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Alpinetin inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory mediator response by activating PPAR-γ in THP-1-derived macrophages. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 721:96-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Nan Xia J, Qin Zhang D, Du J, Wen J. Regulation effects of TZQ-F on adipocyte differentiation and insulin action. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:692-699. [PMID: 24095827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE TZQ has been used in traditional Chineses medicine for treating diabetes. Based on the recipe of traditional anti-diabetic formula TZQ, we have developed TZQ-F which has been in phase 2 clinical trails. To study the mechanisms by which TZQ-F ameliorates diabetes, we examined whether treatment with TZQ-F improves hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia and obesity in type 2 diabetic KKA(y) mice and whether this is associated with an improvement of adipocyte differentiation and insulin action. METHODS TZQ-F, fenofibrate, rosiglitazone or distilled water was administered to 7-week-old diabetic KKA(y) and nondiabetic C57BL/6J mice for 8 weeks. Insulin resistance index, body weight and levels of serum blood glucose, leptin, insulin and adiponectin were evaluated. The expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in skeletal muscle and liver tissues were determined with real-time PCR and western boltting. The mRNA expressions of insulin receptor (InsR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2), glucose transporter-1 (Glut-1) and Phosphoenolpyruvate 3-kinases (PI3K) in skeletal muscle and liver tissues were determined with real-time PCR. Histopathology of liver has been observed. RESULTS Treatment of TZQ-F for 8 weeks ameliorated hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia and hypoadiponectinemia in KKA(y) mice. TZQ-F also up-regulated expression of PPARγ in liver tissue. However, it had no effect on regulation of expression of PPARγ in muscle tissue. In addition, TZQ-F upregulates InsR, IRS-1, IRS-2, Glut-1, and PI3K mRNA expression. Consistent with the in vivo results, histology study demonstrated that TZQ-F alleviated pathologic changes of the liver induced by high-fat diet. CONCLUSIONS These results first indicate that TZQ-F can be beneficial for reducing hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia and obesity through its potency of regulating adipocyte differentiation and insulin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Nan Xia
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, #312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, China.
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Fuentes E, Fuentes F, Palomo I. Mechanism of the anti-platelet effect of natural bioactive compounds: Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors activation. Platelets 2013; 25:471-9. [DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2013.849334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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54
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Chen L, Li QY, Shi XJ, Mao SL, Du YL. 6-Hydroxydaidzein enhances adipocyte differentiation and glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:10714-10719. [PMID: 24180341 DOI: 10.1021/jf402694m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fermented soybean foods have been shown to reduce incidence of diabetes and improve insulin sensitivity. 6-Hydroxydaidzein (6-HD) is a bioactive ingredient isolated from fermented soybean. In this study, we examined the effects of 6-HD on adipocyte differentiation and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, as well as the mechanisms involved. In our experiments, 6-HD enhanced 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in a dosage-dependent manner. In addition, 6-HD increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) gene expression and PPARγ transcriptional activity. 6-HD increased CCAAT/enhanced binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) expression as well. Although having no effects on glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) gene expression, 6-HD facilitated GLUT4 protein translocation to the cell membranes. Our results indicate that 6-HD exhibited the actions of promoting adipocyte differentiation and improving insulin sensitivity by increasing the expression of C/EBPα and facilitating the translocation of GLUT4 via the activation of PPARγ, suggesting that 6-HD can be promising in diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Pharmacy Department, Xuhui District Central Hospital , 966 Huai Hai M Road, Shanghai 200031, China
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55
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Relationship between Platelet PPARs, cAMP Levels, and P-Selectin Expression: Antiplatelet Activity of Natural Products. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:861786. [PMID: 24324520 PMCID: PMC3845334 DOI: 10.1155/2013/861786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are no longer considered simply as cells participating in thrombosis. In atherosclerosis, platelets are regulators of multiple processes, with the recruitment of inflammatory cells towards the lesion sites, inflammatory mediators release, and regulation of endothelial function. The antiplatelet therapy has been used for a long time in an effort to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases. However, limited efficacy in some patients, drug resistance, and side effects are limitations of current antiplatelet therapy. In this context, a large number of natural products (polyphenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, and fatty acids) have been reported with antiplatelet activity. In this sense, the present paper describes mechanisms of antiplatelet action of natural products on platelet P-selectin expression through cAMP levels and its role as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors agonists.
