51
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Garavelli S, De Rosa V, de Candia P. The Multifaceted Interface Between Cytokines and microRNAs: An Ancient Mechanism to Regulate the Good and the Bad of Inflammation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:3012. [PMID: 30622533 PMCID: PMC6308157 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionary conserved small non-coding RNA molecules that affect gene expression by binding to target messenger RNAs and play a role in biological processes like cell growth, differentiation, and death. Different CD4+ T cell subsets such as Th1, Th2, Th17, and T regulatory cells, exert a distinct role in effector and regulatory-type immune responses. miRNAs have been shown to respond to dynamic micro-environmental cues and regulate multiple functions of T cell subsets including their development, survival and activation. Thus, miRNA functions contribute to immune homeostasis, on the one side, and to the control of immune tolerance, on the other. Among the most important proteins whose expression is targeted by miRNAs, there are the cytokines, that act as both key upstream signals and major functional outputs, and that, in turn, can affect miRNA level. Here, we analyze what is known about the regulatory circuit of miRNAs and cytokines in CD4+ T lymphocytes, and how this bidirectional system is dysregulated in conditions of pathological inflammation and autoimmunity. Furthermore, we describe how different T cell subsets release distinct fingerprints of miRNAs that modify the extracellular milieu and the inter-cellular communication between immune cells at the autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine level. In conclusion, a deeper knowledge of the interplay between miRNAs and cytokines in T cells may have pivotal implications for finding novel therapeutic strategies to target inflammation and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veronica De Rosa
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy.,Unità di NeuroImmunologia, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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52
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Słomka A, Urban SK, Lukacs-Kornek V, Żekanowska E, Kornek M. Large Extracellular Vesicles: Have We Found the Holy Grail of Inflammation? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2723. [PMID: 30619239 PMCID: PMC6300519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The terms microparticles (MPs) and microvesicles (MVs) refer to large extracellular vesicles (EVs) generated from a broad spectrum of cells upon its activation or death by apoptosis. The unique surface antigens of MPs/MVs allow for the identification of their cellular origin as well as its functional characterization. Two basic aspects of MP/MV functions in physiology and pathological conditions are widely considered. Firstly, it has become evident that large EVs have strong procoagulant properties. Secondly, experimental and clinical studies have shown that MPs/MVs play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of inflammation-associated disorders. A cardinal feature of these disorders is an enhanced generation of platelets-, endothelial-, and leukocyte-derived EVs. Nevertheless, anti-inflammatory effects of miscellaneous EV types have also been described, which provided important new insights into the large EV-inflammation axis. Advances in understanding the biology of MPs/MVs have led to the preparation of this review article aimed at discussing the association between large EVs and inflammation, depending on their cellular origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Słomka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Sabine Katharina Urban
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Veronika Lukacs-Kornek
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ewa Żekanowska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Kornek
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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53
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Kalishwaralal K, Kwon WY, Park KS. Exosomes for Non-Invasive Cancer Monitoring. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1800430. [PMID: 30358137 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes, membrane-bound phospholipid vesicles having diameters of 50-200 nm, are secreted by all cell types and circulate in human body fluids. These vesicles are known to carry cellular constituents that are specific to the originating cells (e.g., cytoplasmic/membrane proteins, RNA, and DNA). Thus, exosomes, which are both structurally stable and abundant, are robust indicators of cancers and, as a result, they have been utilized to monitor this disease in a manner that is less invasive than gold standard tissue biopsies. In this review, the history of exosomes and the specific biomarkers present in exosomes that enable accurate monitoring of various diseases are described. In addition, methods for analysis of exosomes and identification of biomarkers are presented with special emphasis being given to isolation and signaling strategies. Lastly, integrated, microfluidic systems developed for exosome-based cancer diagnosis are described and future directions that research in this area will likely take are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalimuthu Kalishwaralal
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Young Kwon
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Soo Park
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
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54
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Exosomes and Exosome-Inspired Vesicles for Targeted Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040218. [PMID: 30404188 PMCID: PMC6321407 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The similarities between exosomes and liposomes, together with the high organotropism of several types of exosomes, have recently prompted the development of engineered-exosomes or exosome-mimetics, which may be artificial (liposomal) or cell-derived vesicles, as advanced platforms for targeted drug delivery. Here, we provide the current state-of-the-art of using exosome or exosome-inspired systems for drug delivery. We review the various approaches investigated and the shortcomings of each approach. Finally the challenges which have been identified to date in this field are summarized.
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55
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Sun B, Peng J, Wang S, Liu X, Zhang K, Zhang Z, Wang C, Jing X, Zhou C, Wang Y. Applications of stem cell-derived exosomes in tissue engineering and neurological diseases. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:531-546. [PMID: 29267178 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with diameters of 30-100 nm that are key for intercellular communication. Almost all types of cell, including dendritic cells, T cells, mast cells, epithelial cells, neuronal cells, adipocytes, mesenchymal stem cells, and platelets, can release exosomes. Exosomes are present in human body fluids, such as urine, amniotic fluid, malignant ascites, synovial fluid, breast milk, cerebrospinal fluid, semen, saliva, and blood. Exosomes have biological functions in immune response, antigen presentation, intercellular communication, and RNA and protein transfer. This review provides a brief overview of the origin, morphological characteristics, enrichment and identification methods, biological functions, and applications in tissue engineering and neurological diseases of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baichuan Sun
- First Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154000, China.,Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jiang Peng
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopaedics, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shoufeng Wang
- First Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154000, China
| | - Xuejian Liu
- First Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154000, China
| | - Kaihong Zhang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zengzeng Zhang
- First Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154000, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiaoguang Jing
- First Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154000, China
| | - Chengfu Zhou
- First Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154000, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopaedics, Beijing 100853, China
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56
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He L, Zhu D, Wang J, Wu X. A highly efficient method for isolating urinary exosomes. Int J Mol Med 2018; 43:83-90. [PMID: 30365060 PMCID: PMC6257847 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a highly efficient method, referred to as optimized ultrafiltration (OUF), was developed. This method is effective for exosome purification and also facilitates clinical work involving substantial urinary exosome isolation. In the OUF method, 0.22-µm filters along with a dialysis membrane with a molecular weight cut-off of 10,000 kDa were introduced, in order to remove extracellular microvesicles that were >200 nm and concentrate the supernatant up to 1/50 of the initial volume. The existence, purity and production of the exosomes isolated by OUF and conventional ultracentrifugation (UC) were systematically compared by transmission electron microscopy, western blotting and nanoparticle tracking analysis. In addition, colloidal Coomassie-stained gel and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to investigate the stability and integrity of exosomes isolated by these two protocols. The time required and cost of these two methods in the process of isolating urinary exosomes were also estimated. The results indicated that OUF clearly outperforms UC in quantity, quality and biological stability, and this improved method may have extensive applications in the growing fields of clinical biomarker discovery and exosome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuqing He
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Ding Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Junpu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoying Wu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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57
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Li D, Li YP, Li YX, Zhu XH, Du XG, Zhou M, Li WB, Deng HY. Effect of Regulatory Network of Exosomes and microRNAs on Neurodegenerative Diseases. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 131:2216-2225. [PMID: 30203797 PMCID: PMC6144844 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.240817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A comprehensive review of the network regulation of exosomes and microRNAs (miRNAs) in neurodegenerative diseases was done, centering on the mechanism of the formation of exosomes and miRNAs and the sorting mechanism of exosomal miRNAs, with the aim to provide a theoretical basis in the search of biomarkers and the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. DATA SOURCES The comprehensive search used online literature databases including NCBI PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Baidu Scholar. STUDY SELECTION The study selection was based on the following keywords: exosomes, miRNAs, central nervous system (CNS), and neurodegenerative diseases. The time limit for literature retrieval was from the year 2000 to 2018, with language restriction in English. Relevant articles were carefully reviewed, with no exclusions applied to study design and publication type. RESULTS Exosomes are the smallest nanoscale membranous microvesicles secreted by cells and contain important miRNAs, among other rich contents. In the CNS, exosomes can transport amyloid β-protein, α-synuclein, Huntington-associated protein 1, and superoxide dismutase I to other cells. These events relieve the abnormal accumulation of proteins and aggravating neurological diseases. In some neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, miRNAs are pathologically altered as an inexorable course, suggesting that miRNAs may contribute neurodegeneration. Exosomes and miRNAs form a network to regulate the homeostasis of the CNS, both synergistically and individually. CONCLUSION The network of exosomes and miRNAs that regulates CNS homeostasis is a promising biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637009, China
- Department of Engineering and Applied Biology, College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - You-Ping Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637009, China
