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Khonina TG, Ivanenko MV, Chupakhin ON, Safronov AP, Bogdanova EA, Karabanalov MS, Permikin VV, Larionov LP, Drozdova LI. Silicon-zinc-glycerol hydrogel, a potential immunotropic agent for topical application. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 107:197-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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52
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Zioła-Frankowska A, Kubaszewski Ł, Dąbrowski M, Frankowski M. Interrelationship between silicon, aluminum, and elements associated with tissue metabolism and degenerative processes in degenerated human intervertebral disc tissue. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:19777-19784. [PMID: 28685335 PMCID: PMC5570785 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence concerning the significant role of silicon in development and composition of both connective and bone tissue. Bio-essential silicon shows strong chemical and biological affinity to aluminum, which is toxic and biologically inessential element. The presence of silicon was confirmed in a variety of tissues; however, it has never been examined in intervertebral disc tissue, neither in healthy nor in degenerated one. In this paper, for the first time in the literature, we present the content of silicon in the degenerated intervertebral disc tissue. We also compared the results of silicon analysis with aluminum values in degenerated intervertebral disc tissue in humans. We used chemometric methods to find correlations and similarities between silicon, aluminum, and elements associated with tissue metabolism (Mg) and degenerative processes (Zn and Cu). The presence of silicon was confirmed in all 30 samples harvested from 22 patients operated on due to degenerative changes. Its concentration was within the range of 5.37-12.8 μg g-1 d.w., with the mean concentration of 7.82 μg g-1 d.w. The analysis showed significant correlation between Si and both Al and Mg and weak or negative correlation with Zn and Cu, where the latter was probably the result of degenerative processes. Although silicon is considered essential in glycosaminoglycan and collagen synthesis in connective tissue, it did not show any correlation nor similarities with elements reflecting changes associated with the degenerative process of the intervertebral disc. Silicon showed significant correlation with aluminum, similar to those observed in other human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anetta Zioła-Frankowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89b, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Kubaszewski
- Department of Spondyloortopaedics and Biomechanics of the Spine, W. Dega University Hospital, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 28 Czerwca 1956 135/147, 61-545, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Dąbrowski
- Department of Spondyloortopaedics and Biomechanics of the Spine, W. Dega University Hospital, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 28 Czerwca 1956 135/147, 61-545, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Frankowski
- Department of Water and Soil Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89b, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
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Li S, Maçon ALB, Jacquemin M, Stevens MM, Jones JR. Sol–gel derived lithium-releasing glass for cartilage regeneration. J Biomater Appl 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328217706640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Wnt-signalling cascade is one of the crucial pathways involved in the development and homeostasis of cartilage. Influencing this pathway can potentially contribute to improved cartilage repair or regeneration. One key molecular regulator of the Wnt pathway is the glycogen synthase kinase-3 enzyme, the inhibition of which allows initiation of the signalling pathway. This study aims to utilise a binary SiO2–Li2O sol–gel derived glass for controlled delivery of lithium, a known glycogen synthase kinase-3 antagonist. The effect of the dissolution products of the glass on chondrogenic differentiation in an in vitro 3D pellet culture model is reported. Dissolution products that contained 5 mM lithium and 3.5 mM silicon were capable of inducing chondrogenic differentiation and hyaline cartilaginous matrix formation without the presence of growth factors such as TGF-β3. The results suggest that sol–gel derived glass has the potential to be used as a delivery vehicle for therapeutic lithium ions in cartilage regeneration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Li
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Manon Jacquemin
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Julian R Jones
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Araújo LAD, Addor F, Campos PMBGM. Use of silicon for skin and hair care: an approach of chemical forms available and efficacy. An Bras Dermatol 2017; 91:331-5. [PMID: 27438201 PMCID: PMC4938278 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20163986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicon is the second most abundant element on Earth, and the third most abundant
trace element in human body. It is present in water, plant and animal sources.
On the skin, it is suggested that silicon is important for optimal collagen
synthesis and activation of hydroxylating enzymes, improving skin strength and
elasticity. Regarding hair benefits, it was suggested that a higher silicon
content in the hair results in a lower rate of hair loss and increased
brightness. For these beneficial effects, there is growing interest in
scientific studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of using dietary
supplements containing silicon. Its use aims at increasing blood levels of this
element and improving the skin and its annexes appearance. There are different
forms of silicon supplements available and the most important consideration to
be made in order to select the best option is related to safety and
bioavailability. Silicon supplements are widely used, though there is wide
variation in silicon bioavailability, ranging from values below 1% up to values
close to 50%, depending on the chemical form. Therefore, the aim of this study
was to evaluate the scientific literature related to the different chemical
forms of silicon supplements available and the limitations and recent progress
in this field. According to reported studies, among the different chemical forms
available, the orthosilicic acid (OSA) presents the higher bioavailability,
whereas the others forms have absorption inversely proportional to the degree of
polymerization. However, clinical studies evaluating safety and efficacy are
still lacking.
