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Pharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution, and Anti-Lipogenic/Adipogenic Effects of Allyl-Isothiocyanate Metabolites. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132151. [PMID: 26317351 PMCID: PMC4552636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Allyl-isothiocyanate (AITC) is an organosulfur phytochemical found in abundance in common cruciferous vegetables such as mustard, wasabi, and cabbage. Although AITC is metabolized primarily through the mercapturic acid pathway, its exact pharmacokinetics remains undefined and the biological function of AITC metabolites is still largely unknown. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of AITC metabolites on lipid accumulation in vitro and elucidated the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of AITC metabolites in rats. We found that AITC metabolites generally conjugate with glutathione (GSH) or N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and are distributed in most organs and tissues. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed a rapid uptake and complete metabolism of AITC following oral administration to rats. Although AITC has been reported to exhibit anti-tumor activity in bladder cancer, the potential bioactivity of its metabolites has not been explored. We found that GSH-AITC and NAC-AITC effectively inhibit adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and suppress expression of PPAR-γ, C/EBPα, and FAS, which are up-regulated during adipogenesis. GSH-AITC and NAC-AITC also suppressed oleic acid-induced lipid accumulation and lipogenesis in hepatocytes. Our findings suggest that AITC is almost completely metabolized in the liver and rapidly excreted in urine through the mercapturic acid pathway following administration in rats. AITC metabolites may exert anti-obesity effects through suppression of adipogenesis or lipogenesis.
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Giacoppo S, Galuppo M, Montaut S, Iori R, Rollin P, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. An overview on neuroprotective effects of isothiocyanates for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Fitoterapia 2015; 106:12-21. [PMID: 26254971 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of new natural compounds with pharmacological properties is a field of interest widely growing, especially for the management of neurodegenerative diseases. As no pharmacological treatment is available to prevent the development of these disorders, dietary intake of foods or plant-based extracts with antioxidant properties might have beneficial effects on human health and improve brain functions. Isothiocyanates (ITCs), derived from the hydrolysis of the corresponding glucosinolates (GLs), mainly found in Brassica vegetables (Brassicaceae) and, to a lesser extent, in Moringaceae plants, have demonstrated to exert neuroprotective properties. Specifically, strong evidences suggest that antioxidant effects may be ascribed mainly to their peculiar ability to activate the Nrf2/ARE pathway, but alternative mechanisms of action have also been suggested. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the neuroprotective effects of ITCs in counteracting oxidative stress as well as inflammatory and apoptotic mechanisms, using in vitro and in vivo models of acute and chronic neurodegenerative disease. Therefore, ITCs could be regarded as a promising source of alternative medicine for the prevention and/or treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Giacoppo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Galuppo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Sabine Montaut
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomolecular Sciences Programme, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Renato Iori
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di Ricerca per le Colture Industriali (CRA-CIN), Via Di Corticella 133, Bologna 40128, Italy
| | - Patrick Rollin
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA) - UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Placido Bramanti
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
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Payne AC, Clarkson GJ, Rothwell S, Taylor G. Diversity in global gene expression and morphology across a watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) germplasm collection: first steps to breeding. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2015; 2:15029. [PMID: 26504575 PMCID: PMC4591680 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2015.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) is a nutrient intense, leafy crop that is consumed raw or in soups across the globe, but for which, currently no genomic resources or breeding programme exists. Promising morphological, biochemical and functional genomic variation was identified for the first time in a newly established watercress germplasm collection, consisting of 48 watercress accessions sourced from contrasting global locations. Stem length, stem diameter and anti-oxidant (AO) potential varied across the accessions. This variation was used to identify three extreme contrasting accessions for further analysis. Variation in global gene expression was investigated using an Affymetrix Arabidopsis ATH1 microarray gene chip, using the commercial control (C), an accession selected for dwarf phenotype with a high AO potential (dwarfAO, called 'Boldrewood') and one with high AO potential alone. A set of transcripts significantly differentially expressed between these three accessions, were identified, including transcripts involved in the regulation of growth and development and those involved in secondary metabolism. In particular, when differential gene expression was compared between C and dwarfAO, the dwarfAO was characterised by increased expression of genes encoding glucosinolates, which are known precursors of phenethyl isothiocyanate, linked to the anti-carcinogenic effects well-documented in watercress. This study provides the first analysis of natural variation across the watercress genome and has identified important underpinning information for future breeding for enhanced anti-carcinogenic properties and morphology traits in this nutrient-intense crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne C. Payne
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Graham J.J. Clarkson
- Vitacress Salads Ltd, Lower Link Farm, St Mary Bourne, Andover, Hampshire, SP11 6DB, UK
| | - Steve Rothwell
- Vitacress Salads Ltd, Lower Link Farm, St Mary Bourne, Andover, Hampshire, SP11 6DB, UK
| | - Gail Taylor
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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Rychlik J, Olejnik A, Olkowicz M, Kowalska K, Juzwa W, Myszka K, Dembczyński R, Moyer MP, Grajek W. Antioxidant capacity of broccoli sprouts subjected to gastrointestinal digestion. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:1892-1902. [PMID: 25186016 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Broccoli is a common vegetable recognized as a rich source of antioxidants. To date, research on the antioxidant properties of broccoli, predominantly conducted on extracts, has not considered the lesions of composition and this activity after gastrointestinal digestion. Here the stability of antioxidants during gastrointestinal digestion was evaluated in conjunction with the protective effects of broccoli sprouts (BS) against oxidative stress in human colon cells. RESULTS The obtained data suggest that, among the biocompounds identified in BS, glucosinolates were mainly degraded under gastrointestinal digestion, while phenolics, particularly hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, were the most resistant constituents. The antioxidant capacity of BS extract subjected to gastrointestinal digestion was similar to or higher than that determined for non-digested BS. Gastrointestinal digested BS extract exhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS)-inhibitory capacity in NCM460 human colon cells, with 1 mg mL(-1) showing an ROS clearance of 76.59%. A 57.33% reduction in oxidative DNA damage in NCM460 cells due to treatment with digested BS extract was observed. CONCLUSION The results lend support to the possible application of BS as a rich source of antioxidants to improve the defensive system against oxidative stress in the human colon mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rychlik
