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Dergham Y, Sanchez-Vizuete P, Le Coq D, Deschamps J, Bridier A, Hamze K, Briandet R. Comparison of the Genetic Features Involved in Bacillus subtilis Biofilm Formation Using Multi-Culturing Approaches. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030633. [PMID: 33803642 PMCID: PMC8003051 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface-associated multicellular assemblage is an important bacterial trait to withstand harsh environmental conditions. Bacillus subtilis is one of the most studied Gram-positive bacteria, serving as a model for the study of genetic pathways involved in the different steps of 3D biofilm formation. B. subtilis biofilm studies have mainly focused on pellicle formation at the air-liquid interface or complex macrocolonies formed on nutritive agar. However, only few studies focus on the genetic features of B. subtilis submerged biofilm formation and their link with other multicellular models at the air interface. NDmed, an undomesticated B. subtilis strain isolated from a hospital, has demonstrated the ability to produce highly structured immersed biofilms when compared to strains classically used for studying B. subtilis biofilms. In this contribution, we have conducted a multi-culturing comparison (between macrocolony, swarming, pellicle, and submerged biofilm) of B. subtilis multicellular communities using the NDmed strain and mutated derivatives for genes shown to be required for motility and biofilm formation in pellicle and macrocolony models. For the 15 mutated NDmed strains studied, all showed an altered phenotype for at least one of the different culture laboratory assays. Mutation of genes involved in matrix production (i.e., tasA, epsA-O, cap, ypqP) caused a negative impact on all biofilm phenotypes but favored swarming motility on semi-solid surfaces. Mutation of bslA, a gene coding for an amphiphilic protein, affected the stability of the pellicle at the air-liquid interface with no impact on the submerged biofilm model. Moreover, mutation of lytF, an autolysin gene required for cell separation, had a greater effect on the submerged biofilm model than that formed at aerial level, opposite to the observation for lytABC mutant. In addition, B. subtilis NDmed with sinR mutation formed wrinkled macrocolony, less than that formed by the wild type, but was unable to form neither thick pellicle nor structured submerged biofilm. The results are discussed in terms of the relevancy to determine whether genes involved in colony and pellicle formation also govern submerged biofilm formation, by regarding the specificities in each model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Dergham
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (Y.D.); (P.S.-V.); (D.L.C.); (J.D.)
- Faculty of Science, Lebanese University, 1003 Beirut, Lebanon;
| | - Pilar Sanchez-Vizuete
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (Y.D.); (P.S.-V.); (D.L.C.); (J.D.)
| | - Dominique Le Coq
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (Y.D.); (P.S.-V.); (D.L.C.); (J.D.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Julien Deschamps
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (Y.D.); (P.S.-V.); (D.L.C.); (J.D.)
| | - Arnaud Bridier
- Fougères Laboratory, Antibiotics, Biocides, Residues and Resistance Unit, Anses, 35300 Fougères, France;
| | - Kassem Hamze
- Faculty of Science, Lebanese University, 1003 Beirut, Lebanon;
| | - Romain Briandet
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (Y.D.); (P.S.-V.); (D.L.C.); (J.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Geng YF, Yang C, Zhang Y, Tao SN, Mei J, Zhang XC, Sun YJ, Zhao BT. An innovative role for luteolin as a natural quorum sensing inhibitor in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Life Sci 2021; 274:119325. [PMID: 33713665 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The emergence of antibiotic tolerance was a tricky problem in the treatment of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected cystic fibrosis and burn victims. The quorum sensing (QS) inhibitor may serve as a new tactic for the bacterial resistance by inhibiting the biofilm formation and the production of virulence factors. This study explored the potential of luteolin as a QS inhibitor against P. aeruginosa and the molecular mechanism involved. MAIN METHODS Crystal violet staining, CLSM observation, and SEM analysis were carried out to assess the effect of luteolin on biofilm formation. The motility assays and the production of virulence factors were determined to evaluate the QS-inhibitory activity of luteolin. Acyl-homoserine lactone, RT-PCR, and molecular docking assays were conducted to explain its anti-QS mechanisms. KEY FINDINGS The biofilm formation, the production of virulence factors, and the motility of P. aeruginosa could be efficiently inhibited by luteolin. Luteolin could also attenuate the accumulation of the QS-signaling molecules N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (OdDHL) and N-butanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (BHL) (P < 0.01) and downregulate the transcription levels of QS genes (lasR, lasI, rhlR, and rhlI) (P < 0.01). Molecular docking analysis indicated that luteolin had a greater docking affinity with LasR regulator protein compared with OdDHL. SIGNIFICANCE This study is important as it reports the molecular mechanisms involved in the anti-biofilm formation activity of luteolin against P. aeruginosa. This study also indicated that luteolin could be helpful when used for the treatment of clinical drug-resistant infections of P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Fei Geng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Sheng Nan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jie Mei
- Shenzhen Lantern Science Co. Ltd., Qinglan 2nd Road No. 6, Big Industrial Zone, Pingshan District, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xu Chang Zhang
- Shenzhen Lantern Science Co. Ltd., Qinglan 2nd Road No. 6, Big Industrial Zone, Pingshan District, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Ya Juan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Bing Tian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Yu Z, Schwarz C, Zhu L, Chen L, Shen Y, Yu P. Hitchhiking Behavior in Bacteriophages Facilitates Phage Infection and Enhances Carrier Bacteria Colonization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2462-2472. [PMID: 33381966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between bacteriophages (phages) and biofilms remain poorly understood despite the broad implications for microbial ecology, water quality, and microbiome engineering. Here, we demonstrate that lytic coliphage PHH01 can hitchhike on carrier bacteria Bacillus cereus to facilitate its infection of host bacteria, Escherichia coli, in biofilms. Specifically, PHH01 could adsorb onto the flagella of B. cereus, and thus phage motility was increased, resulting in 4.36-fold more effective infection of E. coli in biofilm relative to free PHH01 alone. Moreover, phage infection mitigated interspecies competition and enhanced B. cereus colonization; the fraction of B. cereus in the final biofilm increased from 9% without phages to 43% with phages. The mutualistic relationship between the coliphage and carrier bacteria was substantiated by migration tests on an E. coli lawn: the conjugation of PHH01 and B. cereus enhanced B. cereus colonization by 6.54-fold compared to B. cereus alone (6.15 vs 0.94 cm2 in 24 h) and PHH01 migration by 5.15-fold compared to PHH01 alone (10.3 vs 2.0 mm in 24 h). Metagenomic and electron microscopic analysis revealed that the phages of diverse taxonomies and different morphologies could be adsorbed by the flagella of B. cereus, suggesting hitchhiking on flagellated bacteria might be a widespread strategy in aquatic phage populations. Overall, our study highlights that hitchhiking behavior in phages can facilitate phage infection of biofilm bacteria, promote carrier bacteria colonization, and thus significantly influence biofilm composition, which holds promise for mediating biofilm functions and moderating associated risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuodong Yu
- School of Environment and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Cory Schwarz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Liang Zhu
- School of Environment and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- School of Environment and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yun Shen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Pingfeng Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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Relucenti M, Familiari G, Donfrancesco O, Taurino M, Li X, Chen R, Artini M, Papa R, Selan L. Microscopy Methods for Biofilm Imaging: Focus on SEM and VP-SEM Pros and Cons. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10010051. [PMID: 33445707 PMCID: PMC7828176 DOI: 10.3390/biology10010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Bacterial biofilms cause infections that are often resistant to antibiotic treatments. Research about the formation and elimination of biofilms cannot be undertaken without detailed imaging techniques. In this review, traditional and cutting-edge microscopy methods to study biofilm structure, ultrastructure, and 3-D architecture, with particular emphasis on conventional scanning electron microscopy and variable pressure scanning electron microscopy, are addressed, with the respective advantages and disadvantages. When ultrastructural characterization of biofilm matrix and its embedded bacterial cells is needed, as in studies on the effects of drug treatments on biofilm, scanning electron microscopy with customized protocols such as the osmium tetroxide (OsO4), ruthenium red (RR), tannic acid (TA), and ionic liquid (IL) must be preferred over other methods for the following: unparalleled image quality, magnification and resolution, minimal sample loss, and actual sample structure preservation. The first step to make a morphological assessment of the effect of the various pharmacological treatments on clinical biofilms is the production of images that faithfully reflect the structure of the sample. The extraction of quantitative parameters from images, possible using specific software, will allow for the scanning electron microscopy morphological evaluation to no longer be considered as an accessory technique, but a quantitative method to all effects. Abstract Several imaging methodologies have been used in biofilm studies, contributing to deepening the knowledge on their structure. This review illustrates the most widely used microscopy techniques in biofilm investigations, focusing on traditional and innovative scanning electron microscopy techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), variable pressure SEM (VP-SEM), environmental SEM (ESEM), and the more recent ambiental SEM (ASEM), ending with the cutting edge Cryo-SEM and focused ion beam SEM (FIB SEM), highlighting the pros and cons of several methods with particular emphasis on conventional SEM and VP-SEM. As each technique has its own advantages and disadvantages, the choice of the most appropriate method must be done carefully, based on the specific aim of the study. The evaluation of the drug effects on biofilm requires imaging methods that show the most detailed ultrastructural features of the biofilm. In this kind of research, the use of scanning electron microscopy with customized protocols such as osmium tetroxide (OsO4), ruthenium red (RR), tannic acid (TA) staining, and ionic liquid (IL) treatment is unrivalled for its image quality, magnification, resolution, minimal sample loss, and actual sample structure preservation. The combined use of innovative SEM protocols and 3-D image analysis software will allow for quantitative data from SEM images to be extracted; in this way, data from images of samples that have undergone different antibiofilm treatments can be compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Relucenti
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.F.); (O.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0649918061
| | - Giuseppe Familiari
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.F.); (O.D.)