| | - Yun-Xiang Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637009, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Zhu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637009, China
- Department of Environmental Geology, College of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
| | - Xiao-Gang Du
- Department of Engineering and Applied Biology, College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Engineering and Applied Biology, College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Wen-Bin Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637009, China
| | - Hong-Yan Deng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637009, China
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58
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Yao ZY, Chen WB, Shao SS, Ma SZ, Yang CB, Li MZ, Zhao JJ, Gao L. Role of exosome-associated microRNA in diagnostic and therapeutic applications to metabolic disorders. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2018; 19:183-198. [PMID: 29504312 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1600490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders are classified clinically as a complex and varied group of diseases including metabolic syndrome, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. Fat toxicity, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress, which may change cellular functions, are considered to play an essential role in the pathogenetic progress of metabolic disorders. Recent studies have found that cells secrete nanoscale vesicles containing proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and membrane receptors, which mediate signal transduction and material transport to neighboring and distant cells. Exosomes, one type of such vesicles, are reported to participate in multiple pathological processes including tumor metastasis, atherosclerosis, chronic inflammation, and insulin resistance. Research on exosomes has focused mainly on the proteins they contain, but recently the function of exosome-associated microRNA has drawn a lot of attention. Exosome-associated microRNAs regulate the physiological function and pathological processes of metabolic disorders. They may also be useful as novel diagnostics and therapeutics given their special features of non-immunogenicity and quick extraction. In this paper, we summarize the structure, content, and functions of exosomes and the potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications of exosome-associated microRNAs in the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University / Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism / Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Wen-Bin Chen
- Scientific Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Shan-Shan Shao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University / Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism / Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Shi-Zhan Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University / Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism / Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Chong-Bo Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University / Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism / Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Meng-Zhu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University / Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism / Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Jia-Jun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University / Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism / Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Scientific Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
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59
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Momen-Heravi F, Getting SJ, Moschos SA. Extracellular vesicles and their nucleic acids for biomarker discovery. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 192:170-187. [PMID: 30081050 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogenous population of vesicles originate from cells. EVs are found in different biofluids and carry different macromolecules, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, providing a snap shot of the parental cells at the time of release. EVs have the ability to transfer molecular cargoes to other cells and can initiate different physiological and pathological processes. Mounting lines of evidence demonstrated that EVs' cargo and machinery is affected in disease states, positioning EVs as potential sources for the discovery of novel biomarkers. In this review, we demonstrate a conceptual overview of the EV field with particular focus on their nucleic acid cargoes. Current knowledge of EV subtypes, nucleic acid cargo and pathophysiological roles are outlined, with emphasis placed on advantages against competing analytes. We review the utility of EVs and their nucleic acid cargoes as biomarkers and critically assess the newly available advances in the field of EV biomarkers and high throughput technologies. Challenges to achieving the diagnostic potential of EVs, including sample handling, EV isolation, methodological considerations, and bioassay reproducibility are discussed. Future implementation of 'omics-based technologies and integration of systems biology approaches for the development of EV-based biomarkers and personalized medicine are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Momen-Heravi
- Division of Periodontics, Section of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, Columbia University, College of Dental Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK.
| | - Stephen J Getting
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK; Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Sterghios Athanasios Moschos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK; Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
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60
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancers with poor prognosis are highly malignant, readily metastatic and of immune tolerance, mainly due to delayed detection. The metastatic progression and immune tolerance of pancreatic cancer is greatly attributed to the intercellular communication. However, exosomes are deemed to be the most important tool of intercellular communicators. Thus, we present a review of pancreatic cancer and exosomes in this article. We intensively summarize the progress of early pancreatic cancer and the relationship of the proliferation, progression and metastasis of pancreatic cancer and pancreatic cancer-derived exosomes, and propose new ideas of the study of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfei Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacy and Medical Technology School, Putian University, Putian 351100, Fujian, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Shaohuang Weng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Qicai Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China
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61
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Krause HM. New and Prospective Roles for lncRNAs in Organelle Formation and Function. Trends Genet 2018; 34:736-745. [PMID: 30017312 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The observation that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent the majority of transcripts in humans has led to a rapid increase in interest and study. Most of this interest has focused on their roles in the nucleus. However, increasing evidence is beginning to reveal even more functions outside the nucleus, and even outside cells. Many of these roles are mediated by newly discovered properties, including the ability of lncRNAs to interact with lipids, membranes, and disordered protein domains, and to form differentially soluble RNA-protein sub-organelles. This review explores the possibilities enabled by these new properties and abilities, such as likely roles in exosome formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M Krause
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada.
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62
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Pu C, Huang H, Wang Z, Zou W, Lv Y, Zhou Z, Zhang Q, Qiao L, Wu F, Shao S. Extracellular Vesicle-Associated mir-21 and mir-144 Are Markedly Elevated in Serum of Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Physiol 2018; 9:930. [PMID: 30065664 PMCID: PMC6056643 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to observe the possible change of microRNAs (miRNAs) in serum extracellular vesicles (EVs) from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Methods: The serum EVs were purified from 17 healthy donors, 16 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients and 24 HCC patients. The sequenced microRNAs in the purified EVs were analyzed to obtain highly differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Finally, the expression pattern of DEGs was validated using qRT-PCR. Results: We found that the expression of hsa-miR-21-5p and hsa-miR-144-3p were significantly higher in EVs and liver cancer tissues compared with serum and the distal liver tissues in HCC patients. The ratio of hsa-miR-144-3p/hsa-miR-21-5p was significantly decreased in the patients with CHB but significantly increased in patients with HCC developed from CHB (P < 0.05). Hsa-144-3p/hsa-miR-21-5p exhibited greater performance than alpha-fetoprotein (AUC 0.780, 95% CI 0.601–0.960, versus AUC 0.626, 95% CI 0.410–0.843) in ROC curve analysis. Conclusion: Extracellular vesicle-associated hsa-miR-21-5p and hsa-miR-144-3p are markedly elevated in serum of patients with HCC. The potential role of these microRNAs in the pathogenesis of HCC is worth of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunwen Pu
- Department of Biobank, The Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Biobank, The Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhidong Wang
- Department of Biobank, The Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Zou
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuecai Lv
- Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhou
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Qiqi Zhang
- Department of Biobank, The Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Liang Qiao
- The University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Fei Wu
- The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Shujuan Shao
- Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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63
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Proliferative, Migratory, and Transition Properties Reveal Metastate of Human Amnion Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:2004-2015. [PMID: 29981743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Amnion epithelial cell (AEC) shedding causes microfractures in human placental membranes during gestation. However, microfractures are healed to maintain membrane integrity. To better understand the cellular mechanisms of healing and tissue remodeling, scratch assays were performed using primary AECs derived from normal term not in labor membranes. AECs were grown under different conditions: i) normal cultures (control), ii) oxidative stress (OS) induction by cigarette smoke extract (CSE), iii) co-treatment of CSE and antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine, and iv) treatment with amniotic fluid (AF). Cell migration time and distance, changes in intermediate filament (cytokeratin-18 and vimentin) expressions, and cellular senescence were determined. Control AECs in culture exhibited a metastate with the expression of both cytokeratin-18 and vimentin. During healing, AECs proliferated, migrated, and transitioned from epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype with increased vimentin. Wound healing was associated with mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET). CSE-induced OS and senescence prevented wound healing in which cells sustained mesenchymal state. N-acetyl-l-cysteine reversed CSE's effect to aid wound closure through MET. AF accelerated cellular transitions and healing. Our data suggest that AECs undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transition during proliferation and migration and MET at the injury site to promote healing. AF accelerated whereas OS diminished cellular transitions and healing. OS-inducing pregnancy risk factors may diminish remodeling capacity contributing to membrane dysfunction, leading to preterm birth.
