merzling" (a complex genotype Freiburg 993-60 derived from multiple crosses also involving wild Vitis species) x Vitis vinifera (cv. Teroldego) cross population. In total 138 SNPs, 108 SSR markers and a phenotypic trait (berry colour) were mapped in 19 major linkage groups of the consensus map. In specific cases, ESTs with putatively related functions mapped near QTLs previously identified for resistance and berry ripening. Genes related to anthocyanin metabolism mapped in different linkage groups. A myb gene, which has been correlated with anthocyanin biosynthesis, cosegregated with berry colour on linkage group 2. The possibility of associating candidate genes to known position of QTL is discussed for this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Salmaso
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Department, Istituto Agrario San Michele all'Adige, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele a/A (TN), Italy.
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Velasco R, Zharkikh A, Troggio M, Cartwright DA, Cestaro A, Pruss D, Pindo M, Fitzgerald LM, Vezzulli S, Reid J, Malacarne G, Iliev D, Coppola G, Wardell B, Micheletti D, Macalma T, Facci M, Mitchell JT, Perazzolli M, Eldredge G, Gatto P, Oyzerski R, Moretto M, Gutin N, Stefanini M, Chen Y, Segala C, Davenport C, Demattè L, Mraz A, Battilana J, Stormo K, Costa F, Tao Q, Si-Ammour A, Harkins T, Lackey A, Perbost C, Taillon B, Stella A, Solovyev V, Fawcett JA, Sterck L, Vandepoele K, Grando SM, Toppo S, Moser C, Lanchbury J, Bogden R, Skolnick M, Sgaramella V, Bhatnagar SK, Fontana P, Gutin A, Van de Peer Y, Salamini F, Viola R. A high quality draft consensus sequence of the genome of a heterozygous grapevine variety. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1326. [PMID: 18094749 PMCID: PMC2147077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 579] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Worldwide, grapes and their derived products have a large market. The cultivated grape species Vitis vinifera has potential to become a model for fruit trees genetics. Like many plant species, it is highly heterozygous, which is an additional challenge to modern whole genome shotgun sequencing. In this paper a high quality draft genome sequence of a cultivated clone of V. vinifera Pinot Noir is presented. Principal Findings We estimate the genome size of V. vinifera to be 504.6 Mb. Genomic sequences corresponding to 477.1 Mb were assembled in 2,093 metacontigs and 435.1 Mb were anchored to the 19 linkage groups (LGs). The number of predicted genes is 29,585, of which 96.1% were assigned to LGs. This assembly of the grape genome provides candidate genes implicated in traits relevant to grapevine cultivation, such as those influencing wine quality, via secondary metabolites, and those connected with the extreme susceptibility of grape to pathogens. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) distribution was consistent with a diffuse haplotype structure across the genome. Of around 2,000,000 SNPs, 1,751,176 were mapped to chromosomes and one or more of them were identified in 86.7% of anchored genes. The relative age of grape duplicated genes was estimated and this made possible to reveal a relatively recent Vitis-specific large scale duplication event concerning at least 10 chromosomes (duplication not reported before). Conclusions Sanger shotgun sequencing and highly efficient sequencing by synthesis (SBS), together with dedicated assembly programs, resolved a complex heterozygous genome. A consensus sequence of the genome and a set of mapped marker loci were generated. Homologous chromosomes of Pinot Noir differ by 11.2% of their DNA (hemizygous DNA plus chromosomal gaps). SNP markers are offered as a tool with the potential of introducing a new era in the molecular breeding of grape.
