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Da Fonseca-Pereira P, Daloso DM, Gago J, Nunes-Nesi A, Araújo WL. On the role of the plant mitochondrial thioredoxin system during abiotic stress. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1592536. [PMID: 30885041 PMCID: PMC6546141 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1592536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Thiol-disulfide redox exchanges are widely distributed modifications of great importance for metabolic regulation in living cells. In general, the formation of disulfide bonds is controlled by thioredoxins (TRXs), ubiquitous proteins with two redox-active cysteine residues separated by a pair of amino acids. While the function of plastidial TRXs has been extensively studied, the role of the mitochondrial TRX system is much less well understood. Recent studies have demonstrated that the mitochondrial TRXs are required for the proper functioning of the major metabolic pathways, including stomatal function and antioxidant metabolism under sub-optimal conditions including drought and salinity. Furthermore, inactivation of mitochondrial TRX system leads to metabolite adjustments of both primary and secondary metabolism following drought episodes in arabidopsis, and makes the plants more resistant to salt stress. Here we discuss the implications of these findings, which clearly open up several research avenues to achieve a full understanding of the redox control of metabolism under environmental constraining conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Da Fonseca-Pereira
- Max-Planck Partner Group, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danilo M. Daloso
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil
| | - Jorge Gago
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean conditions, Departament de Biologia, University of the Balearic Islands, Universitat de les Illes Balears/Institute of Agro-Environmental and Water Economy Research – INAGEA Carretera de Valldemossa, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wagner L. Araújo
- Max-Planck Partner Group, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Fernández-Trijueque J, Serrato AJ, Sahrawy M. Proteomic Analyses of Thioredoxins f and m Arabidopsis thaliana Mutants Indicate Specific Functions for These Proteins in Plants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8030054. [PMID: 30832311 PMCID: PMC6466581 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of plastidial thioredoxins (TRX) are present in chloroplast and the specificity versus the redundancy of their functions is currently under discussion. Several results have highlighted the fact that each TRX has a specific target protein and thus a specific function. In this study we have found that in vitro activation of the fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) enzyme is more efficient when f1 and f2 type thioredoxins (TRXs) are used, whilst the m3 type TRX did not have any effect. In addition, we have carried out a two-dimensional electrophoresis-gel to obtain the protein profiling analyses of the trxf1, f2, m1, m2, m3 and m4 Arabidopsis mutants. The results revealed quantitative alteration of 86 proteins and demonstrated that the lack of both the f and m type thioredoxins have diverse effects on the proteome. Interestingly, 68% of the differentially expressed proteins in trxf1 and trxf2 mutants were downregulated, whilst 75% were upregulated in trxm1, trxm2, trxm3 and trxm4 lines. The lack of TRX f1 provoked a higher number of down regulated proteins. The contrary occurred when TRX m4 was absent. Most of the differentially expressed proteins fell into the categories of metabolic processes, the Calvin–Benson cycle, photosynthesis, response to stress, hormone signalling and protein turnover. Photosynthesis, the Calvin–Benson cycle and carbon metabolism are the most affected processes. Notably, a significant set of proteins related to the answer to stress situations and hormone signalling were affected. Despite some studies being necessary to find specific target proteins, these results show signs that are suggest that the f and m type plastidial TRXs most likely have some additional specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fernández-Trijueque
- Master Diagnóstica, Avenida del Conocimiento, 100. P.T. Ciencias de la Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Antonio-Jesús Serrato
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
| | - Mariam Sahrawy
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
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Mata-Pérez C, Spoel SH. Thioredoxin-mediated redox signalling in plant immunity. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 279:27-33. [PMID: 30709489 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Activation of plant immune responses is associated with rapid production of vast amounts of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) that dramatically alter cellular redox homeostasis. Even though excessive ROS/RNS accumulation can cause widespread cellular damage and thus constitute a major risk, plant cells have evolved to utilise these molecules as important signalling cues. Particularly their ability to modify redox-sensitive cysteine residues has emerged as a key mechanism to control the activity, conformation, protein-protein interaction and localisation of a growing number of immune signalling proteins. Regulated reversal of cysteine oxidation is dependent on activities of the conserved superfamily of Thioredoxin (TRX) enzymes that function as cysteine reductases. The plant immune system recruits specific TRX enzymes that have the potential to functionally regulate numerous immune signalling proteins. Although our knowledge of different TRX immune targets is now expanding, little remains known about how these enzymes select their substrates, what range of oxidized residues they target, and if they function selectively in different redox-mediated immune signalling pathways. In this review we discuss these questions by examining evidence showing TRX enzymes exhibit novel activities that play important roles in diverse aspects of plant immune signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Capilla Mata-Pérez
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Steven H Spoel
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.
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Niazi AK, Bariat L, Riondet C, Carapito C, Mhamdi A, Noctor G, Reichheld JP. Cytosolic Isocitrate Dehydrogenase from Arabidopsis thaliana Is Regulated by Glutathionylation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8010016. [PMID: 30625997 PMCID: PMC6356969 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
NADP-dependent (Nicotinamide Adénine Dinucléotide Phosphate-dependent) isocitrate dehydrogenases (NADP-ICDH) are metabolic enzymes involved in 2-oxoglutarate biosynthesis, but they also supply cells with NADPH. Different NADP-ICDH genes are found in Arabidopsis among which a single gene encodes for a cytosolic ICDH (cICDH) isoform. Here, we show that cICDH is susceptible to oxidation and that several cysteine (Cys) residues are prone to S-nitrosylation upon nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) treatment. Moreover, we identified a single S-glutathionylated cysteine Cys363 by mass-spectrometry analyses. Modeling analyses suggest that Cys363 is not located in the close proximity of the cICDH active site. In addition, mutation of Cys363 consistently does not modify the activity of cICDH. However, it does affect the sensitivity of the enzyme to GSNO, indicating that S-glutathionylation of Cys363 is involved in the inhibition of cICDH activity upon GSNO treatments. We also show that glutaredoxin are able to rescue the GSNO-dependent inhibition of cICDH activity, suggesting that they act as a deglutathionylation system in vitro. The glutaredoxin system, conversely to the thioredoxin system, is able to remove S-nitrosothiol adducts from cICDH. Finally, NADP-ICDH activities were decreased both in a catalase2 mutant and in mutants affected in thiol reduction systems, suggesting a role of the thiol reduction systems to protect NADP-ICDH activities in planta. In line with our observations in Arabidopsis, we found that the human recombinant NADP-ICDH activity is also sensitive to oxidation in vitro, suggesting that this redox mechanism might be shared by other ICDH isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Khan Niazi
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Laetitia Bariat
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
| | - Christophe Riondet
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
| | - Christine Carapito
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique (LSMBO), IPHC, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7178, 67037 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Amna Mhamdi
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, INRA, Université Evry, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France.
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium.
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Graham Noctor
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, INRA, Université Evry, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France.
| | - Jean-Philippe Reichheld
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
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Chi YH, Koo SS, Oh HT, Lee ES, Park JH, Phan KAT, Wi SD, Bae SB, Paeng SK, Chae HB, Kang CH, Kim MG, Kim WY, Yun DJ, Lee SY. The Physiological Functions of Universal Stress Proteins and Their Molecular Mechanism to Protect Plants From Environmental Stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:750. [PMID: 31231414 PMCID: PMC6560075 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Since the original discovery of a Universal Stress Protein (USP) in Escherichia coli, a number of USPs have been identified from diverse sources including archaea, bacteria, plants, and metazoans. As their name implies, these proteins participate in a broad range of cellular responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Their physiological functions are associated with ion scavenging, hypoxia responses, cellular mobility, and regulation of cell growth and development. Consistent with their roles in resistance to multiple stresses, USPs show a wide range of structural diversity that results from the diverse range of other functional motifs fused with the USP domain. As well as providing structural diversity, these catalytic motifs are responsible for the diverse biochemical properties of USPs and enable them to act in a number of cellular signaling transducers and metabolic regulators. Despite the importance of USP function in many organisms, the molecular mechanisms by which USPs protect cells and provide stress resistance remain largely unknown. This review addresses the diverse roles of USPs in plants and how the proteins enable plants to resist against multiple stresses in ever-changing environment. Bioinformatic tools used for the collection of a set of USPs from various plant species provide more than 2,100 USPs and their functional diversity in plant physiology. Data from previous studies are used to understand how the biochemical activity of plant USPs modulates biotic and abiotic stress signaling. As USPs interact with the redox protein, thioredoxin, in Arabidopsis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulates the activity of USPs, the involvement of USPs in redox-mediated defense signaling is also considered. Finally, this review discusses the biotechnological application of USPs in an agricultural context by considering the development of novel stress-resistant crops through manipulating the expression of USP genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hun Chi
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Sung Sun Koo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Hun Taek Oh
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Eun Seon Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Joung Hun Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Kieu Anh Thi Phan
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Seong Dong Wi
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Su Bin Bae
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Seol Ki Paeng
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Ho Byoung Chae
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Chang Ho Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Min Gab Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Woe-Yeon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Dae-Jin Yun
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Sang Yeol Lee,
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56
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Cejudo FJ, Ojeda V, Delgado-Requerey V, González M, Pérez-Ruiz JM. Chloroplast Redox Regulatory Mechanisms in Plant Adaptation to Light and Darkness. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:380. [PMID: 31019520 PMCID: PMC6458286 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Light is probably the most important environmental stimulus for plant development. As sessile organisms, plants have developed regulatory mechanisms that allow the rapid adaptation of their metabolism to changes in light availability. Redox regulation based on disulfide-dithiol exchange constitutes a rapid and reversible post-translational modification, which affects protein conformation and activity. This regulatory mechanism was initially discovered in chloroplasts when it was identified that enzymes of the Calvin-Benson cycle (CBC) are reduced and active during the day and become rapidly inactivated by oxidation in the dark. At present, the large number of redox-sensitive proteins identified in chloroplasts extend redox regulation far beyond the CBC. The classic pathway of redox regulation in chloroplasts establishes that ferredoxin (Fdx) reduced by the photosynthetic electron transport chain fuels reducing equivalents to the large set of thioredoxins (Trxs) of this organelle via the activity of a Fdx-dependent Trx reductase (FTR), hence linking redox regulation to light. In addition, chloroplasts harbor an NADPH-dependent Trx reductase with a joint Trx domain, termed NTRC. The presence in chloroplasts of this NADPH-dependent redox system raises the question of the functional relationship between NTRC and the Fdx-FTR-Trx pathways. Here, we update the current knowledge of these two redox systems focusing on recent evidence showing their functional interrelationship through the action of the thiol-dependent peroxidase, 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (2-Cys Prx). The relevant role of 2-Cys Prxs in chloroplast redox homeostasis suggests that hydrogen peroxide may exert a key function to control the redox state of stromal enzymes. Indeed, recent reports have shown the participation of 2-Cys Prxs in enzyme oxidation in the dark, thus providing an explanation for the long-lasting question of photosynthesis deactivation during the light-dark transition.