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64
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Fitzgerald W, Gomez-Lopez N, Erez O, Romero R, Margolis L. Extracellular vesicles generated by placental tissues ex vivo: A transport system for immune mediators and growth factors. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 80:e12860. [PMID: 29726582 PMCID: PMC6021205 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM To study the mechanisms of placenta function and the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in pregnancy, it is necessary to develop an ex vivo system that retains placental cytoarchitecture and the primary metabolic aspects, in particular the release of EVs and soluble factors. Here, we developed such a system and investigated the pattern of secretion of cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular vesicles by placental villous and amnion tissues ex vivo. METHODS OF STUDY Placental villous and amnion explants were cultured for 2 weeks at the air/liquid interface and their morphology and the released cytokines and EVs were analyzed. Cytokines were analyzed with multiplexed bead assays, and individual EVs were analyzed with recently developed techniques that involved EV capture with magnetic nanoparticles coupled to anti-EV antibodies and flow cytometry. RESULTS Ex vivo tissues (i) remained viable and preserved their cytoarchitecture; (ii) maintained secretion of cytokines and growth factors; (iii) released EVs of syncytiotrophoblast and amnion epithelial cell origins that contain cytokines and growth factors. CONCLUSION A system of ex vivo placental villous and amnion tissues can be used as an adequate model to study placenta metabolic activity in normal and complicated pregnancies, in particular to characterize EVs by their surface markers and by encapsulated proteins. Establishment and benchmarking the placenta ex vivo system may provide new insight in the functional status of this organ in various placental disorders, particularly regarding the release of EVs and cytokines. Such EVs may have a prognostic value for pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Fitzgerald
- Section of Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Offer Erez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Leonid Margolis
- Section of Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
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Xu WC, Qian G, Liu AQ, Li YQ, Zou HQ. Urinary Extracellular Vesicle: A Potential Source of Early Diagnostic and Therapeutic Biomarker in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 131:1357-1364. [PMID: 29786051 PMCID: PMC5987509 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.232801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has become one of the major causes of end-stage renal disease. Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) contain rich biological information which could be the ideal source for noninvasive biomarkers of DKD. This review discussed the potential early diagnostic and therapeutic values of proteins and microRNAs in uEVs in DKD. DATA SOURCES This review was based articles published in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases up to November 20, 2017, with the following keywords: "Diabetic kidney disease", "Extracellular vesicle", and "Urine". STUDY SELECTION Relevant articles were carefully reviewed, with no exclusions applied to the study design and publication type. RESULTS There is no "gold standard" technology to separate and/or purify uEVs. The uEVs contain a variety of proteins and RNAs and participate in the physiological and pathological processes of the kidney. UEVs, especially urinary exosomes, may be useful biomarkers for early diagnosis and treatment to DKD. Furthermore, the uEVs has been used as a therapeutic target for DKD. CONCLUSION Proteins and nucleic acids in uEVs represent promising biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Cheng Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology and Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Ge Qian
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology and Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Ai-Qun Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology and Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Li
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology and Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - He-Qun Zou
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology and Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
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Simon C, Greening DW, Bolumar D, Balaguer N, Salamonsen LA, Vilella F. Extracellular Vesicles in Human Reproduction in Health and Disease. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:292-332. [PMID: 29390102 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extensive evidence suggests that the release of membrane-enclosed compartments, more commonly known as extracellular vesicles (EVs), is a potent newly identified mechanism of cell-to-cell communication both in normal physiology and in pathological conditions. This review presents evidence about the formation and release of different EVs, their definitive markers and cargo content in reproductive physiological processes, and their capacity to convey information between cells through the transfer of functional protein and genetic information to alter phenotype and function of recipient cells associated with reproductive biology. In the male reproductive tract, epididymosomes and prostasomes participate in regulating sperm motility activation, capacitation, and acrosome reaction. In the female reproductive tract, follicular fluid, oviduct/tube, and uterine cavity EVs are considered as vehicles to carry information during oocyte maturation, fertilization, and embryo-maternal crosstalk. EVs via their cargo might be also involved in the triggering, maintenance, and progression of reproductive- and obstetric-related pathologies such as endometriosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and erectile dysfunction. In this review, we provide current knowledge on the present and future use of EVs not only as biomarkers, but also as therapeutic targeting agents, mainly as vectors for drug or compound delivery into target cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Simon
- Igenomix Foundation, Valencia, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Valencia University, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - David W Greening
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Bolumar
- Igenomix Foundation, Valencia, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Nuria Balaguer
- Igenomix Foundation, Valencia, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Lois A Salamonsen
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Felipe Vilella
- Igenomix Foundation, Valencia, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
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Karasu E, Eisenhardt SU, Harant J, Huber-Lang M. Extracellular Vesicles: Packages Sent With Complement. Front Immunol 2018; 9:721. [PMID: 29696020 PMCID: PMC5904200 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells communicate with other cells in their microenvironment by transferring lipids, peptides, RNA, and sugars in extracellular vesicles (EVs), thereby also influencing recipient cell functions. Several studies indicate that these vesicles are involved in a variety of critical cellular processes including immune, metabolic, and coagulatory responses and are thereby associated with several inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, EVs also possess anti-inflammatory properties and contribute to immune regulation, thus encouraging an emerging interest in investigating and clarifying mechanistic links between EVs and innate immunity. Current studies indicate complex interactions of the complement system with EVs, with a dramatic influence on local and systemic inflammation. During inflammatory conditions with highly activated complement, including after severe tissue trauma and during sepsis, elevated numbers of EVs were found in the circulation of patients. There is increasing evidence that these shed vesicles contain key complement factors as well as complement regulators on their surface, affecting inflammation and the course of disease. Taken together, interaction of EVs regulates complement activity and contributes to the pro- and anti-inflammatory immune balance. However, the molecular mechanisms behind this interaction remain elusive and require further investigation. The aim of this review is to summarize the limited current knowledge on the crosstalk between complement and EVs. A further aspect is the clinical relevance of EVs with an emphasis on their capacity as potential therapeutic vehicles in the field of translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Karasu
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Steffen U Eisenhardt
- Division of Reconstructive Microsurgery, Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Harant
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Can hi-jacking hypoxia inhibit extracellular vesicles in cancer? Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1267-1273. [PMID: 29577970 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are key players in undesirable cell-cell communication in cancer. However, the release of EVs is not unique to cancer cells; normal cells release EVs to perform physiological roles. Thus, selective inhibition of EV release from cancer cells is desirable. Hypoxia contributes to tumour development and aggressiveness. EV quantities and thus undesirable communications are substantially increased in hypoxia. Targeting hypoxia could selectively inhibit EV release from tumour cells without disturbing physiologically relevant EVs. The unfavourable association between hypoxia and EV release is evident in multiple tumour types; therefore, targeting hypoxia could have a broad therapeutic benefit.