| | - Orlando Donfrancesco
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.F.); (O.D.)
| | - Maurizio Taurino
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Unit of Vascular Surgery, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1039, 00189 Rome, Italy;
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; (X.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; (X.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Marco Artini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.A.); (R.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Rosanna Papa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.A.); (R.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Laura Selan
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.A.); (R.P.); (L.S.)
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Kıran F, Akoğlu A, Çakır İ. Control of
Listeria monocytogenes
biofilm on industrial surfaces by cell
‐
free extracts of
Lactobacillus plantarum. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fadime Kıran
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology Ankara University Ankara Turkey
| | - Aylin Akoğlu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University Bolu Turkey
| | - İbrahim Çakır
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University Bolu Turkey
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Biofilms as Promoters of Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance and Tolerance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 10:antibiotics10010003. [PMID: 33374551 PMCID: PMC7822488 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistant bacteria are a global threat for human and animal health. However, they are only part of the problem of antibiotic failure. Another bacterial strategy that contributes to their capacity to withstand antimicrobials is the formation of biofilms. Biofilms are associations of microorganisms embedded a self-produced extracellular matrix. They create particular environments that confer bacterial tolerance and resistance to antibiotics by different mechanisms that depend upon factors such as biofilm composition, architecture, the stage of biofilm development, and growth conditions. The biofilm structure hinders the penetration of antibiotics and may prevent the accumulation of bactericidal concentrations throughout the entire biofilm. In addition, gradients of dispersion of nutrients and oxygen within the biofilm generate different metabolic states of individual cells and favor the development of antibiotic tolerance and bacterial persistence. Furthermore, antimicrobial resistance may develop within biofilms through a variety of mechanisms. The expression of efflux pumps may be induced in various parts of the biofilm and the mutation frequency is induced, while the presence of extracellular DNA and the close contact between cells favor horizontal gene transfer. A deep understanding of the mechanisms by which biofilms cause tolerance/resistance to antibiotics helps to develop novel strategies to fight these infections.
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57
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Interactions between fish isolates Pseudomonas fluorescens and Staphylococcus aureus in dual-species biofilms and sensitivity to carvacrol. Food Microbiol 2020; 91:103506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Curtin AM, Thibodeau MC, Buckley HL. The Best-Practice Organism for Single-Species Studies of Antimicrobial Efficacy against Biofilms Is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E211. [PMID: 32872560 PMCID: PMC7559251 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10090211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As potable water scarcity increases across the globe; it is imperative to identify energy and cost-effective processes for producing drinking-water from non-traditional sources. One established method is desalination of brackish and seawater via reverse osmosis (RO). However, the buildup of microorganisms at the water-membrane interface, known as biofouling, clogs RO membranes over time, increasing energy requirements and cost. To investigate biofouling mitigation methods, studies tend to focus on single-species biofilms; choice of organism is crucial to producing useful results. To determine a best-practice organism for studying antimicrobial treatment of biofilms, with specific interest in biofouling of RO membranes, we answered the following two questions, each via its own semi-systematic review: 1. Which organisms are commonly used to test antimicrobial efficacy against biofilms on RO membranes? 2. Which organisms are commonly identified via genetic analysis in biofilms on RO membranes? We then critically review the results of two semi-systematic reviews to identify pioneer organisms from the listed species. We focus on pioneer organisms because they initiate biofilm formation, therefore, inhibiting these organisms specifically may limit biofilm formation in the first place. Based on the analysis of the results, we recommend utilizing Pseudomonas aeruginosa for future single-species studies focused on biofilm treatment including, but not limited to, biofouling of RO membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heather L. Buckley
- Green Safe Water Lab, Civil Engineering Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (A.M.C.); (M.C.T.)
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Rodríguez-Melcón C, Alonso-Hernando A, Riesco-Peláez F, García-Fernández C, Alonso-Calleja C, Capita R. Biovolume and spatial distribution of foodborne Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria in mono- and dual-species biofilms. Food Microbiol 2020; 94:103616. [PMID: 33279059 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize the biofilms formed by Salmonella enterica serotype Agona, Listeria monocytogenes, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) after 12, 48, 72, 120 and 240 h of incubation at 10 °C. Biofilms containing a single species, together with dual-species biofilms in which S. enterica and a Gram-positive bacterium existed in combination, were formed on polystyrene and evaluated by using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). All strains were able to form biofilm. The greatest biovolume in the observation field of 14,161 μm2 was observed for mono-species biofilms after 72 h, where biovolumes of 94,409.0 μm3 ± 2131.0 μm3 (S. enterica), 58,418.3 μm3 ± 5944.9 μm3 (L. monocytogenes), 68,020.8 μm3 ± 5812.3 μm3 (MRSA) and 59,280.0 μm3 ± 4032.9 μm3 (VRE) were obtained. In comparison with single-species biofilms, the biovolume of S. enterica was higher in the presence of MRSA or VRE after 48, 72 and 120 h. In dual-species biofilms, the bacteria showed a double-layer distribution pattern, with S. enterica in the top layer and Gram-positive bacteria in the bottom layer. This spatial disposition should be taken into account when effective strategies to eliminate biofilms are being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rodríguez-Melcón
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain; Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - Alicia Alonso-Hernando
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Isabel I, E-09003, Burgos, Spain
| | - Félix Riesco-Peláez
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Systems Engineering and Automatic Control, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - Camino García-Fernández
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain; Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Calleja
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain; Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - Rosa Capita
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain; Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain.
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Almoughrabie S, Ngari C, Guillier L, Briandet R, Poulet V, Dubois-Brissonnet F. Rapid assessment and prediction of the efficiency of two preservatives against S. aureus in cosmetic products using High Content Screening-Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236059. [PMID: 32716948 PMCID: PMC7384607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cosmetic products are susceptible to microbiological spoilage due to contaminations that could happen during fabrication or by consumer’s repetitive manipulation. The composition of cosmetic products must guarantee efficient bacterial inactivation all along with the product shelf life, which is usually assessed by challenge-tests. A challenge-test consists in inoculating specific bacteria, i.e. Staphylococcus aureus, in the formula and then investigating the bacterial log reduction over time. The main limitation of this method is relative to the time-consuming protocol, where 30 days are needed to obtain results. In this study, we have proposed a rapid alternative method coupling High Content Screening—Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (HCS-CLSM), image analysis and modeling. It consists in acquiring real-time S. aureus inactivation kinetics on short-time periods (typically 4h) and in predicting the efficiency of preservatives on longer scale periods (up to 7 days). The action of two preservatives, chlorphenesin and benzyl alcohol, was evaluated against S. aureus at several concentrations in a cosmetic matrix. From these datasets, we compared two secondary models to determine the logarithm reduction time (Dc) for each preservative concentration. Afterwards, we used two primary inactivation models to predict log reductions for up to 7 days and we compared them to observed log reductions. The IQ model better fits datasets and the Q value gives information about the matrix level of interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Almoughrabie
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Laurent Guillier
- Direction de l’évaluation des risques, ANSES, Agence nationale de sécurité de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Romain Briandet
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Evaluation of the Probiotic Properties and the Capacity to Form Biofilms of Various Lactobacillus Strains. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071053. [PMID: 32679908 PMCID: PMC7409210 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 20 years, Lactobacillus species inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) have received much attention, and their health-promoting properties are now well-described. Probiotic effects cannot be generalized, and their uses cover a wide range of applications. It is thus important to proceed to an accurate selection and evaluation of probiotic candidates. We evaluate the probiotic potential of six strains of Lactobacillus in different in vitro models representing critical factors of either survival, efficacy, or both. We characterized the strains for their ability to (i) modulate intestinal permeability using transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), (ii) form biofilms and resist stressful conditions, and (iii) produce beneficial host and/or bacteria metabolites. Our data reveal the specificity of Lactobacillus strains to modulate intestinal permeability depending on the cell type. The six isolates were able to form spatially organized biofilms, and we provide evidence that the biofilm form is beneficial in a strongly acidic environment. Finally, we demonstrated the ability of the strains to produce γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that is involved in the gut-brain axis and beneficial enzymes that promote the bacterial tolerance to bile salts. Overall, our study highlights the specific properties of Lactobacillus strains and their possible applications as biofilms.
