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Galland F, Seady M, Taday J, Smaili SS, Gonçalves CA, Leite MC. Astrocyte culture models: Molecular and function characterization of primary culture, immortalized astrocytes and C6 glioma cells. Neurochem Int 2019; 131:104538. [PMID: 31430518 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of the physiology of astrocytes and their role in brain function progresses continuously. Primary astrocyte culture is an alternative method to study these cells in an isolated system: in their physiologic and pathologic states. Cell lines are often used as an astrocyte model, since they are easier and faster to manipulate and cost less. However, there are a few studies evaluating the different features of these cells which may put into question the validity of using them as astrocyte models. The aim of this study was to compare primary cultures (PC) with two cell lines - immortalized astrocytes and C6 cells, in terms of protein characterization, morphology and metabolic functional activity. Our results showed, under the same culture condition, that immortalized astrocytes and C6 are positive for differentiated astrocytic markers (eg. GFAP, S100B, AQP4 and ALDH1L1), although expressing them in less quantities then primary astrocyte cultures. Glutamate metabolism and cell communication are reduced in proliferative cells. However, glucose uptake is elevated in C6 lineage cells in comparison with primary astrocytes, probably due to their tumorigenic origin and high proliferation rate. Immortalized astrocytes presented a lower growth rate than C6 cells, and a similar basal morphology as primary astrocytes. However, they did not prove to be as good reproductive models of some of the classic astrocytic functions, such as S100B secretion and GFAP content, especially while under stimulation. In contrast, C6 cells presented similar results in comparison to primary astrocytes in response to stimuli. Here we provide a functional comparison of three astrocytic models, in an attempt to select the most suitable model for the study of astrocytes, optimizing the research in this area of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Galland
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marina Seady
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jessica Taday
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Soraya Soubhi Smaili
- Departamento de Farmacologia da Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marina Concli Leite
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Wang X, Chen D, Wang J, Feng C, Wang W, Zhang W, Li B, Yu J, Xia B. Cloning and Analysis of Genes Controlling Antibacterial Activities of Burkholderia pyrrocinia Strain Lyc2. Curr Microbiol 2019; 76:1003-1009. [PMID: 31183516 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01690-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The Burkholderia pyrrocinia Lyc2 strain isolated from healthy plant rhizosphere showed significant antimicrobial activities against a variety of plant pathogens. In this study, a random mutation library was constructed using an EZ-Tn5 transposome kit and Erwinia amylovora was used as an indicator to screen for mutants with defective antibacterial activity. The transposon gene was verified in the chromosome of the Lyc2 strain using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The gene that was disrupted by transposon was amplified by rescue cloning for functional and bioinformatics analyses. Antibacterial analysis indicated that the mutant Lyc2-MT2918 was defective in antibacterial activity. Sequence alignment of the mutant suggested that the disrupted gene Glu-2918 was homologous to the glutathione (GSH) synthase gene Bamb-2918 of strain B. ambifaria AMMD. Genetic functional analysis and complementary assay of the disrupted gene, which was predicted to encode GSH synthase, indicated the essential role of the Glu-2918 gene in the antibacterial activity of strain Lyc2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dexin Chen
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Feng
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- China National Tobacco Corporation, Sichuan Company, Chengdu, 610017, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiamin Yu
- China National Tobacco Corporation, Sichuan Company, Chengdu, 610017, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
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Scirè A, Cianfruglia L, Minnelli C, Bartolini D, Torquato P, Principato G, Galli F, Armeni T. Glutathione compartmentalization and its role in glutathionylation and other regulatory processes of cellular pathways. Biofactors 2019; 45:152-168. [PMID: 30561781 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione is considered the major non-protein low molecular weight modulator of redox processes and the most important thiol reducing agent of the cell. The biosynthesis of glutathione occurs in the cytosol from its constituent amino acids, but this tripeptide is also present in the most important cellular districts, such as mitochondria, nucleus, and endoplasmic reticulum, thus playing a central role in several metabolic pathways and cytoprotection mechanisms. Indeed, glutathione is involved in the modulation of various cellular processes and, not by chance, it is a ubiquitous determinant for redox signaling, xenobiotic detoxification, and regulation of cell cycle and death programs. The balance between its concentration and redox state is due to a complex series of interactions between biosynthesis, utilization, degradation, and transport. All these factors are of great importance to understand the significance of cellular redox balance and its relationship with physiological responses and pathological conditions. The purpose of this review is to give an overview on glutathione cellular compartmentalization. Information on its subcellular distribution provides a deeper understanding of glutathione-dependent processes and reflects the importance of compartmentalization in the regulation of specific cellular pathways. © 2018 BioFactors, 45(2):152-168, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scirè
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Laura Cianfruglia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristina Minnelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Desirée Bartolini
- Clinical Biochemistry and Human Nutrition Labs, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Torquato
- Clinical Biochemistry and Human Nutrition Labs, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Principato
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Galli
- Clinical Biochemistry and Human Nutrition Labs, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Tatiana Armeni
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Milnerowicz H, Wrześniak M, Królik M, Kowalska K. Influence of tobacco smoke on zinc, cadmium, iron, iron-binding proteins, and low-weight anti-oxidant status in pregnancy. Inhal Toxicol 2018; 30:534-541. [PMID: 30794012 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2019.1576805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy and tobacco smoking (TS) each can cause increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production; this, in turn, can lead to disorders in iron management and disruption of the pro- and anti-oxidant balance. The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of TS and Cd on Fe, Zn, and anti-oxidant levels (i.e. glutathione [GSH], metallothionein [MT]) in the blood of pregnant women. The study reported here evaluated 110 blood samples from pregnant women in their 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester. Concentrations of ferritin and transferrin were measured in the serum; Zn, Fe and cotinine in the plasma, that of Cd in whole blood, that for glutathione in red blood cell lysates, and levels of metallothionein both in the plasma and in lysates prepared from isolated erythrocytes. The results indicated there was a decrease in Zn and increase in Cd and metallothionein levels in pregnant women smokers as compared to in nonsmoking counterparts. Differences in intracellular MT concentration were noted both in smoking and nonsmoking women during pregnancy while there were no changes in extracellular MT level. A decline in circulating ferritin and a rise in transferrin during pregnancy was observed in all groups. Based on the results, it was concluded that exposure to TS-associated xenobiotics like Cd could result in higher MT levels in erythrocytes and in pregnant smokers, the major anti-oxidant mechanism that is in place is one being mediated by MT and not by reduced GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Milnerowicz
- a Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy , Wroclaw Medical University , Wrocław , Poland
| | - Marta Wrześniak
- a Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy , Wroclaw Medical University , Wrocław , Poland
- b Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine , Wroclaw Medical University , Wrocław , Poland
| | - Małgorzata Królik
- c Early Pregnancy Pathology Clinic , Centre of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology , Opole , Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kowalska
- a Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy , Wroclaw Medical University , Wrocław , Poland
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Yang Y, Li L, Hang Q, Fang Y, Dong X, Cao P, Yin Z, Luo L. γ-glutamylcysteine exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by increasing cellular glutathione level. Redox Biol 2018; 20:157-166. [PMID: 30326393 PMCID: PMC6197438 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated host response to infection and characterized by redox imbalance and severe oxidative stress. Glutathione (GSH) serves several vital functions, including scavenging free radicals and maintaining intracellular redox balance. Extracellular GSH is unable to be taken into the majority of human cells, and the GSH prodrug N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) does not exhibit promising clinical effects. γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-GC), an intermediate dipeptide of the GSH-synthesis pathway and harboring anti-inflammatory properties, represents a relatively unexplored option for sepsis treatment. The anti-inflammatory efficiency of γ-GC and the associated molecular mechanism need to be explored. In vivo investigation showed that γ-GC reduced sepsis lethality and attenuated systemic inflammatory responses in mice, as well as inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase 2 in RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, both in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that γ-GC exhibited better therapeutic effects against inflammation compared with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and GSH. Mechanistically, γ-GC suppressed LPS-induced reactive oxygen species accumulation and GSH depletion. Inflammatory stimuli, such as LPS treatment, upregulated the expression of glutathione synthetase via activating nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways, thereby promoting synthesis of GSH from γ-GC. These findings suggested that γ-GC might represent a potential therapeutic agent for sepsis treatment. γ-GC reduces sepsis lethality and attenuates inflammatory responses in BALB/c mice. γ-GC suppresses LPS-induced inflammation, ROS accumulation, and GSH depletion. Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways are essential for upregulating GSS level to promote GSH synthesis from γ-GC. γ-GC is more effective in attenuation inflammation than NAC and GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China; Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiyun Hang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoliang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhimin Yin
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
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Corso CR, Acco A. Glutathione system in animal model of solid tumors: From regulation to therapeutic target. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 128:43-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Timme-Laragy AR, Hahn ME, Hansen JM, Rastogi A, Roy MA. Redox stress and signaling during vertebrate embryonic development: Regulation and responses. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 80:17-28. [PMID: 28927759 PMCID: PMC5650060 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate embryonic development requires specific signaling events that regulate cell proliferation and differentiation to occur at the correct place and the correct time in order to build a healthy embryo. Signaling pathways are sensitive to perturbations of the endogenous redox state, and are also susceptible to modulation by reactive species and antioxidant defenses, contributing to a spectrum of passive vs. active effects that can affect redox signaling and redox stress. Here we take a multi-level, integrative approach to discuss the importance of redox status for vertebrate developmental signaling pathways and cell fate decisions, with a focus on glutathione/glutathione disulfide, thioredoxin, and cysteine/cystine redox potentials and the implications for protein function in development. We present a tissue-specific example of the important role that reactive species play in pancreatic development and metabolic regulation. We discuss NFE2L2 (also known as NRF2) and related proteins, their roles in redox signaling, and their regulation of glutathione during development. Finally, we provide examples of xenobiotic compounds that disrupt redox signaling in the context of vertebrate embryonic development. Collectively, this review provides a systems-level perspective on the innate and inducible antioxidant defenses, as well as their roles in maintaining redox balance during chemical exposures that occur in critical windows of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia R Timme-Laragy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Mark E Hahn