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PKH26 labeling of extracellular vesicles: Characterization and cellular internalization of contaminating PKH26 nanoparticles. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:1350-1361. [PMID: 29551275 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PKH lipophilic dyes are highly fluorescent and stain membranes by intercalating their aliphatic portion into the exposed lipid bilayer. They have established use in labeling and tracking of cells in vivo and in vitro. Despite wide use of PKH-labeled extracellular vesicles (EVs) in cell targeting and functional studies, nonEV-associated fluorescent structures have never been examined systematically, nor was their internalization by cells. Here, we have characterized PKH26-positive particles in lymphoblastoid B exosome samples and exosome-free controls stained by ultracentrifugation, filtration, and sucrose-cushion-based and sucrose-gradient-based procedures, using confocal imaging and asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation coupled to multi-angle light-scattering detector analysis. We show for the first time that numerous PKH26 nanoparticles (nine out of ten PKH26-positive particles) are formed during ultracentrifugation-based exosome staining, which are almost indistinguishable from PKH26-labeled exosomes in terms of size, surface area, and fluorescence intensity. When PKH26-labeled exosomes were purified through sucrose, PKH26 nanoparticles were differentiated from PKH26-labeled exosomes based on their reduced size. However, PKH26 nanoparticles were only physically removed from PKH26-labeled exosomes when separated on a sucrose gradient, and at the expense of low PKH26-labeled exosome recovery. Overall, low PKH26-positive particle recovery is characteristic of filtration-based exosome staining. Importantly, PKH26 nanoparticles are internalized by primary astrocytes into similar subcellular compartments as PKH26-labeled exosomes. Altogether, PKH26 nanoparticles can result in false-positive signals for stained EVs that can compromise the interpretation of EV internalization. Thus, for use in EV uptake and functional studies, sucrose-gradient-based isolation should be the method of choice to obtain PKH26-labeled exosomes devoid of PKH26 nanoparticles.
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Urciuoli E, Giorda E, Scarsella M, Petrini S, Peruzzi B. Osteosarcoma-derived extracellular vesicles induce a tumor-like phenotype in normal recipient cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6158-6172. [PMID: 29323709 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone cancer and the most frequent cause of bone cancer-related deaths in children and adolescents. Osteosarcoma cells are able to establish a crosstalk with resident bone cells leading to the formation of a deleterious vicious cycle. We hypothesized that osteosarcoma cells can release, in the bone microenvironment, transforming Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) involved in regulating bone cell proliferation and differentiation, thereby promoting tumor growth. We assessed EV production by three osteosarcoma cell lines with increasing aggressiveness in order to investigate their roles in the communication between osteosarcoma cells and normal recipient cells. Osteosarcoma-derived EVs were used to treat the murine fibroblast cell line NIH3T3 and to study the induction of tumor-like phenotypes. Our results showed that osteosarcoma cell lines are able to produce EVs that fuse to recipient cells, with a very high uptake efficiency. The treatment of recipient NIH3T3 with osteosarcoma-derived EVs induced substantial biological and functional effects, as an enhanced proliferation and survival capability under starved conditions, high levels of activated survival pathways, an increased migration, adhesion, and 3D sphere formation and the acquired capability to grow in an anchorage-independent manner. Moreover, in murine NIH3T3 we found human mRNAs of TNF-α, IL-6, and TGF-β, as well as a de novo expression of murine MMP-9 and TNF-α following the treatment of human osteosarcoma-derived EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Urciuoli
- Multifactorial Diseases Unit-Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.,DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ezio Giorda
- Unit of Flow Cytometry, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Scarsella
- Unit of Flow Cytometry, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Petrini
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Peruzzi
- Multifactorial Diseases Unit-Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
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Song JE, Park SJ, Lee KY, Lee WJ. Amniotic fluid HIF1α and exosomal HIF1α in cervical insufficiency patients with physical examination-indicated cerclage. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 32:2287-2294. [PMID: 29357727 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1432037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) has been reported to activate inflammatory cascade. Recently, exosomes have been known to have pivotal roles in intercellular communication. The aim of this study was to compare the concentration of amniotic fluid (AF) HIF1α, exosomal HIF1α, and inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1α (IL1α), interleukin 1β (IL1β), interleukin 6 (IL6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) between physical examination-indicated cerclage (PEIC) and control group. We also investigated the associations between biomarkers and amniocentesis-to-delivery interval and the correlations of inflammatory cytokines, HIF1α, and exosomal HIF1α. METHODS Case-control study was performed. Cases are defined as 16 patients who underwent PEIC and controls are 19 women who underwent amniocentesis for confirming chromosomal abnormalities. The concentration of IL1α, IL1β, IL6, TNFα, HIF1α, and exosomal HIF1α were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Exosomes were confirmed by tumor susceptibility Gene 101 (TSG 101) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS The mean HIF1α in PEIC group was higher than control group (PEIC, 15.03 ± 9.60-pg/mL versus control, 2.96 ± 1.99 pg/mL; p < .01). There were significant differences in inflammatory cytokines between two groups. A significant difference in exosomal HIF1α was shown between two groups (PEIC, 27.97 ± 28.61-µg/mL versus control, 12.42 ± 8.20 µg/mL; p < .01). HIF1α, IL1α, IL6, TNFα, and exosomal HIF1α showed significantly negative association with cerclage-to-delivery interval. However, IL1β was not associated with cerclage-to-delivery interval. HIF1α was positively correlated with exosomal HIF1α (rho = 0.93, p < .01). Both HIF1α and exosomal HIF1α were significantly associated with TNFα (rho = 0.94, p < .01; rho = 0.97, p < .01). Both HIF-1α and exosomal HIF1α had positive correlation with IL1α (rho = 0.96, p < .01; rho = 0.91, p < .01). However, IL1β showed no correlations with HIF1α and exosomal HIF1α. A positive correlation between HIF-1α and IL6 was observed (rho = 0.58, p = .01.) Exosomal HIF1α also had correlation with IL6 (rho = 0.52, p = .03). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that amniotic fluid (AF) HIF1α and AF exosomal HIF1α were higher in physical examination-indicated cerclage (PEIC) group than control group. AF HIF1α and AF exosomal HIF1α were associated with shorter amniocentesis-to-delivery interval. More importantly, they had positive correlations with AF inflammatory cytokines such as IL1α, IL6, and TNFα. Our results may indicate that AF HIF1α and AF exosomes interact with AF inflammatory cytokines and contribute inflammatory cascade in complicated pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Song
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Hallym University School of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Ju Park
- b Ilsong Institute of Life Science , Hallym University , Anyang , Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Young Lee
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Hallym University School of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Wang Jae Lee
- c Department of Anatomy , Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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Mueller SK, Nocera AL, Bleier BS. Exosome function in aerodigestive mucosa. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:269-277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Hosseini-Beheshti E, Choi W, Weiswald LB, Kharmate G, Ghaffari M, Roshan-Moniri M, Hassona MD, Chan L, Chin MY, Tai IT, Rennie PS, Fazli L, Tomlinson Guns ES. Exosomes confer pro-survival signals to alter the phenotype of prostate cells in their surrounding environment. Oncotarget 2018; 7:14639-58. [PMID: 26840259 PMCID: PMC4924741 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men. Current research on tumour-related extracellular vesicles (EVs) suggests that exosomes play a significant role in paracrine signaling pathways, thus potentially influencing cancer progression via multiple mechanisms. In fact, during the last decade numerous studies have revealed the role of EVs in the progression of various pathological conditions including cancer. Moreover, differences in the proteomic, lipidomic, and cholesterol content of exosomes derived from PCa cell lines versus benign prostate cell lines confirm that exosomes could be excellent biomarker candidates. As such, as part of an extensive proteomic analysis using LCMS we previously described a potential role of exosomes as biomarkers for PCa. Current evidence suggests that uptake of EV's into the local tumour microenvironment encouraging us to further examine the role of these vesicles in distinct mechanisms involved in the progression of PCa and castration resistant PCa. For the purpose of this study, we hypothesized that exosomes play a pivotal role in cell-cell communication in the local tumour microenvironment, conferring activation of numerous survival mechanisms during PCa progression and development of therapeutic resistance. Our in vitro results demonstrate that PCa derived exosomes significantly reduce apoptosis, increase cancer cell proliferation and induce cell migration in LNCaP and RWPE-1 cells. In conjunction with our in vitro findings, we have also demonstrated that exosomes increased tumor volume and serum PSA levels in vivo when xenograft bearing mice were administered DU145 cell derived exosomes intravenously. This research suggests that, regardless of androgen receptor phenotype, exosomes derived from PCa cells significantly enhance multiple mechanisms that contribute to PCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Hosseini-Beheshti
