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Prüfer TL, Rohde J, Verspohl J, Rohde M, de Greeff A, Willenborg J, Valentin-Weigand P. Molecular typing of Streptococcus suis strains isolated from diseased and healthy pigs between 1996-2016. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210801. [PMID: 30653570 PMCID: PMC6336254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an economically important pathogen of pigs as well as a zoonotic cause of human disease. Serotyping is used for further characterization of isolates; some serotypes seem to be more virulent and more widely spread than others. This study characterizes a collection of German field isolates of Streptococcus suis from pigs dating from 1996 to 2016 with respect to capsular genes (cps) specific for individual serotypes and pathotype by multiplex PCR and relates results to the clinical background of these isolates. The most prominent finding was the reduction in prevalence of serotype-2/serotype-1/2 among invasive isolates during this sampling period, which might be attributed to widely implemented autogenous vaccination programs in swine against serotype 2 in Germany. In diseased pigs (systemically ill; respiratory disease) isolates of serotype-1/serotype-14, serotype-2/serotype-1/2, serotype 3 to 5 and 7 to 9 were most frequent while in carrier isolates a greater variety of cps types was found. Serotype-1/serotype-14 seemed to be preferentially located in joints, serotype 4 and serotype 3 in the central nervous system, respectively. The virulence associated extracellular protein factor was almost exclusively associated with invasive serotype-1/serotype-14 and serotype-2/serotype-1/2 isolates. In contrast, lung isolates of serotype-2/serotype-1/2 mainly harbored the gene for muramidase-released protein. Serotype 4 and serotype 9 isolates from clinically diseased pigs most frequently carried the muramidase-released protein gene and the suilysin gene. When examined by transmission electron microscopy all but one of the isolates which were non-typable by molecular and serological methods showed various amounts of capsular material indicating potentially new serotypes among these isolates. Given the variety of cps types/serotypes detected in pigs, not only veterinarians but also medical doctors should consider other serotypes than just serotype 2 when investigating potential human cases of Streptococcus suis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Louise Prüfer
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Judith Rohde
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Jutta Verspohl
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Jörg Willenborg
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Tohya M, Sekizaki T, Miyoshi-Akiyama T. Complete Genome Sequence of Streptococcus ruminantium sp. nov. GUT-187T (=DSM 104980T =JCM 31869T), the Type Strain of S. ruminantium, and Comparison with Genome Sequences of Streptococcus suis Strains. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:1180-1184. [PMID: 29659811 PMCID: PMC5913669 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus ruminantium sp. nov. of type strain GUT-187T, previously classified as Streptococcus suis serotype 33, is a recently described novel streptococcal species. This study was designed to determine the complete genome sequence of S. ruminantium GUT-187T using a combination of Oxford Nanopore and the Illumina platform, and to compare this sequence with the genomes of 27 S. suis representative strains. The genome of GUT-187T was 2,090,539 bp in size, with a GC content of 40.01%. This genome contained 1,961 predicted protein coding DNA sequences (CDSs); of these, 1,685 (85.9%) showed similarity with S. suis CDSs. Of the remaining 276 CDSs, 81 (29.3%) showed some degree of similarity with CDSs of other streptococcal species. The genome of GUT-187T contained no intact prophage. The numbers of prophages and CRISPR spacers, as well as the presence or absence of genes encoding CRISPR-associated proteins, differed in S. ruminantium and S. suis. A phylogenetic analysis indicates that GUT-187T may be outgroup to the S. suis strains in our sample, thereby justifying its classification as distinct species. Gene mapping indicated 10.2 times of massive genome rearrangements in average occurred between S. ruminantium and S. suis. There was no significant statistical difference in clusters of orthologous group distribution between S. ruminantium and S. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Tohya
- Pathogenic Microbe Laboratory, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sekizaki