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55
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Choi MK, Kim MH. Dietary Silicon Intake of Korean Young Adult Males and Its Relation to their Bone Status. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 176:89-104. [PMID: 27525412 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0817-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Accumulated data suggests a positive effect of silicon on bone health; however, limited research exists on the silicon content of foods. To further the understanding of the relationship between dietary silicon intake and bone health, a food composition database of commonly consumed foods in Korea is required. For quantitative data on the intake levels of silicon, we analyzed the silicon content of 365 food items commonly consumed in Korea using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry following microwave-assisted digestion. To investigate the dietary silicon intake status and to examine the potential role of dietary silicon intake in the bone status of men, a total of 400 healthy Korean adult males aged 19-25 were observed for their diet intake and calcaneus bone density using the 24-h recall method and quantitative ultrasound, respectively. Clinical markers reflecting bone metabolism such as serum total alkaline phosphatase, N-mid osteocalcin, and type 1 collagen C-terminal telopeptide concentrations were also analyzed. Silicon intake of the subjects was estimated as 37.5 ± 22.2 mg/day. Major food sources of dietary silicon in the Korean male were cereal and cereal products (25.6 % of total silicon intake), vegetables (22.7 %), beverages and liquors (21.2 %), and milk and milk products (7.0 %). Silicon intake correlated positively with age, weight, energy intake, protein intake, calcium intake, and alcohol intake. After adjusted for age, weight, energy intake, protein intake, calcium intake, alcohol intake, smoking cigarettes, and regular exercise status, daily total silicon intake had no correlation with calcaneus bone density and the bone metabolism markers, but silicon intake from vegetables had a positive correlation with serum total alkaline phosphatase activity, a bone formation maker. These findings show the possible positive relationship between dietary silicon intake from vegetables and the bone formation of young adult males. Further investigation in a larger (Korean) population and correcting for additional nutritional confounders is required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyeong Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kongju National University, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Mi-Hyun Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungbuk, South Korea.
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Abstract
Osteoporosis is a major public health problem affects many millions of people around the world. It is a metabolic bone disease characterized by loss of bone mass and strength, resulting in increased risk of fractures. Several lifestyle factors are considered to be important determinants of it and nutrition can potentially have a positive impact on bone health, in the development and maintenance of bone mass and in the prevention of osteoporosis. There are potentially numerous nutrients and dietary components that can influence bone health, and these range from the macronutrients to micronutrients. In the last decade, epidemiological studies and clinical trials showed micronutrients can potentially have a positive impact on bone health, preventing bone loss and fractures, decreasing bone resorption and increasing bone formation. Consequently, optimizing micronutrients intake might represent an effective and low-cost preventive measure against osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Della Pepa
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, "Federico II" University, Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Bone Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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57
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Physicochemical properties and encapsulation of silicon in double emulsions for healthier food applications. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2016; 53:3884-3893. [PMID: 28035144 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-016-2369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This article analyses the potential use of double emulsions as silicon delivery systems with reference to the influence of the composition of the inner aqueous phase (W1, containing NaCl and sodium caseinate or gelatin) on silicon encapsulation and physicochemical properties of food-grade W1/O/W2. Irrespective of W1, DEs initially showed a well-defined monomodal distribution, with the widest range registering in the sample with gelatin. All samples developed a bimodal distribution during storage (3 ± 2 °C). Heating increased the range of droplet size distribution. DEs exhibited high physical stability (creaming), decreasing over storage; this behaviour was generally unaffected by W1 composition, which maintained similar stability (95-96%) at the end of storage. Viscosity was generally unaffected by formulation, storage time or heating treatment. Si encapsulation efficiency (72.4 and 78.3%) was not affected by W1 composition, while Si encapsulation stability was generally unaffected by either storage or heating. These DEs can be used as potential ingredient (with lower fat content, better fatty acid profile and with the potential Si health benefits) for the development of healthier foods including meat products.