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Jason M Hansen
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Archit Rastogi
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Monika A Roy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Biotechnology Training Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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58
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Shrestha B, Prasai PK, Kaskas AM, Khanna A, Letchuman V, Letchuman S, Alexander JS, Orr AW, Woolard MD, Pattillo CB. Differential arterial and venous endothelial redox responses to oxidative stress. Microcirculation 2018; 25:e12486. [PMID: 29923664 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress is a central event linked with endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in several vascular pathologies, marked by over-production of ROS and concomitant decreases in antioxidants, for example GSH. Here, we distinguish endothelial oxidative stress regulation and associated functional disparities in the two main vascular conduits, (arteries and veins) following decreases in GSH. METHODS MAECs and VCECs were used as models of arterial and venular endothelium, respectively, and BSO (0-100 μmol/L) was used to indirectly increase cellular oxidative stress. Inflammatory responses were measured using immune cell attachment and immunoblotting for endothelial cell adhesion molecule (ICAM-1, VCAM-1) expression, altered cell proliferation, and wound healing. RESULTS MAECs and VCECs exhibited differential responses to oxidative stress produced by GSH depletion with VCECs exhibiting greater sensitivity to oxidative stress. Compared to MAECs, VCECs showed a significantly increased inflammatory profile and a decreased proliferative phenotype in response to decreases in GSH levels. CONCLUSIONS Arterial and venous endothelial cells exhibit differential responses to oxidant stress, and decreases in GSH:GSSG are more exacerbated in venous endothelial cells. Specific pathogenesis in these vascular conduits, with respect to oxidant stress handling, warrants further study, especially considering surgical interventions such as Coronary artery bypass grafting that use both interchangeably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandana Shrestha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Priya K Prasai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Amir M Kaskas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Ankur Khanna
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Vijay Letchuman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Sunjay Letchuman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Jonathan Steven Alexander
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - A Wayne Orr
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana.,Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana.,Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Matthew D Woolard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Christopher B Pattillo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
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Bălăeţ C, Coculescu BI, Manole G, Bălăeţ M, Dincă GV. Gamma-glutamyltransferase, possible novel biomarker in colon diverticulosis: a case-control study. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:428-432. [PMID: 29372651 PMCID: PMC6009901 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1428802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is recognized in medical practice as a useful indicator for the detection of liver lesions, especially those induced by the excessive consumption of alcoholic or cholesterol-associated drinks. The present study, although it includes a very small number of cases diagnosed with colon diverticulosis-diverticulitis associated with polyposis at the same intestinal level, identifies the presence of increased circulating concentrations of this enzyme in the serum. Its serum levels are tracked “dynamically” throughout a year after the diagnosis and start of the therapy. The study calls into question the release of the enzyme from the edge of the enterocytes’ brush-like edge, leading to the pathogenic disturbance of regional redox homeostasis. The hypothesis gives the circulating values of GGT predictive value for cellular oxidative stress, as well as for indirectly expressing the glutathione level in cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Bălăeţ
- a Faculty of General Nursing , Bioterra University , Bucharest , Romania.,b Lil Med Clinic , Bucharest , Romania
| | - Bogdan Ioan Coculescu
- a Faculty of General Nursing , Bioterra University , Bucharest , Romania.,c Faculty of Medecine , Titu Maiorescu University , Bucharest , Romania.,d Center for Military Medical Scientific Research , Bucharest , Romania
| | - Gheorghe Manole
- c Faculty of Medecine , Titu Maiorescu University , Bucharest , Romania.,e Colentina Clinical Hospital , Bucharest , Romania
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Bălăeţ C, Coculescu BI, Bălăeţ M, Manole G, Dincă GV. Haemolytic anaemia and hepatocitolysis associated with hypermagnesaemia by repeated exposures to copper-calcium fungicides. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 33:184-189. [PMID: 29231762 PMCID: PMC7012014 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1409745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
For the medical practice, our manuscript acts as a signal, despite only presenting three cases which feature the association between hepatocytolysis, haemolysis and hypermagnesaemia. This clinical–biologic triad was highlighted with the workers who through the nature of their profession were exposing themselves periodically to vapours which contained copper sulphate neutralised with calcium hydroxide, a fungicide used for fruit trees. We are exclusively assessing the haematological perturbation. In this aetiological context, the generating mechanism for haemolysis is very probable biochemical, where hypercupraemia interferes with cellular antioxidant defence mechanisms. Hypothetically, the role of the redox homeostasis disorder in the intravascular destruction of erythrocytes is sustained, and particularly the coexistence of cell cytolysis in the medullary erythroid compartment, which can be assimilated with a possible ineffective erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Bălăeţ
- a Faculty of General Nursing , Bioterra University , Bucharest , Romania.,b Lil Med Clinic , Bucharest , Romania
| | - Bogdan Ioan Coculescu
- a Faculty of General Nursing , Bioterra University , Bucharest , Romania.,c Faculty of Medicine , Titu Maiorescu University , Bucharest , Romania.,d Center for Military Medical Scientific Research , Bucharest , Romania
| | | | - Gheorghe Manole
- c Faculty of Medicine , Titu Maiorescu University , Bucharest , Romania.,f Clinical Hospital Colentina , Bucharest , Romania
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Wang CK, Yang SC, Hsu SC, Chang FP, Lin YT, Chen SF, Cheng CL, Hsiao M, Lu FL, Lu J. CHAC2 is essential for self-renewal and glutathione maintenance in human embryonic stem cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 113:439-451. [PMID: 29054545 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH), the major non-enzymatic antioxidant, plays a critical role in cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) neutralization. Moreover, GSH is required for the self-renewal maintenance of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), and is highly accumulated in undifferentiated cells. Among 8 GSH biosynthesis-related enzymes, we found CHAC2 is highly enriched in undifferentiated hESCs. CHAC2 downregulation in hESCs efficiently decreased the levels of GSH and blocked self-renewal. The self-renewal of sh-CHAC2 cells can be rescued by GSH supplement. CHAC2 downregulation promoted mesoderm differentiation and hampered both teratoma formation and the expression of Nrf2 and glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL). Notably, CHAC1 knockdown restored the self-renewability of CHAC2-downregulated cells. Although both CHAC1 and CHAC2 purified protein alone showed the catalytic activities to GSH, our data extraordinarily revealed that CHAC2 prevented CHAC1-mediated GSH degradation, which suggests that CHAC2 competes with CHAC1 to maintain GSH homeostasis. This is the first report to demonstrate that CHAC2 is critical for GSH maintenance and the novel roles of the CHAC family in hESC renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Kai Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, ROC; Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shang-Chih Yang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, ROC; Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Ching Hsu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institute, Zhunan 350, Taiwan, ROC; The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Management Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua City 500, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fang-Pei Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Tsen Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shang-Fu Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chin-Lun Cheng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC; National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institute, Zhunan 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Frank Leigh Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, and National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei 100, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jean Lu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, ROC; Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC; Genomics and System Biology Program, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan, ROC; National Core Facility Program for Biotechnology, National RNAi Platform, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Life Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan, ROC.
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García-Giménez JL, Romá-Mateo C, Pérez-Machado G, Peiró-Chova L, Pallardó FV. Role of glutathione in the regulation of epigenetic mechanisms in disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 112:36-48. [PMID: 28705657 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is a rapidly growing field that studies gene expression modifications not involving changes in the DNA sequence. Histone H3, one of the basic proteins in the nucleosomes that make up chromatin, is S-glutathionylated in mammalian cells and tissues, making Gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine, glutathione (GSH), a physiological antioxidant and second messenger in cells, a new post-translational modifier of the histone code that alters the structure of the nucleosome. However, the role of GSH in the epigenetic mechanisms likely goes beyond a mere structural function. Evidence supports the hypothesis that there is a link between GSH metabolism and the control of epigenetic mechanisms at different levels (i.e., substrate availability, enzymatic activity for DNA methylation, changes in the expression of microRNAs, and participation in the histone code). However, little is known about the molecular pathways by which GSH can control epigenetic events. Studying mutations in enzymes involved in GSH metabolism and the alterations of the levels of cofactors affecting epigenetic mechanisms appears challenging. However, the number of diseases induced by aberrant epigenetic regulation is growing, so elucidating the intricate network between GSH metabolism, oxidative stress and epigenetics could shed light on how their deregulation contributes to the development of neurodegeneration, cancer, metabolic pathologies and many other types of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis García-Giménez
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain; Mixed Unit INCLIVA-CIPF Research Institutes, Valencia, Spain; Dept. Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València (UV), Valencia, Spain; Epigenetics Research Platform (CIBERER/UV), Valencia, Spain.
| | - Carlos Romá-Mateo
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain; Mixed Unit INCLIVA-CIPF Research Institutes, Valencia, Spain; Dept. Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València (UV), Valencia, Spain; Epigenetics Research Platform (CIBERER/UV), Valencia, Spain; Faculty of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gisselle Pérez-Machado
- Dept. Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València (UV), Valencia, Spain; Epigenetics Research Platform (CIBERER/UV), Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Federico V Pallardó
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain; Mixed Unit INCLIVA-CIPF Research Institutes, Valencia, Spain; Dept. Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València (UV), Valencia, Spain; Epigenetics Research Platform (CIBERER/UV), Valencia, Spain.