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Miyoshi-Akiyama
- Pathogenic Microbe Laboratory, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Komatsu T, Watando E, Inaba N, Sugie K, Okura M, Shibahara T. Bovine vegetative endocarditis caused by Streptococcus suis. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1567-1571. [PMID: 30210095 PMCID: PMC6207521 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5-month-old crossbred beef steer died after exhibiting astasia. A postmortem examination revealed verrucous endocarditis and numerous renal hemorrhages. Gram-positive bacteria were identified in the necrotic lesions of the verruca and mitral valve via histopathological analysis. Multifocal necrosis and hemorrhage were detected in the renal cortex. Gram-positive cocci isolated from the verruca were identified via biochemical tests and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis as Streptococcus suis. Serotyping indicated that the S. suis isolates were untypable, following which these isolates were classified as a new sequence type (ST1000) via multi-locus sequence typing. S. suis is an important pathogen of pigs. However, clinical cases in cattle are rare. This report is intended to provide information that may be useful in the diagnosis of streptococcal disease in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Komatsu
- Aichi Prefectural Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 1-306 Jizono, Miaicho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-0805, Japan
| | - Eri Watando
- Aichi Prefectural Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 1-306 Jizono, Miaicho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-0805, Japan
| | - Nanami Inaba
- Aichi Prefectural Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 1-306 Jizono, Miaicho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-0805, Japan
| | - Kennosuke Sugie
- Aichi Prefectural Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 1-306 Jizono, Miaicho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-0805, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okura
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shibahara
- Division of Pathology and Pathophysiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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Arai S, Kim H, Watanabe T, Tohya M, Suzuki E, Ishida-Kuroki K, Maruyama F, Murase K, Nakagawa I, Sekizaki T. Assessment of pig saliva as aStreptococcus suisreservoir and potential source of infection on farms by use of a novel quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:941-948. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.9.941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Methods for the detection and characterization of Streptococcus suis: from conventional bacterial culture methods to immunosensors. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 111:2233-2247. [PMID: 29934695 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
One of the most important zoonotic pathogens worldwide, Streptococcus suis is a swine pathogen that is responsible for meningitis, toxic shock and even death in humans. S. suis infection develops rapidly with nonspecific clinical symptoms in the early stages and a high fatality rate. Recently, much attention has been paid to the high prevalence of S. suis as well as the increasing incidence and its epidemic characteristics. As laboratory-acquired infections of S. suis can occur and it is dangerous to public health security, timely and early diagnosis has become key to controlling S. suis prevalence. Here, the techniques that have been used for the detection, typing and characterization of S. suis are reviewed and the prospects for future detection methods for this bacterium are also discussed.
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Yamada R, Tien LHT, Arai S, Tohya M, Ishida-Kuroki K, Nomoto R, Kim H, Suzuki E, Osawa R, Watanabe T, Sekizaki T. Development of PCR for identifying Streptococcus parasuis, a close relative of Streptococcus suis. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1101-1107. [PMID: 29877313 PMCID: PMC6068303 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus parasuis has recently been removed taxonomically from Streptococcus suis, a zoonotic pathogen. S. parasuis has been detected
in healthy pigs and in diseased pigs, which suggests that S. parasuis is involved in the normal microbiota of pigs and has potential pathogenicity. However, the
pathogenicity of S. parasuis in pigs is unclear because of the lack of appropriate detection methods that discriminate S. parasuis from S.