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, PL-60-627, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Olejnik
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, PL-60-627, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mariola Olkowicz
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, PL-60-627, Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kowalska
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, PL-60-627, Poznań, Poland
| | - Wojciech Juzwa
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, PL-60-627, Poznań, Poland
| | - Kamila Myszka
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, PL-60-627, Poznań, Poland
| | - Radosław Dembczyński
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, PL-60-627, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Włodzimierz Grajek
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, PL-60-627, Poznań, Poland
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Cytotoxic and Antitumor Activity of Sulforaphane: The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:402386. [PMID: 26185755 PMCID: PMC4491563 DOI: 10.1155/2015/402386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
According to recent estimates, cancer continues to remain the second leading cause of death and is becoming the leading one in old age. Failure and high systemic toxicity of conventional cancer therapies have accelerated the identification and development of innovative preventive as well as therapeutic strategies to contrast cancer-associated morbidity and mortality. In recent years, increasing body of in vitro and in vivo studies has underscored the cancer preventive and therapeutic efficacy of the isothiocyanate sulforaphane. In this review article, we highlight that sulforaphane cytotoxicity derives from complex, concurring, and multiple mechanisms, among which the generation of reactive oxygen species has been identified as playing a central role in promoting apoptosis and autophagy of target cells. We also discuss the site and the mechanism of reactive oxygen species' formation by sulforaphane, the toxicological relevance of sulforaphane-formed reactive oxygen species, and the death pathways triggered by sulforaphane-derived reactive oxygen species.
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56
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Zhang W, Dourado DF, Mannervik B. Evolution of the active site of human glutathione transferase A2-2 for enhanced activity with dietary isothiocyanates. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:742-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Williams JR, Rayburn JR, Cline GR, Sauterer R, Friedman M. Effect of allyl isothiocyanate on developmental toxicity in exposed Xenopus laevis embryos. Toxicol Rep 2014; 2:222-227. [PMID: 28962355 PMCID: PMC5598435 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pungent natural compound allyl isothiocyanate isolated from the seeds of Cruciferous (Brassica) plants such as mustard is reported to exhibit numerous beneficial health-promoting antimicrobial, antifungal, anticarcinogenic, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective properties. Because it is also reported to damage DNA and is toxic to aquatic organisms, the objective of the present study was to determine whether it possesses teratogenic properties. The frog embryo teratogenesis assay-Xenopus (FETAX) was used to determine the following measures of developmental toxicity of the allyl isothiocyanate: (a) 96-h LC50, defined as the median concentration causing 50% embryo lethality; (b) 96-h EC50, defined as the median concentration causing 50% malformations of the surviving embryos; and (c) teratogenic malformation index (TI), equal to 96-h LC50/96-h EC50. The quantitative results and the photographs of embryos before and after exposure suggest that allyl isothiocyanate seems to exhibit moderate teratogenic properties. The results also indicate differences in the toxicity of allyl isothiocyanate toward exposed embryos observed in the present study compared to reported adverse effects of allyl isothiocyanate in fish, rodents, and humans. The significance of the results for food safety and possible approaches to protect against adverse effects of allyl isothiocyanate are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James R. Rayburn
- Biology Department, Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, AL 36265, USA
| | - George R. Cline
- Biology Department, Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, AL 36265, USA
| | - Roger Sauterer
- Biology Department, Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, AL 36265, USA
| | - Mendel Friedman
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research, Western Regional Research Center, ARS-USDA, Albany, CA 94710, USA
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58
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Jung YJ, Jung JI, Cho HJ, Choi MS, Sung MK, Yu R, Kang YH, Park JHY. Berteroin present in cruciferous vegetables exerts potent anti-inflammatory properties in murine macrophages and mouse skin. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:20686-705. [PMID: 25393510 PMCID: PMC4264190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151120686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Berteroin (5-methylthiopentyl isothiocyanate) is a sulforaphane analog present in cruciferous vegetables, including Chinese cabbage, rucola salad leaves, and mustard oil. We examined whether berteroin exerts anti-inflammatory activities using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Raw 264.7 macrophages and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced mouse skin inflammation models. Berteroin decreased LPS-induced release of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines in Raw 264.7 macrophages. Berteroin inhibited LPS-induced degradation of inhibitor of κBα (IκBα) and nuclear factor-κB p65 translocation to the nucleus and DNA binding activity. Furthermore, berteroin suppressed degradation of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase and phosphorylation of transforming growth factor β activated kinase-1. Berteroin also inhibited LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, and AKT. In the mouse ear, berteroin effectively suppressed TPA-induced edema formation and down-regulated iNOS and COX-2 expression as well as phosphorylation of AKT and ERK1/2. These results demonstrate that berteroin exhibits potent anti-inflammatory properties and suggest that berteroin can be developed as a skin anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Jin Jung
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea.