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62
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Eradication of planktonic Vibrio parahaemolyticus and its sessile biofilm by curcumin-mediated photodynamic inactivation. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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63
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Wang J, Liu Q, Dong D, Hu H, Wu B, Ren H. In-situ monitoring of the unstable bacterial adhesion process during wastewater biofilm formation: A comprehensive study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 140:105722. [PMID: 32474216 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The initial bacterial adhesion phase is a pivotal and unstable step in the formation of biofilms. The initiation of biofilm formation is an unstable process caused by the reversible adhesion of bacteria, which is always time-consuming and yet to be elucidated. In this study, impedance-based real time cell analysis (RTCA) was employed to comprehensively investigate the initial bacterial adhesion process. Results showed that the time required for the unstable adhesion process was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by increasing the initial concentration of bacteria, which is mainly attributed to the large deposition rate of bacteria at high concentrations. In addition, the unstable adhesion process is also regulated by shear stress, derived in this work from orbital shaking. Shear stress improves the reversibility of unstable bacterial attachment. Furthermore, attachment characteristics during the unstable phase vary between different species of bacteria (Sphingomonas rubra, Nakamurella multipartita and mixed bacteria). The S. rubra strain and mixed culture were more prone to adhere to the substratum surface during the unstable process, which was attributed to the smaller xDLVO energy barrier and motility of species in comparison with N. multipartita. Meanwhile, the molecular composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in the initial attachment phase presented a significant difference in expressed proteins, indicating the important role of proteins in EPS that strengthen bacterial adhesion. Overall, these findings suggest that during the biofilm reactor start-up process, seed sludge conditions, including the bacterial concentration, composition and hydraulics, need to be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qiuju Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Deyuan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Haidong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
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64
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Non-destructive Monitoring of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Spectroscopy. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01792-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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65
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Lianou A, Nychas GJE, Koutsoumanis KP. Strain variability in biofilm formation: A food safety and quality perspective. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109424. [PMID: 33233106 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The inherent differences in microbial behavior among identically treated strains of the same microbial species, referred to as "strain variability", are regarded as an important source of variability in microbiological studies. Biofilms are defined as the structured multicellular communities with complex architecture that enable microorganisms to grow adhered to abiotic or living surfaces and constitute a fundamental aspect of microbial ecology. The research studies assessing the strain variability in biofilm formation are relatively few compared to the ones evaluating other aspects of microbial behavior such as virulence, growth and stress resistance. Among the available research data on intra-species variability in biofilm formation, compiled and discussed in the present review, most of them refer to foodborne pathogens as compared to spoilage microorganisms. Molecular and physiological aspects of biofilm formation potentially related to strain-specific responses, as well as information on the characterization and quantitative description of this type of biological variability are presented and discussed. Despite the considerable amount of available information on the strain variability in biofilm formation, there are certain data gaps and still-existing challenges that future research should cover and address. Current and future advances in systems biology and omics technologies are expected to aid significantly in the explanation of phenotypic strain variability, including biofilm formation variability, allowing for its integration in microbiological risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Lianou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - George-John E Nychas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Konstantinos P Koutsoumanis
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
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66
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Mosaic-CLSM Assessment of Bacterial Spatial Distribution in Cosmetic Matrices According to Matrix Viscosity and Bacterial Hydrophobicity. COSMETICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics7020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The reliability of the challenge test depends, among other parameters, on the spatial distribution of microorganisms in the matrix. The present study aims to quickly identify factors that are susceptible to impair a uniform distribution of inoculated bacteria in cosmetic matrices in this context. We used mosaic confocal laser scanning microscopy (M-CLSM) to obtain rapid assessment of the impact of the composition and viscosity of cosmetic matrices on S. aureus spatial distribution. Several models of cosmetic matrices were formulated with different concentrations of two thickeners and were inoculated with three S. aureus strains having different levels of hydrophobicity. The spatial distribution of S. aureus in each matrix was evaluated according to the frequency distribution of the fluorescence values of at least 1350 CLSM images. We showed that, whatever the thickener used, an increasingly concentration of thickener results in increasingly bacterial clustered distribution. Moreover, higher bacterial hydrophobicity also resulted in a more clustered spatial distribution. In conclusion, CLSM-based method allows a rapid characterization of bacterial spatial distribution in complex emulsified systems. Both matrix viscosity and bacterial surface hydrophobicity affect the bacterial spatial distribution which can have an impact on the reliability of bacterial enumeration during challenge test.
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67
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Leroy S, Lebert I, Andant C, Talon R. Interaction in dual species biofilms between Staphylococcus xylosus and Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 326:108653. [PMID: 32449679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus xylosus, a coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, is frequently isolated from food products of animal origin and used as a starter culture in these products in which it contributes to their flavour, while Staphylococcus aureus, a coagulase-positive bacterium, causes foodborne intoxication and is implicated in a broad diversity of infections in medical sector, notably in nosocomial infections. S. xylosus and S. aureus are both capable of forming a biofilm and share the same ecological niches, thus we explored their interaction in biofilms with a view to limiting the risks associated with S. aureus. Cell-free supernatants of different strains of S. xylosus were able to inhibit the biofilm formation of S. aureus. The S. xylosus C2a strain released into the supernatant a molecule of molecular weight above 30 kDa that is resistant to proteolytic enzymes and inhibits the formation of S. aureus MW2 biofilm, though the mechanism involved has yet to be elucidated. Furthermore, S. xylosus C2a modified the architecture of S. aureus MW2 in co-culture biofilm. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that S. aureus formed a biofilm with a flat and compact structure while in co-culture with S. xylosus the two species formed large juxtaposed aggregates throughout the period of incubation. This architecture made the S. aureus biofilm more susceptible to detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Leroy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDIS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Isabelle Lebert
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDIS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Carine Andant
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDIS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Régine Talon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDIS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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68
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Qian H, Li W, Guo L, Tan L, Liu H, Wang J, Pan Y, Zhao Y. Stress Response of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Listeria monocytogenes Biofilms to Different Modified Atmospheres. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:23. [PMID: 32153513 PMCID: PMC7044124 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The sessile biofilms of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Listeria monocytogenes have increasingly become a critical threat in seafood safety. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of modified atmospheres on the formation ability of V. parahaemolyticus and L. monocytogenes biofilms. The stress responses of bacterial biofilm formation to modified atmospheres including anaerobiosis (20% carbon dioxide, 80% nitrogen), micro-aerobiosis (20% oxygen, 80% nitrogen), and aerobiosis (60% oxygen, 40% nitrogen) were illuminated by determining the live cells, chemical composition analysis, textural parameter changes, expression of regulatory genes, etc. Results showed that the biofilm formation ability of V. parahaemolyticus was efficiently decreased, supported by the fact that the modified atmospheres significantly reduced the key chemical composition [extracellular DNA (eDNA) and extracellular proteins] of the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and negatively altered the textural parameters (biovolume, thickness, and bio-roughness) of biofilms during the physiological conversion from anaerobiosis to aerobiosis, while the modified atmosphere treatment increased the key chemical composition of EPS and the textural parameters of L. monocytogenes biofilms from anaerobiosis to aerobiosis. Meanwhile, the expression of biofilm formation genes (luxS, aphA, mshA, oxyR, and opaR), EPS production genes (cpsA, cpsC, and cpsR), and virulence genes (vopS, vopD1, vcrD1, vopP2β, and vcrD2β) of V. parahaemolyticus was downregulated. For the L. monocytogenes cells, the expression of biofilm formation genes (flgA, flgU, and degU), EPS production genes (Imo2554, Imo2504, inlA, rmlB), and virulence genes (vopS, vopD1, vcrD1, vopP2β, and vcrD2β) was upregulated during the physiological conversion. All these results indicated that the modified atmospheres possessed significantly different regulation on the biofilm formation of Gram-negative V. parahaemolyticus and Gram-positive L. monocytogenes, which will provide a novel insight to unlock the efficient control of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in modified-atmosphere packaged food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qian