suis. In this study, we developed a PCR method that is specific for S. parasuis. The detection limit of the PCR was 350 CFU per reaction. Bacteria isolated from
the saliva of eight pigs were collected and examined by PCR. Sixty-four isolates positive for PCR were obtained from the samples of all pigs. Thirteen of the 64 isolates were genetically
confirmed as S. parasuis, and biologically and biochemically had nearly the same features of known S. parasuis strains, which suggested that strains
positive for PCR were S. parasuis. Among the 64 isolates, 28 isolates were serotypes 20, 22, or 26 in the S. suis serotyping scheme. The remaining 36
isolates were untypeable, which suggested the presence of novel serotypes or a capsule-negative form. Therefore, the PCR method described in this study is a useful tool for identifying
S. parasuis, and can be used in etiological studies on this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Yamada
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Present address: Laboratory of Veterinary Ethology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Le Hong Thuy Tien
- Department of Biotechnology, Nong Lam University, Quarter 6, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Sakura Arai
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Present address: Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi 3-25-26, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Mari Tohya
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Present address: Pathogenic Microbe Laboratory, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama 1-21-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Kasumi Ishida-Kuroki
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nomoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Minatojima-Nakamachi 4-6-5, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0045, Japan
| | - Hyunjung Kim
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Eriko Suzuki
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ro Osawa
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kobe University, Rokko-dai 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takayasu Watanabe
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sekizaki
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Effects of Environmental and Management-Associated Factors on Prevalence and Diversity of Streptococcus suis in Clinically Healthy Pig Herds in China and the United Kingdom. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02590-17. [PMID: 29427423 PMCID: PMC5881051 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02590-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis, a global zoonosis of pigs, shows regional differences in the prevalence of human-associated disease for Asian and non-Asian countries. The isolation rates and diversities of S. suis on tonsils of healthy slaughter pigs in China and the United Kingdom were studied for effects of geography, temperature, pig age, and farm type. Isolates underwent analysis of molecular serotype and multilocus sequence type and virulence-associated genotyping. Although we found no significant difference in positive isolation rates between Chinese and UK farms, the prevalences of serotypes previously associated with human disease were significantly greater in the Chinese collection (P = 0.003). A significant effect of temperature was found on the positive isolation rate of the Chinese samples and the prevalence of human disease-associated serotypes in the UK S. suis population (China, P = 0.004; United Kingdom, P = 0.024) and on the prevalence of isolates carrying key virulence genes in China (P = 0.044). Finally, we found marked diversity among S. suis isolates, with statistically significant temperature effects on detection of multiple strain types within individual pigs. This study highlighted the high carriage prevalence and diversity of S. suis among clinically healthy pig herds of China and the United Kingdom. The significant effect of temperature on prevalence of isolation, human disease-associated serotypes, and diversity carried by individual pigs may shed new light on geographic variations in human S. suis-associated disease.IMPORTANCEStreptococcus suis is a global zoonotic pathogen and also a normal colonizer mainly carried on the tonsil of pigs. Thus, it is important to study the effect of environmental and management-associated factors on the S. suis populations in clinically healthy pigs. In this research, we investigated the similarities and differences between the S. suis populations obtained from different pig ages, seasons, and farm management systems and discovered the relationship between high climatic temperature and the prevalence of S. suis.
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Hatrongjit R, Akeda Y, Hamada S, Gottschalk M, Kerdsin A. Multiplex PCR for identification of six clinically relevant streptococci. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:1590-1595. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rujirat Hatrongjit
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Yukihiro Akeda
- Osaka University Hospital, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Hamada
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Anusak Kerdsin
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
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59
