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Dexmedetomidine attenuates oxidative stress induced lung alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis in vitro. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:358396. [PMID: 25838866 PMCID: PMC4369905 DOI: 10.1155/2015/358396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background. Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the lung injuries of critical ill patients. This study investigates the protection conferred by α2 adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine (Dex) from lung alveolar epithelial cell injury induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the underlying mechanisms. Methods. The lung alveolar epithelial cell line, A549, was cultured and then treated with 500 μM H2O2 with or without Dex (1 nM) or Dex in combination with atipamezole (10 nM), an antagonist of α2 receptors. Their effect on mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the cell cycle was assessed by flow cytometry. Cleaved-caspases 3 and 9, BAX, Bcl-2, phospho-mTOR (p-mTOR), ERK1/2, and E-cadherin expression were also determined with immunocytochemistry. Results. Upregulation of cleaved-caspases 3 and 9 and BAX and downregulation of Bcl-2, p-mTOR, and E-cadherin were found following H2O2 treatment, and all of these were reversed by Dex. Dex also prevented the ROS generation, cytochrome C release, and cell cycle arrest induced by H2O2. The effects of Dex were partially reversed by atipamezole. Conclusion. Our study demonstrated that Dex protected lung alveolar epithelial cells from apoptotic injury, cell cycle arrest, and loss of cell adhesion induced by H2O2 through enhancing the cell survival and proliferation.
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Importance of Toll-like receptor 2 in mitochondrial dysfunction during polymicrobial sepsis. Anesthesiology 2015; 121:1236-47. [PMID: 25272245 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) contributes to sepsis pathogenesis such as deleterious systemic inflammation, cardiac dysfunction, and high mortality in animal studies. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key molecular event that is associated with organ injury in sepsis. The role of TLR2 in sepsis-induced mitochondrial dysfunction remains unclear. METHODS Intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), mitochondrial superoxide (O2), mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were measured in peritoneal leukocytes. A mouse model of polymicrobial sepsis was generated by cecum ligation and puncture (CLP). Wild-type and TLR2-deficient (TLR2) mice were subjected to sham or CLP. Mitochondrial functions including reactive oxygen species (ROS), ΔΨm, intracellular ATP, and complex III activity were measured. RESULTS TLR2/1 activation by Pam3Cys enhanced intracellular H2O2 and mitochondrial O2 production in leukocytes, but had no effect on mitochondrial ΔΨm and ATP production. The effect was specific for TLR2/1 as TLR3 or TLR9 ligands did not induce ROS production. Polymicrobial sepsis induced mitochondrial dysfunction in leukocytes, as demonstrated by increased H2O2 and mitochondrial O2- production (CLP vs. sham; H2O2: 3,173±498, n=5 vs. 557±38, n=4; O2-: 707±66, n=35 vs. 485±35, n=17, mean fluorescence intensity, mean±SEM), attenuated complex III activity (13±2, n=16 vs. 30±3, n=7, millioptical densities/min), loss of mitochondrial ΔΨm, and depletion of intracellular ATP (33±6, n=11 vs. 296±29, n=4, nmol/mg protein). In comparison, there was significant improvement in mitochondrial function in septic TLR2-/- mice as evidenced by attenuated mitochondrial ROS production, better-maintained mitochondrial ΔΨm, and higher cellular ATP production. CONCLUSIONS TLR2 signaling plays a critical role in mediating mitochondrial dysfunction in peritoneal leukocytes during polymicrobial sepsis.