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linxia Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Tan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiquan Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Food Thermal-Processing Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Pan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, China
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69
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Huang J, Chen B, Li H, Zeng QH, Wang JJ, Liu H, Pan Y, Zhao Y. Enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm functions of the curcumin-mediated photodynamic inactivation against Listeria monocytogenes. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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70
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Grenier J, Bonnefond H, Lopes F, Bernard O. The impact of light supply to moving photosynthetic biofilms. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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71
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Govaert M, Smet C, Verheyen D, Walsh JL, Van Impe JFM. Combined Effect of Cold Atmospheric Plasma and Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment on Mature Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2674. [PMID: 31824459 PMCID: PMC6879557 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold Atmospheric Plasma (CAP) is a promising novel method for biofilm inactivation as log-reduction values up to 4.0 log10 (CFU/cm2) have been reported. Nevertheless, as the efficacy of CAP itself is not sufficient for complete inactivation of mature biofilms, the hurdle technology could be applied in order to obtain higher combined efficacies. In this study, CAP treatment was combined with a mild hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment for disinfection of 1 and 7 day(s) old Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium biofilms. Three different treatment sequences were investigated in order to determine the most effective treatment sequence, i.e., (i) first CAP, then H2O2, (ii) first H2O2, then CAP, and (iii) a simultaneous treatment of CAP and H2O2. Removal of the biofilm, induction of sub-lethal injury, and H2O2 breakdown due to the presence of catalase within the biofilms were investigated in order to comment on their possible contribution to the combined inactivation efficacy. Results indicated that the preferred treatment sequence was dependent on the biofilm forming species, biofilm age, and applied H2O2 concentration [0.05 or 0.20% (v/v)]. At the lowest H2O2 concentration, the highest log-reductions were generally observed if the CAP treatment was preceded by the H2O2 treatment, while at the highest H2O2 concentration, the opposite sequence (first CAP, then H2O2) proved to be more effective. Induction of sub-lethal injury contributed to the combined bactericidal effect, while the presence of catalase within the biofilms resulted in an increased resistance. In addition, high log-reductions were partially the result of biofilm removal. The highest overall log-reductions [i.e., up to 5.42 ± 0.33 log10 (CFU/cm2)] were obtained at the highest H2O2 concentration if CAP treatment was followed by H2O2 treatment. As this resulted in almost complete inactivation of the L. monocytogenes and S. Typhimurium biofilms, the combined treatment of CAP and H2O2 proved to be a promising method for disinfection of abiotic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Govaert
- Flemish Cluster Predictive Microbiology in Foods (CPMF), Ghent, Belgium
- Optimization in Engineering Center-of-Excellence (OPTEC), KU Leuven, Ghent, Belgium
- Chemical & Biochemical Process Technology & Control (BioTeC), Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cindy Smet
- Flemish Cluster Predictive Microbiology in Foods (CPMF), Ghent, Belgium
- Optimization in Engineering Center-of-Excellence (OPTEC), KU Leuven, Ghent, Belgium
- Chemical & Biochemical Process Technology & Control (BioTeC), Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Davy Verheyen
- Flemish Cluster Predictive Microbiology in Foods (CPMF), Ghent, Belgium
- Optimization in Engineering Center-of-Excellence (OPTEC), KU Leuven, Ghent, Belgium
- Chemical & Biochemical Process Technology & Control (BioTeC), Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Ghent, Belgium
| | - James L. Walsh
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jan F. M. Van Impe
- Flemish Cluster Predictive Microbiology in Foods (CPMF), Ghent, Belgium
- Optimization in Engineering Center-of-Excellence (OPTEC), KU Leuven, Ghent, Belgium
- Chemical & Biochemical Process Technology & Control (BioTeC), Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Ghent, Belgium
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72
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Fanesi A, Paule A, Bernard O, Briandet R, Lopes F. The Architecture of Monospecific Microalgae Biofilms. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090352. [PMID: 31540235 PMCID: PMC6780892 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae biofilms have been proposed as an alternative to suspended cultures in commercial and biotechnological fields. However, little is known about their architecture that may strongly impact biofilm behavior, bioprocess stability, and productivity. In order to unravel the architecture of microalgae biofilms, four species of commercial interest were cultivated in microplates and characterized using a combination of confocal laser scanning microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. In all the species, the biofilm biovolume and thickness increased over time and reached a plateau after seven days; however, the final biomass reached was very different. The roughness decreased during maturation, reflecting cell division and voids filling. The extracellular polymeric substances content of the matrix remained constant in some species, and increased over time in some others. Vertical profiles showed that young biofilms presented a maximum cell density at 20 μm above the substratum co-localized with matrix components. In mature biofilms, the maximum density of cells moved at a greater distance from the substratum (30–40 μm), whereas the maximum coverage of matrix components remained in a deeper layer. Carbohydrates and lipids were the main macromolecules changing during biofilm maturation. Our results revealed that the architecture of microalgae biofilms is species-specific. However, time similarly affects the structural and biochemical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fanesi
- Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Matériaux (LGPM), CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Armelle Paule
- Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Matériaux (LGPM), CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Olivier Bernard
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inria, BIOCORE, BP 93, 06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
| | - Romain Briandet
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Filipa Lopes
- Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Matériaux (LGPM), CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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73
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Kleine D, Chodorski J, Mitra S, Schlegel C, Huttenlochner K, Müller‐Renno C, Mukherjee J, Ziegler C, Ulber R. Monitoring of biofilms grown on differentially structured metallic surfaces using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Eng Life Sci 2019; 19:513-521. [PMID: 32625028 PMCID: PMC6999451 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201800176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging of biofilms on opaque surfaces is a challenge presented to researchers especially considering pathogenic bacteria, as those typically grow on living tissue, such as mucosa and bone. However, they can also grow on surfaces used in industrial applications such as food production, acting as a hindrance to the process. Thus, it is important to understand bacteria better in the environment they actually have relevance in. Stainless steel and titanium substrata were line structured and dotted surface topographies for titanium substrata were prepared to analyze their effects on biofilm formation of a constitutively green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing Escherichia coli strain. The strain was batch cultivated in a custom built flow cell initially for 18 h, followed by continuous cultivation for 6 h. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to determine the biofilm topography. Biofilm growth of E. coli GFPmut2 was not affected by the type of metal substrate used; rather, attachment and growth were influenced by variable shapes of the microstructured titanium surfaces. In this work, biofilm cultivation in flow cells was coupled with the most widely used biofilm analytical technique (CLSM) to study the time course of growth of a GFP-expressing biofilm on metallic surfaces without intermittent sampling or disturbing the natural development of the biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kleine
- Institute of Bioprocess EngineeringTU KaiserslauternKaiserslauternGermany
| | - Jonas Chodorski
- Institute of Bioprocess EngineeringTU KaiserslauternKaiserslauternGermany
| | - Sayani Mitra
- School of Environmental StudiesJadavpur UniversityKolkataIndia
| | - Christin Schlegel
- Institute of Bioprocess EngineeringTU KaiserslauternKaiserslauternGermany
| | | | | | | | - Christiane Ziegler
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMASTU KaiserslauternKaiserslauternGermany
| | - Roland Ulber
- Institute of Bioprocess EngineeringTU KaiserslauternKaiserslauternGermany
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74
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High Content Screening Confocal Laser Microscopy (HCS-CLM) to Characterize Biofilm 4D Structural Dynamic of Foodborne Pathogens. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 30580408 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9000-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The functional properties of biofilms are intimately related to their spatial architecture. Structural data are therefore of prime importance to dissect the complex social and survival strategies of biofilms and ultimately to improve their control. Confocal laser microscopy (CLM) is the most widespread microscopic tool to decipher biofilm structure, enabling noninvasive 3D investigation of their dynamics down to single cell scale. The emergence of fully automated high content screening (HCS) systems, associated with large-scale image analysis, radically amplifies the flow of available biofilm structural data. In this contribution, we present an HCS-CLM protocol used to analyze biofilm 4D structural dynamics at high throughput. Meta-analysis of the quantitative variates extracted from HCS-CLM will contribute to a better biological understanding of biofilm traits.