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Potentially hazardous Streptococcus suis strains latent in asymptomatic pigs in a major swine production area of Thailand. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:662-669. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Zheng H, Qiu X, Roy D, Segura M, Du P, Xu J, Gottschalk M. Genotyping and investigating capsular polysaccharide synthesis gene loci of non-serotypeable Streptococcus suis isolated from diseased pigs in Canada. Vet Res 2017; 48:10. [PMID: 28219415 PMCID: PMC5322794 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0417-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is an important swine pathogen and an emerging zoonotic agent. Most clinical S. suis strains express capsular polysaccharides (CPS), which can be typed by antisera using the coagglutination test. In this study, 79 S. suis strains recovered from diseased pigs in Canada and which could not be typed using antisera were further characterized by capsular gene typing and sequencing. Four patterns of cps locus were observed: (1) fifteen strains were grouped into previously reported serotypes but presented several mutations in their cps loci, when compared to available data from reference strains; (2) seven strains presented a complete deletion of the cps locus, which would result in an inability to synthesize capsule; (3) forty-seven strains were classified in recently described novel cps loci (NCLs); and (4) ten strains carried novel NCLs not previously described. Different virulence gene profiles (based on the presence of mrp, epf, and/or sly) were observed in these non-serotypeable strains. This study provides further insight in understanding the genetic characteristics of cps loci in non-serotypeable S. suis strains recovered from diseased animals. When using a combination of the previously described 35 serotypes and the complete NCL system, the number of untypeable strains recovered from diseased animals in Canada would be significantly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - David Roy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mariela Segura
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pengchen Du
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Novel Capsular Polysaccharide Loci and New Diagnostic Tools for High-Throughput Capsular Gene Typing in Streptococcus suis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:7102-7112. [PMID: 27694240 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02102-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important pathogen of pigs and may cause serious disease in humans. Serotyping is an important tool for detection and epidemiological studies of S. suis Thirty-three reference serotypes and nine novel cps loci (NCLs) are recognized in S. suis To gain a better understanding of the prevalence and genetic characteristics of NCLs, we investigated the serotype identity of 486 isolates isolated between 2013 and 2015 in China by capsular gene typing methods. Two hundred seventy-six isolates carried NCLs belonging to 16 groups, 8 of which appear to have not been reported previously. These isolates showed autoagglutination, polyagglutination, or nonagglutination with reference antisera and thus were nonserotypeable. Almost all isolates carrying the unknown NCLs were encapsulated, with various capsular thicknesses, indicating that they are most likely novel serotypes. To simultaneously identify the currently recognized 17 NCLs, an 18-plex detection system using the Luminex xTAG universal array technology was developed. Our data also provide valuable genetic information for monitoring the variations within NCLs by investigating the genetic characteristics of different subtypes within NCLs. IMPORTANCE Nonserotypeable Streptococcus suis isolates have been reported in many studies, and 9 novel cps loci (NCLs) have already been identified in nonserotypeable isolates. Moreover, novel cps loci are continually being found. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of NCLs in S. suis isolates recovered between 2013 and 2015 in China. This study provides valuable genetic information for monitoring the variations within NCLs. Meanwhile, a fast and cost-effective 18-plex detection system that can simultaneously identify the currently recognized 17 NCLs was developed in this study. This system will serve as a valuable tool for detecting known and identifying additional novel cps loci among nonserotypeable S. suis isolates.
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Segura M, Calzas C, Grenier D, Gottschalk M. Initial steps of the pathogenesis of the infection caused by Streptococcus suis: fighting against nonspecific defenses. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3772-3799. [PMID: 27539145 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between a bacterial pathogen and its potentially susceptible host are initiated with the colonization step. During respiratory/oral infection, the pathogens must compete with the normal microflora, resist defense mechanisms of the local mucosal immunity, and finally reach, adhere, and breach the mucosal epithelial cell barrier in order to induce invasive disease. This is the case during infection by the swine and zoonotic pathogen Streptococcus suis, which is able to counteract mucosal barriers to induce severe meningitis and sepsis in swine and in humans. The initial steps of the pathogenesis of S. suis infection has been a neglected area of research, overshadowed by studies on the systemic and central nervous phases of the disease. In this Review article, we provide for the first time, an exclusive focus on S. suis colonization and the potential mechanisms involved in S. suis establishment at the mucosa, as well as the mechanisms regulating mucosal barrier breakdown. The role of mucosal immunity is also addressed. Finally, we demystify the extensive list of putative adhesins and virulence factors reported to be involved in the initial steps of pathogenesis by S. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Segura
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.,Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Cynthia Calzas