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57
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Navrot N, Buhl Holstborg R, Hägglund P, Povlsen IL, Svensson B. New Insights into the Potential of Endogenous Redox Systems in Wheat Bread Dough. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7120190. [PMID: 30545045 PMCID: PMC6316651 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7120190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Various redox compounds are known to influence the structure of the gluten network in bread dough, and hence its strength. The cereal thioredoxin system (NTS), composed of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent thioredoxin reductase (NTR) and thioredoxin (Trx), is a major reducing enzymatic system that is involved in seed formation and germination. NTS is a particularly interesting tool for food processing due to its heat stability and its broad range of protein substrates. We show here that barley NTS is capable of remodeling the gluten network and weakening bread dough. Furthermore, functional wheat Trx that is present in the dough can be recruited by the addition of recombinant barley NTR, resulting in dough weakening. These results confirm the potential of NTS, especially NTR, as a useful tool in baking for weakening strong doughs, or in flat product baking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Navrot
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry (EPC), Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 224, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, CNRS UPR 2357, University of Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg CEDEX, France.
| | - Rikke Buhl Holstborg
- DuPont Nutrition Biosciences ApS, Edwin Rahrs Vej 38, DK-8220 Brabrand, Denmark.
| | - Per Hägglund
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry (EPC), Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 224, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 København N, Denmark.
| | - Inge Lise Povlsen
- DuPont Nutrition Biosciences ApS, Edwin Rahrs Vej 38, DK-8220 Brabrand, Denmark.
- Arla Food Ingredients, Sønderhøj 12, DK-8260 Viby J, Denmark.
| | - Birte Svensson
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry (EPC), Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 224, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
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58
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Xiao Z, La Fontaine S, Bush AI, Wedd AG. Molecular Mechanisms of Glutaredoxin Enzymes: Versatile Hubs for Thiol-Disulfide Exchange between Protein Thiols and Glutathione. J Mol Biol 2018; 431:158-177. [PMID: 30552876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The tripeptide glutathione (GSH) and its oxidized form glutathione disulfide (GSSG) constitute a key redox couple in cells. In particular, they partner protein thiols in reversible thiol-disulfide exchange reactions that act as switches in cell signaling and redox homeostasis. Disruption of these processes may impair cellular redox signal transduction and induce redox misbalances that are linked directly to aging processes and to a range of pathological conditions including cancer, cardiovascular diseases and neurological disorders. Glutaredoxins are a class of GSH-dependent oxidoreductase enzymes that specifically catalyze reversible thiol-disulfide exchange reactions between protein thiols and the abundant thiol pool GSSG/GSH. They protect protein thiols from irreversible oxidation, regulate their activities under a variety of cellular conditions and are key players in cell signaling and redox homeostasis. On the other hand, they may also function as metal-binding proteins with a possible role in the cellular homeostasis and metabolism of essential metals copper and iron. However, the molecular basis and underlying mechanisms of glutaredoxin action remain elusive in many situations. This review focuses specifically on these aspects in the context of recent developments that illuminate some of these uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Xiao
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Sharon La Fontaine
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Anthony G Wedd
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Lu Y, Yao J. Chloroplasts at the Crossroad of Photosynthesis, Pathogen Infection and Plant Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3900. [PMID: 30563149 PMCID: PMC6321325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis, pathogen infection, and plant defense are three important biological processes that have been investigated separately for decades. Photosynthesis generates ATP, NADPH, and carbohydrates. These resources are utilized for the synthesis of many important compounds, such as primary metabolites, defense-related hormones abscisic acid, ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid, and antimicrobial compounds. In plants and algae, photosynthesis and key steps in the synthesis of defense-related hormones occur in chloroplasts. In addition, chloroplasts are major generators of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, and a site for calcium signaling. These signaling molecules are essential to plant defense as well. All plants grown naturally are attacked by pathogens. Bacterial pathogens enter host tissues through natural openings or wounds. Upon invasion, bacterial pathogens utilize a combination of different virulence factors to suppress host defense and promote pathogenicity. On the other hand, plants have developed elaborate defense mechanisms to protect themselves from pathogen infections. This review summarizes recent discoveries on defensive roles of signaling molecules made by plants (primarily in their chloroplasts), counteracting roles of chloroplast-targeted effectors and phytotoxins elicited by bacterial pathogens, and how all these molecules crosstalk and regulate photosynthesis, pathogen infection, and plant defense, using chloroplasts as a major battlefield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA.
| | - Jian Yao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA.
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Ferredoxin-linked flavoenzyme defines a family of pyridine nucleotide-independent thioredoxin reductases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:12967-12972. [PMID: 30510005 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812781115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferredoxin-dependent thioredoxin reductase was identified 35 y ago in the fermentative bacterium Clostridium pasteurianum [Hammel KE, Cornwell KL, Buchanan BB (1983) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:3681-3685]. The enzyme, a flavoprotein, was strictly dependent on ferredoxin as reductant and was inactive with either NADPH or NADH. This early work has not been further pursued. We have recently reinvestigated the problem and confirmed that the enzyme, here designated ferredoxin-dependent flavin thioredoxin reductase (FFTR), is a flavoprotein. The enzyme differs from ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase (FTR), which has a signature [4Fe-4S] cluster, but shows structural similarities to NADP-dependent thioredoxin reductase (NTR). Comparative amino acid sequence analysis showed that FFTR is present in a number of clostridial species, some of which lack both FTR and an archetypal NTR. We have isolated, crystallized, and determined the structural properties of FFTR from a member of this group, Clostridium acetobutylicum, both alone and in complex with Trx. The structures showed an elongated FFTR homodimer, each monomer comprising two Rossmann domains and a noncovalently bound FAD cofactor that exposes the isoalloxazine ring to the solvent. The FFTR structures revealed an alternative domain organization compared with NTR that enables the enzyme to accommodate Fdx rather than NADPH. The results suggest that FFTR exists in a range of conformations with varying degrees of domain separation in solution and that the stacking between the two redox-active groups for the transfer of reducing equivalents results in a profound structural reorganization. A mechanism in accord with the findings is proposed.
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61
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Ojeda V, Pérez-Ruiz JM, Cejudo FJ. 2-Cys Peroxiredoxins Participate in the Oxidation of Chloroplast Enzymes in the Dark. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:1377-1388. [PMID: 30292682 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Most redox-regulated chloroplast enzymes are reduced during the day and oxidized during the night. While the reduction mechanism of light-dependent enzymes is well known, the mechanism mediating their oxidation in the dark remains unknown. The thiol-dependent peroxidases, 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (Prxs), play a key role in light-dependent reduction of chloroplast enzymes. Prxs transfer reducing equivalents of thiols to hydrogen peroxide, suggesting the participation of these peroxidases in enzyme oxidation in the dark. Here, we have addressed this issue by analyzing the redox state of well-known redox-regulated chloroplast enzymes in response to darkness in Arabidopsis thaliana mutants deficient in chloroplast-localized Prxs (2-Cys Prxs A and B, Prx IIE, and Prx Q). Mutant plants lacking 2-Cys Prxs A and B, and plants overexpressing NADPH-dependent thioredoxin (Trx) reductase C showed delayed oxidation of chloroplast enzymes in the dark. In contrast, the deficiencies of Prx IIE or Prx Q exerted no effect. In vitro assays allowed the reconstitution of the pathway of reducing equivalents from reduced fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase to hydrogen peroxide mediated by Trxs and 2-Cys Prxs. Taken together, these results suggest that 2-Cys Prxs participate in the short-term oxidation of chloroplast enzymes in the dark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valle Ojeda
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Pérez-Ruiz
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Francisco Javier Cejudo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
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Determining the Rate-Limiting Step for Light-Responsive Redox Regulation in Chloroplasts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7110153. [PMID: 30384474 PMCID: PMC6262275 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7110153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiol-based redox regulation ensures light-responsive control of chloroplast functions. Light-derived signal is transferred in the form of reducing power from the photosynthetic electron transport chain to several redox-sensitive target proteins. Two types of protein, ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase (FTR) and thioredoxin (Trx), are well recognized as the mediators of reducing power. However, it remains unclear which step in a series of redox-relay reactions is the critical bottleneck for determining the rate of target protein reduction. To address this, the redox behaviors of FTR, Trx, and target proteins were extensively characterized in vitro and in vivo. The FTR/Trx redox cascade was reconstituted in vitro using recombinant proteins from Arabidopsis. On the basis of this assay, we found that the FTR catalytic subunit and f-type Trx are rapidly reduced after the drive of reducing power transfer, irrespective of the presence or absence of their downstream target proteins. By contrast, three target proteins, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphatase (SBPase), and Rubisco activase (RCA) showed different reduction patterns; in particular, SBPase was reduced at a low rate. The in vivo study using Arabidopsis plants showed that the Trx family is commonly and rapidly reduced upon high light irradiation, whereas FBPase, SBPase, and RCA are differentially and slowly reduced. Both of these biochemical and physiological findings suggest that reducing power transfer from Trx to its target proteins is a rate-limiting step for chloroplast redox regulation, conferring distinct light-responsive redox behaviors on each of the targets.