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56
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Cignarelli A, Giorgino F, Vettor R. Pharmacologic agents for type 2 diabetes therapy and regulation of adipogenesis. Arch Physiol Biochem 2013; 119:139-50. [PMID: 23724947 DOI: 10.3109/13813455.2013.796996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The close link between type 2 diabetes and excess body weight highlights the need to consider the effects on weight of different treatments used for correction of hyperglycaemia. Indeed, specific currently available diabetes therapies can cause weight gain, including insulin and its analogues, sulphonylureas, and thiazolidinediones, while others, such as metformin and the GLP-1 receptor agonists, can promote weight loss. Excess body weight in patients with diabetes is largely due to expansion of adipose tissue, and these drugs could interfere with the mechanisms underlying the expansion and differentiation of adipocyte precursors. Almost all anti-diabetes drugs could also potentially affect adipocyte metabolism directly, by modulating lipogenesis, lipolysis, and fat oxidation. This review will examine the available evidence for specific effects of various anti-diabetes drugs on adipose tissue development and function with the ultimate goal of increasing our understanding of how pharmacological agents can modulate energy balance and body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cignarelli
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari "Aldo Moro" , Bari , Italy and
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Nehrenheim K, Meyer I, Brenden H, Vielhaber G, Krutmann J, Grether-Beck S. Dihydrodehydrodiisoeugenol enhances adipocyte differentiation and decreases lipolysis in murine and human cells. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:638-43. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Nehrenheim
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine; Düsseldorf; Germany
| | | | - Heidi Brenden
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine; Düsseldorf; Germany
| | | | - Jean Krutmann
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine; Düsseldorf; Germany
| | - Susanne Grether-Beck
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine; Düsseldorf; Germany
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58
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Kim YJ, Choi MS, Cha BY, Woo JT, Park YB, Kim SR, Jung UJ. Long-term supplementation of honokiol and magnolol ameliorates body fat accumulation, insulin resistance, and adipose inflammation in high-fat fed mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1988-98. [PMID: 23901038 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE This study investigated the effect of honokiol (HON) and magnolol (MAG), phenolic compounds in Magnolia plants, on adiposity and adiposity-related metabolic disturbances in mice fed high-fat diet (HFD), and the potential underlying mechanisms focusing on the lipid metabolism and inflammatory response. METHOD AND RESULTS C57BL/6J mice were fed HFD (45 kcal% fat) with or without HON (0.02%, w/w) or MAG (0.02%, w/w) for 16 wk. Despite no changes in body weight, food intake, and hepatic fat accumulation, HON and MAG significantly lowered the weight of white adipose tissue (WAT) as well as adipocyte size and protected against insulin resistance induced by HFD. These effects were associated with increases in energy expenditure and adipose fatty acid oxidation and decreases in fatty acid synthase activity and expression of genes related to fatty acid synthesis, desaturation, and uptake, as well as adipocyte differentiation in WAT. Moreover, HON and MAG significantly lowered the expression of proinflammatory genes in WAT and elevated the plasma IL-10 level. Particularly, HON significantly decreased the plasma resistin level and increased the plasma adiponectin level compared to the control group. CONCLUSION HON and MAG have potential as novel agents for amelioration of adiposity and associated insulin resistance and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Je Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Manaharan T, Ming CH, Palanisamy UD. Syzygium aqueum leaf extract and its bioactive compounds enhances pre-adipocyte differentiation and 2-NBDG uptake in 3T3-L1 cells. Food Chem 2013; 136:354-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Syzygium aqueum leaf extract and its bioactive compounds enhances pre-adipocyte differentiation and 2-NBDG uptake in 3T3-L1 cells. Food Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.056 pmid: 23122070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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61