- Department of Experimental Medicine University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada.,The Vancouver Prostate Centre University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Wendy Choi
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Louis-Bastien Weiswald
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Geetanjali Kharmate
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Mazyar Ghaffari
- Department of Experimental Medicine University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada.,The Vancouver Prostate Centre University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Mani Roshan-Moniri
- Department of Experimental Medicine University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada.,The Vancouver Prostate Centre University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Mohamed D Hassona
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Leslie Chan
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Mei Yieng Chin
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Isabella T Tai
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Paul S Rennie
- Department of Urologic Sciences University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada.,The Vancouver Prostate Centre University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Ladan Fazli
- Department of Urologic Sciences University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada.,The Vancouver Prostate Centre University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Emma S Tomlinson Guns
- Department of Urologic Sciences University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada.,The Vancouver Prostate Centre University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada
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Zhang HG, Cao P, Teng Y, Hu X, Wang Q, Yeri AS, Zhuang X, Samykutty A, Mu J, Deng ZB, Zhang L, Mobley JA, Yan J, Van Keuren-Jensen K, Miller D. Isolation, identification, and characterization of novel nanovesicles. Oncotarget 2018; 7:41346-41362. [PMID: 27191656 PMCID: PMC5173064 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular microvesicles (EVs) have been recognized for many potential clinical applications including biomarkers for disease diagnosis. In this study, we identified a major population of EVs by simply screening fluid samples with a nanosizer. Unlike other EVs, this extracellular nanovesicle (named HG-NV, HG-NV stands for HomoGenous nanovesicle as well as for Huang-Ge- nanovesicle) can be detected with a nanosizer with minimal in vitro manipulation and are much more homogenous in size (8–12 nm) than other EVs. A simple filtration platform is capable of separating HG-NVs from peripheral blood or cell culture supernatants. In comparison with corresponding exosome profiles, HG-NVs released from both mouse and human breast tumor cells are enriched with RNAs. Tumor derived HG-NVs are more potent in promoting tumor progression than exosomes. In summary, we identified a major subset of EVs as a previously unrecognized nanovesicle. Tumor cell derived HG-NVs promote tumor progression. Molecules predominantly present in breast tumor HG-NVs have been identified and characterized. This discovery may have implications in advancing both microvesicle biology research and clinical management including potential used as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang-Ge Zhang
- Louisville Veterans Administration Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA.,James Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Pengxiao Cao
- James Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Yun Teng
- James Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Xin Hu
- Program in Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qilong Wang
- James Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, 223300, China
| | - Ashish S Yeri
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Xiaoying Zhuang
- James Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Abhilash Samykutty
- James Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jingyao Mu
- James Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Zhong-Bin Deng
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- James Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - James A Mobley
- Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics Shared Facility, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | | | - Donald Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Microglia-derived extracellular vesicles in Alzheimer's Disease: A double-edged sword. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 148:184-192. [PMID: 29305855 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), based on their origin or size, can be classified as apoptotic bodies, microvesicles (MVs)/microparticles (MPs), and exosomes. EVs are one of the new emerging modes of communication between cells that are providing new insights into the pathophysiology of several diseases. EVs released from activated or apoptotic cells contain specific proteins (signaling molecules, receptors, integrins, cytokines), bioactive lipids, nucleic acids (mRNA, miRNA, small non coding RNAs, DNA) from their progenitor cells. In the brain, EVs contribute to intercellular communication through their basal release and uptake by surrounding cells, or release into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. In the central nervous system (CNS), EVs have been suggested as potential carriers in the intercellular delivery of misfolded proteins associated to neurodegenerative disorders, such as tau and amyloid β in Alzheimer's Disease (AD), α-synuclein in Parkinson's Disease (PD), superoxide dismutase (SOD)1 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and huntingtin in Huntington's Disease. Multiple studies indicate that EVs are involved in the pathogenesis of AD, although their role has not been completely elucidated. The focus of this review is to analyze the new emerging role of EVs in AD progression, paying particular attention to microglia EVs. Recent data show that microglia are the first myeloid cells to be activated during neuroinflammation. Microglial EVs in fact, could have both a beneficial and a detrimental action in AD. The study of EVs may provide specific, precise information regarding the AD transition stage that may offer possibilities to intervene in order to retain cognition. In chronic neurodegenerative diseases EVs could be a novel biomarker to monitor the progression of the pathology and also represent a new therapeutical approach to CNS diseases.
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76
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安 泰, 郑 磊. [Progress and analysis methods of clinical application of extracellular vesicles]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2017; 37:1559-1562, 封三. [PMID: 29180342 PMCID: PMC6779649 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.11.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles released by cells, which contain proteins and miRNA. It is a new research field in recent years. EVs change accordingly in a variety of diseases. These vesicles can sensitively reflect the pathological changes of the body. Compared with tissue biopsy, EVs detection have the advantages of non-invasive, simple sampling and real-time monitoring. EVs are becoming new diagnostic marker. This article reviews the current status and progress of EVs in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- 泰学 安
- />南方医科大学南方医院检验医学科,广东 广州 510515Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital of Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 磊 郑
- />南方医科大学南方医院检验医学科,广东 广州 510515Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital of Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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77
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Shimoda M, Khokha R. Metalloproteinases in extracellular vesicles. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:1989-2000. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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78
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Saliva-Exosomics in Cancer: Molecular Characterization of Cancer-Derived Exosomes in Saliva. Enzymes 2017; 42:125-151. [PMID: 29054268 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin that are secreted by most cells and detected in saliva. Pathophysiological roles for salivary exosomes are beginning to be recognized in diseases including cancer, highlighting potential biomarkers and biological functions. Since early detection of cancer is vital for successful treatment, salivary exosomes would be advantageous in achieving a better survival rate due to their ready availability and noninvasiveness. The use of salivary exosomes may therefore be promising in the accurate detection of premalignant lesions and early-stage cancers, also for better our understanding of the molecular basis of tumorigenesis. In this chapter, we review our current knowledge of salivaomics, focusing on nucleic acids and proteins in saliva as potential cancer biomarkers. Since salivaomics is a rapidly evolving field, we hope to expand frameworks toward salivary exosomes, integrate new and existing information, and bridge salivaomics with other biomedical researches. Furthermore, we would like to coin the term "saliva-exosomics" as the next-generation salivaomics. Our goal in this chapter is to provide the most updated information on cancer-derived exosomes in the saliva as natural carriers of biomarkers and signaling molecules. Major advances include definitive structure analysis and molecular characterization of salivary exosomes. We also highlight the exosome biogenesis and cargo trafficking mechanisms in which recent animal studies have expanded our understanding of exosome-mediated transfer of cancer-derived products from distal tumor to salivary gland. The potential roles of the salivary exosomes in cancer progression and immune surveillance are also addressed.