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63
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Giustarini D, Colombo G, Garavaglia ML, Astori E, Portinaro NM, Reggiani F, Badalamenti S, Aloisi AM, Santucci A, Rossi R, Milzani A, Dalle-Donne I. Assessment of glutathione/glutathione disulphide ratio and S-glutathionylated proteins in human blood, solid tissues, and cultured cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 112:360-375. [PMID: 28807817 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the major non-protein thiol in humans and other mammals, which is present in millimolar concentrations within cells, but at much lower concentrations in the blood plasma. GSH and GSH-related enzymes act both to prevent oxidative damage and to detoxify electrophiles. Under oxidative stress, two GSH molecules become linked by a disulphide bridge to form glutathione disulphide (GSSG). Therefore, assessment of the GSH/GSSG ratio may provide an estimation of cellular redox metabolism. Current evidence resulting from studies in human blood, solid tissues, and cultured cells suggests that GSH also plays a prominent role in protein redox regulation via S -glutathionylation, i.e., the conjugation of GSH to reactive protein cysteine residues. A number of methodologies that enable quantitative analysis of GSH/GSSG ratio and S-glutathionylated proteins (PSSG), as well as identification and visualization of PSSG in tissue sections or cultured cells are currently available. Here, we have considered the main methodologies applied for GSH, GSSG and PSSG detection in biological samples. This review paper provides an up-to-date critical overview of the application of the most relevant analytical, morphological, and proteomics approaches to detect and analyse GSH, GSSG and PSSG in mammalian samples as well as discusses their current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Graziano Colombo
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Astori
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Marcello Portinaro
- Clinica ortopedica e traumatologica, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Reggiani
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Badalamenti
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Aloisi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Aldo Milzani
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Dalle-Donne
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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64
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Zhu L, Lu Y, Zhang J, Hu Q. Subcellular Redox Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 967:385-398. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63245-2_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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65
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Tesson M, Anselmi G, Bell C, Mairs R. Cell cycle specific radiosensitisation by the disulfiram and copper complex. Oncotarget 2017; 8:65900-65916. [PMID: 29029481 PMCID: PMC5630381 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The disulfiram and copper complex (DSF:Cu) has emerged as a potent radiosensitising anti-cancer agent. The ability of copper to stabilise DSF in a planar conformation and to inhibit DNA replication enzymes stimulated our investigation of the effect of DSF:Cu on cell cycle regulation. Flow cytometry and immunoblotting were used to assess the effect of DSF:Cu on cell cycle progression of the neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-BE(2c) and the glioma cell line UVW. Treatment with 0.1 and 0.3 μM DSF:Cu inhibited DNA synthesis in SK-N-BE(2c) and UVW cells, respectively. The increased potency of ionising radiation treatment induced by DSF:Cu and/or gemcitabine was determined by clonogenic assay. Treatment with 0.3 μM DSF:Cu resulted in greater radiation kill, exemplified by dose enhancement factor values of 2.64 and 2.84 in SK-N-BE(2c) and UVW cells, respectively. Although DSF:Cu failed to sensitise S phase cells to irradiation, we observed that DSF:Cu radiosensitisation was potentiated by the S phase-specific cytotoxic drug gemcitabine. The efficacy of the combination treatment consisting of DSF:Cu, gemcitabine and ionising radiation was schedule-dependent. Together, these results describe cell cycle specific radiosensitisation by DSF:Cu. The well-established toxicity profiles of DSF and gemcitabine should facilitate their evaluation as a combination treatment in patients undergoing radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Tesson
- Radiation Oncology, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Center, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
| | - Giorgio Anselmi
- Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Caitlin Bell
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
| | - Robert Mairs
- Radiation Oncology, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Center, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
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66
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Potential mechanisms of development-dependent adverse effects of the herbicide paraquat in 3D rat brain cell cultures. Neurotoxicology 2017; 60:116-124. [PMID: 28467894 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental toxicants during vulnerable windows of brain development is suspected to raise the prevalence for neurological dysfunctions at later stages in life. Differentiation processes and changes in morphology, as well as a lack of physiological barriers, might be reasons that render a developing brain more susceptible to neurotoxicants than an adult. However, also the intrinsic capacity of cells to combat toxicant induced cellular stress might differ between the immature- and mature brain. In order to study whether this intrinsic protection capacity differs between immature and maturated brain cells we chose to study the maturation-dependent adverse effects of the known neurotoxicant Paraquat Dichloride (PQ) in 3D rat brain cell cultures. This in vitro system consists of the major brain cell types - neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia - and over the time in vitro cultured cells undergo differentiation and maturation into a tissue-like organization. PQ was applied repeatedly over ten days in the sub-micromolar range, and effects were evaluated on neurons and glial cells. We observed that despite a higher PQ-uptake in mature cultures, PQ-induced adverse effects on glutamatergic-, GABAergic- and dopaminergic neurons, as assessed by gene expression and enzymatic activity, were more pronounced in immature cultures. This was associated with a stronger astrogliosis in immature- as compared to mature cultures, as well as perturbations of the glutathione-mediated defense against oxidative stress. Furthermore we observed evidence of microglial activation only in mature cultures, whereas immature cultures appeared to down-regulate markers for neuroprotective M2-microglial phenotype upon PQ-exposure. Taken together our results indicate that immature brain cell cultures have less intrinsic capacity to cope with cellular stress elicited by PQ as compared to mature cells. This may render immature brain cells more susceptible to the adverse effects of PQ.
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67
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Sadhu SS, Wang S, Dachineni R, Averineni RK, Yang Y, Yin H, Bhat GJ, Guan X. In Vitro and In Vivo Tumor Growth Inhibition by Glutathione Disulfide Liposomes. CANCER GROWTH AND METASTASIS 2017; 10:1179064417696070. [PMID: 28469472 PMCID: PMC5392016 DOI: 10.1177/1179064417696070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione disulfide (GSSG) is an endogenous peptide and the oxidized form of glutathione. The impacts of GSSG on cell function/dysfunction remain largely unexplored due to a lack of method to specifically increase intracellular GSSG. We recently developed GSSG liposomes that can specifically increase intracellular GSSG. The increase affected 3 of the 4 essential steps (cell detachment, migration, invasion, and adhesion) of cancer metastasis in vitro and, accordingly, produced a significant inhibition of cancer metastasis in vivo. In this investigation, the effect of GSSG liposomes on cancer growth was investigated with B16-F10 and NCI-H226 cells in vitro and with B16-F10 cells in C57BL/6 mice in vivo. Experiments were conducted to elucidate the effect on cell death through promotion of apoptosis and the effect on the cell cycle. The in vivo results with C57BL/6 mice implanted subcutaneously with B16-F10 cells showed that GSSG liposomes retarded tumor proliferation more effectively than that of dacarbazine, a chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of melanoma. The GSSG liposomes by intravenous injection (GLS IV) and GSSG liposomes by intratumoral injection (GLS IT) showed a tumor proliferation retardation of 85% ± 5.7% and 90% ± 3.9%, respectively, compared with the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) control group. The median survival rates for mice treated with PBS, blank liposomes, aqueous GSSG, dacarbazine, GLS IV, and GLS IT were 7, 7, 7.5, 7.75, 11.5, and 16.5 days, respectively. The effective antimetastatic and antigrowth activities warrant further investigation of the GSSG liposomes as a potentially effective therapeutic treatment for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya S Sadhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Shenggang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Rakesh Dachineni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | | | - Yang Yang
- CMC Analytical Department, Frontage Lab Inc, Exton, PA
| | - Huihui Yin
- Research and Development center for Novel Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - G Jayarama Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Xiangming Guan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
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68
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Couto N, Wood J, Barber J. The role of glutathione reductase and related enzymes on cellular redox homoeostasis network. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 95:27-42. [PMID: 26923386 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 474] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this review article we examine the role of glutathione reductase in the regulation, modulation and maintenance of cellular redox homoeostasis. Glutathione reductase is responsible for maintaining the supply of reduced glutathione; one of the most abundant reducing thiols in the majority of cells. In its reduced form, glutathione plays key roles in the cellular control of reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species act as intracellular and extracellular signalling molecules and complex cross talk between levels of reactive oxygen species, levels of oxidised and reduced glutathione and other thiols, and antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione reductase determine the most suitable conditions for redox control within a cell or for activation of programmed cell death. Additionally, we discuss the translation and expression of glutathione reductase in a number of organisms including yeast and humans. In yeast and human cells, a single gene expresses more than one form of glutathione reductase, destined for residence in the cytoplasm or for translocation to different organelles; in plants, however, two genes encoding this protein have been described. In general, insects and kinetoplastids (a group of protozoa, including Plasmodia and Trypanosoma) do not express glutathione reductase or glutathione biosynthetic enzymes. Instead, they express either the thioredoxin system or the trypanothione system. The thioredoxin system is also present in organisms that have the glutathione system and there may be overlapping functions with cross-talk between the two systems. Finally we evaluate therapeutic targets to overcome oxidative stress associated cellular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narciso Couto
- Michael Barber Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Princess Road, Manchester M1 7DN, UK; ChELSI Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Jennifer Wood
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jill Barber
- Michael Barber Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Princess Road, Manchester M1 7DN, UK; Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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69
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Damgaard D, Bjørn ME, Steffensen MA, Pruijn GJM, Nielsen CH. Reduced glutathione as a physiological co-activator in the activation of peptidylarginine deiminase. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:102. [PMID: 27149996 PMCID: PMC4858833 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1000-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Citrullination catalysed by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) plays an important pathogenic role in anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)-positive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and, possibly, several other inflammatory diseases. Non-physiological reducing agents such as dithiothreitol (DTT) are normally added to the reaction buffer when determining PAD activity in vitro. We investigated the ability of reduced glutathione (GSH), the most abundant intracellular small-molecule thiol in vivo, to activate PADs. Methods Activity of recombinant human (rh) PAD2 and PAD4, PADs contained in synovial fluid (SF) samples from RA patients and PADs released from phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated cells was measured using an in-house PAD activity assay detecting citrullination of fibrinogen. Results No activity of rhPAD2, rhPAD4 or PADs within SF was observed without addition of an exogenous reducing agent. Activity of both recombinant and SF PAD was observed in the presence of 1 mM DTT or 10–15 mM GSH. Following stimulation with PMA, human isolated leucocytes, but not mononuclear cells, released enzymatically active PAD, the activity of which was abolished upon pre-incubation of the cells with the glutathione reductase inhibitor 2-AAPA. No PAD activity was observed in the corresponding supernatants, but addition of exogenous GSH restored activity. Conclusions Catalytic activity of PAD requires reducing conditions. GSH meets this requirement at concentrations comparable with those found within cells. Active PAD, reduced by GSH, is released from PMA-stimulated granulocytes, but becomes inactivated in the extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dres Damgaard
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Section for Periodontology, Microbiology and Community Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mads Emil Bjørn
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Haematology, Roskilde Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Maria A Steffensen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ger J M Pruijn
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Claus H Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Section for Periodontology, Microbiology and Community Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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70
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Effects of pre-natal alcohol exposure on hippocampal synaptic plasticity: Sex, age and methodological considerations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 64:12-34. [PMID: 26906760 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of alcohol during gestation is detrimental to the developing central nervous system (CNS). The severity of structural and functional brain alterations associated with alcohol intake depends on many factors including the timing and duration of alcohol consumption. The hippocampal formation, a brain region implicated in learning and memory, is highly susceptible to the effects of developmental alcohol exposure. Some of the observed effects of alcohol on learning and memory may be due to changes at the synaptic level, as this teratogen has been repeatedly shown to interfere with hippocampal synaptic plasticity. At the molecular level alcohol interferes with receptor proteins and can disrupt hormones that are important for neuronal signaling and synaptic plasticity. In this review we examine the consequences of prenatal and early postnatal alcohol exposure on hippocampal synaptic plasticity and highlight the numerous factors that can modulate the effects of alcohol. We also discuss some potential mechanisms responsible for these changes as well as emerging therapeutic avenues that are beginning to be explored.