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Vaseghi MJ, Chibani K, Telman W, Liebthal MF, Gerken M, Schnitzer H, Mueller SM, Dietz KJ. The chloroplast 2-cysteine peroxiredoxin functions as thioredoxin oxidase in redox regulation of chloroplast metabolism. eLife 2018; 7:38194. [PMID: 30311601 PMCID: PMC6221545 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiol-dependent redox regulation controls central processes in plant cells including photosynthesis. Thioredoxins reductively activate, for example, Calvin-Benson cycle enzymes. However, the mechanism of oxidative inactivation is unknown despite its importance for efficient regulation. Here, the abundant 2-cysteine peroxiredoxin (2-CysPrx), but not its site-directed variants, mediates rapid inactivation of reductively activated fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and NADPH-dependent malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in the presence of the proper thioredoxins. Deactivation of phosphoribulokinase (PRK) and MDH was compromised in 2cysprxAB mutant plants upon light/dark transition compared to wildtype. The decisive role of 2-CysPrx in regulating photosynthesis was evident from reoxidation kinetics of ferredoxin upon darkening of intact leaves since its half time decreased 3.5-times in 2cysprxAB. The disadvantage of inefficient deactivation turned into an advantage in fluctuating light. Physiological parameters like MDH and PRK inactivation, photosynthetic kinetics and response to fluctuating light fully recovered in 2cysprxAB mutants complemented with 2-CysPrxA underlining the significance of 2-CysPrx. The results show that the 2-CysPrx serves as electron sink in the thiol network important to oxidize reductively activated proteins and represents the missing link in the reversal of thioredoxin-dependent regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad-Javad Vaseghi
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kamel Chibani
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Wilena Telman
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Michael Florian Liebthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Melanie Gerken
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Helena Schnitzer
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sara Mareike Mueller
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Dietz
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
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64
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Physiological Roles of Plant Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases in Redox Homeostasis and Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7090114. [PMID: 30158486 PMCID: PMC6162775 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7090114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of methionine (Met) leads to the formation of two S- and R-diastereoisomers of Met sulfoxide (MetO) that are reduced back to Met by methionine sulfoxide reductases (MSRs), A and B, respectively. Here, we review the current knowledge about the physiological functions of plant MSRs in relation with subcellular and tissue distribution, expression patterns, mutant phenotypes, and possible targets. The data gained from modified lines of plant models and crop species indicate that MSRs play protective roles upon abiotic and biotic environmental constraints. They also participate in the control of the ageing process, as shown in seeds subjected to adverse conditions. Significant advances were achieved towards understanding how MSRs could fulfil these functions via the identification of partners among Met-rich or MetO-containing proteins, notably by using redox proteomic approaches. In addition to a global protective role against oxidative damage in proteins, plant MSRs could specifically preserve the activity of stress responsive effectors such as glutathione-S-transferases and chaperones. Moreover, several lines of evidence indicate that MSRs fulfil key signaling roles via interplays with Ca2+- and phosphorylation-dependent cascades, thus transmitting ROS-related information in transduction pathways.
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65
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Dynamic redox balance directs the oocyte-to-embryo transition via developmentally controlled reactive cysteine changes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7978-E7986. [PMID: 30082411 PMCID: PMC6112717 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1807918115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic and redox state changes during the transition from an arrested oocyte to a totipotent embryo remain uncharacterized. Here, we applied state-of-the-art, integrated methodologies to dissect these changes in Drosophila We demonstrate that early embryos have a more oxidized state than mature oocytes. We identified specific alterations in reactive cysteines at a proteome-wide scale as a result of this metabolic and developmental transition. Consistent with a requirement for redox change, we demonstrate a role for the ovary-specific thioredoxin Deadhead (DHD). dhd-mutant oocytes are prematurely oxidized and exhibit meiotic defects. Epistatic analyses with redox regulators link dhd function to the distinctive redox-state balance set at the oocyte-to-embryo transition. Crucially, global thiol-redox profiling identified proteins whose cysteines became differentially modified in the absence of DHD. We validated these potential DHD substrates by recovering DHD-interaction partners using multiple approaches. One such target, NO66, is a conserved protein that genetically interacts with DHD, revealing parallel functions. As redox changes also have been observed in mammalian oocytes, we hypothesize a link between developmental control of this cell-cycle transition and regulation by metabolic cues. This link likely operates both by general redox state and by changes in the redox state of specific proteins. The redox proteome defined here is a valuable resource for future investigation of the mechanisms of redox-modulated control at the oocyte-to-embryo transition.
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Stevanato P, Broccanello C, Moliterni VMC, Mandolino G, Barone V, Lucini L, Bertoldo G, Bertaggia M, Cagnin M, Pizzeghello D, Baglieri A, Squartini A, Concheri G, Nardi S. Innovative Approaches to Evaluate Sugar Beet Responses to Changes in Sulfate Availability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:14. [PMID: 29445382 PMCID: PMC5797807 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a system based on omics profiling was set-up for sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris) evaluation after changes in sulfate availability. Seedlings were grown on sulfate-deprived Hoagland solution. Six days after germination, 100 μM MgSO4 was added to the solution. Root samples were collected 36 h after treatments. WinRHIZO root-scanning approach was used for the automated image analysis of plant root morphology. Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP-OES) and quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF) were used for ionomic and metabolic analysis, respectively. Nanofluidic real-time PCR (OpenArray system) was used for molecular profiling. OpenArray chips were designed with TaqMan probes for 53 sugar beet genes putatively involved in sulfate nutrition. At morphological level treated seedlings showed significantly higher values (P < 0.01) than untreated plants for root traits related to soil exploration and nutrient uptake, such as total root length, fine roots length and root tips number. ICP-OES, Q-TOF and transcriptomic data revealed changes due to sulfate availability in sugar beet samples. Two key results are highlighted in sulfate-supplied roots and leaves. Firstly, high expression levels of auxin efflux carrier component 1 (PIN) and 5-phosphoribosyl-anthranilate, precursor of tryptophan and auxin synthesis, were observed in roots. Secondly, high levels of 2-Cys peroxiredoxin BAS1, chloroplastic, thioredoxin reductase (NADPH) and cysteine synthase, chloroplastic/chromoplastic, O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase, involved in protection against oxidative stress and cysteine synthase activity, respectively, were observed in leaves. Based on our findings, the combination of evaluated omics approaches could become a key system for the evaluation of the nutritional status of sugar beet under different nutrient availability conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piergiorgio Stevanato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Piergiorgio Stevanato,
| | - Chiara Broccanello
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Vita M. C. Moliterni
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Genomics Research Centre, Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mandolino
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Industrial Crops, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valeria Barone
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bertoldo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Bertaggia
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Massimo Cagnin
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Diego Pizzeghello
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Baglieri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Squartini
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Concheri
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Serenella Nardi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Martins L, Trujillo-Hernandez JA, Reichheld JP. Thiol Based Redox Signaling in Plant Nucleus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:705. [PMID: 29892308 PMCID: PMC5985474 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well-described by-products of cellular metabolic activities, acting as signaling molecules and regulating the redox state of proteins. Solvent exposed thiol residues like cysteines are particularly sensitive to oxidation and their redox state affects structural and biochemical capacities of many proteins. While thiol redox regulation has been largely studied in several cell compartments like in the plant chloroplast, little is known about redox sensitive proteins in the nucleus. Recent works have revealed that proteins with oxidizable thiols are important for the regulation of many nuclear functions, including gene expression, transcription, epigenetics, and chromatin remodeling. Moreover, thiol reducing molecules like glutathione and specific isoforms of thiols reductases, thioredoxins and glutaredoxins were found in different nuclear subcompartments, further supporting that thiol-dependent systems are active in the nucleus. This mini-review aims to discuss recent progress in plant thiol redox field, taking examples of redox regulated nuclear proteins and focusing on major thiol redox systems acting in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martins
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Perpignan, France
| | - José Abraham Trujillo-Hernandez
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Perpignan, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Reichheld
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Perpignan, France
- *Correspondence: Jean-Philippe Reichheld,
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68
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Lv Y, Shao G, Qiu J, Jiao G, Sheng Z, Xie L, Wu Y, Tang S, Wei X, Hu P. White Leaf and Panicle 2, encoding a PEP-associated protein, is required for chloroplast biogenesis under heat stress in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5147-5160. [PMID: 29045742 PMCID: PMC5853965 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) plays an important role in the transcription machinery of mature chloroplasts, yet details of its function remain elusive in rice. Here, we identified a novel PEP-associated protein (PAP), WLP2, based on its two allelic white leaf and panicle mutants, wlp2s and wlp2w. The two mutants were albino lethal at high temperatures and showed decreased chlorophyll accumulation, abnormal chloroplast ultrastructure, and attenuated photosynthetic activity. Map-based cloning suggested that WLP2 encodes a putative pfkB-type carbohydrate kinase family protein, which is homologous to fructokinase-like 1 (AtFLN1) in Arabidopsis. WLP2 is mainly expressed in green tissues and its protein localizes in chloroplasts. Expression levels of PEP-encoded genes, chloroplast development genes and photosynthesis-related genes were compromised in wlp2 mutants, indicating that WLP2 is essential for normal chloroplast biogenesis. Moreover, WLP2 and its paralog OsFLN2 can physically interact with thioredoxin OsTRXz to form a TRX-FLN regulatory module, which not only regulates transcription of the PEP-encoded genes but also maintains the redox balance in chloroplasts under heat stress. Furthermore, the wlp2w mutant gene represents a potential advantage in enhancing seed purity and high-throughput breeding. Our results strongly indicate that WLP2 protects chloroplast development from heat stress via a TRX-FLN regulatory module in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusong Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gaoneng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiehua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guiai Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhonghua Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yawen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaoqing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangjin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Correspondence: ,
| | - Peisong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Correspondence: ,
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69
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Cellular toxicity pathways of inorganic and methyl mercury in the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8034. [PMID: 28808314 PMCID: PMC5556115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08515-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination by mercury (Hg) is a worldwide concern because of Hg toxicity and biomagnification in aquatic food webs. Nevertheless, bioavailability and cellular toxicity pathways of inorganic (IHg) and methyl-Hg (MeHg) remain poorly understood. We analyzed the uptake, transcriptomic, and physiological responses in the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii exposed to IHg or MeHg. Bioavailability of MeHg was up to 27× higher than for IHg. Genes involved in cell processes, energy metabolism and transport were dysregulated by both Hg species. Physiological analysis revealed an impact on photosynthesis and reduction–oxidation reaction metabolism. Nevertheless, MeHg dysregulated a larger number of genes and with a stronger fold-change than IHg at equivalent intracellular concentration. Analysis of the perturbations of the cell’s functions helped to derive a detailed mechanistic understanding of differences in cellular handling of IHg and MeHg resulting in MeHg having a stronger impact. This knowledge is central for the prediction of impact of toxicants on organisms.