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79
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Small RNAs in Circulating Exosomes of Cancer Patients: A Minireview. High Throughput 2017; 6:ht6040013. [PMID: 29485611 PMCID: PMC5748592 DOI: 10.3390/ht6040013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted from many cell types play important roles in intercellular communication, both as paracrine and endocrine factors, as they can circulate in biological fluids, including plasma. Amid EVs, exosomes are actively secreted vesicles that contain proteins, lipids, soluble factors, and nucleic acids, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and other classes of small RNAs (sRNA). miRNAs are prominent post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and epigenetic silencers of transcription. We concisely review the roles of miRNAs in cell-fate determination and development and their regulatory activity on almost all the processes and pathways controlling tumor formation and progression. Next, we consider the evidence linking exosomes to tumor progression, particularly to the setting-up of permissive pre-metastatic niches. The study of exosomes in patients with different survival and therapy response can inform on the possible correlations between exosomal cargo and disease features. Moreover, the exploration of circulating exosomes as possible sources of non-invasive biomarkers could give new implements for anti-cancer therapy and metastasis prevention. Since the characterization of sRNAs in exosomes of cancer patients sparks opportunities to better understand their roles in cancer, we briefly present current experimental and computational protocols for sRNAs analysis in circulating exosomes by RNA-seq.
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80
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Kosanović M, Milutinović B, Goč S, Mitić N, Janković M. Ion-exchange chromatography purification of extracellular vesicles. Biotechniques 2017; 63:65-71. [DOI: 10.2144/000114575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous studies, isolating pure preparations of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has proven challenging. Here, we compared ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) to the widely used sucrose density gradient (SDG) centrifugation method for the purification of EVs. EVs in bulk were isolated from pooled normal human amniotic fluid (AF) by differential centrifugation followed by IEC or sucrose density gradient separation. The purity of the isolated EVs was evaluated by electrophoresis and lectin blotting/immuno blotting to monitor the distribution of total proteins, different EVs markers, and selected N-glycans. Our data showed efficient separation of negatively charged EVs from other differently charged molecules, while comparative profiling of EVs using SDG centrifugation confirmed anion-exchange chromatography is advantageous for EV purification. Finally, although this IEC-based method was validated using AF, the approach should be readily applicable to isolation of EVs from other sources as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Kosanović
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojana Milutinović
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Goč
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ninoslav Mitić
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miroslava Janković
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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81
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Strotman LN, Millner LM, Valdes R, Linder MW. Liquid Biopsies in Oncology and the Current Regulatory Landscape. Mol Diagn Ther 2017; 20:429-36. [PMID: 27324559 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-016-0220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is a profound need in oncology to detect cancer earlier, guide individualized therapies, and better monitor progress during treatment. Currently, some of this information can be achieved through solid tissue biopsy and imaging. However, these techniques are limited because of the invasiveness of the procedure and the size of the tumor. A liquid biopsy can overcome these barriers as its non-invasive nature allows samples to be collected over time. Liquid biopsies may also allow earlier detection than traditional imaging. Liquid biopsies include the analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cell-free nucleic acid (cfNA), or extracellular vesicles obtained from a variety of biofluids, such as peripheral blood. In this review, we discuss different liquid biopsy types and how they fit into the current regulatory landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay N Strotman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 511 South Floyd Street, MDR 221, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- PGXL Technologies, 201 E. Floyd St., Suite 306, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Lori M Millner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 511 South Floyd Street, MDR 221, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- PGXL Technologies, 201 E. Floyd St., Suite 306, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Roland Valdes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 511 South Floyd Street, MDR 221, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- PGXL Technologies, 201 E. Floyd St., Suite 306, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Mark W Linder
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 511 South Floyd Street, MDR 221, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- PGXL Technologies, 201 E. Floyd St., Suite 306, Louisville, KY, USA.
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82
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Chen YD, Fang YT, Cheng YL, Lin CF, Hsu LJ, Wang SY, Anderson R, Chang CP, Lin YS. Exophagy of annexin A2 via RAB11, RAB8A and RAB27A in IFN-γ-stimulated lung epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5676. [PMID: 28720835 PMCID: PMC5516008 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin A2 (ANXA2), a phospholipid-binding protein, has multiple biological functions depending on its cellular localization. We previously demonstrated that IFN-γ-triggered ANXA2 secretion is associated with exosomal release. Here, we show that IFN-γ-induced autophagy is essential for the extracellular secretion of ANXA2 in lung epithelial cells. We observed colocalization of ANXA2-containing autophagosomes with multivesicular bodies (MVBs) after IFN-γ stimulation, followed by exosomal release. IFN-γ-induced exophagic release of ANXA2 could not be observed in ATG5-silenced or mutant RAB11-expressing cells. Furthermore, knockdown of RAB8A and RAB27A, but not RAB27B, reduced IFN-γ-triggered ANXA2 secretion. Surface translocation of ANXA2 enhanced efferocytosis by epithelial cells, and inhibition of different exophagic steps, including autophagosome formation, fusion of autophagosomes with MVBs, and fusion of amphisomes with plasma membrane, reduced ANXA2-mediated efferocytosis. Our data reveal a novel route of IFN-γ-induced exophagy of ANXA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Da Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Fang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Cheng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Feng Lin
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jin Hsu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ying Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Robert Anderson
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Pediatrics, and Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Chih-Peng Chang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Yee-Shin Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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83
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Wang S, Wang JQ, Lv XW. Exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers in the diagnosis of liver disease. Biomark Med 2017; 11:491-501. [PMID: 28598214 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver disease is a primary cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Currently, histological examination is the gold standard for diagnosis and classification of liver disease; however, due to its several drawbacks, including the risk of complications and sampling variability, noninvasive diagnostic options are favorable. Exosomal miRNAs have recently been considered as an important source of medical biomarkers due to being widely distributed in body fluids. This review summarizes existing concepts related to the origin, mode of transportation and possible functions of exosomal miRNAs, and recent findings on the role of exosomal miRNAs in liver diseases and development of exosomal miRNA-based diagnostic biomarkers in the primary forms of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.,Institute for Liver Disease of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jian-Qing Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xiong-Wen Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.,Institute for Liver Disease of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
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84
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Rezaie J, Ajezi S, Avci ÇB, Karimipour M, Geranmayeh MH, Nourazarian A, Sokullu E, Rezabakhsh A, Rahbarghazi R. Exosomes and their Application in Biomedical Field: Difficulties and Advantages. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3372-3393. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0582-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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85