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Saha S, Chan DSZ, Lee CY, Wong W, New LS, Chui WK, Yap CW, Chan ECY, Ho HK. Pyrrolidinediones reduce the toxicity of thiazolidinediones and modify their anti-diabetic and anti-cancer properties. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 697:13-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Choi SS, Cha BY, Lee YS, Yonezawa T, Teruya T, Nagai K, Woo JT. Honokiol and magnolol stimulate glucose uptake by activating PI3K-dependent Akt in L6 myotubes. Biofactors 2012; 38:372-7. [PMID: 22674833 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Honokiol and magnolol, ingredients of Magnolia officinalis, which is used in traditional Chinese and Japanese medicines, have been reported to have antioxidant, anticancer, and antiangiogenic effects. Effects of these compounds on glucose metabolism in adipocytes have also been reported. However, their effects on skeletal muscle glucose uptake and the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unknown. Here, we investigated the direct effects and signaling pathways activated by honokiol and magnolol in skeletal muscle cells using L6 myotubes. We found that honokiol and magnolol dose-dependently acutely stimulated glucose uptake without synergistic effects of combined administration in L6 myotubes. Treatment with honokiol and magnolol also stimulated glucose transporter-4 translocation to the cell surface. Honokiol- and magnolol-stimulated glucose uptake was blocked by the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase inhibitor, wortmannin. Both honokiol and magnolol stimulated Akt phosphorylation, a key element in the insulin signaling pathway, which was completely inhibited by wortmannin. These results suggest that honokiol and magnolol might have beneficial effects on glucose metabolism by activating the insulin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Sil Choi
- Research Institute for Biological Functions, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
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63
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Ji SY, Choi KM, Lee YS, Yu JY, Shin DM, Lee S, Yoo KS, Lee YM, Yun YP, Yoo HS. Rhamnetin-induced suppression of clonal expansion during early stage of adipogenesis. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:1083-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-0616-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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64
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The antiplatelet activity of magnolol is mediated by PPAR-β/γ. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:793-803. [PMID: 22750553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isoforms (α, β/δ, and γ) is known to inhibit platelet aggregation. In the present study, we examined whether PPARs-mediated pathways contribute to the antiplatelet activity of magnolol, a compound purified from Magnolia officinalis. Magnolol (20-60 μM) dose-dependently enhanced the activity and intracellular level of PPAR-β/γ in platelets. In the presence of selective PPAR-β antagonist (GSK0660) or PPAR-γ antagonist (GW9662), the inhibition of magnolol on collagen-induced platelet aggregation and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization was significantly reversed. Moreover, magnolol-mediated up-regulation of NO/cyclic GMP/PKG pathway and Akt phosphorylation leading to increase of eNOS activity were markedly abolished by blocking PPAR-β/γ activity. Additionally, magnolol significantly inhibited collagen-induced PKCα activation through a PPAR-β/γ and PKCα interaction manner. The arachidonic acid (AA) or collagen-induced thromboxane B(2) formation and elevation of COX-1 activity caused by AA were also markedly attenuated by magnolol. However, these above effects of magnolol on platelet responses were strongly reduced by simultaneous addition of GSK0660 or GW9662, suggesting that PPAR-β/γ-mediated processes may account for magnolol-regulated antiplatelet mechanisms. Similarly, administration of PPAR-β/γ antagonists remarkably abolished the actions of magnolol in preventing platelet plug formation and prolonging bleeding time in mice. Taken together, we demonstrate for the first time that the antiplatelet and anti-thrombotic activities of magnolol are modulated by up-regulation of PPAR-β/γ-dependent pathways.