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70
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Pérez-Pérez ME, Mauriès A, Maes A, Tourasse NJ, Hamon M, Lemaire SD, Marchand CH. The Deep Thioredoxome in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: New Insights into Redox Regulation. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:1107-1125. [PMID: 28739495 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Thiol-based redox post-translational modifications have emerged as important mechanisms of signaling and regulation in all organisms, and thioredoxin plays a key role by controlling the thiol-disulfide status of target proteins. Recent redox proteomic studies revealed hundreds of proteins regulated by glutathionylation and nitrosylation in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, while much less is known about the thioredoxin interactome in this organism. By combining qualitative and quantitative proteomic analyses, we have comprehensively investigated the Chlamydomonas thioredoxome and 1188 targets have been identified. They participate in a wide range of metabolic pathways and cellular processes. This study broadens not only the redox regulation to new enzymes involved in well-known thioredoxin-regulated metabolic pathways but also sheds light on cellular processes for which data supporting redox regulation are scarce (aromatic amino acid biosynthesis, nuclear transport, etc). Moreover, we characterized 1052 thioredoxin-dependent regulatory sites and showed that these data constitute a valuable resource for future functional studies in Chlamydomonas. By comparing this thioredoxome with proteomic data for glutathionylation and nitrosylation at the protein and cysteine levels, this work confirms the existence of a complex redox regulation network in Chlamydomonas and provides evidence of a tremendous selectivity of redox post-translational modifications for specific cysteine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Esther Pérez-Pérez
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Adeline Mauriès
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Maes
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas J Tourasse
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Plateforme de Protéomique, FRC550, CNRS, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marion Hamon
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France; Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Plateforme de Protéomique, FRC550, CNRS, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane D Lemaire
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Christophe H Marchand
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France; Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Plateforme de Protéomique, FRC550, CNRS, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France.
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71
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Nucleoredoxin guards against oxidative stress by protecting antioxidant enzymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:8414-8419. [PMID: 28724723 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703344114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with a wide range of developmental and stress responses. Although cells have evolved to use ROS as signaling molecules, their chemically reactive nature also poses a threat. Antioxidant systems are required to detoxify ROS and prevent cellular damage, but little is known about how these systems manage to function in hostile, ROS-rich environments. Here we show that during oxidative stress in plant cells, the pathogen-inducible oxidoreductase Nucleoredoxin 1 (NRX1) targets enzymes of major hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-scavenging pathways, including catalases. Mutant nrx1 plants displayed reduced catalase activity and were hypersensitive to oxidative stress. Remarkably, catalase was maintained in a reduced state by substrate-interaction with NRX1, a process necessary for its H2O2-scavenging activity. These data suggest that unexpectedly H2O2-scavenging enzymes experience oxidative distress in ROS-rich environments and require reductive protection from NRX1 for optimal activity.
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72
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Redox-dependent interaction between thaumatin-like protein and β-glucan influences malting quality of barley. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017. [PMID: 28634304 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1701824114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Barley is the cornerstone of the malting and brewing industry. It is known that 250 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of the grain are associated with 19 malting-quality phenotypes. However, only a few of the contributing genetic components have been identified. One of these, on chromosome 4H, contains a major malting QTL, QTL2, located near the telomeric region that accounts, respectively, for 28.9% and 37.6% of the variation in the β-glucan and extract fractions of malt. In the current study, we dissected the QTL2 region using an expression- and microsynteny-based approach. From a set of 22 expressed sequence tags expressed in seeds at the malting stage, we identified a candidate gene, TLP8 (thaumatin-like protein 8), which was differentially expressed and influenced malting quality. Transcript abundance and protein profiles of TLP8 were studied in different malt and feed varieties using quantitative PCR, immunoblotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The experiments demonstrated that TLP8 binds to insoluble (1, 3, 1, 4)-β-D glucan in grain extracts, thereby facilitating the removal of this undesirable polysaccharide during malting. Further, the binding of TLP8 to β-glucan was dependent on redox. These findings represent a stride forward in our understanding of the malting process and provide a foundation for future improvements in the final beer-making process.
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73
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Lu Y, Li R, Wang R, Wang X, Zheng W, Sun Q, Tong S, Dai S, Xu S. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Flag Leaves Reveals New Insight into Wheat Heat Adaptation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1086. [PMID: 28676819 PMCID: PMC5476934 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important food crop but it is vulnerable to heat. The heat-responsive proteome of wheat remains to be fully elucidated because of previous technical and genomic limitations, and this has hindered our understanding of the mechanisms of wheat heat adaptation and advances in improving thermotolerance. Here, flag leaves of wheat during grain filling stage were subjected to high daytime temperature stress, and 258 heat-responsive proteins (HRPs) were identified with iTRAQ analysis. Enrichment analysis revealed that chlorophyll synthesis, carbon fixation, protein turnover, and redox regulation were the most remarkable heat-responsive processes. The HRPs involved in chlorophyll synthesis and carbon fixation were significantly decreased, together with severe membrane damage, demonstrating the specific effects of heat on photosynthesis of wheat leaves. In addition, the decrease in chlorophyll content may result from the decrease in HRPs involved in chlorophyll precursor synthesis. Further analysis showed that the accumulated effect of heat stress played a critical role in photosynthesis reduction, suggested that improvement in heat tolerance of photosynthesis, and extending heat tolerant period would be major research targets. The significantly accumulation of GSTs and Trxs in response to heat suggested their important roles in redox regulation, and they could be the promising candidates for improving wheat thermotolerance. In summary, our results provide new insight into wheat heat adaption and provide new perspectives on thermotolerance improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunze Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Ruiqiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Ruochen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Weijun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Qixin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Shaoming Tong
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal UniversityDalian, China
| | - Shaojun Dai
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Shengbao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
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74
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Macovei A, Pagano A, Leonetti P, Carbonera D, Balestrazzi A, Araújo SS. Systems biology and genome-wide approaches to unveil the molecular players involved in the pre-germinative metabolism: implications on seed technology traits. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:669-688. [PMID: 27730302 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-2060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The pre-germinative metabolism is among the most fascinating aspects of seed biology. The early seed germination phase, or pre-germination, is characterized by rapid water uptake (imbibition), which directs a series of dynamic biochemical events. Among those are enzyme activation, DNA damage and repair, and use of reserve storage compounds, such as lipids, carbohydrates and proteins. Industrial seedling production and intensive agricultural production systems require seed stocks with high rate of synchronized germination and low dormancy. Consequently, seed dormancy, a quantitative trait related to the activation of the pre-germinative metabolism, is probably the most studied seed trait in model species and crops. Single omics, systems biology, QTLs and GWAS mapping approaches have unveiled a list of molecules and regulatory mechanisms acting at transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational levels. Most of the identified candidate genes encode for regulatory proteins targeting ROS, phytohormone and primary metabolisms, corroborating the data obtained from simple molecular biology approaches. Emerging evidences show that epigenetic regulation plays a crucial role in the regulation of these mentioned processes, constituting a still unexploited strategy to modulate seed traits. The present review will provide an up-date of the current knowledge on seed pre-germinative metabolism, gathering the most relevant results from physiological, genetics, and omics studies conducted in model and crop plants. The effects exerted by the biotic and abiotic stresses and priming are also addressed. The possible implications derived from the modulation of pre-germinative metabolism will be discussed from the point of view of seed quality and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Macovei
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'L. Spallanzani', University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Pagano
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'L. Spallanzani', University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Leonetti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Council of Research, via Amendola 122/D, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Carbonera
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'L. Spallanzani', University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alma Balestrazzi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'L. Spallanzani', University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Susana S Araújo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'L. Spallanzani', University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-NOVA), Av. da República, Estação Agronómica Nacional, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
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75
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Ortiz-Espín A, Iglesias-Fernández R, Calderón A, Carbonero P, Sevilla F, Jiménez A. Mitochondrial AtTrxo1 is transcriptionally regulated by AtbZIP9 and AtAZF2 and affects seed germination under saline conditions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1025-1038. [PMID: 28184497 PMCID: PMC5441863 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial thioredoxin-o (AtTrxo1) was characterized and its expression examined in different organs of Arabidopsis thaliana. AtTrxo1 transcript levels were particularly high in dry seeds and cotyledons where they reached a maximum 36 h after imbibition with water, coinciding with 50% germination. Expression was lower in seeds germinating in 100 mM NaCl. To gain insight into the transcriptional regulation of the AtTrxo1 gene, a phylogenomic analysis was coupled with the screening of an arrayed library of Arabidopsis transcription factors in yeast. The basic leucine zipper AtbZIP9 and the zinc finger protein AZF2 were identified as putative transcriptional regulators. Transcript regulation of AtbZIP9 and AtAFZ2 during germination was compatible with the proposed role in transcriptional regulation of AtTrxo1. Transient over-expression of AtbZIP9 and AtAZF2 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves demonstrated an activation effect of AtbZIP9 and a repressor effect of AtAZF2 on AtTrxo1 promoter-driven reporter expression. Although moderate concentrations of salt delayed germination in Arabidopsis wild-type seeds, those of two different AtTrxo1 knock-out mutants germinated faster and accumulated higher H2O2 levels than the wild-type. All these data indicate that AtTrxo1 has a role in redox homeostasis during seed germination under salt conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ortiz-Espín
- Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100-Murcia, Spain
| | - Raquel Iglesias-Fernández
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP; UPM-INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223-Madrid, Spain
| | - Aingeru Calderón
- Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100-Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar Carbonero
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP; UPM-INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223-Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Sevilla
- Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100-Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Jiménez
- Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100-Murcia, Spain
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76
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Araki K, Ushioda R, Kusano H, Tanaka R, Hatta T, Fukui K, Nagata K, Natsume T. A crosslinker-based identification of redox relay targets. Anal Biochem 2016; 520:22-26. [PMID: 28048978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Thiol-based redox control is among the most important mechanisms for maintaining cellular redox homeostasis, with essential participation of cysteine thiols of oxidoreductases. To explore cellular redox regulatory networks, direct interactions among active cysteine thiols of oxidoreductases and their targets must be clarified. We applied a recently described thiol-ene crosslinking-based strategy, named divinyl sulfone (DVSF) method, enabling identification of new potential redox relay partners of the cytosolic oxidoreductases thioredoxin (TXN) and thioredoxin domain containing 17 (TXNDC17). Applying multiple methods, including classical substrate-trapping techniques, will increase understanding of redox regulatory mechanisms in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Araki
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan.