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Troggio M, Malacarne G, Coppola G, Segala C, Cartwright DA, Pindo M, Stefanini M, Mank R, Moroldo M, Morgante M, Grando MS, Velasco R. A dense single-nucleotide polymorphism-based genetic linkage map of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) anchoring Pinot Noir bacterial artificial chromosome contigs. Genetics 2007; 176:2637-50. [PMID: 17603124 PMCID: PMC1950661 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.106.067462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The construction of a dense genetic map for Vitis vinifera and its anchoring to a BAC-based physical map is described: it includes 994 loci mapped onto 19 linkage groups, corresponding to the basic chromosome number of Vitis. Spanning 1245 cM with an average distance of 1.3 cM between adjacent markers, the map was generated from the segregation of 483 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based genetic markers, 132 simple sequence repeats (SSRs), and 379 AFLP markers in a mapping population of 94 F(1) individuals derived from a V. vinifera cross of the cultivars Syrah and Pinot Noir. Of these markers, 623 were anchored to 367 contigs that are included in a physical map produced from the same clone of Pinot Noir and covering 352 Mbp. On the basis of contigs containing two or more genetically mapped markers, region-dependent estimations of physical and recombinational distances are presented. The markers used in this study include 118 SSRs common to an integrated map derived from five segregating populations of V. vinifera. The positions of these SSR markers in the two maps are conserved across all Vitis linkage groups. The addition of SNP-based markers introduces polymorphisms that are easy to database, are useful for evolutionary studies, and significantly increase the density of the map. The map provides the most comprehensive view of the Vitis genome reported to date and will be relevant for future studies on structural and functional genomics and genetic improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Troggio
- IASMA Research Center, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy.
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Fenoglio S, Bo T, Cucco M, Malacarne G. Response of benthic invertebrate assemblages to varying drought conditions in the Po river (NW Italy). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/11250000701286696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Cucco M, Guasco B, Malacarne G, Ottonelli R. Effects of β-carotene supplementation on chick growth, immune status and behaviour in the grey partridge, Perdix perdix. Behav Processes 2006; 73:325-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2005] [Revised: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Fenoglio S, Cucco M, Fracchia L, Martinotti M, Malacarne G. Shield colours of the Moorhen are differently related to bacterial presence and health parameters. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2004.9522645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Fenoglio S, Cucco M, Malacarne G. The effect of a carotenoid-rich diet on immunocompetence and behavioural performances in Moorhen chicks. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2002.9522753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Cucco M, Malacarne G. Delayed maturation in passerine birds: an examination of plumage effects and some indications of a related effect in song. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2000.9522802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Cucco M, Malacarne G. Changes in body mass of the Pallid Swift ( Apus pallidus) during reproduction. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/08927014.1993.9523040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Malacarne G, Cucco M, Camanni S. Coordinated visual displays and vocal duetting in different ecological situations among Western Palearctic non-passerine birds. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 1991. [DOI: 10.1080/08927014.1991.9525369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Camanni S, Cucco M, Malacarne G. Duetting in non-passeriform birds of the Western Palearctic area: a comparative study. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 1990. [DOI: 10.1080/08927014.1990.9525428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
In order to investigate the neuronal populations projecting to the corpus striatum in the brain of a urodele, Triturus cristatus, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde labeling was used in parallel with anterograde degeneration, glyoxylic acid histofluorescence and behavioral testing. Striatal injections of HRP revealed that the main striatal afferent systems originate within the diencephalon, specifically in the dorsal thalamus and paraventricular organ of the hypothalamus. Several small groups of neurons in other diencephalic areas also participate in striatal innervation: proeminentia ventralis, amygdala, contralateral corpus striatum, preoptic area, posterior tuberal nucleus, locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei. Degeneration experiments after mechanical lesion of the paraventricular organ established the existence of a hypothalamostriatal projection. Degenerating axonal profiles were also found in many of the structures already identified as projecting to the striatum, suggesting that the paraventricular organ might influence the striatum not only directly but also indirectly through these other afferent systems. In the paraventricular organ, glyoxylic acid fluorescence histochemistry showed numerous monoamine neurons that corresponded in distribution and morphology to the retrogradely HRP-labeled neurons. Paraventricular-organ-lesioned males displayed a severe impairment of courtship behavior in the form of decreased tail beating and head stepping by the females. This suggests that the regulation of stereotyped hypermotricity might involve the monoamine component of the hypothalamo-striatal projection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dubé
- Département de Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Qué., Canada
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Abstract
A series of 4 experiments was performed to study the relative contribution of androgens and estrogens in the activation of sexual behavior in castrated male quail. The synthetic androgen methyltrienolone (R 1881) which is not metabolized in androgen target tissues activated sexual behavior in castrated birds and at the dose level of 0.5-1 mg/day/animal had the same potency as testosterone (T). However R 1881 was much more active than T in the induction of cloacal gland growth and activation of crowing, two typically androgen-dependent responses. This suggests that sexual behavior is not controlled by exactly the same mechanism as crowing or cloacal gland growth. In another experiment, estradiol (E2) alone activated sexual behavior but it is only at very high doses which had clear toxic effects that a significant behavioral activation could be observed. This questions the role of E2 as the physiological agent stimulating copulation in intact birds unless it is assumed that centrally administered E2 would be much more active compared to peripheral E2 which is exposed to a very intense peripheral catabolism. In the last two experiments, a clear synergism could be detected between 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5 alpha-DHT) and E2 in the activation of sexual activity and doses of hormones could be defined which had almost no activity by themselves but significantly stimulated sexual behavior when given simultaneously. It was however impossible to define a hormonal treatment with T metabolites which restored behavior to its precastration level, a result very easily achieved with T treatments. Taken together, these data suggest that activation of sexual behavior in quail does not depend only on E2, nor 5 alpha-DHT nor even on their combined action. Considering that specific T receptors which probably do not bind 5 alpha-DHT are present in the brain, it would seem justified to reconsider the possible role played by T itself in the activation of behavior.