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Short-term effect of ascorbate on bacterial content, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and myeloperoxidase in septic mice. J Surg Res 2014; 191:432-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Bacanlı M, Aydın S, Taner G, Göktaş HG, Şahin T, Başaran AA, Başaran N. The protective role of ferulic acid on sepsis-induced oxidative damage in Wistar albino rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 38:774-82. [PMID: 25305738 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has an important role in the development of sepsis-induced multiorgan failure. Ferulic acid (FA), a well-established natural antioxidant, has several pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, anticancer and hepatoprotective. This study aimed to investigate the effects of FA on sepsis-induced oxidative damage in Wistar albino rats. Sepsis-induced DNA damage in the lymphocytes, liver and kidney cells of rats were evaluated by comet assay with and without formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (Fpg). The oxidative stress parameters such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities and total glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were also measured. It is found that DNA damage in sepsis+FA-treated group was significantly lower than the sepsis group. FA treatment also decreased the MDA levels and increased the GSH levels and SOD and GSH-Px activities in the sepsis-induced rats. It seems that FA might have ameliorative effects against sepsis-induced oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Bacanlı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevtap Aydın
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gökçe Taner
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hatice Gül Göktaş
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Çukurova University, Sarıçam, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Tolga Şahin
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Kastamonu Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - A Ahmet Başaran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nurşen Başaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey.
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Vitamin C mitigates oxidative stress and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in severe community-acquired pneumonia and LPS-induced macrophages. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:426740. [PMID: 25253919 PMCID: PMC4165740 DOI: 10.1155/2014/426740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is an important part of host innate immune response to foreign pathogens. However, the impact of vitamin C on oxidative stress and inflammation remains unclear in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). We aimed to determine the effect of vitamin C on oxidative stress and inflammation. CAP patients were enrolled. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA damage, superoxide dismutases (SOD) activity, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and IL-6 were analyzed in CAP patients and LPS-stimulated macrophages cells. MH-S cells were transfected with RFP-LC3 plasmids. Autophagy was measured in LPS-stimulated macrophages cells. Severe CAP patients showed significantly increased ROS, DNA damage, TNF-α, and IL-6. SOD was significantly decreased in severe CAP. Vitamin C significantly decreased ROS, DNA damage, TNF-α, and IL-6. Vitamin C inhibited LPS-induced ROS, DNA damage, TNF-α, IL-6, and p38 in macrophages cells. Vitamin C inhibited autophagy in LPS-induced macrophages cells. These findings indicated that severe CAP exhibited significantly increased oxidative stress, DNA damage, and proinflammatory mediator. Vitamin C mitigated oxidative stress and proinflammatory mediator suggesting a possible mechanism for vitamin C in severe CAP.
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Galvão AM, Wanderley MS, Silva RA, Filho CA, Melo-Junior MR, Silva LA, Streck EL, Dornelas de Andrade AF, Souza Maia MB, Barbosa de Castro CM. Intratracheal co-administration of antioxidants and ceftriaxone reduces pulmonary injury and mortality rate in an experimental model of sepsis. Respirology 2014; 19:1080-7. [DOI: 10.1111/resp.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andre M. Galvão
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Culture; Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami-LIKA; Recife Pernambuco
| | - Marcela S.O. Wanderley
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Culture; Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami-LIKA; Recife Pernambuco
| | - Roberto A. Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Culture; Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami-LIKA; Recife Pernambuco
| | - Carlos A.M. Filho
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Culture; Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami-LIKA; Recife Pernambuco
| | - Mário R. Melo-Junior
- Department of Pathology; Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE; Recife Pernambuco
| | - Luciano A. Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences; Extreme South of Santa Catarina University; Criciúma Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Emílio L. Streck
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences; Extreme South of Santa Catarina University; Criciúma Santa Catarina Brazil
| | | | - Maria B. Souza Maia
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology; Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE; Recife Pernambuco
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Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK1) is a key regulatory protein in TLR/IL1R-mediated cell activation during inflammatory response. Studies indicated that pending on the nature of the used inflammatory model, downregulation of IRAK1 may be beneficial or detrimental. However, the role of IRAK1 in affecting outcome in polymicrobial sepsis is unknown. We tested this question using an IRAK1-deficient mouse strain and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) procedure, which is a clinically relevant rodent septic model. Sepsis-induced mortality was markedly lower in IRAK1-deficient mice (35 %) compared to WT (85 %). Sepsis-induced increases in blood IL-6 and IL-10 levels were blunted at 6 h post-CLP in IRAK1 deficiency compared to WT, but cytokine levels were similar at 20 h post-CLP. Sepsis-induced blood granulocytosis and depletion of splenic B cells were also blunted in IRAK1-deficient mice as compared to WT. Analysis of TLR-mediated cytokine responses by IRAK1-deficient and WT macrophages ex vivo indicated a TLR4-dependent downregulation of IL-6 and IL1β in IRAK1 deficiency, whereas TLR2-dependent responses were unaffected. TLR7/8-mediated IL-6, IL1β, and IL-10 production was also blunted in IRAK1 macrophages as compared to WT. The study shows that IRAK1 deficiency impacts multiple TLR-dependent pathways and decreases early cytokine responses following polymicrobial sepsis. The delayed inflammatory response caused by the lack of IRAK1 expression is beneficial, as it manifests a marked increased chance of survival after polymicrobial sepsis.