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Abstract
Adiponectin is an adipokine secreted from adipocytes and plays important roles in the suppression of metabolic syndromes that can result in type 2 diabetes, obesity, and atherosclerosis. Adiponectin is a promising drug target because a number of studies have shown that upregulation of adiponectin has a number of therapeutic benefits. Extensive efforts have revealed various adiponectin regulators, such as cytokines, transcription factors, and drugs. Cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α, IL-6, and IL-18, downregulate adiponectin production. On the other hand, transcription factors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein α, and forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) upregulate adiponectin expression, although the activating transcription factor 3 and cAMP response element-binding protein downregulate it. Although a number of therapeutic drugs have been reported as adiponectin secretion regulators, most of them act through PPARγ-dependent mechanisms, leaving PPARγ-derived side effects as a concern. Using high-throughput screening, we have identified PPARγ-independent adiponectin secretion regulators as potential drug candidates with a novel mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Hino
- Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co. Ltd., Konohana-Ku, Osaka, Japan.
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66
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Seok YM, Kim HY, Garmaa O, Cha BY, Woo JT, Kim IK. Effects of magnolol on vascular contraction in rat aortic rings. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2011; 39:28-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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67
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Chen YH, Huang PH, Lin FY, Chen WC, Chen YL, Yin WH, Man KM, Liu PL. Magnolol: A multifunctional compound isolated from the Chinese medicinal plant Magnolia officinalis. Eur J Integr Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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68
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Zhang H, Xu X, Chen L, Chen J, Hu L, Jiang H, Shen X. Molecular determinants of magnolol targeting both RXRα and PPARγ. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28253. [PMID: 22140563 PMCID: PMC3226690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors retinoic X receptor α (RXRα) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) function potently in metabolic diseases, and are both important targets for anti-diabetic drugs. Coactivation of RXRα and PPARγ is believed to synergize their effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. Here we identify the natural product magnolol as a dual agonist targeting both RXRα and PPARγ. Magnolol was previously reported to enhance adipocyte differentiation and glucose uptake, ameliorate blood glucose level and prevent development of diabetic nephropathy. Although magnolol can bind and activate both of these two nuclear receptors, the transactivation assays indicate that magnolol exhibits biased agonism on the transcription of PPAR-response element (PPRE) mediated by RXRα:PPARγ heterodimer, instead of RXR-response element (RXRE) mediated by RXRα:RXRα homodimer. To further elucidate the molecular basis for magnolol agonism, we determine both the co-crystal structures of RXRα and PPARγ ligand-binding domains (LBDs) with magnolol. Structural analyses reveal that magnolol adopts its two 5-allyl-2-hydroxyphenyl moieties occupying the acidic and hydrophobic cavities of RXRα L-shaped ligand-binding pocket, respectively. While, two magnolol molecules cooperatively accommodate into PPARγ Y-shaped ligand-binding pocket. Based on these two complex structures, the key interactions for magnolol activating RXRα and PPARγ are determined. As the first report on the dual agonist targeting RXRα and PPARγ with receptor-ligand complex structures, our results are thus expected to help inspect the potential pharmacological mechanism for magnolol functions, and supply useful hits for nuclear receptor multi-target ligand design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Liu Q, Kim SB, Ahn JH, Hwang BY, Kim SY, Lee MK. Anthraquinones from Morinda officinalis roots enhance adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. Nat Prod Res 2011; 26:1750-4. [PMID: 22008000 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2011.608676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
To search for anti-diabetic and insulin-sensitising natural products, the effect on adipocyte differentiation was investigated by assessing fat accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes using Oil Red O staining. Fractionation and separation of n-hexane and CHCl₃ fractions of Morinda officinalis (Rubiaceae) using several chromatographic methods led to the isolation of three anthraquinones, 1,2-dimethoxyanthraquinone (1), alizarin-2-methyl ether (2) and rubiadin-1-methyl ether (3). Among them, alizarin-2-methyl ether (2) showed the strongest enhancing activity, followed by rubiadin-1-methyl ether (3) and 1,2-dimethoxyanthraquinone (1). At a concentration of 100 µM, alizarin-2-methyl ether (2) enhanced adipocyte differentiation by up to 131% (compared to insulin-treated cells). Thus, these compounds could be beneficial in the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