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Cai S, Cheng X, Pan X, Li J. Emerging role of exosomes in liver physiology and pathology. Hepatol Res 2017; 47:194-203. [PMID: 27539153 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes can mediate intercellular communication by conveying various bioactive molecules. Plentiful evidence suggests that exosomes are involved in many liver diseases including hepatitis C virus infection, hepatitis B virus infection, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and alcoholic liver disease. Moreover, exosomes are present in nearly all human body fluids. Therefore, exosomal miRNA or proteins have the potential to be novel biomarkers of liver diseases. In the treatment of liver diseases, exosomes could participate in adaptive immune response and mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy. Exosomes can also be used as vehicles for genetic materials and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangpeng Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyu Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xueyin Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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86
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Barreca MM, Spinello W, Cavalieri V, Turturici G, Sconzo G, Kaur P, Tinnirello R, Asea AAA, Geraci F. Extracellular Hsp70 Enhances Mesoangioblast Migration via an Autocrine Signaling Pathway. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:1845-1861. [PMID: 27925208 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mouse mesoangioblasts are vessel-associated progenitor stem cells endowed with the ability of multipotent mesoderm differentiation. Therefore, they represent a promising tool in the regeneration of injured tissues. Several studies have demonstrated that homing of mesoangioblasts into blood and injured tissues are mainly controlled by cytokines/chemokines and other inflammatory factors. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating their ability to traverse the extracellular matrix (ECM). Here, we demonstrate that membrane vesicles released by mesoangioblasts contain Hsp70, and that the released Hsp70 is able to interact by an autocrine mechanism with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and CD91 to stimulate migration. We further demonstrate that Hsp70 has a positive role in regulating matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and MMP9 expression and that MMP2 has a more pronounced effect on cell migration, as compared to MMP9. In addition, the analysis of the intracellular pathways implicated in Hsp70 regulated signal transduction showed the involvement of both PI3K/AKT and NF-κB. Taken together, our findings present a paradigm shift in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate mesoangioblast stem cells ability to traverse the extracellular matrix (ECM). J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1845-1861, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Barreca
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Walter Spinello
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cavalieri
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Turturici
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gabriella Sconzo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Punit Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rosaria Tinnirello
- Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology Institute, National Center of Research, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alexzander A A Asea
- Department of Neurology and the Deanship for Scientific Research, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fabiana Geraci
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo, Italy
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87
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Armstrong JPK, Holme MN, Stevens MM. Re-Engineering Extracellular Vesicles as Smart Nanoscale Therapeutics. ACS NANO 2017; 11:69-83. [PMID: 28068069 PMCID: PMC5604727 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a key cell-free strategy for the treatment of a range of pathologies, including cancer, myocardial infarction, and inflammatory diseases. Indeed, the field is rapidly transitioning from promising in vitro reports toward in vivo animal models and early clinical studies. These investigations exploit the high physicochemical stability and biocompatibility of EVs as well as their innate capacity to communicate with cells via signal transduction and membrane fusion. This review focuses on methods in which EVs can be chemically or biologically modified to broaden, alter, or enhance their therapeutic capability. We examine two broad strategies, which have been used to introduce a wide range of nanoparticles, reporter systems, targeting peptides, pharmaceutics, and functional RNA molecules. First, we explore how EVs can be modified by manipulating their parent cells, either through genetic or metabolic engineering or by introducing exogenous material that is subsequently incorporated into secreted EVs. Second, we consider how EVs can be directly functionalized using strategies such as hydrophobic insertion, covalent surface chemistry, and membrane permeabilization. We discuss the historical context of each specific technology, present prominent examples, and evaluate the complexities, potential pitfalls, and opportunities presented by different re-engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James PK Armstrong
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College, London, U.K. SW7 2AZ
| | - Margaret N Holme
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College, London, U.K. SW7 2AZ
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College, London, U.K. SW7 2AZ
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88
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Leblanc P, Arellano-Anaya ZE, Bernard E, Gallay L, Provansal M, Lehmann S, Schaeffer L, Raposo G, Vilette D. Isolation of Exosomes and Microvesicles from Cell Culture Systems to Study Prion Transmission. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1545:153-176. [PMID: 27943213 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6728-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are composed of microvesicles and exosomes. Exosomes are small membrane vesicles (40-120 nm sized) of endosomal origin released in the extracellular medium from cells when multivesicular bodies fuse with the plasma membrane, whereas microvesicles (i.e., shedding vesicles, 100 nm to 1 μm sized) bud from the plasma membrane. Exosomes and microvesicles carry functional proteins and nucleic acids (especially mRNAs and microRNAs) that can be transferred to surrounding cells and tissues and can impact multiple dimensions of the cellular life. Most of the cells, if not all, from neuronal to immune cells, release exosomes and microvesicles in the extracellular medium, and all biological fluids including blood (serum/plasma), urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and saliva contain EVs.Prion-infected cultured cells are known to secrete infectivity into their environment. We characterized this cell-free form of prions and showed that infectivity was associated with exosomes. Since exosomes are produced by a variety of cells, including cells that actively accumulate prions, they could be a vehicle for infectivity in body fluids and could participate to the dissemination of prions in the organism. In addition, such infectious exosomes also represent a natural, simple, biological material to get key information on the abnormal PrP forms associated with infectivity.In this chapter, we describe first a method that allows exosomes and microvesicles isolation from prion-infected cell cultures and in a second time the strategies to characterize the prions containing exosomes and their ability to disseminate the prion agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Leblanc
- CNRS UMR5239, LBMC, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, 69007, France.
- Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), CNRS UMR5310 - INSERM U1217, Université de Lyon - Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, 69000, France.
| | | | | | - Laure Gallay
- CNRS UMR5239, LBMC, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, 69007, France
- Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), CNRS UMR5310 - INSERM U1217, Université de Lyon - Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, 69000, France
| | | | | | - Laurent Schaeffer
- CNRS UMR5239, LBMC, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, 69007, France
- Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), CNRS UMR5310 - INSERM U1217, Université de Lyon - Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, 69000, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- CNRS UMR144, Institut Curie, Paris, 75248, France
| | - Didier Vilette
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France.
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89
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The Role of Hsp70 in the Regulation of Autophagy in Gametogenesis, Pregnancy, and Parturition. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2017; 222:117-127. [PMID: 28389753 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-51409-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Induction of the 70 kDa heat shock protein (hsp70) and autophagy are two major mechanisms that promote cell homeostasis during the rapid cell growth and differentiation characteristic of reproduction. Hsp70 insures proper assembly, conformation, and intracellular transport of nascent proteins. Autophagy removes from the cytoplasm proteins, other macromolecules, and organelles that are no longer functional or needed and recycles their components for synthesis of new products under nutritionally limiting conditions. Hsp70 inhibits autophagy and so a proper balance between these two processes is essential for optimal germ cell production and survival and pregnancy progression. A marked inhibition in autophagy and a concomitant increase in hsp70 at term is a trigger for parturition. Excessive external or endogenous stress that induces a high level of hsp70 production can lead to a non-physiological inhibition of autophagy, resulting in altered spermatogenesis, premature ovarian failure, and complications of pregnancy including preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and preterm birth.