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Taner G, Aydın S, Bacanlı M, Sarıgöl Z, Sahin T, Başaran AA, Başaran N. Modulating effects of pycnogenol® on oxidative stress and DNA damage induced by sepsis in rats. Phytother Res 2014; 28:1692-700. [PMID: 24919414 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of Pycnogenol® (Pyc), a complex plant extract from the bark of French maritime pine, on oxidative stress parameters (superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and total glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels), an inflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) level) and also DNA damage in Wistar albino rats. Rats were treated with 100 mg/kg intraperitonally Pyc following the induction of sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture. The decreases in MDA levels and increases in GSH levels, and SOD and GPx activities were observed in the livers and kidneys of Pyc-treated septic rats. Plasma TNF-α level was found to be decreased in the Pyc-treated septic rats. In the lymphocytes, kidney, and liver tissue cells of the sepsis-induced rats, Pyc treatment significantly decreased the DNA damage and oxidative base damage using standard alkaline assay and formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase-modified comet assay, respectively. In conclusion, Pyc treatment might have a role in the prevention of sepsis-induced oxidative damage not only by decreasing DNA damage but also increasing the antioxidant status and DNA repair capacity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökçe Taner
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Chen YH, Lee CH, Hsiao CC, Hsu LS, Lo HC. Diverse effects of parenteral arginine on systemic and local oxidant–antioxidant homeostasis and nitrosative stress in rats with subacute peritonitis. J Surg Res 2014; 187:134-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lewis SM, Khan N, Beale R, Treacher DF, Brown KA. Depletion of blood neutrophils from patients with sepsis: treatment for the future? Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:1226-32. [PMID: 24144812 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Organ failure arising from severe sepsis accounts for nearly 6 million deaths worldwide per annum. At present there are no specific pharmacological agents available for its treatment and identifying a suitable therapeutic target is urgently needed. Neutrophils appear to be contributing directly to pulmonary damage in severe forms of lung injury and indirectly to the failure of other organs. Blood neutrophils from patients with sepsis possess a phenotype that is indicative of activation and our results show that neutrophils isolated from patients with sepsis exhibit a supranormal adherence to endothelial monolayers treated with pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additional studies reveal that the patients' cells are highly efficient at releasing IL-8. We also demonstrate that organ function is improved upon removing neutrophils from the circulation. In this article we propose that in severe sepsis there is a subpopulation of neutrophils which is actively engaged in pathological insult. The phenotypic characterisation of this subset may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for sepsis that could lead to patient benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sion M Lewis
- Intensive Care Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Vascular Immunology, King's College London, UK
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Santos RS, Silva PL, de Oliveira GP, Santos CL, Cruz FF, de Assis EF, de Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Capelozzi VL, Morales MM, Pelosi P, Gattass CR, Rocco PRM. Oleanolic acid improves pulmonary morphofunctional parameters in experimental sepsis by modulating oxidative and apoptotic processes. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2013; 189:484-90. [PMID: 24012992 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2013.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We compared the effects of oleanolic acid (OA) vs. dexamethasone on lung mechanics and histology, inflammation, and apoptosis in lung and distal organs in experimental sepsis. Seventy-eight BALB/c mice were randomly divided into two groups. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture, while the control group underwent sham surgery. 