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Hypoglycemic effects of clove (Syzygium aromaticum flower buds) on genetically diabetic KK-Ay mice and identification of the active ingredients. J Nat Med 2011; 66:394-9. [PMID: 21987283 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-011-0593-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Clove (Syzygium aromaticum flower buds) EtOH extract significantly suppressed an increase in blood glucose level in type 2 diabetic KK-A(y) mice. In-vitro evaluation showed the extract had human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ ligand-binding activity in a GAL4-PPAR-γ chimera assay. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the EtOH extract resulted in the isolation of eight compounds, of which dehydrodieugenol (2) and dehydrodieugenol B (3) had potent PPAR-γ ligand-binding activities, whereas oleanolic acid (4), a major constituent in the EtOH extract, had moderate activity. Furthermore, 2 and 3 were shown to stimulate 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation through PPAR-γ activation. These results indicate that clove has potential as a functional food ingredient for the prevention of type 2 diabetes and that 2-4 mainly contribute to its hypoglycemic effects via PPAR-γ activation.
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Li X, Ycaza J, Blumberg B. The environmental obesogen tributyltin chloride acts via peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma to induce adipogenesis in murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 127:9-15. [PMID: 21397693 PMCID: PMC3281769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesogens are chemicals that predispose exposed individuals to weight gain and obesity by increasing the number of fat cells, storage of fats into existing cells, altering metabolic rates, or disturbing the regulation of appetite and satiety. Tributyltin exposure causes differentiation of multipotent stromal stem cells (MSCs) into adipocytes; prenatal TBT exposure leads to epigenetic changes in the stem cell compartment that favor the production of adipocytes at the expense of bone, in vivo. While it is known that TBT acts through peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma to induce adipogenesis in MSCs, the data in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes are controversial. Here we show that TBT can activate the RXR-PPARγ heterodimer even in the presence of the PPARγ antagonist GW9662. We found that GW9662 has a 10-fold shorter half-life in cell culture than do PPARγ activators such as rosiglitazone (ROSI), accounting for previous observations that GW9662 did not inhibit TBT-mediated adipogenesis. When the culture conditions are adjusted to compensate for the short half-life of GW9662, we found that TBT induces adipogenesis, triglyceride storage and the expression of adipogenic marker genes in 3T3-L1 cells in a PPARγ-dependent manner. Our results are broadly applicable to the study of obesogen action and indicate that ligand stability is an important consideration in the design and interpretation of adipogenesis assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, 2011 Biological Sciences 3, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2300
| | - John Ycaza
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, 2011 Biological Sciences 3, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2300
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, 2011 Biological Sciences 3, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2300
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA
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Dubuisson O, Dhurandhar EJ, Krishnapuram R, Kirk-Ballard H, Gupta AK, Hegde V, Floyd E, Gimble JM, Dhurandhar NV. PPARgamma-independent increase in glucose uptake and adiponectin abundance in fat cells. Endocrinology 2011; 152:3648-60. [PMID: 21791563 PMCID: PMC3176641 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Although thiazolidinediones (TZD) effectively improve hyperglycemia and increase adiponectin, a proinsulin-sensitizing adipokine, they also increase adipogenesis via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ induction, which may be undesirable. Recent safety concerns about some TZD have prompted the search for next generation agents that can enhance glycemic control and adiponectin independent of PPARγ or adipogenesis. Reminiscent of TZD action, a human adenovirus, adenovirus 36 (Ad36), up-regulates PPARγ, induces adipogenesis, and improves systemic glycemic control in vivo. We determined whether