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.,Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Laboratory of Streptococcus suis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale (GREB), Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Laboratory of Streptococcus suis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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Athey TBT, Teatero S, Lacouture S, Takamatsu D, Gottschalk M, Fittipaldi N. Determining Streptococcus suis serotype from short-read whole-genome sequencing data. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:162. [PMID: 27449127 PMCID: PMC4957933 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0782-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus suis is divided into 29 serotypes based on a serological reaction against the capsular polysaccharide (CPS). Multiplex PCR tests targeting the cps locus are also used to determine S. suis serotypes, but they cannot differentiate between serotypes 1 and 14, and between serotypes 2 and 1/2. Here, we developed a pipeline permitting in silico serotype determination from whole-genome sequencing (WGS) short-read data that can readily identify all 29 S. suis serotypes. Results We sequenced the genomes of 121 strains representing all 29 known S. suis serotypes. We next combined available software into an automated pipeline permitting in silico serotyping of strains by differential alignment of short-read sequencing data to a custom S. suis cps loci database. Strains of serotype pairs 1 and 14, and 2 and 1/2 could be differentiated by a missense mutation in the cpsK gene. We report a 99 % match between coagglutination- and pipeline-determined serotypes for strains in our collection. We used 375 additional S. suis genomes downloaded from the NCBI’s Sequence Read Archive (SRA) to validate the pipeline. Validation with SRA WGS data resulted in a 92 % match. Included pipeline subroutines permitted us to assess strain virulence marker content and obtain multilocus sequence typing directly from WGS data. Conclusions Our pipeline permits rapid and accurate determination of S. suis serotype, and other lineage information, directly from WGS data. By discriminating between serotypes 1 and 14, and between serotypes 2 and 1/2, our approach solves a three-decade longstanding S. suis typing issue. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0782-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn B T Athey
- Public Health Ontario Toronto Laboratory, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1 Canada
| | - Sarah Teatero
- Public Health Ontario Toronto Laboratory, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1 Canada
| | - Sonia Lacouture
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Daisuke Takamatsu
- Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Nahuel Fittipaldi
- Public Health Ontario Toronto Laboratory, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1 Canada. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Tohya M, Watanabe T, Maruyama F, Arai S, Ota A, Athey TBT, Fittipaldi N, Nakagawa I, Sekizaki T. Comparative Genome Analyses of Streptococcus suis Isolates from Endocarditis Demonstrate Persistence of Dual Phenotypic Clones. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159558. [PMID: 27433935 PMCID: PMC4951133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bacterial species coexist in the same niche as heterogeneous clones with different phenotypes; however, understanding of infectious diseases by polyphenotypic bacteria is still limited. In the present study, encapsulation in isolates of the porcine pathogen Streptococcus suis from persistent endocarditis lesions was examined. Coexistence of both encapsulated and unencapsulated S. suis isolates was found in 26 out of 59 endocarditis samples. The isolates were serotype 2, and belonged to two different sequence types (STs), ST1 and ST28. The genomes of each of the 26 pairs of encapsulated and unencapsulated isolates from the 26 samples were sequenced. The data showed that each pair of isolates had one or more unique nonsynonymous mutations in the cps gene, and the encapsulated and unencapsulated isolates from the same samples were closest to each other. Pairwise comparisons of the sequences of cps genes in 7 pairs of encapsulated and unencapsulated isolates identified insertion/deletions (indels) ranging from one to 104 bp in different cps genes of unencapsulated isolates. Capsule expression was restored in a subset of unencapsulated isolates by complementation in trans with cps expression vectors. Examination of gene content common to isolates indicated that mutation frequency was higher in ST28 pairs than in ST1 pairs. Genes within mobile genetic elements were mutation hot spots among ST28 isolates. Taken all together, our results demonstrate the coexistence of dual phenotype (encapsulated and unencapsulated) bacterial clones and suggest that the dual phenotypes arose independently in each farm by means of spontaneous mutations in cps genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Tohya
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayasu Watanabe
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumito Maruyama
- Department of Microbiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (TS); (FM)
| | - Sakura Arai
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ota
- Department of Microbiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Nahuel Fittipaldi
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ichiro Nakagawa
- Department of Microbiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sekizaki
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TS); (FM)