1h after surgery, all animals were further randomized to receive saline (SAL), OA and dexamethasone (DEXA) intraperitoneally. Both OA and DEXA improved lung mechanics and histology, which were associated with fewer lung neutrophils and less cell apoptosis in lung, liver, and kidney than SAL. However, only animals in the DEXA group had lower levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and KC (murine analog of IL-8) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid than SAL animals. Conversely, OA was associated with lower inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and higher superoxide dismutase than DEXA. In the experimental sepsis model employed herein, OA and DEXA reduced lung damage and distal organ apoptosis through distinct anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Souza Santos
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics (IBCCF), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
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Harisa GI. Benfotiamine enhances antioxidant defenses and protects against cisplatin-induced DNA damage in nephrotoxic rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2013; 27:398-405. [PMID: 23716490 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to assess superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), paraoxonase (PON1), glutathione reductase (GR), and catalase (CAT) activities ratio and their relationship with DNA oxidative damage in rats treated with cisplatin (3 mg/kg bwt/day) in the presence and absence of benfotiamine (100 mg/kg/day) for 25 days. Cisplatin-induced renal damage was evidenced by renal dysfunction and elevated oxidative stress markers. SOD activity and levels of nitric oxide, protein carbonyl, malondialdehyde, and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine were significantly increased by cisplatin treatment. Moreover, the ratios of GPx/GR, SOD/GPx, SOD/CAT, and SOD/PON1 were significantly increased compared to control. In contrast, glutathione levels were significantly decreased by cisplatin treatment. Simultaneous treatment of rats with cisplatin and benfotiamine ameliorate these variables to values near to those of control rats. This study suggests that benfotiamine can prevent cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by inhibiting formation reactive species of oxygen and nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamaleldin I Harisa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Unuma K, Aki T, Matsuda S, Funakoshi T, Yoshida KI, Uemura K. Elimination and active extrusion of liver mitochondrial proteins during lipopolysaccharide administration in rat. Hepatol Res 2013; 43:526-34. [PMID: 22971177 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2012.01084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of the present study was to identify molecular markers of hepatic damage during lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. METHODS LPS (15 mg/kg of bodyweight) or vehicle was injected i.p. into 5-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats. Proteins were extracted from the liver and were electrophoresed to examine the changes in the protein compositions during LPS treatment. Using a proteomic approach, major LPS-responsible protein in the liver was determined. RESULTS A massive reduction in the levels of carbamoyl phosphate synthase-1 (CPS1), one of the most abundant proteins in liver mitochondria, was revealed during LPS administration. Electron microscopic and immunofluorescence analyses revealed large vacuoles, which were often localized in the vicinity of mitochondria, in the LPS-treated rat liver. Furthermore, we found that CPS1 is released into the circulation prior to liver damage marker alanine aminotransferase, indicating the active extrusion of CPS1 during LPS administration. Another liver mitochondrial protein, ornithine transcarbamylase, is also released into the circulation, implicating active extrusion of mitochondrial proteins. These phenomena are accelerated by a heme oxygenase inducer cobalt protoporphyrin whilst suppressed by a lysosome inhibitor chloroquine. CONCLUSION Plasma CPS1 should be a possible marker of septic liver damage and may be involved in systemic responses elicited by septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Unuma
- Section of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