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71
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Gajan A, Barnes VL, Liu M, Saha N, Pile LA. The histone demethylase dKDM5/LID interacts with the SIN3 histone deacetylase complex and shares functional similarities with SIN3. Epigenetics Chromatin 2016; 9:4. [PMID: 26848313 PMCID: PMC4740996 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-016-0053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Regulation of gene expression by histone-modifying enzymes is essential to control cell fate decisions and developmental processes. Two histone-modifying enzymes, RPD3, a deacetylase, and dKDM5/LID, a demethylase, are present in a single complex, coordinated through the SIN3 scaffold protein. While the SIN3 complex has been demonstrated to have functional histone deacetylase activity, the role of the demethylase dKDM5/LID as part of the complex has not been investigated. Results Here, we analyzed the developmental and transcriptional activities of dKDM5/LID in relation to SIN3. Knockdown of either Sin3A or lid resulted in decreased cell proliferation in S2 cells and wing imaginal discs. Conditional knockdown of either Sin3A or lid resulted in flies that displayed wing developmental defects. Interestingly, overexpression of dKDM5/LID rescued the wing developmental defect due to reduced levels of SIN3 in female flies, indicating a major role for dKDM5/LID in cooperation with SIN3 during development. Together, these observed phenotypes strongly suggest that dKDM5/LID as part of the SIN3 complex can impact previously uncharacterized transcriptional networks. Transcriptome analysis revealed that SIN3 and dKDM5/LID regulate many common genes. While several genes implicated in cell cycle and wing developmental pathways were affected upon altering the level of these chromatin factors, a significant affect was also observed on genes required to mount an effective stress response. Further, under conditions of induced oxidative stress, reduction of SIN3 and/or dKDM5/LID altered the expression of a greater number of genes involved in cell cycle-related processes relative to normal conditions. This highlights an important role for SIN3 and dKDM5/LID proteins to maintain proper progression through the cell cycle in environments of cellular stress. Further, we find that target genes are bound by both SIN3 and dKDM5/LID, however, histone acetylation, not methylation, plays a predominant role in gene regulation by the SIN3 complex. Conclusions We have provided genetic evidence to demonstrate functional cooperation between the histone demethylase dKDM5/LID and SIN3. Biochemical and transcriptome data further support functional links between these proteins. Together, the data provide a solid framework for analyzing the gene regulatory pathways through which SIN3 and dKDM5/LID control diverse biological processes in the organism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13072-016-0053-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambikai Gajan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Valerie L Barnes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Mengying Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Nirmalya Saha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Lori A Pile
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA
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72
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Diaz-Vivancos P, de Simone A, Kiddle G, Foyer CH. Glutathione--linking cell proliferation to oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:1154-64. [PMID: 26546102 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The multifaceted functions of reduced glutathione (gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine; GSH) continue to fascinate plants and animal scientists, not least because of the dynamic relationships between GSH and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that underpin reduction/oxidation (redox) regulation and signalling. Here we consider the respective roles of ROS and GSH in the regulation of plant growth, with a particular focus on regulation of the plant cell cycle. Glutathione is discussed not only as a crucial low molecular weight redox buffer that shields nuclear processes against oxidative challenge but also a flexible regulator of genetic and epigenetic functions. RECENT ADVANCES The intracellular compartmentalization of GSH during the cell cycle is remarkably consistent in plants and animals. Moreover, measurements of in vivo glutathione redox potentials reveal that the cellular environment is much more reducing than predicted from GSH/GSSG ratios measured in tissue extracts. The redox potential of the cytosol and nuclei of non-dividing plant cells is about -300 mV. This relatively low redox potential maintained even in cells experiencing oxidative stress by a number of mechanisms including vacuolar sequestration of GSSG. We propose that regulated ROS production linked to glutathione-mediated signalling events are the hallmark of viable cells within a changing and challenging environment. CRITICAL ISSUES The concept that the cell cycle in animals is subject to redox controls is well established but little is known about how ROS and GSH regulate this process in plants. However, it is increasingly likely that redox controls exist in plants, although possibly through different pathways. Moreover, redox-regulated proteins that function in cell cycle checkpoints remain to be identified in plants. While GSH-responsive genes have now been identified, the mechanisms that mediate and regulate protein glutathionylation in plants remain poorly defined. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The nuclear GSH pool provides an appropriate redox environment for essential nuclear functions. Future work will focus on how this essential thiol interacts with the nuclear thioredoxin system and nitric oxide to regulate genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. The characterization of redox-regulated cell cycle proteins in plants, and the elucidation of mechanisms that facilitate GSH accumulation in the nucleus are keep steps to unravelling the complexities of nuclear redox controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Diaz-Vivancos
- CEBAS-CSIC, Department of Plant Breeding, P.O. Box 164, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Ambra de Simone
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Guy Kiddle
- Lumora Ltd, Bartholomews Walk, Cambridge Business Park, Cambridge CB7 4EA, UK
| | - Christine H Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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Hahn ME, Timme-Laragy AR, Karchner SI, Stegeman JJ. Nrf2 and Nrf2-related proteins in development and developmental toxicity: Insights from studies in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 88:275-289. [PMID: 26130508 PMCID: PMC4698826 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is an important mechanism of chemical toxicity, contributing to developmental toxicity and teratogenesis as well as to cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and diabetic embryopathy. Developing animals are especially sensitive to effects of chemicals that disrupt the balance of processes generating reactive species and oxidative stress, and those anti-oxidant defenses that protect against oxidative stress. The expression and inducibility of anti-oxidant defenses through activation of NFE2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and related proteins is an essential process affecting the susceptibility to oxidants, but the complex interactions of Nrf2 in determining embryonic response to oxidants and oxidative stress are only beginning to be understood. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an established model in developmental biology and now also in developmental toxicology and redox signaling. Here we review the regulation of genes involved in protection against oxidative stress in developing vertebrates, with a focus on Nrf2 and related cap'n'collar (CNC)-basic-leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors. Vertebrate animals including zebrafish share Nfe2, Nrf1, Nrf2, and Nrf3 as well as a core set of genes that respond to oxidative stress, contributing to the value of zebrafish as a model system with which to investigate the mechanisms involved in regulation of redox signaling and the response to oxidative stress during embryolarval development. Moreover, studies in zebrafish have revealed nrf and keap1 gene duplications that provide an opportunity to dissect multiple functions of vertebrate NRF genes, including multiple sensing mechanisms involved in chemical-specific effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Hahn
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America.
| | - Alicia R Timme-Laragy
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sibel I Karchner
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John J Stegeman
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
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74
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Izzo A, Schneider R. The role of linker histone H1 modifications in the regulation of gene expression and chromatin dynamics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1859:486-95. [PMID: 26348411 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linker histone H1 is a structural component of chromatin. It exists as a family of related proteins known as variants and/or subtypes. H1.1, H1.2, H1.3, H1.4 and H1.5 are present in most somatic cells, whereas other subtypes are mainly expressed in more specialized cells. SCOPE OF REVIEW H1 subtypes have been shown to have unique functions in chromatin structure and dynamics. This can occur at least in part via specific post-translational modifications of distinct H1 subtypes. However, while core histone modifications have been extensively studied, our knowledge of H1 modifications and their molecular functions has remained for a long time limited to phosphorylation. In this review we discuss the current state of knowledge of linker histone H1 modifications and where possible highlight functional differences in the modifications of distinct H1 subtypes. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS AND GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE H1 histones are intensely post-translationally modified. These modifications are located in the N- and C-terminal tails as well as within the globular domain. Recently, advanced mass spectrometrical analysis revealed a large number of novel histone H1 subtype specific modification sites and types. H1 modifications include phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination, and ADP ribosylation. They are involved in the regulation of all aspects of linker histone functions, however their mechanism of action is often only poorly understood. Therefore systematic functional characterization of H1 modifications will be necessary in order to better understand their role in gene regulation as well as in higher-order chromatin structure and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Izzo
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U 964, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Robert Schneider
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U 964, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France.