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75
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Jang H, Eom Y. Repurposing auranofin to combat uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
biofilms. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:459-471. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H.‐I. Jang
- Department of Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences Soonchunhyang University Asan Republic of Korea
| | - Y.‐B. Eom
- Department of Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences Soonchunhyang University Asan Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences Soonchunhyang University Asan Republic of Korea
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76
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Luo TL, Hayashi M, Zsiska M, Circello B, Eisenberg M, Gonzalez-Cabezas C, Foxman B, Marrs CF, Rickard AH. Introducing BAIT (Biofilm Architecture Inference Tool): a software program to evaluate the architecture of oral multi-species biofilms. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2019; 165:527-537. [PMID: 30882296 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm model systems are used to study biofilm growth and predict the effects of anti-biofilm interventions within the human oral cavity. Many in vitro biofilm model systems use a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) in conjunction with image analysis tools to study biofilms. The aim of this study was to evaluate an in-house developed image analysis software program that we call BAIT (Biofilm Architecture Inference Tool) to quantify the architecture of oral multi-species biofilms following anti-biofilm interventions using a microfluidic biofilm system. Differences in architecture were compared between untreated biofilms and those treated with water (negative control), sodium gluconate ('placebo') or stannous fluoride (SnF2). The microfluidic system was inoculated with pooled human saliva and biofilms were developed over 22 h in filter-sterilized 25 % pooled human saliva. During this period, biofilms were treated with water, sodium gluconate, or SnF2 (1000, 3439 or 10 000 p.p.m. Sn2+) 8 and 18 h post-inoculation. After 22 h of growth, biofilms were stained with LIVE/DEAD stain, and imaged by CLSM. BAIT was used to calculate biofilm biovolume, total number of objects, surface area, fluffiness, connectivity, convex hull porosity and viability. Image analysis showed oral biofilm architecture was significantly altered by 3439 and 10 000 p.p.m. Sn2+ treatment regimens, resulting in decreased biovolume, surface area, number of objects and connectivity, while fluffiness increased (P<0.01). In conclusion, BAIT was shown to be able to measure the changes in biofilm architecture and detects possible antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects of candidate agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting L Luo
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael Hayashi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Marisa Eisenberg
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carlos Gonzalez-Cabezas
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Betsy Foxman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carl F Marrs
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexander H Rickard
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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77
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Biofilm formation by Salmonella sp. in the poultry industry: Detection, control and eradication strategies. Food Res Int 2019; 119:530-540. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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78
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Xu Z, Xie J, Soteyome T, Peters BM, Shirtliff ME, Liu J, Harro JM. Polymicrobial interaction and biofilms between Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: an underestimated concern in food safety. Curr Opin Food Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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79
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Rodríguez-Melcón C, Riesco-Peláez F, García-Fernández C, Alonso-Calleja C, Capita R. Susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes planktonic cultures and biofilms to sodium hypochlorite and benzalkonium chloride. Food Microbiol 2019; 82:533-540. [PMID: 31027816 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The susceptibility of four L. monocytogenes isolates from pork to sodium hypochlorite (SHY) and benzalkonium chloride (BZK) was tested. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 3500 ppm (SHY), or between 3 ppm and 13 ppm (BZK), were found. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values ranged from 3500 ppm to 4500 ppm (SHY), and from 3 ppm to 14 ppm (BZK). The effect of SHY and BZK on the architecture and cellular viability of 24-h-old biofilms formed by such strains on polystyrene was determined through confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) in conjunction with fluorescent dyes for live cells (SYTO 9) and dead cells (propidium iodide). Strains were able to form biofilm (biovolume values in the observation field of 14,161 μm2 ranged between 103,928.3 ± 6730.2 μm3 and 276,030.9 ± 42,291.9 μm3). Treatment of biofilms for 10 min with SHY (1MIC or 1.5MIC) or BZK (0.5MIC, 1MIC or 1.5MIC) decreased the biovolume of live (potentially dangerous) cells. SHY reduced the cellular viability of biofilms by more than 90%. On the other hand, BZK was able to remove most biofilm mass (live and dead cells), but decreased cellular viability only to a lesser extent, this suggesting strong biofilm detachment and dissemination of live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rodríguez-Melcón
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain; Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - Félix Riesco-Peláez
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Systems Engineering and Automatic Control, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - Camino García-Fernández
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain; Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Calleja
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain; Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - Rosa Capita
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain; Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain.
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80
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Olszewska M, Nynca A, Białobrzewski I, Kocot A, Łaguna J. Assessment of the bacterial viability of chlorine‐ and quaternary ammonium compounds‐treated
Lactobacillus
cells via a multi‐method approach. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 126:1070-1080. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.A. Olszewska
- Chair of Industrial and Food Microbiology Faculty of Food Science University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Olsztyn Poland
| | - A. Nynca
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Olsztyn Poland
| | - I. Białobrzewski
- Chair of Systems Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Olsztyn Poland
| | - A.M. Kocot
- Chair of Industrial and Food Microbiology Faculty of Food Science University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Olsztyn Poland
| | - J. Łaguna
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences Olsztyn Poland
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81
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Boháčová M, Pazlarová J, Fuchsová V, Švehláková T, Demnerová K. Quantitative evaluation of biofilm extracellular DNA by fluorescence-based techniques. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2019; 64:567-577. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-019-00681-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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82
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Biofilm Formation by Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus Strains from Hospitalized Patients in Poland. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4657396. [PMID: 30687745 PMCID: PMC6327255 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4657396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm-mediated infections in the hospital environment have a significant negative impact on patient health. This study aimed to investigate biofilm production in vitro and the presence of icaABCD genes in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) strains isolated from hospitalized patients. MRSA (73) and MSSA (57) strains were evaluated for biofilm production by the microtiter plate method. The presence of ica operon was investigated by PCR. Out of 130 strains, 99.2% were biofilm producers. Strong biofilms were formed by 39.7% of MRSA and 36.8% of MSSA strains. The highest percentage of strong biofilm producers was found among the strains isolated from sputum and tracheostomy tube (66.7%), nose and catheter (50%), throat (44.4%), and bronchoalveolar washings (43.8%). The strains isolated from bronchoalveolar washings produced significantly more biofilm than strains isolated from wound and anus. The ability of biofilm forming by fecal strains was significantly lower compared to strains from other materials. MRSA strains had significantly higher ability of biofilm formation than MSSA strains (P = 0.000247). The presence of ica operon in MRSA was detected in all strains. Comparison of strong biofilm biomass of the strains with icaABCD, icaABD, and icaAD revealed that strains with icaABCD and icaABD produced highly significantly more biofilm than strains with icaAD. Biofilm forming by both MRSA and MSSA strains indicates high ability of theses strains to persist in hospital environment which increases the risk of disease development in hospitalized patients.
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83
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Swimberghe RCD, Coenye T, De Moor RJG, Meire MA. Biofilm model systems for root canal disinfection: a literature review. Int Endod J 2018; 52:604-628. [PMID: 30488449 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to present an overview of laboratory root canal biofilm model systems described in the endodontic literature and to critically appraise the various factors that constitute these models. The electronic databases MEDLINE, Web of Science and EMBASE were searched up to and including December 2016 to identify laboratory studies using endodontic biofilm models. The following search terms were used in various combinations: biofilm, root canal, in vitro, endodontic, bacteria, root canal infection model, colony-forming unit. Only English papers from journals with an impact factor were selected. The records were screened by two reviewers, and full-text articles were assessed according to pre-defined criteria. The following data were extracted from the included studies: the microbial composition of the biofilm, the substrate, growth conditions, validation and quantification. Seventy-seven articles met the inclusion criteria. In the majority (86%) of the studies, a monospecies biofilm was cultured. In two studies, a dual-species biofilm was grown; others cultivated a multispecies biofilm, containing at least three species. Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently used test species (in 79% of all studies, 92% of the monospecies studies). Four studies used an inoculum derived directly from the oral cavity. Human dentine was the most frequently used substratum (88% of the studies). Incubation times differed considerably, ranging from one to seventy days. The most common quantification method (in 87% of the studies) was bacterial culturing, followed by microscopy techniques. The variation in laboratory root canal biofilm model systems is notable. Because of substantial variation in experimental parameters, it is difficult to compare results between studies. This demonstrates the need for a more standardized approach and a validated endodontic biofilm model.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C D Swimberghe
- Department of Restorative Dentistry & Endodontology, Dental School, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - T Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - R J G De Moor
- Department of Restorative Dentistry & Endodontology, Dental School, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - M A Meire