| | - Ryo Ushioda
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kita-Ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Hidewo Kusano
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Riko Tanaka
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiko Fukui
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nagata
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kita-Ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Tohru Natsume
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan; Robotic Biology Institute, Inc., Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
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77
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Akter S, Carpentier S, Van Breusegem F, Messens J. Identification of dimedone-trapped sulfenylated proteins in plants under stress. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 9:106-113. [PMID: 29114583 PMCID: PMC5632707 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In stressed plants, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels rise. Key to ROS signaling research are detection and identification of the protein cysteine sulfenylation (-SOH), the ROS-mediated oxidative product of a thiol (-SH). Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings were stressed with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the sulfenylated proteins were tagged with dimedone. Dimedone-tagged sulfenic acid proteins were visualized on a two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) immunoblot with an anticysteine sulfenic acid antibody and were subsequently detected by mass spectrometry. We optimized the detection method for protein sulfenylation in Arabidopsis. We conclude that dimedone can penetrate the cell wall, does not stress plants, and can "read" the changes in the protein sulfenylation pattern under oxidative stress. We observed that the number of sulfenylated proteins in plants treated with 10 mM H2O2 was higher than that in untreated plants. A total of 39 sulfenylated protein spots were found on 2DE immunoblots. By means of mass spectrometry, 11 sulfenylated proteins were discovered involved in primary metabolism, redox regulation, translation and signaling pathways. Hence, by combining an immunochemical 2DE strategy with mass spectrometry, we were able to identify sulfenylated proteins in H2O2-stressed Arabidopsis seedlings. The sulfenylated proteins can be considered for further validation as redox regulators in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Akter
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Brussels Center for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, 1000 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sebastien Carpentier
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, KU Leuven University, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.,Facility for Systems Biology based Mass Spectrometry, KU Leuven University, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris Messens
- Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Brussels Center for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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78
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Cerveau D, Kraut A, Stotz HU, Mueller MJ, Couté Y, Rey P. Characterization of the Arabidopsis thaliana 2-Cys peroxiredoxin interactome. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 252:30-41. [PMID: 27717466 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins are ubiquitous thiol-dependent peroxidases for which chaperone and signaling roles have been reported in various types of organisms in recent years. In plants, the peroxidase function of the two typical plastidial 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (2-Cys PRX A and B) has been highlighted while the other functions, particularly in ROS-dependent signaling pathways, are still elusive notably due to the lack of knowledge of interacting partners. Using an ex vivo approach based on co-immunoprecipitation of leaf extracts from Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type and mutant plants lacking 2-Cys PRX expression followed by mass spectrometry-based proteomics, 158 proteins were found associated with 2-Cys PRXs. Already known partners like thioredoxin-related electron donors (Chloroplastic Drought-induced Stress Protein of 32kDa, Atypical Cysteine Histidine-rich Thioredoxin 2) and enzymes involved in chlorophyll synthesis (Protochlorophyllide OxidoReductase B) or carbon metabolism (Fructose-1,6-BisPhosphatase) were identified, validating the relevance of the approach. Bioinformatic and bibliographic analyses allowed the functional classification of the identified proteins and revealed that more than 40% are localized in plastids. The possible roles of plant 2-Cys PRXs in redox signaling pathways are discussed in relation with the functions of the potential partners notably those involved in redox homeostasis, carbon and amino acid metabolisms as well as chlorophyll biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Cerveau
- CEA, DRF, BIAM, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France; CNRS, UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale & Microbiologie Environnementale, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France; Aix-Marseille Université, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Alexandra Kraut
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, Grenoble, U1038, F-38000, France; CEA, BIG-BGE, Grenoble, F-38000, France; INSERM, U1038, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - Henrik U Stotz
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biosciences, Biocenter, Pharmaticeutical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, D-97082, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Martin J Mueller
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biosciences, Biocenter, Pharmaticeutical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, D-97082, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Yohann Couté
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, Grenoble, U1038, F-38000, France; CEA, BIG-BGE, Grenoble, F-38000, France; INSERM, U1038, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - Pascal Rey
- CEA, DRF, BIAM, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France; CNRS, UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale & Microbiologie Environnementale, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France; Aix-Marseille Université, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France.
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79
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Characteristics of Three Thioredoxin Genes and Their Role in Chilling Tolerance of Harvested Banana Fruit. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091526. [PMID: 27618038 PMCID: PMC5037801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxins (Trxs) are small proteins with a conserved redox active site WCGPC and are involved in a wide range of cellular redox processes. However, little information on the role of Trx in regulating low-temperature stress of harvested fruit is available. In this study, three full-length Trx cDNAs, designated MaTrx6, MaTrx9 and MaTrx12, were cloned from banana (Musa acuminata) fruit. Phylogenetic analysis and protein sequence alignments showed that MaTrx6 was grouped to h2 type with a typical active site of WCGPC, whereas MaTrx9 and MaTrx12 were assigned to atypical cys his-rich Trxs (ACHT) and h3 type with atypical active sites of GCAGC and WCSPC, respectively. Subcellular localization indicated that MaTrx6 and MaTrx12 were located in the plasma membrane and cytoplasm, respectively, whereas MaTrx9 showed a dual cytoplasmic and chloroplast localization. Application of ethylene induced chilling tolerance of harvested banana fruit, whereas 1-MCP, an inhibitor of ethylene perception, aggravated the development of chilling injury. RT-qPCR analysis showed that expression of MaTrx12 was up-regulated and down-regulated in ethylene- and 1-MCP-treated banana fruit at low temperature, respectively. Furthermore, heterologous expression of MaTrx12 in cytoplasmic Trx-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain increased the viability of the strain under H₂O₂. These results suggest that MaTrx12 plays an important role in the chilling tolerance of harvested banana fruit, possibly by regulating redox homeostasis.