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Wang XF, Wu YH, Jiao J, Guan CP, Yang XG, Wang MS. Diagnostic Value of Superoxide Dismutase in Tuberculous and Malignant Pleural Effusions. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:821-4. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.2.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Unuma K, Aki T, Funakoshi T, Yoshida KI, Uemura K. Cobalt protoporphyrin accelerates TFEB activation and lysosome reformation during LPS-induced septic insults in the rat heart. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56526. [PMID: 23457579 PMCID: PMC3574118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced myocardial dysfunction is caused, at least in part, by mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction and the oxidative damage associated with it are scavenged through various cellular defense systems such as autophagy to prevent harmful effects. Our recent study has demonstrated that cobalt protoporphyrin IX (CoPPIX), a potent inducer of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), ameliorates septic liver injuries by enhancing mitochondrial autophagy in rats. In our current study, we show that CoPPIX (5 mg/kg s.c.) not only accelerates the autophagic response but also promotes lysosome reformation in the rat heart treated with LPS (15 mg/kg i.p.). Lysosomal membrane-associated protein-2 (LAMP2), which is essential to the maintenance of lysosomal functions in the heart, is depleted transiently but restored rapidly during LPS administration in the rat. Activation of transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy, was also observed, indicating a hyper consumption and subsequent reformation of the lysosome to meet the increased demand for autophagosome cleaning. CoPPIX was found to promote these processes and tended to restore the LPS-induced suppression of cardiac performances whilst chloroquine (CQ; 20 mg/kg i.p.), an inhibitor of lysosomes and autophagic protein degradation, abrogates these beneficial effects. The cardioprotective effect of CoPPIX against LPS toxicity was also observed via decreased levels of cardiac releasing enzymes in the plasma. Taken together, our current data indicate that lysosome reformation mediated by TFEB may be involved in cardioprotection against LPS-induced septic insults, and serve as a novel mechanism by which CoPPIX protects the heart against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Unuma
- Section of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo Japan
| | - Toshihiko Aki
- Section of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takeshi Funakoshi
- Section of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Yoshida
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Uemura
- Section of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo Japan
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HTK-N, a modified HTK solution, decreases preservation injury in a model of microsteatotic rat liver transplantation. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2012; 397:1323-31. [PMID: 23111581 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-012-1022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia/reperfusion injury is an obstacle especially in steatotic livers, including those with steatosis induced by acute toxic stress. Recently, a modified histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solution, HTK-N, has been developed. This solution contains N-acetylhistidine, amino acids, and iron chelators. This study was designed to test the effects of HTK-N on preservation injury to rat livers after acute toxic injury. METHODS Microvesicular steatosis was induced by a single dose of ethanol (8 g/kg BW). Livers were harvested and stored at 4 °C for 8 h with HTK or HTK-N before transplantation. Tissue and blood samples were taken at 1, 8, and 24 h after reperfusion to compare serum liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase), standard histology, and immunohistochemistry for myeloperoxidase (MPO), caspase-3, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Survival was compared after 1 week. For statistics, Analysis of Variance and t test were used. RESULTS HTK-N improved survival from 12.5% in HTK to 87.5% (p < 0.05). Furthermore, liver enzymes were decreased to 2-75% of HTK values (p < 0.05). Necrosis and leukocyte infiltration and MPO, caspase-3, and iNOS expression after transplantation were decreased (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that HTK-N protects liver grafts with microvesicular steatosis caused by acute toxic injury from cold ischemic injury better than standard HTK most likely via inhibition of hypoxic injury and oxidative stress and amelioration of the inflammatory reaction occurring upon reperfusion.