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75
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Sha LK, Sha W, Kuchler L, Daiber A, Giegerich AK, Weigert A, Knape T, Snodgrass R, Schröder K, Brandes RP, Brüne B, von Knethen A. Loss of Nrf2 in bone marrow-derived macrophages impairs antigen-driven CD8(+) T cell function by limiting GSH and Cys availability. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 83:77-88. [PMID: 25687825 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), known to protect against reactive oxygen species, has recently been reported to resolve acute inflammatory responses in activated macrophages. Consequently, disruption of Nrf2 promotes a proinflammatory macrophage phenotype. In the current study, we addressed the impact of this macrophage phenotype on CD8(+) T cell activation by using an antigen-driven coculture model consisting of Nrf2(-/-) and Nrf2(+/+) bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMΦ) and transgenic OT-1 CD8(+) T cells. OT-1 CD8(+) T cells encode a T cell receptor that specifically recognizes MHC class I-presented ovalbumin OVA(257-264) peptide, thereby causing a downstream T cell activation. Interestingly, coculture of OVA(257-264)-pulsed Nrf2(-/-) BMDMΦ with transgenic OT-1 CD8(+) T cells attenuated CD8(+) T cell activation, proliferation, and cytotoxic function. Since the provision of low-molecular-weight thiols such as glutathione (GSH) or cysteine (Cys) by macrophages limits antigen-driven CD8(+) T cell activation, we quantified the amounts of intracellular and extracellular GSH and Cys in both cocultures. Indeed, GSH levels were strongly decreased in Nrf2(-/-) cocultures compared to wild-type counterparts. Supplementation of thiols in Nrf2(-/-) cocultures via addition of glutathione ester, N-acetylcysteine, β-mercaptoethanol, or cysteine itself restored T cell proliferation as well as cytotoxicity by increasing intracellular GSH. Mechanistically, we identified two potential Nrf2-regulated genes involved in thiol synthesis in BMDMΦ: the cystine transporter subunit xCT and the modulatory subunit of the GSH-synthesizing enzyme γ-GCS (GCLM). Pharmacological inhibition of γ-GCS-dependent GSH synthesis as well as knockdown of the cystine antiporter xCT in Nrf2(+/+) BMDMΦ mimicked the effect of Nrf2(-/-) BMDMΦ on CD8(+) T cell function. Our findings demonstrate that reduced levels of GCLM as well as xCT in Nrf2(-/-) BMDMΦ limit GSH availability, thereby inhibiting antigen-induced CD8(+) T cell function.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antioxidants/metabolism
- Apoptosis
- Blotting, Western
- Bone Marrow/immunology
- Bone Marrow/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cystine/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Glutathione/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- NF-E2-Related Factor 2/physiology
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Ovalbumin/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Sha
- Institute of Biochemistry I-Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Weixiao Sha
- Institute of Biochemistry I-Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Laura Kuchler
- Institute of Biochemistry I-Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55116 Mainz, Germany
| | - Annika K Giegerich
- Institute of Biochemistry I-Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I-Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tilo Knape
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Project Group Translational Medicine & Pharmacology TMP, and Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ryan Snodgrass
- Institute of Biochemistry I-Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katrin Schröder
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology-Physiology I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ralf P Brandes
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology-Physiology I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I-Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas von Knethen
- Institute of Biochemistry I-Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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76
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Locato V, Uzal EN, Cimini S, Zonno MC, Evidente A, Micera A, Foyer CH, De Gara L. Low concentrations of the toxin ophiobolin A lead to an arrest of the cell cycle and alter the intracellular partitioning of glutathione between the nuclei and cytoplasm. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2991-3000. [PMID: 25890975 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ophiobolin A, a tetracyclic sesterpenoid produced by phytopathogenic fungi, is responsible for catastrophic losses in crop yield but its mechanism of action is not understood. The effects of ophiobolin A were therefore investigated on the growth and redox metabolism of Tobacco Bright Yellow-2 (TBY-2) cell cultures by applying concentrations of the toxin that did not promote cell death. At concentrations between 2 and 5 μM, ophiobolin A inhibited growth and proliferation of the TBY-2 cells, which remained viable. Microscopic and cytofluorimetric analyses showed that ophiobolin A treatment caused a rapid decrease in mitotic index, with a lower percentage of the cells at G1 and increased numbers of cells at the S/G2 phases. Cell size was not changed following treatment suggesting that the arrest of cell cycle progression was not the result of a block on cell growth. The characteristic glutathione redox state and the localization of glutathione in the nucleus during cell proliferation were not changed by ophiobolin A. However, subsequent decreases in glutathione and the re-distribution of glutathione between the cytoplasm and nuclei after mitosis occurring in control cells, as well as the profile of glutathionylated proteins, were changed in the presence of the toxin. The profile of poly ADP-ribosylated proteins were also modified by ophiobolin A. Taken together, these data provide evidence of the mechanism of ophiobolin A action as a cell cycle inhibitor and further demonstrate the link between nuclear glutathione and the cell cycle regulation, suggesting that glutathione-dependent redox controls in the nuclei prior to cell division are of pivotal importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Locato
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Esther Novo Uzal
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Roma, Italy Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Murcia, Campus Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sara Cimini
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Zonno
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/O, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Christine H Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Laura De Gara
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Roma, Italy
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77
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Schnaubelt D, Queval G, Dong Y, Diaz-Vivancos P, Makgopa ME, Howell G, De Simone A, Bai J, Hannah MA, Foyer CH. Low glutathione regulates gene expression and the redox potentials of the nucleus and cytosol in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:266-79. [PMID: 24329757 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Reduced glutathione (GSH) is considered to exert a strong influence on cellular redox homeostasis and to regulate gene expression, but these processes remain poorly characterized. Severe GSH depletion specifically inhibited root meristem development, while low root GSH levels decreased lateral root densities. The redox potential of the nucleus and cytosol of Arabidopsis thaliana roots determined using roGFP probes was between -300 and -320 mV. Growth in the presence of the GSH-synthesis inhibitor buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) increased the nuclear and cytosolic redox potentials to approximately -260 mV. GSH-responsive genes including transcription factors (SPATULA, MYB15, MYB75), proteins involved in cell division, redox regulation (glutaredoxinS17, thioredoxins, ACHT5 and TH8) and auxin signalling (HECATE), were identified in the GSH-deficient root meristemless 1-1 (rml1-1) mutant, and in other GSH-synthesis mutants (rax1-1, cad2-1, pad2-1) as well as in the wild type following the addition of BSO. Inhibition of auxin transport had no effect on organ GSH levels, but exogenous auxin decreased the root GSH pool. We conclude that GSH depletion significantly increases the redox potentials of the nucleus and cytosol, and causes arrest of the cell cycle in roots but not shoots, with accompanying transcript changes linked to altered hormone responses, but not oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schnaubelt
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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78
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Petrini S, D'Oria V, Piemonte F. Intracellular distribution of glutathionylated proteins in cultured dermal fibroblasts by immunofluorescence. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1208:395-408. [PMID: 25323522 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1441-8_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
S-glutathionylation is a mechanism of signal transduction by which cells respond effectively and reversibly to redox inputs. The glutathionylation regulates most cellular pathways. It is involved in oxidative cellular response to insult by modulating the transcription factor Nrf2 and inducing the expression of antioxidant genes (ARE); it contributes to cell survival through nuclear translocation of NFkB and activation of survival genes, and to cell death by modulating the activity of caspase 3. It is involved in mitotic spindle formation during cell division by binding cytoskeletal proteins thus contributing to cell proliferation and differentiation. Glutathionylation also interfaces with the mechanism of phosphorylation by modulating several kinases (PKA, CK) and phosphatases (PP2A, PTEN), thus allowing a cross talk between the two processes of signal transduction. Glutathionylation of proteins may also act on cell metabolism by modulating enzymes involved in glycosylation, in the Krebs cycle and in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Perturbations in protein glutathionylation status may contribute to the etiology of many diseases, thus it is clear the importance to visualize the distribution of glutathionylated proteins in subcellular compartments. This chapter describes the immunofluorescence technique that permits simultaneous detection of glutathionylated proteins and their localization in cellular compartments, using multiple stained cell samples. By confocal laser microscopy analysis of the immunofluorescent cells it is possible to obtain detailed information of submicroscopic structures inside cells and tissues, and to perform correct co-localization analysis between two proteins. The association between glutathione, nuclear lamina, and cytoskeleton has been investigated by employing a helpful assay consisting on the in situ extraction of the cellular matrix from cultured dermal fibroblasts followed by multiple stainings with several primary antibodies. This protocol can be used for the detection of the intracellular distribution and expression of interest proteins and can be customized for a large variety of cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Petrini
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesu' Pediatric Hospital IRCCS, P.zza S. Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy,
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79
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Hansen JM, Harris C. Glutathione during embryonic development. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:1527-42. [PMID: 25526700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione (GSH) is a ubiquitous, non-protein biothiol in cells. It plays a variety of roles in detoxification, redox regulation and cellular signaling. Many processes that can be regulated through GSH are critical to developing systems and include cellular proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Understanding how GSH functions in these aspects can provide insight into how GSH regulates development and how during periods of GSH imbalance how these processes are perturbed to cause malformation, behavioral deficits or embryonic death. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here, we review the GSH system as it relates to events critical for normal embryonic development and differentiation. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS This review demonstrates the roles of GSH extend beyond its role as an antioxidant but rather GSH acts as a mediator of numerous processes through its ability to undergo reversible oxidation with cysteine residues in various protein targets. Shifts in GSH redox potential cause an increase in S-glutathionylation of proteins to change their activity. As such, redox potential shifts can act to modify protein function on a possible longer term basis. A broad group of targets such as kinases, phosphatases and transcription factors, all critical to developmental signaling, is discussed. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Glutathione regulation of redox-sensitive events is an overlying theme during embryonic development and cellular differentiation. Various stresses can change GSH redox states, we strive to determine developmental stages of redox sensitivity where insults may have the most impactful damaging effect. In turn, this will allow for better therapeutic interventions and preservation of normal developmental signaling. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Redox regulation of differentiation and de-differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Hansen
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States.