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Montesano FF, D’Imperio M, Parente A, Cardinali A, Renna M, Serio F. Green bean biofortification for Si through soilless cultivation: plant response and Si bioaccessibility in pods. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31662. [PMID: 27530434 PMCID: PMC4987696 DOI: 10.1038/srep31662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Food plants biofortification for micronutrients is a tool for the nutritional value improvement of food. Soilless cultivation systems, with the optimal control of plant nutrition, represent a potential effective technique to increase the beneficial element content in plant tissues. Silicon (Si), which proper intake is recently recommended for its beneficial effects on bone health, presents good absorption in intestinal tract from green bean, a high-value vegetable crop. In this study we aimed to obtain Si biofortified green bean pods by using a Si-enriched nutrient solution in soilless system conditions, and to assess the influence of boiling and steaming cooking methods on Si content, color parameters and Si bioaccessibility (by using an in vitro digestion process) of pods. The Si concentration of pods was almost tripled as a result of the biofortification process, while the overall crop performance was not negatively influenced. The Si content of biofortified pods was higher than unbiofortified also after cooking, despite the cooking method used. Silicon bioaccessibility in cooked pods was more than tripled as a result of biofortification, while the process did not affect the visual quality of the product. Our results demonstrated that soilless cultivation can be successfully used for green bean Si biofortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Fabiano Montesano
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR – National Research Council of Italy, Via G. Amendola, 122/O–70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Massimiliano D’Imperio
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR – National Research Council of Italy, Via G. Amendola, 122/O–70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Parente
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR – National Research Council of Italy, Via G. Amendola, 122/O–70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Cardinali
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR – National Research Council of Italy, Via G. Amendola, 122/O–70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Renna
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR – National Research Council of Italy, Via G. Amendola, 122/O–70126 Bari, Italy
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science – University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola, 165/A–70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Serio
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR – National Research Council of Italy, Via G. Amendola, 122/O–70126 Bari, Italy
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Wen J, Lu T, Wang X, Xu L, Wu Q, Pan H, Wang D, Liu X, Jiang X. In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation of Silicate-Coated Polyetheretherketone Fabricated by Electron Beam Evaporation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:13197-13206. [PMID: 27124890 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b10229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic bioinertness severely hampers the application of polyetheretherketone (PEEK), although in the field of dentistry it is considered to be an ideal titanium substitute implanting material. In this study, a bioactive silicate coating was successfully introduced onto PEEK surface by using electron beam evaporation (EBE) technology to improve its bioactivity and osseointegration of PEEK. Through controlling the duration of EBE, the incorporated amounts of silicon (Si) could be exquisitely adjusted to obtain proper biofunctionality, as assessed by cell adhesion, proliferation, osteogenic gene expression, and protein detection. In vivo, the samples were then tested in a femur implantation model to assay osseointegration effects in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Remarkable enhancement of adhesion, spreading, osteogenesis, and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells (rBMSCs-OVX) were noted on silicate-coated samples. In particular, the group that was processed for 5 min with EBE (EBE-5 min) showed the most improvements in ALP activity and osteogenic-related gene expression compared to the remaining groups. Better osseointegration of the group that was processed for 8 min with EBE (EBE-8 min) was observed in vivo, as indicated by micro-CT test, fluorescent labeling, and histological and histomorphometric analyses. Collectively, the outcomes of the above experiments demonstrate that the present work is a meaningful attempt to promote osseointegration under osteoporotic conditions with only Si element incorporated to PEEK surface by the application of EBE technique. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first demonstration of tuning the surface properties of PEEK via the adoption of an EBE-fabricated silicate coating to address an osteoporotic problem both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wen
- Department of Prosthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine , 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
- Oral Bioengineering Lab, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology , 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Tao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine , 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
- Oral Bioengineering Lab, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology , 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Lianyi Xu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine , 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
- Oral Bioengineering Lab, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology , 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Qianju Wu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine , 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
- Oral Bioengineering Lab, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology , 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Hongya Pan
- Oral Bioengineering Lab, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology , 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Donghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Xuanyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Xinquan Jiang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine , 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
- Oral Bioengineering Lab, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology , 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
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Maret W. The Metals in the Biological Periodic System of the Elements: Concepts and Conjectures. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E66. [PMID: 26742035 PMCID: PMC4730311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant number of chemical elements are either essential for life with known functions, or present in organisms with poorly defined functional outcomes. We do not know all the essential elements with certainty and we know even less about the functions of apparently non-essential elements. In this article, I discuss a basis for a biological periodic system of the elements and that biochemistry should include the elements that are traditionally part of inorganic chemistry and not only those that are in the purview of organic chemistry. A biological periodic system of the elements needs to specify what "essential" means and to which biological species it refers. It represents a snapshot of our present knowledge and is expected to undergo further modifications in the future. An integrated approach of biometal sciences called metallomics is required to understand the interactions of metal ions, the biological functions that their chemical structures acquire in the biological system, and how their usage is fine-tuned in biological species and in populations of species with genetic variations (the variome).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Maret
- London Iron Metabolism Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford St., London SE1 9NH, UK.