- Department of Restorative Dentistry & Endodontology, Dental School, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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84
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Oxaran V, Dittmann KK, Lee SHI, Chaul LT, Fernandes de Oliveira CA, Corassin CH, Alves VF, De Martinis ECP, Gram L. Behavior of Foodborne Pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus in Mixed-Species Biofilms Exposed to Biocides. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e02038-18. [PMID: 30291117 PMCID: PMC6275347 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02038-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature and man-made environments, microorganisms reside in mixed-species biofilms, in which the growth and metabolism of an organism are different from these behaviors in single-species biofilms. Pathogenic microorganisms may be protected against adverse treatments in mixed-species biofilms, leading to health risk for humans. Here, we developed two mixed five-species biofilms that included one or the other of the foodborne pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus The five species, including the pathogen, were isolated from a single food-processing environmental sample, thus mimicking the environmental community. In mature mixed five-species biofilms on stainless steel, the two pathogens remained at a constant level of ∼105 CFU/cm2 The mixed five-species biofilms as well as the pathogens in monospecies biofilms were exposed to biocides to determine any pathogen-protective effect of the mixed biofilm. Both pathogens and their associate microbial communities were reduced by peracetic acid treatments. S. aureus decreased by 4.6 log cycles in monospecies biofilms, but the pathogen was protected in the five-species biofilm and decreased by only 1.1 log cycles. Sessile cells of L. monocytogenes were affected to the same extent when in a monobiofilm or as a member of the mixed-species biofilm, decreasing by 3 log cycles when exposed to 0.0375% peracetic acid. When the pathogen was exchanged in each associated microbial community, S. aureus was eradicated, while there was no significant effect of the biocide on L. monocytogenes or the mixed community. This indicates that particular members or associations in the community offered the protective effect. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms of biocide protection and to identify the species playing the protective role in microbial communities of biofilms.IMPORTANCE This study demonstrates that foodborne pathogens can be established in mixed-species biofilms and that this can protect them from biocide action. The protection is not due to specific characteristics of the pathogen, here S. aureus and L. monocytogenes, but likely caused by specific members or associations in the mixed-species biofilm. Biocide treatment and resistance are a challenge for many industries, and biocide efficacy should be tested on microorganisms growing in biofilms, preferably mixed systems, mimicking the application environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Oxaran
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Karen Kiesbye Dittmann
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sarah H I Lee
- FZEA/USP, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luíza Toubas Chaul
- FF/UFG, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Humberto Corassin
- FZEA/USP, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lone Gram
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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85
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Rodríguez-Lázaro D, Alonso-Calleja C, Oniciuc EA, Capita R, Gallego D, González-Machado C, Wagner M, Barbu V, Eiros-Bouza JM, Nicolau AI, Hernández M. Characterization of Biofilms Formed by Foodborne Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3004. [PMID: 30564226 PMCID: PMC6288681 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the capacity of 49 methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from foods of animal origin (42 from dairy products and 7 from meat and meat products) to form biofilms. Overall, a higher biofilm biomass was observed for those MRSA strains harboring SCCmec type IV, while 8 MRSA strains (5 from dairy products and 3 from meat and meat products) were classified as strong biofilm formers in standard Tryptic Soy Broth medium. When a prolonged incubation period (48 h) was applied for those 8 MRSA strains, an increased biofilm biomass accumulation was observed during the time course, whereas the number of viable cells within the biofilms decreased as the biomass increased. The capacity of biofilm production correlated pretty well between the experiments using polystyrene microtiter plates and stainless steel micro-well plates, and significant higher values were observed in stainless steel when glucose was added to TSB during the enrichment. Biofilms were further characterized by confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM), confirming that proteins and α-polysaccharides were the predominant components inside the extracellular polymeric matrix of biofilms formed by MRSA strains. In conclusion, our results confirm that MRSA isolates from foods of animal origin have significant capacity for forming biofilms with a high protein content, which can play a key role for the successful dissemination of MRSA lineages via food. Knowledge of the capacity of MRSA strains to produce biofilms, as well as characterization of the main MRSA biofilms matrix components, can help both to counteract the mechanisms involved in biofilm formation and resistance and to define more rational control strategies by using tailor-made cleaning agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rodríguez-Lázaro
- Microbiology Division, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Calleja
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, León, Spain.,Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Elena Alexandra Oniciuc
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Galati, Romania
| | - Rosa Capita
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, León, Spain.,Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, León, Spain
| | - David Gallego
- Dependencia de Sanidad de Vizcaya, Delegación del Gobierno en el País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Camino González-Machado
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, León, Spain.,Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Martin Wagner
- Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vasilica Barbu
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Galati, Romania
| | | | - Anca I Nicolau
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Galati, Romania
| | - Marta Hernández
- Microbiology Division, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain.,Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
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86
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Rodríguez-Melcón C, Riesco-Peláez F, Carballo J, García-Fernández C, Capita R, Alonso-Calleja C. Structure and viability of 24- and 72-h-old biofilms formed by four pathogenic bacteria on polystyrene and glass contact surfaces. Food Microbiol 2018; 76:513-517. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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87
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Poquet I, Saujet L, Canette A, Monot M, Mihajlovic J, Ghigo JM, Soutourina O, Briandet R, Martin-Verstraete I, Dupuy B. Clostridium difficile Biofilm: Remodeling Metabolism and Cell Surface to Build a Sparse and Heterogeneously Aggregated Architecture. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2084. [PMID: 30258415 PMCID: PMC6143707 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is an opportunistic entero-pathogen causing post-antibiotic and nosocomial diarrhea upon microbiota dysbiosis. Although biofilms could contribute to colonization, little is known about their development and physiology. Strain 630Δerm is able to form, in continuous-flow micro-fermentors, macro-colonies and submersed biofilms loosely adhesive to glass. According to gene expression data, in biofilm/planktonic cells, central metabolism is active and fuels fatty acid biosynthesis rather than fermentations. Consistently, succinate is consumed and butyrate production is reduced. Toxin A expression, which is coordinated to metabolism, is down-regulated, while surface proteins, like adhesins and the primary Type IV pili subunits, are over-expressed. C-di-GMP level is probably tightly controlled through the expression of both diguanylate cyclase-encoding genes, like dccA, and phosphodiesterase-encoding genes. The coordinated expression of genes controlled by c-di-GMP and encoding the putative surface adhesin CD2831 and the major Type IV pilin PilA1, suggests that c-di-GMP could be high in biofilm cells. A Bacillus subtilis SinR-like regulator, CD2214, and/or CD2215, another regulator co-encoded in the same operon as CD2214, control many genes differentially expressed in biofilm, and in particular dccA, CD2831 and pilA1 in a positive way. After growth in micro-titer plates and disruption, the biofilm is composed of robust aggregated structures where cells are embedded into a polymorphic material. The intact biofilm observed in situ displays a sparse, heterogeneous and high 3D architecture made of rods and micro-aggregates. The biofilm is denser in a mutant of both CD2214 and CD2215 genes, but it is not affected by the inactivation of neither CD2831 nor pilA1. dccA, when over-expressed, not only increases the biofilm but also triggers its architecture to become homogeneous and highly aggregated, in a way independent of CD2831 and barely dependent of pilA1. Cell micro-aggregation is shown to play a major role in biofilm formation and architecture. This thorough analysis of gene expression reprogramming and architecture remodeling in biofilm lays the foundation for a deeper understanding of this lifestyle and could lead to novel strategies to limit C. difficile spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Poquet
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Laboratoire Pathogenèse des Bacteries Anaerobies, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Laure Saujet
- Laboratoire Pathogenèse des Bacteries Anaerobies, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Canette
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marc Monot
- Laboratoire Pathogenèse des Bacteries Anaerobies, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-Marc Ghigo
- Unité de Génétique des Biofilms, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Olga Soutourina
- Laboratoire Pathogenèse des Bacteries Anaerobies, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Romain Briandet
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Isabelle Martin-Verstraete
- Laboratoire Pathogenèse des Bacteries Anaerobies, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Dupuy
- Laboratoire Pathogenèse des Bacteries Anaerobies, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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88
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Tan L, Zhao F, Han Q, Zhao A, Malakar PK, Liu H, Pan Y, Zhao Y. High Correlation Between Structure Development and Chemical Variation During Biofilm Formation by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1881. [PMID: 30154782 PMCID: PMC6102384 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex three-dimensional structure of biofilms is supported by extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) and additional insight on chemical variations in EPS and biofilm structure development will inform strategies for control of biofilms. Vibrio parahaemolyticus VPS36 biofilm development was studied using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and Raman spectroscopy (RM). The structural parameters of the biofilm (biovolume, mean thickness, and porosity) were characterized by CLSM and the results showed that VPS36 biofilm formed dense structures after 48 h incubation. There were concurrent variations in carbohydrates and nucleic acids contents in the EPS as evidenced by RM. The Raman intensities of the chemical component in EPS, measured using Pearson's correlation coefficient, were positively correlated with biovolume and mean thickness, and negatively correlated with porosity. The Raman intensity for carbohydrates correlated closely with mean thickness (p-value < 0.01) and the Raman intensity for nucleic acid correlated closely with porosity (p-value < 0.01). Additional evidence for these correlations were confirmed using scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and crystal violet staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Tan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiao Han