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90
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Abstract
Paper-based devices chemically functionalized with capturing molecules enable the isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from samples of limited amount. Here, we describe the isolation of EV subpopulations from human serum samples. The morphology, content, and amount of captured EVs can be assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM ), transcriptome analysis, and paper-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (pELISA), respectively. A colorimetric readout can be detected from 10 μL serum within 10 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsing Hsiao
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, No.101, Section 2, Guangfu Rd., East Dist, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chihchen Chen
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, No.101, Section 2, Guangfu Rd., East Dist, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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91
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Chen YD, Fang YT, Chang CP, Lin CF, Hsu LJ, Wu SR, Chiu YC, Anderson R, Lin YS. S100A10 Regulates ULK1 Localization to ER-Mitochondria Contact Sites in IFN-γ-Triggered Autophagy. J Mol Biol 2016; 429:142-157. [PMID: 27871932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
During the process of autophagy, the autophagy-related proteins are translocated to autophagosome formation sites. Here, we demonstrate that S100A10 is required for ULK1 localization to autophagosome formation sites. Silencing of S100A10 reduces IFN-γ-induced autophagosome formation. We also determined the role of annexin A2 (ANXA2), a binding partner of S100A10, which has been reported to promote phagophore assembly. Silencing of ANXA2 reduced S100A10 expression. However, overexpression of S100A10 in ANXA2-silenced cells was still able to enhance autophagosome formation, suggesting that ANXA2 regulates IFN-γ-induced autophagy through S100A10. We also observed that S100A10 interacted with ULK1 after IFN-γ stimulation, and S100A10 knockdown prevented ULK1 localization to autophagosome formation sites. Finally, the release of high mobility group protein B1, one of the functions mediated by IFN-γ-induced autophagy, was inhibited in S100A10 knockdown cells. These results elucidate the importance of S100A10 in autophagosome formation and reveal the relationship between S100A10 and ULK1 in IFN-γ-induced autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Da Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Fang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Peng Chang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Feng Lin
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jin Hsu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Rung Wu
- Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chi Chiu
- Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Robert Anderson
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Pediatrics, and Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Yee-Shin Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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92
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Kinoshita T, Yip KW, Spence T, Liu FF. MicroRNAs in extracellular vesicles: potential cancer biomarkers. J Hum Genet 2016; 62:67-74. [PMID: 27383658 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2016.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are small membrane-bound structures that are secreted by various cell types, including tumor cells. Recent studies have shown that EVs are important for cell-to-cell communication, locally and distantly; horizontally transferring DNA, mRNA, microRNA (miRNA), proteins and lipids. In the context of cancer biology, tumor-derived EVs are capable of modifying the microenvironment, promoting tumor progression, immune evasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. miRNAs contained within EVs are functionally associated with cancer progression, metastasis and aggressive tumor phenotypes. These factors, along with their stability in bodily fluids, have led to extensive investigations on the potential role of circulating EV-derived miRNAs as tumor biomarkers. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of circulating EV miRNAs in human cancer, and discuss their clinical utility and challenges in functioning as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kinoshita
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kenneth W Yip
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tara Spence
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fei-Fei Liu
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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93
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Maternal-embryo interaction in the bovine oviduct: Evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies. Theriogenology 2016; 86:443-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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94
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Kortvely E, Hauck SM, Behler J, Ho N, Ueffing M. The unconventional secretion of ARMS2. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:3143-3151. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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95
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Liu Y, Lu Q. Extracellular vesicle microRNAs: biomarker discovery in various diseases based on RT-qPCR. Biomark Med 2016; 9:791-805. [PMID: 26287938 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.15.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, biomarker discovery based on extracellular microRNAs (miRNAs), especially exosome miRNAs, has drawn wide attention. While exosome isolation and identification technologies are increasingly sophisticated, the preanalytical process of exosome miRNAs seems to be no longer a crucial problem. Though next-generation sequencing, microarray and digital PCR have been recommended as good downstream analytical platforms for exosome miRNA quantification, they are still more constrained in clinical utility compared with RT-qPCR method at present. In this review, we will trace back to the origin and summarize current studies of biomarker discovery based on extracellular vesicle miRNAs, and provide an overview and latest developments of RT-qPCR-based data normalization, in order to further assist the development of translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, #139 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, #139 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
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96
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Paolini L, Zendrini A, Di Noto G, Busatto S, Lottini E, Radeghieri A, Dossi A, Caneschi A, Ricotta D, Bergese P. Residual matrix from different separation techniques impacts exosome biological activity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23550. [PMID: 27009329 PMCID: PMC4806376 DOI: 10.1038/srep23550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are gaining a prominent role in research due to their intriguing biology and several therapeutic opportunities. However, their accurate purification from body fluids and detailed physicochemical characterization remain open issues. We isolated exosomes from serum of patients with Multiple Myeloma by four of the most popular purification methods and assessed the presence of residual contaminants in the preparations through an ad hoc combination of biochemical and biophysical techniques - including Western Blot, colloidal nanoplasmonics, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning helium ion microscopy (HIM). The preparations obtained by iodixanol and sucrose gradients were highly pure. To the contrary, those achieved with limited processing (serial centrifugation or one step precipitation kit) resulted contaminated by a residual matrix, embedding the exosomes. The contaminated preparations showed lower ability to induce NfkB nuclear translocation in endothelial cells with respect to the pure ones, probably because the matrix prevents the interaction and fusion of the exosomes with the cell membrane. These findings suggest that exosome preparation purity must be carefully assessed since it may interfere with exosome biological activity. Contaminants can be reliably probed only by an integrated characterization approach aimed at both the molecular and the colloidal length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Paolini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Zendrini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Noto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Busatto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Lottini
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, Laboratory of Molecular Magnetism, University of Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Dossi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Caneschi
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, Laboratory of Molecular Magnetism, University of Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Doris Ricotta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bergese
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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97
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Tovar-Camargo OA, Toden S, Goel A. Exosomal microRNA Biomarkers: Emerging Frontiers in Colorectal and Other Human Cancers. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2016; 16:553-67. [PMID: 26892862 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2016.1156535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostic strategies, particularly non-invasive blood-based screening approaches, are gaining increased attention for the early detection and attenuation of mortality associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the majority of current screening approaches are inadequate at replacing the conventional CRC diagnostic procedures. Yet, due to technological advances and better understanding of molecular events underlying human cancer, a new category of biomarkers are on the horizon. Recent evidence indicates that cells release a distinct class of small vesicles called 'exosomes', which contain nucleic acids and proteins that reflect and typify host-cell molecular architecture. Intriguingly, exosomes released from cancer cells have a distinct genetic and epigenetic makeup, which allows them to undertake their tumorigenic function. From a clinical standpoint, these unique cancer-specific fingerprints present in exosomes appear to be detectable in a small amount of blood, making them very attractive substrates for developing cancer biomarkers, particularly noninvasive diagnostic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A Tovar-Camargo
- a Center for Gastrointestinal Research, Center for Epigenetics, Cancer Prevention and Cancer Genomics , Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Shusuke Toden
- a Center for Gastrointestinal Research, Center for Epigenetics, Cancer Prevention and Cancer Genomics , Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Ajay Goel
- a Center for Gastrointestinal Research, Center for Epigenetics, Cancer Prevention and Cancer Genomics , Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
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98
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Porro C, Trotta T, Panaro MA. Microvesicles in the brain: Biomarker, messenger or mediator? J Neuroimmunol 2015; 288:70-8. [PMID: 26531697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microvesicles (MVs) are cell-derived vesicles produced after membrane remodeling of eukaryotic cells during activation or apoptosis. MVs are considered a novel biomarker/messenger for many diseases. Neurons, astrocytes, microglia, as well as neural stem cells, have been described to release MVs, many studies have demonstrated the involvement of platelets and endothelial MVs in some central nervous diseases. This review is focused on understanding the role of MVs in the brain; new findings demonstrated that MVs can contribute to the onset and progression of some neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases, as well as to the development and regeneration of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Porro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Teresa Trotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Panaro
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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99
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Sisti G, Kanninen TT, Ramer I, Witkin SS. Interaction between the inducible 70-kDa heat shock protein and autophagy: effects on fertility and pregnancy. Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:753-8. [PMID: 26081752 PMCID: PMC4529872 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0609-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A consequence of hsp70 (HSPA1A) induction is the inhibition of autophagy. Evidence of autophagy involvement in all aspects of the reproductive process is reviewed, and possible consequences of hsp70 induction at each developmental stage are postulated. It is proposed that aberrant external or internal stimuli that result in high levels of hsp70 production interfere with normal autophagy-related functions and lead to a decrease in the number of functional ova and spermatozoa, impaired pre- and post-implantation embryo development, and increased susceptibility to premature labor and delivery. The purpose of this review is to increase understanding of hsp70-autophagy interactions during reproduction. Interventions to modulate this interaction will lead to development of novel protocols to improve fertility and pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Sisti
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Tomi T. Kanninen
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Ilana Ramer
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Steven S. Witkin
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
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100
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Mahmoudi K, Ezrin A, Hadjipanayis C. Small extracellular vesicles as tumor biomarkers for glioblastoma. Mol Aspects Med 2015; 45:97-102. [PMID: 26118341 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Small extracellular organelles such as exosomes and microvesicles are currently being studied as a novel way to track tumor progression, pseudoprogression, and treatment monitoring. Their role in intercellular communication shows potential in the treatment of even the most formidable cancers. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignancy of the brain and has no known cure. A large emphasis has been placed on trying to improve the prognosis of this aggressive primary brain tumor. It has recently been discovered that small extracellular vesicles, mainly exosomes and microvesicles, play a role in the cell signaling process that leads to uncontrollable cell growth indicative of a tumor state. Here we describe the role of exosomes and microvesicles as a tumor biomarker for tracking the progression of different types of cancer, with an emphasis on GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keon Mahmoudi
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Costas Hadjipanayis
- Brain Tumor Nanotechnology Laboratory, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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