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65
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Vinogradov E, Goyette-Desjardins G, Okura M, Takamatsu D, Gottschalk M, Segura M. Structure determination of Streptococcus suis serotype 9 capsular polysaccharide and assignment of functions of the cps locus genes involved in its biosynthesis. Carbohydr Res 2016; 433:25-30. [PMID: 27423880 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 9 is the most prevalent S. suis serotype in several European countries. In spite of its pathogenicity for pigs and increasing zoonotic potential, limited information is available on this serotype. Here we determined for the first time the chemical composition and structure of serotype 9 capsular polysaccharide (CPS), a major bacterial virulence factor and the antigen at the origin of S. suis classification into serotypes. Chemical and spectroscopic data gave the repeating unit sequence: [3)Glcol-6-P-3-[D-Gal(α1-2)]D-Gal(β1-3)D-Sug(β1-3)L-Rha(α1-)]n. Compared to previously characterized S. suis CPSs (serotypes 1, 1/2, 2 and 14), serotype 9 CPS does not contain sialic acid but contains a labile 4-keto sugar (2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-β-D-xylo-hexopyranos-4-ulose), one particular feature of this serotype. A correlation between S. suis serotype 9 CPS sequence and genes of this serotype cps locus encoding putative glycosyltransferases and polymerase responsible for the biosynthesis of the repeating unit was tentatively established. Knowledge of CPS structure and composition will contribute to better dissect the role of this bacterial component in the pathogenesis of S. suis serotype 9.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Masatoshi Okura
- Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takamatsu
- Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, Japan
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Laboratory of Research on Streptococcus suis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mariela Segura
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.
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66
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Okura M, Osaki M, Nomoto R, Arai S, Osawa R, Sekizaki T, Takamatsu D. Current Taxonomical Situation of Streptococcus suis. Pathogens 2016; 5:pathogens5030045. [PMID: 27348006 PMCID: PMC5039425 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis, a major porcine pathogen and an important zoonotic agent, is considered to be composed of phenotypically and genetically diverse strains. However, recent studies reported several “S. suis-like strains” that were identified as S. suis by commonly used methods for the identification of this bacterium, but were regarded as distinct species from S. suis according to the standards of several taxonomic analyses. Furthermore, it has been suggested that some S. suis-like strains can be assigned to several novel species. In this review, we discuss the current taxonomical situation of S. suis with a focus on (1) the classification history of the taxon of S. suis; (2) S. suis-like strains revealed by taxonomic analyses; (3) methods for detecting and identifying this species, including a novel method that can distinguish S. suis isolates from S. suis-like strains; and (4) current topics on the reclassification of S. suis-like strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Okura
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
| | - Makoto Osaki
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
| | - Ryohei Nomoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, 4-6-5 Minatojima-Nakamachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0045, Japan.
| | - Sakura Arai
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Ro Osawa
- Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Sekizaki
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Takamatsu
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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67
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Baig A, Weinert LA, Peters SE, Howell KJ, Chaudhuri RR, Wang J, Holden MTG, Parkhill J, Langford PR, Rycroft AN, Wren BW, Tucker AW, Maskell DJ. Whole genome investigation of a divergent clade of the pathogen Streptococcus suis. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1191. [PMID: 26583006 PMCID: PMC4631834 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a major porcine and zoonotic pathogen responsible for significant economic losses in the pig industry and an increasing number of human cases. Multiple isolates of S. suis show marked genomic diversity. Here, we report the analysis of whole genome sequences of nine pig isolates that caused disease typical of S. suis and had phenotypic characteristics of S. suis, but their genomes were divergent from those of many other S. suis isolates. Comparison of protein sequences predicted from divergent genomes with those from normal S. suis reduced the size of core genome from 793 to only 397 genes. Divergence was clear if phylogenetic analysis was performed on reduced core genes and MLST alleles. Phylogenies based on certain other genes (16S rRNA, sodA, recN, and cpn60) did not show divergence for all isolates, suggesting recombination between some divergent isolates with normal S. suis for these genes. Indeed, there is evidence of recent recombination between the divergent and normal S. suis genomes for 249 of 397 core genes. In addition, phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene and 132 genes that were conserved between the divergent isolates and representatives of the broader Streptococcus genus showed that divergent isolates were more closely related to S. suis. Six out of nine divergent isolates possessed a S. suis-like capsule region with variation in capsular gene sequences but the remaining three did not have a discrete capsule locus. The majority (40/70), of virulence-associated genes in normal S. suis were present in the divergent genomes. Overall, the divergent isolates extend the current diversity of S. suis species but the phenotypic similarities and the large amount of gene exchange with normal S. suis gives insufficient evidence to assign these isolates to a new species or subspecies. Further, sampling and whole genome analysis of more isolates is warranted to understand the diversity of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiyad Baig