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80
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Carrillo LR, Froehlich JE, Cruz JA, Savage LJ, Kramer DM. Multi-level regulation of the chloroplast ATP synthase: the chloroplast NADPH thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC) is required for redox modulation specifically under low irradiance. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 87:654-63. [PMID: 27233821 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast ATP synthase is known to be regulated by redox modulation of a disulfide bridge on the γ-subunit through the ferredoxin-thioredoxin regulatory system. We show that a second enzyme, the recently identified chloroplast NADPH thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC), plays a role specifically at low irradiance. Arabidopsis mutants lacking NTRC (ntrc) displayed a striking photosynthetic phenotype in which feedback regulation of the light reactions was strongly activated at low light, but returned to wild-type levels as irradiance was increased. This effect was caused by an altered redox state of the γ-subunit under low, but not high, light. The low light-specific decrease in ATP synthase activity in ntrc resulted in a buildup of the thylakoid proton motive force with subsequent activation of non-photochemical quenching and downregulation of linear electron flow. We conclude that NTRC provides redox modulation at low light using the relatively oxidizing substrate NADPH, whereas the canonical ferredoxin-thioredoxin system can take over at higher light, when reduced ferredoxin can accumulate. Based on these results, we reassess previous models for ATP synthase regulation and propose that NTRC is most likely regulated by light. We also find that ntrc is highly sensitive to rapidly changing light intensities that probably do not involve the chloroplast ATP synthase, implicating this system in multiple photosynthetic processes, particularly under fluctuating environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ruby Carrillo
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, Rm 106, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, Rm 106, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - John E Froehlich
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, Rm 106, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, Rm 106, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Cruz
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, Rm 106, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Linda J Savage
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, Rm 106, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - David M Kramer
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, Rm 106, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, Rm 106, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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81
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Subramanian S, Ricci E, Souleimanov A, Smith DL. A Proteomic Approach to Lipo-Chitooligosaccharide and Thuricin 17 Effects on Soybean GerminationUnstressed and Salt Stress. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160660. [PMID: 27560934 PMCID: PMC4999219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt stress is an important abiotic stressor affecting crop growth and productivity. Of the 20 percent of the terrestrial earth's surface available as agricultural land, 50 percent is estimated by the United Nations Environment Program to be salinized to the level that crops growing on it will be salt-stressed. Increased soil salinity has profound effects on seed germination and germinating seedlings as they are frequently confronted with much higher salinities than vigorously growing plants, because germination usually occurs in surface soils, the site of greatest soluble salt accumulation. The growth of soybean exposed to 40 mM NaCl is negatively affected, while an exposure to 80 mM NaCl is often lethal. When treated with the bacterial signal compounds lipo-chitooligosaccharide (LCO) and thuricin 17 (Th17), soybean seeds (variety Absolute RR) responded positively at salt stress of up to 150 mM NaCl. Shotgun proteomics of unstressed and 100 mM NaCl stressed seeds (48 h) in combination with the LCO and Th17 revealed many known, predicted, hypothetical and unknown proteins. In all, carbon, nitrogen and energy metabolic pathways were affected under both unstressed and salt stressed conditions when treated with signals. PEP carboxylase, Rubisco oxygenase large subunit, pyruvate kinase, and isocitrate lyase were some of the noteworthy proteins enhanced by the signals, along with antioxidant glutathione-S-transferase and other stress related proteins. These findings suggest that the germinating seeds alter their proteome based on bacterial signals and on stress, the specificity of this response plays a crucial role in organ maturation and transition from one stage to another in the plants' life cycle; understanding this response is of fundamental importance in agriculture and, as a result, global food security. The mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD004106.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmyalakshmi Subramanian
- Department of Plant Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, H9X3V9, Canada
| | - Emily Ricci
- Department of Plant Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, H9X3V9, Canada
| | - Alfred Souleimanov
- Department of Plant Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, H9X3V9, Canada
| | - Donald L. Smith
- Department of Plant Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, H9X3V9, Canada
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82
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Sánchez-Riego AM, Mata-Cabana A, Galmozzi CV, Florencio FJ. NADPH-Thioredoxin Reductase C Mediates the Response to Oxidative Stress and Thermotolerance in the Cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC7120. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1283. [PMID: 27588019 PMCID: PMC4988983 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH-thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC) is a bimodular enzyme composed of an NADPH-thioredoxin reductase and a thiioredoxin domain extension in the same protein. In plants, NTRC has been described to be involved in the protection of the chloroplast against oxidative stress damage through reduction of the 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (2-Cys Prx) as well as through other functions related to redox enzyme regulation. In cyanobacteria, the Anabaena NTRC has been characterized in vitro, however, nothing was known about its in vivo function. In order to study that, we have generated the first knockout mutant strain (ΔntrC), apart from the previously described in Arabidopsis. Detailed characterization of this strain reveals a differential sensitivity to oxidative stress treatments with respect to the wild-type Anabaena strain, including a higher level of ROS (reactive oxygen species) in normal growth conditions. In the mutant strain, different oxidative stress treatments such as hydrogen peroxide, methyl-viologen or high light irradiance provoke an increase in the expression of genes related to ROS detoxification, including AnNTRC and peroxiredoxin genes, with a concomitant increase in the amount of AnNTRC and 2-Cys Prx. Moreover, the role of AnNTRC in the antioxidant response is confirmed by the observation of a pronounced overoxidation of the 2-Cys Prx and a time-delay recovery of the reduced form of this protein upon oxidative stress treatments. Our results suggest the participation of this enzyme in the peroxide detoxification in Anabaena. In addition, we describe the role of Anabaena NTRC in thermotolerance, by the appearance of high molecular mass AnNTRC complexes, showing that the mutant strain is more sensitive to high temperature treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Sánchez-Riego
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Seville, Spain
| | - Alejandro Mata-Cabana
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Seville, Spain
| | - Carla V Galmozzi
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco J Florencio
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Seville, Spain
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83
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Two distinct redox cascades cooperatively regulate chloroplast functions and sustain plant viability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E3967-76. [PMID: 27335455 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604101113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The thiol-based redox regulation system is believed to adjust chloroplast functions in response to changes in light environments. A redox cascade via the ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase (FTR)/thioredoxin (Trx) pathway has been traditionally considered to serve as a transmitter of light signals to target enzymes. However, emerging data indicate that chloroplasts have a complex redox network composed of diverse redox-mediator proteins and target enzymes. Despite extensive research addressing this system, two fundamental questions are still unresolved: How are redox pathways orchestrated within chloroplasts, and why are chloroplasts endowed with a complicated redox network? In this report, we show that NADPH-Trx reductase C (NTRC) is a key redox-mediator protein responsible for regulatory functions distinct from those of the classically known FTR/Trx system. Target screening and subsequent biochemical assays indicated that NTRC and the Trx family differentially recognize their target proteins. In addition, we found that NTRC is an electron donor to Trx-z, which is a key regulator of gene expression in chloroplasts. We further demonstrate that cooperative control of chloroplast functions via the FTR/Trx and NTRC pathways is essential for plant viability. Arabidopsis double mutants impaired in FTR and NTRC expression displayed lethal phenotypes under autotrophic growth conditions. This severe growth phenotype was related to a drastic loss of photosynthetic performance. These combined results provide an expanded map of the chloroplast redox network and its biological functions.
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84
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Noctor G, Mhamdi A, Foyer CH. Oxidative stress and antioxidative systems: recipes for successful data collection and interpretation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1140-60. [PMID: 26864619 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are common to many fundamental responses of plants. Enormous and ever-growing interest has focused on this research area, leading to an extensive literature that documents the tremendous progress made in recent years. As in other areas of plant biology, advances have been greatly facilitated by developments in genomics-dependent technologies and the application of interdisciplinary techniques that generate information at multiple levels. At the same time, advances in understanding ROS are fundamentally reliant on the use of biochemical and cell biology techniques that are specific to the study of oxidative stress. It is therefore timely to revisit these approaches with the aim of providing a guide to convenient methods and assisting interested researchers in avoiding potential pitfalls. Our critical overview of currently popular methodologies includes a detailed discussion of approaches used to generate oxidative stress, measurements of ROS themselves, determination of major antioxidant metabolites, assays of antioxidative enzymes and marker transcripts for oxidative stress. We consider the applicability of metabolomics, proteomics and transcriptomics approaches and discuss markers such as damage to DNA and RNA. Our discussion of current methodologies is firmly anchored to future technological developments within this popular research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Noctor
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Amna Mhamdi
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, VIB, Department of Plant Systems Biology, Technologie Park 927, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christine H Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology and Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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85
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Abstract
After a brief discussion of my graduate work at Duke University, I describe a series of investigations on redox proteins at the University of California, Berkeley. Starting with ferredoxin from fermentative bacteria, the Berkeley research fostered experiments that uncovered a pathway for fixing CO2 in bacterial photosynthesis. The carbon work, in turn, opened new vistas, including the discovery that thioredoxin functions universally in regulating the Calvin-Benson cycle in oxygenic photosynthesis. These experiments, which took place over a 50-year period, led to the formulation of a set of biological principles and set the stage for research demonstrating a role for redox in the regulation of previously unrecognized processes extending far beyond photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob B Buchanan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
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86
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Naranjo B, Diaz-Espejo A, Lindahl M, Cejudo FJ. Type-f thioredoxins have a role in the short-term activation of carbon metabolism and their loss affects growth under short-day conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:1951-64. [PMID: 26842981 PMCID: PMC4783373 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Redox regulation plays a central role in the adaptation of chloroplast metabolism to light. Extensive biochemical analyses in vitro have identified f-type thioredoxins (Trxs) as the most important catalysts for light-dependent reduction and activation of the enzymes of the Calvin-Benson cycle. However, the precise function of type f Trxs in vivo and their impact on plant growth are still poorly known. To address this issue we have generated an Arabidopsis thaliana double knock-out mutant, termed trxf1f2, devoid of both f1 and f2 Trxs. Despite the essential function previously proposed for f-type Trxs, the visible phenotype of the trxf1f2 double mutant was virtually indistinguishable from the wild type when grown under a long-day photoperiod. However, the Trx f-deficient plants showed growth inhibition under a short-day photoperiod which was not rescued at high light intensity. The absence of f-type Trxs led to significantly lower photosynthetic electron transport rates and higher levels of non-photochemical energy quenching. Notably, the Trx f null mutant suffered from a shortage of photosystem I electron acceptors and delayed activation of carbon dioxide fixation following a dark-light transition. Two redox-regulated Calvin-Benson cycle enzymes, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) and Rubisco activase, showed retarded and incomplete reduction in the double mutant upon illumination, compared with wild-type plants. These results show that the function of f-type Trxs in the rapid activation of carbon metabolism in response to light is not entirely compensated for by additional plastid redox systems, and suggest that these Trxs have an important role in the light adjustment of photosynthetic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Naranjo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Avda Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Diaz-Espejo