| | - Craig Harris
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 40109-2029, United States
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80
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Fang SC, Chung CL, Chen CH, Lopez-Paz C, Umen JG. Defects in a new class of sulfate/anion transporter link sulfur acclimation responses to intracellular glutathione levels and cell cycle control. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1852-68. [PMID: 25361960 PMCID: PMC4256884 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.251009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We previously identified a mutation, suppressor of mating type locus3 15-1 (smt15-1), that partially suppresses the cell cycle defects caused by loss of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor-related protein encoded by the MAT3 gene in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. smt15-1 single mutants were also found to have a cell cycle defect leading to a small-cell phenotype. SMT15 belongs to a previously uncharacterized subfamily of putative membrane-localized sulfate/anion transporters that contain a sulfate transporter domain and are found in a widely distributed subset of eukaryotes and bacteria. Although we observed that smt15-1 has a defect in acclimation to sulfur-limited growth conditions, sulfur acclimation (sac) mutants, which are more severely defective for acclimation to sulfur limitation, do not have cell cycle defects and cannot suppress mat3. Moreover, we found that smt15-1, but not sac mutants, overaccumulates glutathione. In wild-type cells, glutathione fluctuated during the cell cycle, with highest levels in mid G1 phase and lower levels during S and M phases, while in smt15-1, glutathione levels remained elevated during S and M. In addition to increased total glutathione levels, smt15-1 cells had an increased reduced-to-oxidized glutathione redox ratio throughout the cell cycle. These data suggest a role for SMT15 in maintaining glutathione homeostasis that impacts the cell cycle and sulfur acclimation responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Chiung Fang
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan County 741, Taiwan (S.-C.F., C.-L.C., C.-H.C.);Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan (S.-C.F., C.-L.C., C.-H.C.);Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (C.-L.C.); andDonald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (C.L.-P., J.G.U.)
| | - Chin-Lin Chung
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan County 741, Taiwan (S.-C.F., C.-L.C., C.-H.C.);Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan (S.-C.F., C.-L.C., C.-H.C.);Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (C.-L.C.); andDonald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (C.L.-P., J.G.U.)
| | - Chun-Han Chen
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan County 741, Taiwan (S.-C.F., C.-L.C., C.-H.C.);Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan (S.-C.F., C.-L.C., C.-H.C.);Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (C.-L.C.); andDonald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (C.L.-P., J.G.U.)
| | - Cristina Lopez-Paz
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan County 741, Taiwan (S.-C.F., C.-L.C., C.-H.C.);Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan (S.-C.F., C.-L.C., C.-H.C.);Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (C.-L.C.); andDonald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (C.L.-P., J.G.U.)
| | - James G Umen
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan County 741, Taiwan (S.-C.F., C.-L.C., C.-H.C.);Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan (S.-C.F., C.-L.C., C.-H.C.);Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (C.-L.C.); andDonald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (C.L.-P., J.G.U.)
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81
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Mariani D, Castro FAV, Almeida LG, Fonseca FL, Pereira MD. Protection against cisplatin in calorie-restricted Saccharomyces cerevisiae is mediated by the nutrient-sensor proteins Ras2, Tor1, or Sch9 through its target glutathione. FEMS Yeast Res 2014; 14:1147-59. [PMID: 25238629 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There is substantial interest in developing alternative strategies for cancer chemotherapy aiming to increase drug specificity and prevent tumor resistance. Calorie restriction (CR) has been shown to render human cancer cells more susceptible to drugs than normal cells. Indeed, deficiency of nutrient signaling proteins mimics CR, which is sufficient to improve oxidative stress response and life expectancy only in healthy cells. Thus, although CR and reduction of nutrient signaling may play an important role in cellular response to chemotherapy, the full underlying mechanisms are still not completely understood. Here, we investigate the relationship between the nutrient sensor proteins Ras2, Sch9, or Tor1 and the response of calorie-restricted Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells to cisplatin. Using wild-type and nutrient-sensing mutant strains, we show that deletion of any of these proteins mimics CR and is sufficient to increase cell protection. Moreover, we show that glutathione (GSH) is essential for proper CR protection of yeast cells under cisplatin chemotherapy. By measuring the survival rates and GSH levels, we found that cisplatin cytotoxicity leads to a decrease in GSH content reflecting in an increase of oxidative damage. Finally, investigating DNA fragmentation and apoptosis, we conclude that GSH contributes to CR-mediated cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Mariani
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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82
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The cold-adapted γ-glutamyl-cysteine ligase from the psychrophile Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis. Biochimie 2014; 104:50-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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83
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Lallement PA, Brouwer B, Keech O, Hecker A, Rouhier N. The still mysterious roles of cysteine-containing glutathione transferases in plants. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:192. [PMID: 25191271 PMCID: PMC4138524 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) represent a widespread multigenic enzyme family able to modify a broad range of molecules. These notably include secondary metabolites and exogenous substrates often referred to as xenobiotics, usually for their detoxification, subsequent transport or export. To achieve this, these enzymes can bind non-substrate ligands (ligandin function) and/or catalyze the conjugation of glutathione onto the targeted molecules, the latter activity being exhibited by GSTs having a serine or a tyrosine as catalytic residues. Besides, other GST members possess a catalytic cysteine residue, a substitution that radically changes enzyme properties. Instead of promoting GSH-conjugation reactions, cysteine-containing GSTs (Cys-GSTs) are able to perform deglutathionylation reactions similarly to glutaredoxins but the targets are usually different since glutaredoxin substrates are mostly oxidized proteins and Cys-GST substrates are metabolites. The Cys-GSTs are found in most organisms and form several classes. While Beta and Omega GSTs and chloride intracellular channel proteins (CLICs) are not found in plants, these organisms possess microsomal ProstaGlandin E-Synthase type 2, glutathionyl hydroquinone reductases, Lambda, Iota and Hemerythrin GSTs and dehydroascorbate reductases (DHARs); the four last classes being restricted to the green lineage. In plants, whereas the role of DHARs is clearly associated to the reduction of dehydroascorbate to ascorbate, the physiological roles of other Cys-GSTs remain largely unknown. In this context, a genomic and phylogenetic analysis of Cys-GSTs in photosynthetic organisms provides an updated classification that is discussed in the light of the recent literature about the functional and structural properties of Cys-GSTs. Considering the antioxidant potencies of phenolic compounds and more generally of secondary metabolites, the connection of GSTs with secondary metabolism may be interesting from a pharmacological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Alexandre Lallement
- UMR1136, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France ; UMR1136, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, INRA Champenoux, France
| | - Bastiaan Brouwer
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University Umeå, Sweden
| | - Olivier Keech
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University Umeå, Sweden
| | - Arnaud Hecker
- UMR1136, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France ; UMR1136, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, INRA Champenoux, France
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- UMR1136, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France ; UMR1136, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, INRA Champenoux, France
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84
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García-Giménez JL, Pallardó FV. Maintenance of glutathione levels and its importance in epigenetic regulation. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:88. [PMID: 24847264 PMCID: PMC4017153 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- José L García-Giménez
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases Valencia, Spain ; INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute Valencia, Spain ; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de Valencia Valencia, Spain
| | - Federico V Pallardó
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases Valencia, Spain ; INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute Valencia, Spain ; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de Valencia Valencia, Spain
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85
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Topical N-acetylcysteine accelerates wound healing in vitro and in vivo via the PKC/Stat3 pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:7563-78. [PMID: 24798751 PMCID: PMC4057691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15057563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Acetylcysteine (Nac) is an antioxidant administered in both oral and injectable forms. In this study, we used Nac topically to treat burn wounds in vitro and in vivo to investigate mechanisms of action. In vitro, we monitored glutathione levels, cell proliferation, migration, scratch-wound healing activities and the epithelialization-related proteins, matrixmetalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and proteins involved in regulating the expression of MMP-1 in CCD-966SK cells treated with Nac. Various Nac concentrations (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mM) increased glutathione levels, cell viability, scratch-wound healing activities and migration abilities of CCD-966SK cells in a dose-dependent manner. The MMP-1 expression of CCD-966SK cells treated with 1.0 mM Nac for 24 h was significantly increased. Levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase C (PKC), janus kinase 1 (Jak1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3), c-Fos and Jun, but not extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (Erk1/2), were also significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner compared to the controls. In addition, Nac induced collagenous expression of MMP-1 via the PKC/Stat3 signaling pathway. In vivo, a burn wound healing rat model was applied to assess the stimulation activity and histopathological effects of Nac, with 3.0% Nac-treated wounds being found to show better characteristics on re-epithelialization. Our results demonstrated that Nac can potentially promote wound healing activity, and may be a promising drug to accelerate burn wound healing.