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Panzica GC, Malacarne G, De Bernochi A, Viglietti-Panzica C. Effects of steroid hormones on the neuropil of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of male chickens. Cell Tissue Res 1985; 240:169-74. [PMID: 3922619 DOI: 10.1007/bf00217571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone and corticosterone, administered in doses of 0.5 mg/day for two weeks to three-day-old male chickens, induced alterations in the distributional pattern and in the number of synapses in the rostral neuropil of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. This avian nucleus is a target area for both above-mentioned hormones and also one of the most important centers involved in the regulation of behavioral patterns related to reproduction. Testosterone increased the number of synapses in the rostral paraventricular nucleus, while corticosterone altered their distributional pattern causing an increase in type-B terminals; according to morphological criteria the latter are regarded to represent aminergic endings. Similar results were induced by simultaneous administration of both testosterone and corticosterone. Precocious sexual behavior was also provoked by double treatment.
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Balthazart J, Schumacher M, Malacarne G. Relative potencies of testosterone and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone on crowing and cloacal gland growth in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). J Endocrinol 1984; 100:19-23. [PMID: 6690644 DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that testosterone is less effective at inducing crowing behaviour in young birds than in adults because of the presence of higher levels of steroid 5 beta-reductase in the young brain, which converts testosterone to inactive 5 beta-reduced metabolites. This hypothesis was tested indirectly by comparing the relative potencies of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5 alpha-DHT), which cannot be converted to 5 beta-metabolites, and testosterone at inducing crowing in young gonadectomized male and female quail. The promotion of cloacal gland growth by these treatments was also assessed since there are no age-related changes in 5 beta-reductase in this organ. Silicone elastomer implants (2 X 5, 5 and 10 mm) containing 5 alpha-DHT were more effective at stimulating crowing than similar implants of testosterone whilst there was little difference in their potency at inducing cloacal gland growth. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that brain steroid 5 beta-reductase regulates the behavioural activity of testosterone in the brain of young birds.
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Andreoletti GE, Malacarne G, Vellano C. Androgen control of male sex behavior in the crested newt (Triturus cristatus carnifex Laur.): castration and sex steroid administration. Horm Behav 1983; 17:103-10. [PMID: 6862387 DOI: 10.1016/0018-506x(83)90020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Castration significantly lowers serum testosterone in sexually active male Triturus cristatus. Replacement therapy by implants of testosterone in silastic capsules elevates the serum testosterone level to higher values than normal. Sex behavior is depressed by castration and partially reinstated by replacement therapy with testosterone. 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone was the only testosterone metabolite showing some behavioral effectiveness in castrates; estradiol and 5 beta-dihydrotestosterone failed to elicit sex behavior.
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Deviche P, Balthazart J, Malacarne G, Hendrick JC. Effects of in vivo corticosterone treatment on the in vitro metabolism of testosterone in the comb and brain of the young male chicken. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1982; 48:398-402. [PMID: 7152241 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(82)90152-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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