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, Avda Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marika Lindahl
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Avda Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Cejudo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Avda Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
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87
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Hägglund P, Finnie C, Yano H, Shahpiri A, Buchanan BB, Henriksen A, Svensson B. Seed thioredoxin h. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:974-82. [PMID: 26876537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxins are nearly ubiquitous disulfide reductases involved in a wide range of biochemical pathways in various biological systems, and also implicated in numerous biotechnological applications. Plants uniquely synthesize an array of thioredoxins targeted to different cell compartments, for example chloroplastic f- and m-type thioredoxins involved in regulation of the Calvin-Benson cycle. The cytosolic h-type thioredoxins act as key regulators of seed germination and are recycled by NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase. The present review on thioredoxin h systems in plant seeds focuses on occurrence, reaction mechanisms, specificity, target protein identification, three-dimensional structure and various applications. The aim is to provide a general background as well as an update covering the most recent findings. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Proteomics--a bridge between fundamental processes and crop production, edited by Dr. Hans-Peter Mock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Hägglund
- Protein and Immune Systems Biology, Department of Systems Biology, Matematiktorvet, Building 301, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Christine Finnie
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 4, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Hiroyuki Yano
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai 2-1-12, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Azar Shahpiri
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Bob B Buchanan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Koshland Hall 111, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA
| | - Anette Henriksen
- Department of Large Protein Biophysics and Formulation, Global Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Birte Svensson
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Systems Biology, Elektrovej, Building 375, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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88
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Delorme-Hinoux V, Bangash SAK, Meyer AJ, Reichheld JP. Nuclear thiol redox systems in plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 243:84-95. [PMID: 26795153 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Thiol-disulfide redox regulation is essential for many cellular functions in plants. It has major roles in defense mechanisms, maintains the redox status of the cell and plays structural, with regulatory roles for many proteins. Although thiol-based redox regulation has been extensively studied in subcellular organelles such as chloroplasts, it has been much less studied in the nucleus. Thiol-disulfide redox regulation is dependent on the conserved redox proteins, glutathione/glutaredoxin (GRX) and thioredoxin (TRX) systems. We first focus on the functions of glutathione in the nucleus and discuss recent data concerning accumulation of glutathione in the nucleus. We also provide evidence that glutathione reduction is potentially active in the nucleus. Recent data suggests that the nucleus is enriched in specific GRX and TRX isoforms. We discuss the biochemical and molecular characteristics of these isoforms and focus on genetic evidences for their potential nuclear functions. Finally, we make an overview of the different thiol-based redox regulated proteins in the nucleus. These proteins are involved in various pathways including transcriptional regulation, metabolism and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Delorme-Hinoux
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France; Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
| | - Sajid A K Bangash
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Reichheld
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France; Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
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89
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Gupta S, Wardhan V, Kumar A, Rathi D, Pandey A, Chakraborty S, Chakraborty N. Secretome analysis of chickpea reveals dynamic extracellular remodeling and identifies a Bet v1-like protein, CaRRP1 that participates in stress response. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18427. [PMID: 26678784 PMCID: PMC4683448 DOI: 10.1038/srep18427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted proteins maintain cell structure and biogenesis besides acting in signaling events crucial for cellular homeostasis during stress adaptation. To understand the underlying mechanism of stress-responsive secretion, the dehydration-responsive secretome was developed from suspension-cultured cells of chickpea. Cell viability of the suspension culture remained unaltered until 96 h, which gradually declined at later stages of dehydration. Proteomic analysis led to the identification of 215 differentially regulated proteins, involved in a variety of cellular functions that include metabolism, cell defence, and signal transduction suggesting their concerted role in stress adaptation. One-third of the secreted proteins were devoid of N-terminal secretion signals suggesting a non-classical secretory route. Screening of the secretome identified a leaderless Bet v 1-like protein, designated CaRRP1, the export of which was inhibited by brefeldin A. We investigated the gene structure and genomic organization and demonstrated that CaRRP1 may be involved in stress response. Its expression was positively associated with abiotic and biotic stresses. CaRRP1 could complement the aberrant growth phenotype of yeast mutant, deficient in vesicular transport, indicating a partial overlap of protein secretion and stress response. Our study provides the most comprehensive analysis of dehydration-responsive secretome and the complex metabolic network operating in plant extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonika Gupta
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Vijay Wardhan
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Divya Rathi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Aarti Pandey
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Subhra Chakraborty
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Niranjan Chakraborty
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
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90
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Zhang T, Zhu M, Zhu N, Strul JM, Dufresne CP, Schneider JD, Harmon AC, Chen S. Identification of thioredoxin targets in guard cell enriched epidermal peels using cysTMT proteomics. J Proteomics 2015; 133:48-53. [PMID: 26691838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Thioredoxins (Trx) play central roles in cellular redox regulation. Although hundreds of Trx targets have been identified using different approaches, the capture of targets in a quantitative and efficient manner is challenging. Here we report a high-throughput method using cysteine reactive tandem mass tag (cysTMT) labeling followed by liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) to screen for Trx targets. Compared to existing methods, this approach allows for i) three replicates of pairwise comparison in a single LC-MS run to reduce run-to-run variation; ii) efficient enrichment of cysteine-containing peptides that requires low protein input; and iii) accurate quantification of the cysteine redox status and localization of the Trx targeted cysteine residues. Application of this method in guard cell-enriched epidermal peels from Brassica napus revealed 80 Trx h targets involved in a broad range of processes, including photosynthesis, stress response, metabolism and cell signaling. The adaption of this protocol in other systems will greatly improve our understanding of the Trx function in regulating cellular redox homeostasis. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Redox homeostasis is tightly regulated for proper cellular activities. Specific protein-protein interactions between redox active molecules such as thioredoxin (Trx) and target proteins constitute the basis for redox-regulated biological processes. The use of cysTMT quantitative proteomics for studying Trx reactions enabled identification of potential Trx targets that provide important insights into the redox regulation in guard cells, a specialized plant cell type responsible for sensing of environmental signals, gas exchange and plant productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mengmeng Zhu
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ning Zhu
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Johanna M Strul
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Craig P Dufresne
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 1400 Northpoint Parkway, West Palm Beach, FL 33407, USA
| | - Jacqueline D Schneider
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Alice C Harmon
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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91
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Skryhan K, Cuesta-Seijo JA, Nielsen MM, Marri L, Mellor SB, Glaring MA, Jensen PE, Palcic MM, Blennow A. The Role of Cysteine Residues in Redox Regulation and Protein Stability of Arabidopsis thaliana Starch Synthase 1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136997. [PMID: 26367870 PMCID: PMC4569185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana is strictly regulated. In leaf extracts, starch synthase 1 (AtSS1) responds to the redox potential within a physiologically relevant range. This study presents data testing two main hypotheses: 1) that specific thiol-disulfide exchange in AtSS1 influences its catalytic function 2) that each conserved Cys residue has an impact on AtSS1 catalysis. Recombinant AtSS1 versions carrying combinations of cysteine-to-serine substitutions were generated and characterized in vitro. The results demonstrate that AtSS1 is activated and deactivated by the physiological redox transmitters thioredoxin f1 (Trxf1), thioredoxin m4 (Trxm4) and the bifunctional NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC). AtSS1 displayed an activity change within the physiologically relevant redox range, with a midpoint potential equal to -306 mV, suggesting that AtSS1 is in the reduced and active form during the day with active photosynthesis. Cys164 and Cys545 were the key cysteine residues involved in regulatory disulfide formation upon oxidation. A C164S_C545S double mutant had considerably decreased redox sensitivity as compared to wild type AtSS1 (30% vs 77%). Michaelis-Menten kinetics and molecular modeling suggest that both cysteines play important roles in enzyme catalysis, namely, Cys545 is involved in ADP-glucose binding and Cys164 is involved in acceptor binding. All the other single mutants had essentially complete redox sensitivity (98–99%). In addition of being part of a redox directed activity “light switch”, reactivation tests and low heterologous expression levels indicate that specific cysteine residues might play additional roles. Specifically, Cys265 in combination with Cys164 can be involved in proper protein folding or/and stabilization of translated protein prior to its transport into the plastid. Cys442 can play an important role in enzyme stability upon oxidation. The physiological and phylogenetic relevance of these findings is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsiaryna Skryhan
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Morten M. Nielsen
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Lucia Marri
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Silas B. Mellor
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mikkel A. Glaring
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Poul E. Jensen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Monica M. Palcic
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andreas Blennow
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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92
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Liu J, Hai G, Wang C, Cao S, Xu W, Jia Z, Yang C, Wang JP, Dai S, Cheng Y. Comparative proteomic analysis of Populus trichocarpa early stem from primary to secondary growth. J Proteomics 2015; 126:94-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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93
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Larraya LM, Fernández‐San Millán A, Ancín, M, Farran I, Veramendi J. Post‐harvest light treatment increases expression levels of recombinant proteins in transformed plastids of potato tubers. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:1803-13. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis M. Larraya
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra‐CSIC, Departamento de Producción Agraria, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alicia Fernández‐San Millán
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra‐CSIC, Departamento de Producción Agraria, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Ancín,
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra‐CSIC, Departamento de Producción Agraria, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Farran
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra‐CSIC, Departamento de Producción Agraria, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jon Veramendi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra‐CSIC, Departamento de Producción Agraria, Pamplona, Spain
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94