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86
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The Glutathione System: A New Drug Target in Neuroimmune Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:1059-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8705-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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87
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Hatem E, Berthonaud V, Dardalhon M, Lagniel G, Baudouin-Cornu P, Huang ME, Labarre J, Chédin S. Glutathione is essential to preserve nuclear function and cell survival under oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 67:103-14. [PMID: 24145121 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.10.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is considered the most important redox buffer of the cell. To better characterize its essential function during oxidative stress conditions, we studied the physiological response of H2O2-treated yeast cells containing various amounts of GSH. We showed that the transcriptional response of GSH-depleted cells is severely impaired, despite an efficient nuclear accumulation of the transcription factor Yap1. Moreover, oxidative stress generates high genome instability in GSH-depleted cells, but does not activate the checkpoint kinase Rad53. Surprisingly, scarce amounts of intracellular GSH are sufficient to preserve cell viability under H2O2 treatment. In these cells, oxidative stress still causes the accumulation of oxidized proteins and the inactivation of the translational activity, but nuclear components and activities are protected against oxidative injury. We conclude that the essential role of GSH is to preserve nuclear function, allowing cell survival and growth resumption after oxidative stress release. We propose that cytosolic proteins are part of a protective machinery that shields the nucleus by scavenging reactive oxygen species before they can cross the nuclear membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Hatem
- CEA, iBiTecS, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; CNRS, FRE3377, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris-Sud, FRE3377, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Véronique Berthonaud
- CEA, iBiTecS, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; CNRS, FRE3377, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris-Sud, FRE3377, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michèle Dardalhon
- CNRS, Institut Curie, UMR3348 "Genotoxic Stress and Cancer," F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Gilles Lagniel
- CEA, iBiTecS, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; CNRS, FRE3377, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris-Sud, FRE3377, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Peggy Baudouin-Cornu
- CEA, iBiTecS, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; CNRS, FRE3377, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris-Sud, FRE3377, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Meng-Er Huang
- CNRS, Institut Curie, UMR3348 "Genotoxic Stress and Cancer," F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Jean Labarre
- CEA, iBiTecS, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; CNRS, FRE3377, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris-Sud, FRE3377, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Stéphane Chédin
- CEA, iBiTecS, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; CNRS, FRE3377, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris-Sud, FRE3377, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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88
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Rescifina A, Zagni C, Varrica MG, Pistarà V, Corsaro A. Recent advances in small organic molecules as DNA intercalating agents: synthesis, activity, and modeling. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 74:95-115. [PMID: 24448420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of small molecules with DNA plays an essential role in many biological processes. As DNA is often the target for majority of anticancer and antibiotic drugs, study about the interaction of drug and DNA has a key role in pharmacology. Moreover, understanding the interactions of small molecules with DNA is of prime significance in the rational design of more powerful and selective anticancer agents. Two of the most important and promising targets in cancer chemotherapy include DNA alkylating agents and DNA intercalators. For these last the DNA recognition is a critical step in their anti-tumor action and the intercalation is not only one kind of the interactions in DNA recognition but also a pivotal step of several clinically used anti-tumor drugs such as anthracyclines, acridines and anthraquinones. To push clinical cancer therapy, the discovery of new DNA intercalators has been considered a practical approach and a number of intercalators have been recently reported. The intercalative binding properties of such molecules can also be harnessed as diagnostic probes for DNA structure in addition to DNA-directed therapeutics. Moreover, the problem of intercalation site formation in the undistorted B-DNA of different length and sequence is matter of tremendous importance in molecular modeling studies and, nowadays, three models of DNA intercalation targets have been proposed that account for the binding features of intercalators. Finally, despite DNA being an important target for several drugs, most of the docking programs are validated only for proteins and their ligands. Therefore, a default protocol to identify DNA binding modes which uses a modified canonical DNA as receptor is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rescifina
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Chiara Zagni
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Varrica
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Venerando Pistarà
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Antonino Corsaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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89
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Ciappio ED, Krausz KW, Rochman M, Furusawa T, Bonzo JA, Tessarollo L, Gonzalez FJ, Bustin M. Metabolomics reveals a role for the chromatin-binding protein HMGN5 in glutathione metabolism. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84583. [PMID: 24392144 PMCID: PMC3879345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group nucleosome-binding protein 5 (HMGN5) is a chromatin architectural protein that binds specifically to nucleosomes and reduces the compaction of the chromatin fiber. The protein is present in most vertebrate tissues however the physiological function of this protein is unknown. To examine the function of HMGN5 in vivo, mice lacking the nucleosome-binding domain of HMGN5 were generated and characterized. Serological analysis revealed that compared to wild-type littermates (Hmgn5+/Y), mice with a targeted mutation in the HMGN5 gene (Hmgn5tm1/Y), had elevated serum albumin, non-HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and alanine transaminase, suggesting mild hepatic abnormalities. Metabolomics analysis of liver extracts and urine revealed clear differences in metabolites between Hmgn5tm1/Y and their Hmgn5+/Y littermates. Hmgn5tm1/Y mice had a significant increase in hepatic glutathione levels and decreased urinary concentrations of betaine, phenylacetylglycine, and creatine, all of which are metabolically related to the glutathione precursor glycine. Microarray and qPCR analysis revealed that expression of two genes affecting glutathione metabolism, glutathione peroxidase 6 (Gpx6) and hexokinase 1 (Hk1), was significantly decreased in Hmgn5tm1/Y mouse liver tissue. Analysis of chromatin structure by DNase I digestion revealed alterations in the chromatin structure of these genes in the livers of Hmgn5tm1/Y mice. Thus, functional loss of HMGN5 leads to changes in transcription of Gpx6 and Hk1 that alter glutathione metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D. Ciappio
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kristopher W. Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark Rochman
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Takashi Furusawa
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jessica A. Bonzo
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lino Tessarollo
- Neural Development Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Bustin
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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90
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Kamel MA, Helmy MH, Hanafi MY, Mahmoud SA, Elfetooh HA. Effect of Maternal Diabetes on Pre- and Post-Natal Redox Status of F1 Rat Offspring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ojemd.2014.45012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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91
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Gimeno A, García-Giménez JL, Audí L, Toran N, Andaluz P, Dasí F, Viña J, Pallardó FV. Decreased cell proliferation and higher oxidative stress in fibroblasts from Down Syndrome fetuses. Preliminary study. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:116-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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92
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de Sá RA, de Castro FA, Eleutherio EC, de Souza RM, da Silva JF, Pereira MD. Brazilian propolis protects Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells against oxidative stress. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 44:993-1000. [PMID: 24516431 PMCID: PMC3910222 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013005000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Propolis is a natural product widely used for humans. Due to its complex composition, a number of applications (antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, anesthetic, cytostatic and antioxidant) have been attributed to this substance. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a eukaryotic model we investigated the mechanisms underlying the antioxidant effect of propolis from Guarapari against oxidative stress. Submitting a wild type (BY4741) and antioxidant deficient strains (ctt1Δ, sod1Δ, gsh1Δ, gtt1Δ and gtt2Δ) either to 15 mM menadione or to 2 mM hydrogen peroxide during 60 min, we observed that all strains, except the mutant sod1Δ, acquired tolerance when previously treated with 25 μg/mL of alcoholic propolis extract. Such a treatment reduced the levels of ROS generation and of lipid peroxidation, after oxidative stress. The increase in Cu/Zn-Sod activity by propolis suggests that the protection might be acting synergistically with Cu/Zn-Sod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A. de Sá
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Frederico A.V. de Castro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Elis C.A. Eleutherio
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raquel M. de Souza
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Joaquim F.M. da Silva
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos D. Pereira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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93
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Banach-Latapy A, He T, Dardalhon M, Vernis L, Chanet R, Huang ME. Redox-sensitive YFP sensors for monitoring dynamic compartment-specific glutathione redox state. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:436-445. [PMID: 23891676 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular redox homeostasis is crucial for many cellular functions but accurate measurements of cellular compartment-specific redox states remain technically challenging. Genetically encoded biosensors including the glutathione-specific redox-sensitive yellow fluorescent protein (rxYFP) may provide an alternative way to overcome the limitations of conventional glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) redox measurements. This study describes the use of rxYFP sensors for investigating compartment-specific steady redox state and their dynamics in response to stress in human cells. RxYFP expressed in the cytosol, nucleus, or mitochondrial matrix of HeLa cells was responsive to the intracellular redox state changes induced by reducing as well as oxidizing agents. Compartment-targeted rxYFP sensors were able to detect different steady-state redox conditions among the cytosol, nucleus, and mitochondrial matrix. These sensors expressed in human epidermal keratinocytes HEK001 responded to stress induced by ultraviolet A radiation in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, rxYFP sensors were able to sense dynamic and compartment-specific redox changes caused by 100 μM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Mitochondrial matrix-targeted rxYFP displayed a greater dynamics of oxidation in response to a H2O2 challenge than the cytosol- and nucleus-targeted sensors, largely due to a more alkaline local pH environment. These observations support the view that mitochondrial glutathione redox state is maintained and regulated independently from that of the cytosol and nucleus. Taken together, our data show the robustness of the rxYFP sensors to measure compartmental redox changes in human cells. Complementary to existing redox sensors and conventional redox measurements, compartment-targeted rxYFP sensors provide a novel tool for examining mammalian cell redox homeostasis, permitting high-resolution readout of steady glutathione state and dynamics of redox changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Banach-Latapy
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR3348, Genotoxic Stress and Cancer, Orsay, 91405, France; Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Tiantian He
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR3348, Genotoxic Stress and Cancer, Orsay, 91405, France; Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Michèle Dardalhon
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR3348, Genotoxic Stress and Cancer, Orsay, 91405, France; Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Laurence Vernis
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR3348, Genotoxic Stress and Cancer, Orsay, 91405, France; Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Roland Chanet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR3348, Genotoxic Stress and Cancer, Orsay, 91405, France; Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Meng-Er Huang
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR3348, Genotoxic Stress and Cancer, Orsay, 91405, France; Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Orsay, 91405, France.