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Suk P, Cundrle I, Hruda J, Vocilková L, Konecny Z, Vlasin M, Matejovic M, Pavlik M, Zvoníček V, Sramek V. Porcine Model of Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2012; 43:698-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2012.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa is associated with increased lung cytokines and asymmetric dimethylarginine compared with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Shock 2012; 36:466-70. [PMID: 21921834 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3182336b45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate pulmonary responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using ovine and mice models of sepsis with emphasis on lung cytokine expression, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) concentration, and the arginase pathway. Sheep were instilled with either MRSA, P. aeruginosa, or saline under deep anesthesia; mechanically ventilated; resuscitated with fluid; and killed after 24 h. Mice were instilled with either MRSA, P. aeruginosa, or saline under deep anesthesia and killed after 8 h. Lungs were assessed for ADMA concentration, arginase activity, oxidative stress, and cytokine expression, and plasma was assessed for nitrate/nitrite concentrations. The severity of lung injury was more pronounced in P. aeruginosa sepsis compared with MRSA. The significant changes in sheep lung function after P. aeruginosa sepsis were associated with significantly increased ADMA concentrations and arginase activity compared with MRSA. However, the plasma concentration of nitrites and nitrates were significantly increased in MRSA sepsis compared with P. aeruginosa sepsis. In the mice model, P. aeruginosa significantly increased lung cytokine expression (IL-1 and IL-13), protein oxidation, and arginase activity compared with MRSA. Our data suggest that the greater expression of cytokines and ADMA concentrations may be responsible for severity of acute lung injury in P. aeruginosa sepsis. The lack of arginase activity may explain the greater nitric oxide production in MRSA sepsis.
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Campos R, Shimizu MHM, Volpini RA, de Bragança AC, Andrade L, Lopes FDTQDS, Olivo C, Canale D, Seguro AC. N-acetylcysteine prevents pulmonary edema and acute kidney injury in rats with sepsis submitted to mechanical ventilation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 302:L640-50. [PMID: 22268121 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00097.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) and acute lung injury. Oxidative stress plays as important role in such injury. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects that the potent antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has on renal and pulmonary function in rats with sepsis. Rats, treated or not with NAC (4.8 g/l in drinking water), underwent cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) 2 days after the initiation of NAC treatment, which was maintained throughout the study. At 24 h post-CLP, renal and pulmonary function were studied in four groups: control, control + NAC, CLP, and CLP + NAC. All animals were submitted to low-tidal-volume mechanical ventilation. We evaluated respiratory mechanics, the sodium cotransporters Na-K-2Cl (NKCC1) and the α-subunit of the epithelial sodium channel (α-ENaC), polymorphonuclear neutrophils, the edema index, oxidative stress (plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and lung tissue 8-isoprostane), and glomerular filtration rate. The CLP rats developed AKI, which was ameliorated in the CLP + NAC rats. Sepsis-induced alterations in respiratory mechanics were also ameliorated by NAC. Edema indexes were lower in the CLP + NAC group, as was the wet-to-dry lung weight ratio. In CLP + NAC rats, α-ENaC expression was upregulated, whereas that of NKCC1 was downregulated, although the difference was not significant. In the CLP + NAC group, oxidative stress was significantly lower and survival rates were significantly higher than in the CLP group. The protective effects of NAC (against kidney and lung injury) are likely attributable to the decrease in oxidative stress, suggesting that NAC can be useful in the treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Campos
- Laboratory for Medical Research, Nephrology Department, University of SãoPaulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sabbahy ME, Vaidya VS. Ischemic kidney injury and mechanisms of tissue repair. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 3:606-18. [PMID: 21197658 PMCID: PMC3087860 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) may result from ischemia or by the use of nephrotoxic agents. The incidence of AKI is variable, depends on comorbidities, and ranges from 5 to 35% in all hospitalized patients. The mechanisms of kidney injury exist within a large network of signaling pathways driven by interplay of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and apoptotic factors. The effects and progression of injury overlap extensively with the remarkable ability of the kidney to repair itself both by intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that involve specific cell receptors/ligands as well as possible paracrine influences. The fact that kidney injury is usually part of a generalized comorbid condition makes it all the more challenging in terms of assessment of severity. In this review, we attempt to analyze the mechanisms of ischemic injury and repair in acute and chronic kidney disease from the perspectives of both preclinical and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa El Sabbahy
- Laboratory of Kidney Toxicology and Regeneration, Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vishal S. Vaidya
- Laboratory of Kidney Toxicology and Regeneration, Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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71
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Chitosan oligosaccharides protect mice from LPS challenge by attenuation of inflammation and oxidative stress. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:121-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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