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Lucy A Weinert
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah E Peters
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Kate J Howell
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Roy R Chaudhuri
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK
| | - Jinhong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Julian Parkhill
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul R Langford
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London London, UK
| | | | - Brendan W Wren
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London, UK
| | - Alexander W Tucker
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Duncan J Maskell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
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68
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Arai S, Tohya M, Yamada R, Osawa R, Nomoto R, Kawamura Y, Sekizaki T. Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification to detect Streptococcus suis and its application to retail pork meat in Japan. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 208:35-42. [PMID: 26043307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We here developed a novel loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method to detect Streptococcus suis in raw pork meat. This method, designated LAMPSS, targeted the recombination/repair protein (recN) gene of S. suis and detected all serotypes of S. suis, except those taxonomically removed from authentic S. suis, i.e., serotypes 20, 22, 26, 32, 33, and 34. The specificity of LAMPSS was confirmed and its detection limit was 5.4cfu/reaction. Among the 966 raw pork meat samples examined, including sliced pork, minced pork, and the liver, tongue, heart, and small intestine, 255 samples tested positive with LAMPSS. The rate of contamination was higher in the organs than in pork. No significant difference was observed in the total bacterial count between LAMPSS-positive and -negative samples. The number of shops that provided LAMPSS-positive pork was slightly higher in those that sold swine organs and pork than in those that sold only pork, suggesting that cross contamination occurred from the organs to pork. Among the 255 which tested positive for LAMPSS, only 47 samples tested positive for the previously described LAMP specific for S. suis serotype 2. Two isolates of S. suis serotype 2, belonging to sequence type 28, which is potentially hazardous to humans, as well as those of some other serotypes were obtained from 19 out of 47 samples by combining LAMP with a replica plating method. These results suggest that LAMPSS will be a useful tool for the surveillance of raw pork meat in the retail market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakura Arai
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Mari Tohya
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryoko Yamada
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ro Osawa
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kobe University, Rokko-dai 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nomoto
- Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Rokko-dai 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kawamura
- Department of Microbiology, Aichi Gakuin University, School of Pharmacy, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sekizaki
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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69
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Eight Novel Capsular Polysaccharide Synthesis Gene Loci Identified in Nontypeable Streptococcus suis Isolates. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:4111-9. [PMID: 25862221 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00315-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important pathogen of pigs and may cause serious disease in humans. Serotyping is one of the important diagnostic tools and is used for the epidemiological study of S. suis. Nontypeable S. suis strains have been reported in many studies; however, the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) synthesis cps loci of nontypeable strains have not been analyzed. In this study, we investigated the genetic characteristics of cps loci in 78 nontypeable strains isolated from healthy pigs. Eight novel cps loci (NCLs) were found, and all of them were located between the orfZ-orfX region and the glf gene. All NCLs possess the wzy and wzx genes, strongly suggesting that the CPSs of these NCLs were synthesized using the Wzx/Wzy-dependent pathway. The cps genes found in the 78 isolates were assigned to 96 homology groups (HGs), 55 of which were NCL specific. The encapsulation of the 78 isolates was also examined using transmission electron microscopy. Fifty-three isolates were found to have a capsule, and these were of varied thicknesses. Our data enhance our understanding of the cps gene cluster diversity of nontypeable S. suis strains and provide insight into the evolution of the S. suis capsular genes.
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