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94
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Timme-Laragy AR, Goldstone JV, Imhoff BR, Stegeman JJ, Hahn ME, Hansen JM. Glutathione redox dynamics and expression of glutathione-related genes in the developing embryo. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:89-101. [PMID: 23770340 PMCID: PMC3823629 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic development involves dramatic changes in cell proliferation and differentiation that must be highly coordinated and tightly regulated. Cellular redox balance is critical for cell fate decisions, but it is susceptible to disruption by endogenous and exogenous sources of oxidative stress. The most abundant endogenous nonprotein antioxidant defense molecule is the tripeptide glutathione (γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine, GSH), but the ontogeny of GSH concentration and redox state during early life stages is poorly understood. Here, we describe the GSH redox dynamics during embryonic and early larval development (0-5 days postfertilization) in the zebrafish (Danio rerio), a model vertebrate embryo. We measured reduced and oxidized glutathione using HPLC and calculated the whole embryo total glutathione (GSHT) concentrations and redox potentials (Eh) over 0-120 h of zebrafish development (including mature oocytes, fertilization, midblastula transition, gastrulation, somitogenesis, pharyngula, prehatch embryos, and hatched eleutheroembryos). GSHT concentration doubled between 12h postfertilization (hpf) and hatching. The GSH Eh increased, becoming more oxidizing during the first 12h, and then oscillated around -190 mV through organogenesis, followed by a rapid change, associated with hatching, to a more negative (more reducing) Eh (-220 mV). After hatching, Eh stabilized and remained steady through 120 hpf. The dynamic changes in GSH redox status and concentration defined discrete windows of development: primary organogenesis, organ differentiation, and larval growth. We identified the set of zebrafish genes involved in the synthesis, utilization, and recycling of GSH, including several novel paralogs, and measured how expression of these genes changes during development. Ontogenic changes in the expression of GSH-related genes support the hypothesis that GSH redox state is tightly regulated early in development. This study provides a foundation for understanding the redox regulation of developmental signaling and investigating the effects of oxidative stress during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia R. Timme-Laragy
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
- Division of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Jared V. Goldstone
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Barry R. Imhoff
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - John J. Stegeman
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Mark E. Hahn
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Jason M. Hansen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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95
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García-Giménez JL, Òlaso G, Hake SB, Bönisch C, Wiedemann SM, Markovic J, Dasí F, Gimeno A, Pérez-Quilis C, Palacios O, Capdevila M, Viña J, Pallardó FV. Histone h3 glutathionylation in proliferating mammalian cells destabilizes nucleosomal structure. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:1305-20. [PMID: 23541030 PMCID: PMC3791047 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Here we report that chromatin, the complex and dynamic eukaryotic DNA packaging structure, is able to sense cellular redox changes. Histone H3, the only nucleosomal protein that possesses cysteine(s), can be modified by glutathione (GSH). RESULTS Using Biotin labeled glutathione ethyl ester (BioGEE) treatment of nucleosomes in vitro, we show that GSH, the most abundant antioxidant in mammals, binds to histone H3. BioGEE treatment of NIH3T3 cells indicates that glutathionylation of H3 is maximal in fast proliferating cells, correlating well with enhanced levels of H3 glutathionylation in different tumor cell lines. Furthermore, glutathionylation of H3 in vivo decreases in livers from aged SAMP8 and C57BL/6J mice. We demonstrate biochemically and by mass spectrometry that histone variants H3.2/H3.3 are glutathionylated on their cysteine residue 110. Furthermore, circular dichroism, thermal denaturation of reconstituted nucleosomes, and molecular modeling indicate that glutathionylation of histone H3 produces structural changes affecting nucleosomal stability. INNOVATION We characterize the implications of histone H3 glutathionylation in cell physiology and the modulation of core histone proteins structure affected by this modification. CONCLUSION Histone H3 senses cellular redox changes through glutathionylation of Cys, which increases during cell proliferation and decreases during aging. Glutathionylation of histone H3 affects nucleosome stability structure leading to a more open chromatin structure.
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96
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Tormos AM, Taléns-Visconti R, Nebreda AR, Sastre J. p38 MAPK: a dual role in hepatocyte proliferation through reactive oxygen species. Free Radic Res 2013; 47:905-16. [PMID: 23906070 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.821200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
p38 MAPKs are important mediators of signal transduction that respond to a wide range of extracellular stressors such as UV radiation, osmotic shock, hypoxia, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress. The most abundant family member is p38α, which helps to couple cell proliferation and growth in response to certain damaging stimuli. In fact, increased proliferation and impaired differentiation are hallmarks of p38α-deficient cells. It has been reported that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in cytokine-induced p38α activation. Under physiological conditions, p38α can function as a mediator of ROS signaling and either activate or suppress cell cycle progression depending on the activation stimulus. The interplay between cell proliferation, p38 MAPK activation, and ROS production plays an important role in hepatocytes. In fact, low levels of ROS seem to be needed to activate several signaling pathways in response to hepatectomy and to orchestrate liver regeneration. p38 MAPK works as a sensor of oxidative stress and cells that have developed mechanisms to uncouple p38 MAPK activation from oxidative stress are more likely to become tumorigenic. So far, p38α influences the redox balance, determining cell survival, terminal differentiation, proliferation, and senescence. Further studies would be necessary in order to clarify the precise role of p38 MAPK signaling as a redox therapeutical target.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Tormos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain
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97
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Bardai GK, Hales BF, Sunahara GI. Glyceryl trinitrate metabolism in the quail embryo by the glutathione S-transferases leads to a perturbation in redox status and embryotoxicity. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 165:153-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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98
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Buşu C, Li W, Caldito G, Aw TY. Inhibition of glutathione synthesis in brain endothelial cells lengthens S-phase transit time in the cell cycle: Implications for proliferation in recovery from oxidative stress and endothelial cell damage. Redox Biol 2013; 1:131-139. [PMID: 23682351 PMCID: PMC3652486 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress-induced decrease in tissue or systemic glutathione (GSH) and damage to the vascular endothelium of the blood-brain barrier such as occurs in diabetes or stroke will have important implications for brain homeostasis. Endothelial proliferation or repair is crucial to preserving barrier function. Cell proliferation has been associated with increased intracellular GSH, but the kinetic and distribution of GSH during cell cycle is poorly understood. Here, we determined the influence of cellular GSH status on the early dynamics of nuclear-to-cytosol (N-to-C) GSH distribution (6-h interval) during proliferation in a human brain microvascular endothelial cell line (IHEC). Control IHECs exhibited two peak S-phases of the cell cycle at 48 and 60 h post seeding that temporally corresponded to peak nuclear GSH levels and expression of cdk1, the S-to-G2-to-M checkpoint controller, suggesting a link between cell cycle progression and nuclear GSH. Sustained inhibition of GSH synthesis delayed S-to-G2/M cell transition; cell arrest in the S-phase was correlated with decreased total nuclear GSH and increased nuclear expressions of chk2/phospho-chk2 and GADPH. The temporal correspondence of nuclear chk2 activation and GAPDH expression with S-phase prolongation is consistent with enhanced DNA damage response and extended time for DNA repair. Strikingly, when GSH synthesis was restored, cell transit time through S-phase remained delayed. Significantly, total nuclear GSH remained depressed, indicating a time lag between restored cellular GSH synthetic capacity and recovery of the nuclear GSH status. Interestingly, despite a delay in cell cycle recovery, nuclear expressions of chk2/phospho-chk2 and GAPDH resembled those of control cells. This means that restoration of nuclear DNA integrity preceded normalization of the cell cycle. The current results provide important insights into GSH control of endothelial proliferation with implications for cell repair or wound healing in recovery post-oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmina Buşu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center- Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, Louisiana, 71130, USA
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Go YM, Duong DM, Peng J, Jones DP. Protein Cysteines Map to Functional Networks According to Steady-state Level of Oxidation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 4:196-209. [PMID: 22605892 DOI: 10.4172/jpb.1000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The cysteine (Cys) proteome serves critical roles in protein structure, function and regulation, and includes key targets in oxidative mechanisms of disease. Thioredoxins maintain Cys residues in thiol forms, and previous research shows that the redox potential of thioredoxin in mitochondria and nuclei is more reduced than cytoplasm, suggesting that proteins in these compartments may have different steady-state oxidation. This study measured fractional oxidation of 641 peptidyl Cys residues from 333 proteins in HT29 cells by mass spectrometry. Average oxidation of cytoplasmic, nuclear and mitochondrial proteins was similar (15.8, 15.5, 14%, respectively). Pathway analysis showed that more reduced cytoplasmic Cys were in proteins associated with the cytoskeleton, more reduced nuclear Cys with Ran signaling and RNA post-transcriptional modifcation, and more reduced mitochondrial Cys with energy metabolism, cell growth and cell proliferation. More oxidized cytoplasmic Cys included associations with PI3/Akt, Myc-mediated apoptosis and 14-3-3-mediated signaling. Weaker associations of oxidized nuclear and mitochondrial Cys occurred with granzyme B signaling and intermediary metabolism, respectively. Thus, steady-state peptidyl Cys oxidation is associated with functional pathways rather than simply with organellar distribution. This suggests that oxidative mechanisms of disease could target functional pathways or networks rather than individual proteins or subcellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory Proteomics Service Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 USA
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DNA binding acridine-thiazolidinone agents affecting intracellular glutathione. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:7139-48. [PMID: 23122936 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Three new acridine-thiazolidinone derivatives (2a-2c) have been synthesized and their interactions with calf thymus DNA and a number of cell lines (leukemic cells HL-60 and L1210 and human epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines A2780) were studied. The compounds 2a-2c possessed high affinity to calf thymus DNA and their binding constants determined by spectrofluorimetry were in the range of 1.37 × 10(6)-5.89 × 10(6) M(-1). All of the tested derivatives displayed strong cytotoxic activity in vitro, the highest activity in cytotoxic tests was found for 2c with IC(50) = 1.3 ± 0.2 μM (HL-60), 3.1 ± 0.4 μM (L1210), and 7.7 ± 0.5 μM (A2780) after 72 h incubation. The cancer cells accumulated acridine derivatives very fast and the changes of the glutathione level were confirmed. The compounds inhibited proliferation of the cells and induced an arrest of the cell cycle and cell death. Their influence upon cells was associated with their reactivity towards thiols and DNA binding activity.
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