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aijing Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pradeep K. Malakar
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiquan Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Food Thermal-Processing Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Pan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, China
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89
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González-Machado C, Capita R, Riesco-Peláez F, Alonso-Calleja C. Visualization and quantification of the cellular and extracellular components of Salmonella Agona biofilms at different stages of development. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200011. [PMID: 29990340 PMCID: PMC6039014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a major food-borne pathogen able to persist in food processing environments because of its ability to form biofilms. A Salmonella enterica serotype Agona isolate from poultry (S24) was grown at 37°C in biofilms for up to 144 hours (H144) in attachment to polystyrene surfaces. Biofilm structures were examined at different stages in their development (H3, H24, H48, H72, H96 and H144) using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) in conjunction with fluorescent dyes for live cells (SYTO 9), dead cells (propidium iodide), proteins (fluorescein isothiocyanate isomer I), lipids (DiD'oil), α-polysaccharides (concanavalin A, tetramethylrhodamine conjugate), and β-polysaccharides (calcofluor white M2R). Strain S24 developed a robust biofilm at H72 (biovolume of 166,852.5 ± 13,681.8 μm3 in the observation field of 16,078.2 μm2). The largest biovolume of live cells was also detected at H72 (128,110.3 ± 4,969.1 μm3), decreasing thereafter, which was probably owing to the detachment of cells prior to a new phase of colonization. The percentage of dead cells with regard to total cells in the biofilms increased throughout the incubation, ranging from 2.3 ± 1.1% (H24) to 44.2 ± 11.0% (H144). Proteins showed the greatest biovolume among the extracellular components within the biofilms, with values ranging from 1,295.1 ± 1,294.9 μm3 (H3) to 19,186.2 ± 8,536.0 μm3 (H96). Maximum biovolume values of 15,171.9 ± 660.7 μm3 (H48), 7,055.3 ± 4,415.2 μm3 (H144), and 2,548.6 ± 1,597.5 μm3 (H72) were observed for β-polysaccharides, α-polysaccharides and lipids, respectively. A strong (P < 0.01) positive correlation was found between the total biovolume of biofilm and the biovolume of live cells, proteins and β-polysaccharides, which may serve as useful markers of biofilm formation. The present work provides new insights into the formation of S. Agona biofilms. Our findings may contribute to the designing of reliable strategies for preventing and removing these bacterial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camino González-Machado
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, University of León, León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Rosa Capita
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, University of León, León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Félix Riesco-Peláez
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Systems Engineering and Automatic Control, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Calleja
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, University of León, León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, León, Spain
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90
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Kang D, Kirienko NV. Interdependence between iron acquisition and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Microbiol 2018; 56:449-457. [PMID: 29948830 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-018-8114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms remain a persistent threat to human healthcare due to their role in the development of antimicrobial resistance. To combat multi-drug resistant pathogens, it is crucial to enhance our understanding of not only the regulation of biofilm formation, but also its contribution to bacterial virulence. Iron acquisition lies at the crux of these two subjects. In this review, we discuss the role of iron acquisition in biofilm formation and how hosts impede this mechanism to defend against pathogens. We also discuss recent findings that suggest that biofilm formation can also have the reciprocal effect, influencing siderophore production and iron sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghoon Kang
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, USA
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91
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Biofilm formation by Salmonella spp. in catfish mucus extract under industrial conditions. Food Microbiol 2018; 70:172-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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92
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Impact of nutritional stress on drug susceptibility and biofilm structures of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia thailandensis grown in static and microfluidic systems. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194946. [PMID: 29579106 PMCID: PMC5868842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis and regarded as a bioterrorism threat. It can adapt to the nutrient-limited environment as the bacteria can survive in triple distilled water for 16 years. Moreover, B. pseudomallei exhibits intrinsic resistance to diverse groups of antibiotics in particular while growing in biofilms. Recently, nutrient-limited condition influenced both biofilm formation and ceftazidime (CAZ) tolerance of B. pseudomallei were found. However, there is no information about how nutrient-limitation together with antibiotics used in melioidosis treatment affects the structure of the biofilm produced by B. pseudomallei. Moreover, no comparative study to investigate the biofilm architectures of B. pseudomallei and the related B. thailandensis under different nutrient concentrations has been reported. Therefore, this study aims to provide new information on the effects of four antibiotics used in melioidosis treatment, viz. ceftazidime (CAZ), imipenem (IMI), meropenem (MEM) and doxycycline (DOX) on biofilm architecture of B. pseudomallei and B. thailandensis with different nutrient concentrations under static and flow conditions using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Impact of nutritional stress on drug susceptibility of B. pseudomallei and B. thailandensis grown planktonically or as biofilm was also evaluated. The findings of this study indicate that nutrient-limited environment enhanced survival of B. pseudomallei in biofilm after exposure to the tested antibiotics. The shedding planktonic B. pseudomallei and B. thailandensis were also found to have increased CAZ tolerance in nutrient-limited environment. However, killing activities of MEM and IMI were stronger than CAZ and DOX on B. pseudomallei and B. thailandensis both in planktonic cells and in 2-day old biofilm. In addition, MEM and IMI were able to inhibit B. pseudomallei and B. thailandensis biofilm formation to a larger extend compared to CAZ and DOX. Differences in biofilm architecture were observed for biofilms grown under static and flow conditions. Under static conditions, biofilms grown in full strength modified Vogel and Bonner’s medium (MVBM) showed honeycomb-like architecture while a knitted-like structure was observed under limited nutrient condition (0.1×MVBM). Under flow conditions, biofilms grown in MVBM showed a multilayer structure while merely dispersed bacteria were found when grown in 0.1×MVBM. Altogether, this study provides more insight on the effect of four antibiotics against B. pseudomallei and B. thailandensis in biofilm under different nutrient and flow conditions. Since biofilm formation is believed to be involved in disease relapse, MEM and IMI may be better therapeutic options than CAZ for melioidosis treatment.
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93
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Impact of Cell Surface Molecules on Conjugative Transfer of the Integrative and Conjugative Element ICE St3 of Streptococcus thermophilus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02109-17. [PMID: 29247061 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02109-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) are chromosomal elements that are widely distributed in bacterial genomes, hence contributing to genome plasticity, adaptation, and evolution of bacteria. Conjugation requires a contact between both the donor and the recipient cells and thus likely depends on the composition of the cell surface envelope. In this work, we investigated the impact of different cell surface molecules, including cell surface proteins, wall teichoic acids, lipoteichoic acids, and exopolysaccharides, on the transfer and acquisition of ICESt3 from Streptococcus thermophilus The transfer of ICESt3 from wild-type (WT) donor cells to mutated recipient cells increased 5- to 400-fold when recipient cells were affected in lipoproteins, teichoic acids, or exopolysaccharides compared to when the recipient cells were WT. These mutants displayed an increased biofilm-forming ability compared to the WT, suggesting better cell interactions that could contribute to the increase of ICESt3 acquisition. Microscopic observations of S. thermophilus cell surface mutants showed different phenotypes (aggregation in particular) that can also have an impact on conjugation. In contrast, the same mutations did not have the same impact when the donor cells, instead of recipient cells, were mutated. In that case, the transfer frequency of ICESt3 decreased compared to that with the WT. The same observation was made when both donor and recipient cells were mutated. The dominant effect of mutations in donor cells suggests that modifications of the cell envelope could impair the establishment or activity of the conjugation machinery required for DNA transport.IMPORTANCE ICEs contribute to horizontal gene transfer of adaptive traits (for example, virulence, antibiotic resistance, or biofilm formation) and play a considerable role in bacterial genome evolution, thus underlining the need of a better understanding of their conjugative mechanism of transfer. While most studies focus on the different functions encoded by ICEs, little is known about the effect of host factors on their conjugative transfer. Using ICESt3 of S. thermophilus as a model, we demonstrated the impact of lipoproteins, teichoic acids, and exopolysaccharides on ICE transfer and acquisition. This opens up new avenues to control gene transfer mediated by ICEs.
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94
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Exploration of the role of the virulence factor ElrA during Enterococcus faecalis cell infection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1749. [PMID: 29379180 PMCID: PMC5788860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis, an organism generally not pathogenic for healthy humans, has the potential to cause disease in susceptible hosts. While it seems to be equipped to interact with and circumvent host immune defense, most of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the enterococcal infectious process remain elusive. Here, we investigated the role of the Enterococcal Leucine Rich protein A (ElrA), an internalin-like protein of E. faecalis also known as a virulence factor. ElrA was previously shown to prevent adhesion to macrophages. We show that ElrA does not inhibit the basic phagocytic process, but is able to prevent sensing and migration of macrophages toward E. faecalis. Presence or absence of FHL2, a eukaryotic partner of ElrA, does not affect the ElrA-dependent mechanism preventing macrophage migration. However, we highlight a partial contribution of FHL2 in ElrA-mediated virulence in vivo. Our results indicate that ElrA plays at least a dual role of which anti-phagocytic activity may contribute to dissemination of extracellular E. faecalis during infection.