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61
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Determination of silicon in plant materials using direct solid sample analysis with high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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62
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Multiple Integrated Complementary Healing Approaches: Energetics & Light for bone. Med Hypotheses 2016; 86:18-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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63
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Farooq MA, Dietz KJ. Silicon as Versatile Player in Plant and Human Biology: Overlooked and Poorly Understood. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:994. [PMID: 26617630 PMCID: PMC4641902 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) serves as bioactive beneficial element. Si is highly abundant in soil, and occurs ubiquitously in all organisms including plants and humans. During the last three decades, nutritional significance of Si for plant and human health has received increasing attention. Plant Si plays a pivotal role in growth and development, and this beneficial effect depends usually on accumulation in plant tissues, which are then protected from various forms of biotic and abiotic stresses. Likewise, human exposure to Si imparts health benefits and essentially occurs through plant-derived food products. Si bioavailability in human diet, e.g., strengthens bones and improves immune response, as well as neuronal and connective tissue health. Despite this empiric knowledge, the essentiality of Si still remains enigmatic. Thus the link between Si availability for plant development and its profound implication for human welfare should receive attention. This review aims to provide a broad perspective on Si as important element for plant and human nutrition and to define research fields for interdisciplinary research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl-Josef Dietz
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of BielefeldBielefeld, Germany
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64
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Abstract
Urolithiasis affects around 10% of the US population with an increasing rate of prevalence, recurrence and penetrance. The causes for the formation of most urinary calculi remain poorly understood, but obtaining the chemical composition of these stones might help identify key aspects of this process and new targets for treatment. The majority of urinary stones are composed of calcium that is complexed in a crystalline matrix with organic and inorganic components. Surprisingly, mitigation of urolithiasis risk by altering calcium homeostasis has not been very effective. Thus, studies to identify other therapeutic stone-specific targets, using proteomics, metabolomics and microscopy techniques, have been conducted, revealing a high level of complexity. The data suggest that numerous metals other than calcium and many nonmetals are present within calculi at measurable levels and several have distinct distribution patterns. Manipulation of the levels of some of these elemental components of calcium-based stones has resulted in clinically beneficial changes in stone chemistry and rate of stone formation. The elementome--the full spectrum of elemental content--of calcium-based urinary calculi is emerging as a new concept in stone research that continues to provide important insights for improved understanding and prevention of urinary stone disease.
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65
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Jugdaohsingh R, Watson AIE, Pedro LD, Powell JJ. The decrease in silicon concentration of the connective tissues with age in rats is a marker of connective tissue turnover. Bone 2015; 75:40-8. [PMID: 25687224 PMCID: PMC4406186 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Silicon may be important for bone and connective tissue health. Higher concentrations of silicon are suggested to be associated with bone and the connective tissues, compared with the non-connective soft tissues. Moreover, in connective tissues it has been suggested that silicon levels may decrease with age based upon analyses of human aorta. These claims, however, have not been tested under controlled conditions. Here connective and non-connective tissues were collected and analysed for silicon levels from female Sprague-Dawley rats of different ages (namely, 3, 5, 8, 12, 26 and 43 weeks; n=8-10 per age group), all maintained on the same feed source and drinking water, and kept in the same environment from weaning to adulthood. Tissues (696 samples) were digested in nitric acid and analysed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry for total silicon content. Fasting serum samples were also collected, diluted and analysed for silicon. Higher concentrations of silicon (up to 50-fold) were found associated with bone and the connective tissues compared with the non-connective tissues. Although total silicon content increased with age in all tissues, the highest connective tissue silicon concentrations (up to 9.98 μg/g wet weight) were found in young weanling rats, decreasing thereafter with age (by 2-6 fold). Fasting serum silicon concentrations reflected the pattern of connective tissue silicon concentrations and, both measures, when compared to collagen data from a prior experiment in Sprague-Dawley rats, mirrored type I collagen turnover with age. Our findings confirm the link between silicon and connective tissues and would imply that young growing rats have proportionally higher requirements for dietary silicon than mature adults, for bone and connective tissue development, although this was not formally investigated here. However, estimation of total body silicon content suggested that actual Si requirements may be substantially lower than previously estimated which could explain why absolute silicon deficiency is difficult to achieve but, when it is achieved in young growing animals, it results in stunted growth and abnormal development of bone and other connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravin Jugdaohsingh
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Abigail I E Watson
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom; School of Sport and Exercise Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Liliana D Pedro
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan J Powell
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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