this effect of Ad36 requires PPARγ and/or adipogenesis. Glucose uptake and relevant cell signaling were determined in mock-infected or human adenoviruses Ad36 or Ad2-infected cell types under the following conditions: 1) undifferentiated human-adipose-tissue-derived stem cells (hASC), 2) hASC differentiated as adipocytes, 3) hASC in presence or absence of a PPARγ inhibitor, 4) NIH/3T3 that have impaired PPARγ expression, and 5) PPARγ-knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts with intact PPARγ served as a positive control. Additionally, to determine natural Ad36 infection, human sera were screened for Ad36 antibodies. In undifferentiated or differentiated hASC, or despite the inhibition, down-regulation, or the absence of PPARγ, Ad36 significantly enhanced glucose uptake and PPARγ, adiponectin, glucose transporter 4, and glucose transporter 1 protein abundance, compared with mock or Ad2-infected cells. This indicated that Ad36 up-regulates glucose uptake and adiponectin secretion independent of adipogenesis or without recruiting PPARγ. In humans, natural Ad36 infection predicted greater adiponectin levels, suggesting a human relevance of these effects. In conclusion, Ad36 provides a novel template to metabolically remodel human adipose tissue to enhance glycemic control without the concomitant increase in adiposity or PPARγ induction associated with TZD actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Dubuisson
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA
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Alonso-Castro AJ, Zapata-Bustos R, Domínguez F, García-Carrancá A, Salazar-Olivo LA. Magnolia dealbata Zucc and its active principles honokiol and magnolol stimulate glucose uptake in murine and human adipocytes using the insulin-signaling pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 18:926-933. [PMID: 21511450 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Some Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) species are used for the empirical treatment of diabetes mellitus, but the antidiabetic properties of Magnolia dealbata have not yet been experimentally validated. Here we report that an ethanolic extract of Magnolia dealbata seeds (MDE) and its active principles honokiol (HK) and magnolol (MG) induced the concentration-dependent 2-NBDG uptake in murine 3T3-F442A and human subcutaneous adipocytes. In insulin-sensitive adipocytes, MDE 50 μg/ml induced the 2-NBDG uptake by 30% respect to insulin, while HK and MG, 30 μM each, did it by 50% (murine) and 40% (human). The simultaneous application of HK and MG stimulated 2-NBDG uptake by 70% in hormone-sensitive cells, on which Magnolia preparations exerted synergic effects with insulin. In insulin-resistant adipocytes, MDE, HK and MG induced 2-NBDG uptake by 57%, 80% and 96% respect to Rosiglitazone (RGZ), whereas HK and MG simultaneously applied stimulated 2-NBDG uptake more efficiently than RGZ (120%) in both murine and human adipocytes. Inhibitors of the insulin-signaling pathway abolished the glucose uptake induced by Magnolia dealbata preparations, suggesting that their antidiabetic effects are mediated by this signaling pathway. In addition, MDE, HK and MG exerted only mild to moderate proadipogenic effects on 3T3-F442A and human preadipocytes, although the combined application of HK and MG markedly increased the lipid accumulation in both cell types. In summary, Magnolia dealbata and its active principles HK and MG stimulate glucose uptake in insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant murine and human adipocytes using the insulin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Josabad Alonso-Castro
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, División de Biología Molecular, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
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Lai CS, Lai YS, Kuo DH, Wu CH, Ho CT, Pan MH. Magnolol potently suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression via downregulating MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. J Funct Foods 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Vagnerová K, Loukotová J, Ergang P, Musílková J, Mikšík I, Pácha J. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ stimulates 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Steroids 2011; 76:577-81. [PMID: 21352843 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are metabolized in vascular tissue by two types of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11HSD1, 11HSD2) and thus these enzymes are considered to be important factors that modulate the diverse and complex effects of glucocorticoids on cardiovascular function. The present study evaluated the effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonist pioglitazone on 11HSD1 vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and compared the effect with that of corticosterone. Using primary cultures of VSMC derived from rat aorta, we showed that pioglitazone significantly increases 11HSD1 activity and mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner with EC(50) 243 nM and that this effect is not blocked by RU 486, an antagonist of the glucocorticoid receptor. In contrast, corticosterone had no effect on 11HSD1. Pioglitazone positively regulated transcription of two CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs), specifically C/EBPα a potent activator of 11HSD1 gene transcription in some cells types, and C/EBPζ, whereas C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ were not changed. In contrast, corticosterone stimulated the expression of C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ, but the levels of C/EBPα and C/EBPζ were not changed. In conclusion, activation of PPARγ in VSMC up-regulates vascular 11HSD1 and thus reactivates 11-oxo metabolites to biologically active glucocorticoids through a mechanism that seems to involve C/EBPα and C/EBPζ. Our data provide one of the possible explanations for PPARγ agonists' effects on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Vagnerová
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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77
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Choi DK, Oh TS, Yun JW. Inhibitory activity of Phellodendri cortex extracts on differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-010-0505-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Haridas Nidhina PA, Poulose N, Gopalakrishnapillai A. Vanillin induces adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells by activating extracellular signal regulated kinase 42/44. Life Sci 2011; 88:675-80. [PMID: 21315734 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Revised: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effect of vanillin, a dietary component, on adipocyte differentiation and the mechanism involved in the process using 3T3-L1 murine preadipocytes. MAIN METHODS The effect of vanillin on adipocyte differentiation was detected by Oil Red O analysis. The activation of extracellular signal regulated kinase 42/44 (ERK 42/44), Akt, expression of the key regulator of adipocyte differentiation peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPARγ) and its target gene glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) were detected by western blotting. Glucose uptake assay was used to determine the insulin sensitivity of adipocytes differentiated by vanillin treatment. To confirm the role of ERK 42/44 and Akt, Oil Red O analysis was performed with cells differentiated in the presence or absence of ERK inhibitor U0126 or Akt kinase 1/2 inhibitor. KEY FINDINGS Vanillin induced adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells in a dose dependent manner and also increased the expression levels of PPARγ and its target gene GLUT4. The adipocytes differentiated by vanillin exhibited insulin sensitivity as demonstrated by a significant increase in glucose uptake. Vanillin treatment activated the phosphorylation of ERK 42/44 during the initial phase of adipocyte differentiation but there was no significant change in the Akt phosphorylation status. SIGNIFICANCE The data show that vanillin induces adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells by activating ERK42/44 and these adipocytes are insulin sensitive in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pachakkil A Haridas Nidhina
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Clappana P.O, Kollam, Kerala, 690525, India
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Or-Tzadikario S, Sopher R, Gefen A. Quantitative monitoring of lipid accumulation over time in cultured adipocytes as function of culture conditions: toward controlled adipose tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 16:1167-81. [PMID: 20163242 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue engineering is investigated for native fat substitutes and wound healing model systems. Research and clinical applications of bioartificial fat require a quantitative and objective method to continuously measure adipogenesis in living cultures as opposed to currently used culture-destructive techniques that stain lipid droplet (LD) accumulation. To allow standardization, automatic quantification of LD size is further needed, but currently LD size is measured mostly manually. We developed an image processing-based method that does not require staining to monitor adipose cell maturation in vitro nondestructively using optical micrographs taken consecutively during culturing. We employed our method to monitor LD accumulation in 3T3-L1 and mesenchymal stem cells over 37 days. For each cell type, percentage of lipid area, number of droplets per cell, and droplet diameter were obtained every 2-3 days. In 3T3-L1 cultures, high insulin concentration (10 microg/mL) yielded a significantly different (p < 0.01) time course of all three outcome measures. In mesenchymal stem cell cultures, high fetal bovine serum concentration (12.5%) produced significantly more lipid area (p < 0.01). Our method was able to successfully characterize time courses and extents of adipogenesis and is useful for a wide range of applications testing the effects of biochemical, mechanical, and thermal stimulations in tissue engineering of bioartificial fat constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Or-Tzadikario