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95
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Gingichashvili S, Duanis-Assaf D, Shemesh M, Featherstone JDB, Feuerstein O, Steinberg D. Bacillus subtilis Biofilm Development - A Computerized Study of Morphology and Kinetics. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2072. [PMID: 29163384 PMCID: PMC5674941 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm is commonly defined as accumulation of microbes, embedded in a self-secreted extra-cellular matrix, on solid surfaces or liquid interfaces. In this study, we analyze several aspects of Bacillus subtilis biofilm formation using tools from the field of image processing. Specifically, we characterize the growth kinetics and morphological features of B. subtilis colony type biofilm formation and compare these in colonies grown on two different types of solid media. Additionally, we propose a model for assessing B. subtilis biofilm complexity across different growth conditions. GFP-labeled B. subtilis cells were cultured on agar surfaces over a 4-day period during which microscopic images of developing colonies were taken at equal time intervals. The images were used to perform a computerized analysis of few aspects of biofilm development, based on features that characterize the different phenotypes of B. subtilis colonies. Specifically, the analysis focused on the segmented structure of the colonies, consisting of two different regions of sub-populations that comprise the biofilm – a central “core” region and an “expanding” region surrounding it. Our results demonstrate that complex biofilm of B. subtillis grown on biofilm-promoting medium [standard lysogeny broth (LB) supplemented with manganese and glycerol] is characterized by rapidly developing three-dimensional complex structure observed at its core compared to biofilm grown on standard LB. As the biofilm develops, the core size remains largely unchanged during development and colony expansion is mostly attributed to the expansion in area of outer cell sub-populations. Moreover, when comparing the bacterial growth on biofilm-promoting agar to that of colonies grown on LB, we found a significant decrease in the GFP production of colonies that formed a more complex biofilm. This suggests that complex biofilm formation has a diminishing effect on cell populations at the biofilm core, likely due to a combination of reduced metabolic rate and increased levels of cell death within this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gingichashvili
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Danielle Duanis-Assaf
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Food Quality and Safety, Institute for Postharvest Technology and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Moshe Shemesh
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Institute for Postharvest Technology and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - John D B Featherstone
- School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Osnat Feuerstein
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Doron Steinberg
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
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96
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Balsa-Canto E, Vilas C, López-Núñez A, Mosquera-Fernández M, Briandet R, Cabo ML, Vázquez C. Modeling Reveals the Role of Aging and Glucose Uptake Impairment in L1A1 Listeria monocytogenes Biofilm Life Cycle. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2118. [PMID: 29163410 PMCID: PMC5671982 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen that can persist in food processing plants by forming biofilms on abiotic surfaces. The benefits that bacteria can gain from living in a biofilm, i.e., protection from environmental factors and tolerance to biocides, have been linked to the biofilm structure. Different L. monocytogenes strains build biofilms with diverse structures, and the underlying mechanisms for that diversity are not yet fully known. This work combines quantitative image analysis, cell counts, nutrient uptake data and mathematical modeling to provide a mechanistic insight into the dynamics of the structure of biofilms formed by L. monocytogenes L1A1 (serotype 1/2a) strain. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and quantitative image analysis were used to characterize the structure of L1A1 biofilms throughout time. L1A1 forms flat, thick structures; damaged or dead cells start appearing early in deep layers of the biofilm and rapidly and massively loss biomass after 4 days. We proposed several reaction-diffusion models to explain the system dynamics. Model candidates describe biomass and nutrients evolution including mechanisms of growth and cell spreading, nutrients diffusion and uptake and biofilm decay. Data fitting was used to estimate unknown model parameters and to choose the most appropriate candidate model. Remarkably, standard reaction-diffusion models could not describe the biofilm dynamics. The selected model reveals that biofilm aging and glucose impaired uptake play a critical role in L1A1 L. monocytogenes biofilm life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Balsa-Canto
- (Bio)Process Engineering Group, IIM-CSIC Spanish National Research Council, Vigo, Spain
| | - Carlos Vilas
- (Bio)Process Engineering Group, IIM-CSIC Spanish National Research Council, Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Maruxa Mosquera-Fernández
- (Bio)Process Engineering Group, IIM-CSIC Spanish National Research Council, Vigo, Spain
- Microbiology Group, IIM-CSIC Spanish National Research Council, Vigo, Spain
| | - Romain Briandet
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Massy, France
| | - Marta L. Cabo
- Microbiology Group, IIM-CSIC Spanish National Research Council, Vigo, Spain
| | - Carlos Vázquez
- Mathematics Department, ITMATI, CITIC, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
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97
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Biofilm formation and microscopic analysis of biofilms formed by Listeria monocytogenes in a food processing context. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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98
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Dall GF, Tsang STJ, Gwynne PJ, Wilkinson AJ, Simpson AHRW, Breusch SJB, Gallagher MP. The dissolvable bead: A novel in vitro biofilm model for evaluating antimicrobial resistance. J Microbiol Methods 2017; 142:46-51. [PMID: 28870772 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In vitro biofilm assays are a vital first step in the assessment of therapeutic effectiveness. Current biofilm models have been found to be limited by throughput, reproducibility, and cost. We present a novel in vitro biofilm model, utilising a sodium alginate substratum for surface biofilm colony formation, which can be readily dissolved for accurate evaluation of viable organisms. The dissolving bead biofilm assay was evaluated using a range of clinically relevant strains. The reproducibility and responsiveness of the assay to an antimicrobial challenge was assessed using standardised methods. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy was used to image biofilm colonies. Biofilms were grown for 20h prior to testing. The model provides a reproducible and responsive assay to clinically-relevant antimicrobial challenges, as defined by established guidelines. Moreover cryo-scanning electron microscopy demonstrates that biofilm formation is localised exclusively to the alginate bead surface. Our results suggest that this simple model provides a robust and adaptable assay for the investigation of bacterial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Dall
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Darwin Building, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, United Kingdom; Department of Orthopaedic surgery, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's building, 49 Little France Crescent, Old Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - S T J Tsang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Darwin Building, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, United Kingdom; Department of Orthopaedic surgery, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's building, 49 Little France Crescent, Old Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom; Department of Orthopaedic surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France, Old Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, United Kingdom.
| | - P J Gwynne
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Darwin Building, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, United Kingdom
| | - A J Wilkinson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Darwin Building, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, United Kingdom
| | - A H R W Simpson
- Department of Orthopaedic surgery, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's building, 49 Little France Crescent, Old Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom; Department of Orthopaedic surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France, Old Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - S J B Breusch
- Department of Orthopaedic surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France, Old Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - M P Gallagher
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Darwin Building, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, United Kingdom
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99
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Dutta Sinha S, Das S, Tarafdar S, Dutta T. Monitoring of Wild Pseudomonas Biofilm Strain Conditions Using Statistical Characterization of Scanning Electron Microscopy Images. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b01106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suparna Dutta Sinha
- Condensed Matter Physics Research Centre, Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata−700032, India
| | - Saptarshi Das
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
- Department of Power
Engineering, Jadavpur University, Salt Lake Campus, LB-8, Sector 3, Kolkata−700098, India
| | - Sujata Tarafdar
- Condensed Matter Physics Research Centre, Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata−700032, India
| | - Tapati Dutta
- Physics Department, St. Xavier’s College, Kolkata−700016, India
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100
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Gomes LC, Moreira JMR, Araújo JDP, Mergulhão FJ. Surface conditioning with Escherichia coli cell wall components can reduce biofilm formation by decreasing initial adhesion. AIMS Microbiol 2017; 3:613-628. [PMID: 31294179 PMCID: PMC6604997 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2017.3.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on food processing surfaces pose major risks to human health. Non-efficient cleaning of equipment surfaces and piping can act as a conditioning layer that affects the development of a new biofilm post-disinfection. We have previously shown that surface conditioning with cell extracts could reduce biofilm formation. In the present work, we hypothesized that E. coli cell wall components could be implicated in this phenomena and therefore mannose, myristic acid and palmitic acid were tested as conditioning agents. To evaluate the effect of surface conditioning and flow topology on biofilm formation, assays were performed in agitated 96-well microtiter plates and in a parallel plate flow chamber (PPFC), both operated at the same average wall shear stress (0.07 Pa) as determined by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It was observed that when the 96-well microtiter plate and the PPFC were used to form biofilms at the same shear stress, similar results were obtained. This shows that the referred hydrodynamic feature may be a good scale-up parameter from high-throughput platforms to larger scale flow cell systems as the PPFC used in this study. Mannose did not have any effect on E. coli biofilm formation, but myristic and palmitic acid inhibited biofilm development by decreasing cell adhesion (in about 50%). These results support the idea that in food processing equipment where biofilm formation is not critical below a certain threshold, bacterial lysis and adsorption of cell components to the surface may reduce biofilm buildup and extend the operational time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana C. Gomes
- LEPABE-Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana M. R. Moreira
- LEPABE-Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José D. P. Araújo
- CEFT-Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe J. Mergulhão
- LEPABE-Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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