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Santelia D, Trost P, Sparla F. New insights into redox control of starch degradation. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 25:1-9. [PMID: 25899330 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Starch is one of the major sinks of fixed carbon in photosynthetic tissues of higher plants. Carbon fixation and the synthesis of primary starch occur during the day in the chloroplast stroma, whereas starch degradation typically occurs during the following night to fuel the whole plant with energy and carbon in the absence of photosynthesis. Redox-based regulatory systems play a central role in the modulation of several chloroplastic pathways. Reversible oxidations of cysteine residues are post-translational modifications that orchestrate the precise functioning of chloroplast pathways together with changes in pH, Mg(2+) and concentrations of metabolic intermediates. Leaf starch metabolism has been intensively studied. The enzymes involved in starch synthesis and degradation have been identified and characterized. However, the redox control of the enzymes responsible for starch degradation at night remains elusive, and their response to redox transitions conflicts with the timing of the physiological events. Most of the enzymes of starch degradation are activated by reducing conditions, characteristic of daytime. Thus, redox control may have only a minor role during starch degradation at night, but could become relevant for daily stomatal opening in guard cells or in the re-allocation of fixed carbon in mesophyll cells in response to stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Santelia
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Trost
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FaBiT, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Sparla
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FaBiT, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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95
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Checconi P, Salzano S, Bowler L, Mullen L, Mengozzi M, Hanschmann EM, Lillig CH, Sgarbanti R, Panella S, Nencioni L, Palamara AT, Ghezzi P. Redox proteomics of the inflammatory secretome identifies a common set of redoxins and other glutathionylated proteins released in inflammation, influenza virus infection and oxidative stress. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127086. [PMID: 25985305 PMCID: PMC4436175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein cysteines can form transient disulfides with glutathione (GSH), resulting in the production of glutathionylated proteins, and this process is regarded as a mechanism by which the redox state of the cell can regulate protein function. Most studies on redox regulation of immunity have focused on intracellular proteins. In this study we have used redox proteomics to identify those proteins released in glutathionylated form by macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) after pre-loading the cells with biotinylated GSH. Of the several proteins identified in the redox secretome, we have selected a number for validation. Proteomic analysis indicated that LPS stimulated the release of peroxiredoxin (PRDX) 1, PRDX2, vimentin (VIM), profilin1 (PFN1) and thioredoxin 1 (TXN1). For PRDX1 and TXN1, we were able to confirm that the released protein is glutathionylated. PRDX1, PRDX2 and TXN1 were also released by the human pulmonary epithelial cell line, A549, infected with influenza virus. The release of the proteins identified was inhibited by the anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (DEX), which also inhibited tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α release, and by thiol antioxidants (N-butanoyl GSH derivative, GSH-C4, and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which did not affect TNF-α production. The proteins identified could be useful as biomarkers of oxidative stress associated with inflammation, and further studies will be required to investigate if the extracellular forms of these proteins has immunoregulatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Checconi
- Institute Pasteur, Cenci-Bolognetti Foundation, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Salzano
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Bowler
- University of Brighton, Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Moulsecoomb, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Mullen
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Manuela Mengozzi
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Eva-Maria Hanschmann
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christopher Horst Lillig
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Simona Panella
- IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Telematic University, Rome, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Institute Pasteur Cenci-Bolognetti Foundation, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Nencioni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Institute Pasteur Cenci-Bolognetti Foundation, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Telematic University, Rome, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Institute Pasteur Cenci-Bolognetti Foundation, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Ghezzi
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Nomata J, Maeda M, Isu A, Inoue K, Hisabori T. Involvement of thioredoxin on the scaffold activity of NifU in heterocyst cells of the diazotrophic cyanobacteriumAnabaenasp. strain PCC 7120. J Biochem 2015; 158:253-61. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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97
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Waszczak C, Akter S, Jacques S, Huang J, Messens J, Van Breusegem F. Oxidative post-translational modifications of cysteine residues in plant signal transduction. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2923-34. [PMID: 25750423 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In plants, fluctuation of the redox balance by altered levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can affect many aspects of cellular physiology. ROS homeostasis is governed by a diversified set of antioxidant systems. Perturbation of this homeostasis leads to transient or permanent changes in the redox status and is exploited by plants in different stress signalling mechanisms. Understanding how plants sense ROS and transduce these stimuli into downstream biological responses is still a major challenge. ROS can provoke reversible and irreversible modifications to proteins that act in diverse signalling pathways. These oxidative post-translational modifications (Ox-PTMs) lead to oxidative damage and/or trigger structural alterations in these target proteins. Characterization of the effect of individual Ox-PTMs on individual proteins is the key to a better understanding of how cells interpret the oxidative signals that arise from developmental cues and stress conditions. This review focuses on ROS-mediated Ox-PTMs on cysteine (Cys) residues. The Cys side chain, with its high nucleophilic capacity, appears to be the principle target of ROS. Ox-PTMs on Cys residues participate in various signalling cascades initiated by plant stress hormones. We review the mechanistic aspects and functional consequences of Cys Ox-PTMs on specific target proteins in view of stress signalling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Waszczak
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Brussels Center for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium * Present address: Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Salma Akter
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Brussels Center for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, 1000 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Silke Jacques
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Brussels Center for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joris Messens
- Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Brussels Center for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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98
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Akter S, Huang J, Waszczak C, Jacques S, Gevaert K, Van Breusegem F, Messens J. Cysteines under ROS attack in plants: a proteomics view. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2935-44. [PMID: 25750420 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) as part of their metabolism and in response to various external stress factors, potentially causing significant damage to biomolecules and cell structures. During the course of evolution, plants have adapted to ROS toxicity, and use ROS as signalling messengers that activate defence responses. Cysteine (Cys) residues in proteins are one of the most sensitive targets for ROS-mediated post-translational modifications, and they have become key residues for ROS signalling studies. The reactivity of Cys residues towards ROS, and their ability to react to different oxidation states, allow them to appear at the crossroads of highly dynamic oxidative events. As such, a redox-active cysteine can be present as S-glutathionylated (-SSG), disulfide bonded (S-S), sulfenylated (-SOH), sulfinylated (-SO2H), and sulfonylated (-SO3H). The sulfenic acid (-SOH) form has been considered as part of ROS-sensing pathways, as it leads to further modifications which affect protein structure and function. Redox proteomic studies are required to understand how and why cysteines undergo oxidative post-translational modifications and to identify the ROS-sensor proteins. Here, we update current knowledge of cysteine reactivity with ROS. Further, we give an overview of proteomic techniques that have been applied to identify different redox-modified cysteines in plants. There is a particular focus on the identification of sulfenylated proteins, which have the potential to be involved in plant signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Akter
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Structural Biology Research Centre, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Brussels Centre for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, 1000 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Structural Biology Research Centre, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Brussels Centre for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cezary Waszczak
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Structural Biology Research Centre, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Brussels Centre for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Silke Jacques
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, 9000 Gent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, 9000 Gent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris Messens
- Structural Biology Research Centre, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Brussels Centre for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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99
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Yoshida K, Hara S, Hisabori T. Thioredoxin Selectivity for Thiol-based Redox Regulation of Target Proteins in Chloroplasts. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:14278-88. [PMID: 25878252 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.647545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox regulation based on the thioredoxin (Trx) system is believed to ensure light-responsive control of various functions in chloroplasts. Five Trx subtypes have been reported to reside in chloroplasts, but their functional diversity in the redox regulation of Trx target proteins remains poorly clarified. To directly address this issue, we studied the Trx-dependent redox shifts of several chloroplast thiol-modulated enzymes in vitro and in vivo. In vitro assays using a series of Arabidopsis recombinant proteins provided new insights into Trx selectivity for the redox regulation as well as the underpinning for previous suggestions. Most notably, by combining the discrimination of thiol status with mass spectrometry and activity measurement, we identified an uncharacterized aspect of the reductive activation of NADP-malate dehydrogenase; two redox-active Cys pairs harbored in this enzyme were reduced via distinct utilization of Trxs even within a single polypeptide. In our in vitro assays, Trx-f was effective in reducing all thiol-modulated enzymes analyzed here. We then investigated the in vivo physiological relevance of these in vitro findings, using Arabidopsis wild-type and Trx-f-deficient plants. Photoreduction of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase was partially impaired in Trx-f-deficient plants, but the global impact of Trx-f deficiency on the redox behaviors of thiol-modulated enzymes was not as striking as expected from the in vitro data. Our results provide support for the in vivo functionality of the Trx system and also highlight the complexity and plasticity of the chloroplast redox network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yoshida
- From the Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, and Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hara
- From the Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, and
| | - Toru Hisabori
- From the Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, and Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
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Involvement of thiol-based mechanisms in plant development. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1479-96. [PMID: 25676896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing knowledge has been recently gained regarding the redox regulation of plant developmental stages. SCOPE OF VIEW The current state of knowledge concerning the involvement of glutathione, glutaredoxins and thioredoxins in plant development is reviewed. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The control of the thiol redox status is mainly ensured by glutathione (GSH), a cysteine-containing tripeptide and by reductases sharing redox-active cysteines, glutaredoxins (GRXs) and thioredoxins (TRXs). Indeed, thiol groups present in many regulatory proteins and metabolic enzymes are prone to oxidation, ultimately leading to post-translational modifications such as disulfide bond formation or glutathionylation. This review focuses on the involvement of GSH, GRXs and TRXs in plant development. Recent studies showed that the proper functioning of root and shoot apical meristems depends on glutathione content and redox status, which regulate, among others, cell cycle and hormone-related processes. A critical role of GRXs in the formation of floral organs has been uncovered, likely through the redox regulation of TGA transcription factor activity. TRXs fulfill many functions in plant development via the regulation of embryo formation, the control of cell-to-cell communication, the mobilization of seed reserves, the biogenesis of chloroplastic structures, the metabolism of carbon and the maintenance of cell redox homeostasis. This review also highlights the tight relationships between thiols, hormones and carbon metabolism, allowing a proper development of plants in relation with the varying environment and the energy availability. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE GSH, GRXs and TRXs play key roles during the whole plant developmental cycle via their antioxidant functions and the redox-regulation of signaling pathways. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Redox regulation of differentiation and de-differentiation.
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