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Choi SS, Cha BY, Iida K, Lee YS, Yonezawa T, Teruya T, Nagai K, Woo JT. Artepillin C, as a PPARγ ligand, enhances adipocyte differentiation and glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 81:925-33. [PMID: 21219874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ plays an important role in adipocyte differentiation. Its ligands, including thiazolidinediones, improve insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes. We investigated the effects of artepillin C, an ingredient of Baccharis dracunculifolia, on adipogenesis and glucose uptake using 3T3-L1 cells. In PPARγ ligand-binding assays, artepillin C exhibited binding affinity toward PPARγ. Artepillin C dose-dependently enhanced adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. As a result of the artepillin C-induced adipocyte differentiation, the gene expression of PPARγ and its target genes, such as aP2, adiponectin and glucose transporter (GLUT) 4, was increased. These increases were abolished by cotreatment with GW9662, a PPARγ antagonist. In mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes, artepillin C significantly enhanced the basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. These effects were decreased by cotreatment with a PI3K inhibitor. Although artepillin C had no effects on the insulin signaling cascade, artepillin C enhanced the expression and plasma membrane translocation of GLUT1 and GLUT4 in mature adipocytes. In conclusion, these findings suggest that artepillin C promotes adipocyte differentiation and glucose uptake in part by direct binding to PPARγ, which could be the basis of the pharmacological benefits of green propolis intake in reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Sil Choi
- Research Institute for Biological Functions, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
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Joo JI, Kim DH, Yun JW. Extract of Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus
) stimulates 3t3-l1 adipocyte differentiation. Phytother Res 2010; 24:1592-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Bak EJ, Park HG, Kim M, Kim SW, Kim S, Choi SH, Cha JH, Yoo YJ. The Effect of Metformin on Alveolar Bone in Ligature-Induced Periodontitis in Rats: A Pilot Study. J Periodontol 2010; 81:412-9. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.090414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Fakhrudin N, Ladurner A, Atanasov AG, Heiss EH, Baumgartner L, Markt P, Schuster D, Ellmerer EP, Wolber G, Rollinger JM, Stuppner H, Dirsch VM. Computer-aided discovery, validation, and mechanistic characterization of novel neolignan activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 77:559-66. [PMID: 20064974 DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.062141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) agonists are used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. However, the currently used PPAR gamma agonists display serious side effects, which has led to a great interest in the discovery of novel ligands with favorable properties. The aim of our study was to identify new PPARgamma agonists by a PPAR gamma pharmacophore-based virtual screening of 3D natural product libraries. This in silico approach led to the identification of several neolignans predicted to bind the receptor ligand binding domain (LBD). To confirm this prediction, the neolignans dieugenol, tetrahydrodieugenol, and magnolol were isolated from the respective natural source or synthesized and subsequently tested for PPAR gamma receptor binding. The neolignans bound to the PPAR gamma LBD with EC(50) values in the nanomolar range, exhibiting a binding pattern highly similar to the clinically used agonist pioglitazone. In intact cells, dieugenol and tetrahydrodieugenol selectively activated human PPAR gamma-mediated, but not human PPAR alpha- or -beta/delta-mediated luciferase reporter expression, with a pattern suggesting partial PPAR gamma agonism. The coactivator recruitment study also demonstrated partial agonism of the tested neolignans. Dieugenol, tetrahydrodieugenol, and magnolol but not the structurally related eugenol induced 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation, confirming effectiveness in a cell model with endogenous PPAR gamma expression. In conclusion, we identified neolignans as novel ligands for PPAR gamma, which exhibited interesting activation profiles, recommending them as potential pharmaceutical leads or dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanang Fakhrudin
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Vienna, Austria
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