| | - Jae In Jung
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea.
| | - Han Jin Cho
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea.
| | - Myung-Sook Choi
- Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research and Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
| | - Mi-Kyung Sung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea.
| | - Rina Yu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Korea.
| | - Young-Hee Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea.
| | - Jung Han Yoon Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea.
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Pistollato F, Battino M. Role of plant-based diets in the prevention and regression of metabolic syndrome and neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Turrini E, Ferruzzi L, Fimognari C. Natural compounds to overcome cancer chemoresistance: toxicological and clinical issues. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:1677-90. [PMID: 25339439 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.972933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Defects in initiating or executing cell death programs are responsible for cancer chemoresistance. The growing understanding of apoptotic programs suggests that compounds simultaneously inhibiting multiple signaling pathways might provide a better therapeutic outcome than that of individual inhibitors. AREAS COVERED Natural compounds can modulate different survival pathways, thus enhancing the therapeutic effects of anticancer treatments. This review provides an overview of the preclinical and clinical relevance of chemosensitization, giving special reference to curcumin (CUR) and sulforaphane (SFN) as agents to overcome apoptosis resistance against chemotherapy. EXPERT OPINION Even if CUR and SFN are common dietary constituents, they are characterized by several problems still unresolved and hampering their development as anticancer drugs. For a drug to be safe, it must be devoid of toxicity, and some studies conducted to date raises concern about CUR and SFN safety. Moreover, the efficacy of a drug, alone or in association, is usually determined by randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trials. No such trials have shown CUR and SFN to be effective so far. Thus, caution should be exercised when suggesting the use of CUR or SFN for cancer-related therapeutic purpose, especially for very early stage of malignancy, or in patients who are undergoing chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Turrini
- Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Department for Life Quality Studies , Rimini , Italy +39 0541 434658 ; +39 051 2095624 ;
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Herz C, Hertrampf A, Zimmermann S, Stetter N, Wagner M, Kleinhans C, Erlacher M, Schüler J, Platz S, Rohn S, Mersch-Sundermann V, Lamy E. The isothiocyanate erucin abrogates telomerase in hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and in an orthotopic xenograft tumour model of HCC. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:2393-403. [PMID: 25256442 PMCID: PMC4302645 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to cancer cells, most normal human cells have no or low telomerase levels which makes it an attractive target for anti-cancer drugs. The small molecule sulforaphane from broccoli is known for its cancer therapeutic potential in vitro and in vivo. In animals and humans it was found to be quickly metabolized into 4-methylthiobutyl isothiocyanate (MTBITC, erucin) which we recently identified as strong selective apoptosis inducer in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Here, we investigated the relevance of telomerase abrogation for cytotoxic efficacy of MTBITC against HCC. The drug was effective against telomerase, independent from TP53 and MTBITC also blocked telomerase in chemoresistant subpopulations. By using an orthotopic human liver cancer xenograft model, we give first evidence that MTBITC at 50 mg/KG b.w./d significantly decreased telomerase activity in vivo without affecting enzyme activity of adjacent normal tissue. Upon drug exposure, telomerase decrease was consistent with a dose-dependent switch to anti-survival, cell arrest and apoptosis in our in vitro HCC models. Blocking telomerase by the specific inhibitor TMPyP4 further sensitized cancer cells to MTBITC-mediated cytotoxicity. Overexpression of hTERT, but not enzyme activity deficient DNhTERT, protected against apoptosis; neither DNA damage nor cytostasis induction by MTBITC was prevented by hTERT overexpression. These findings imply that telomerase enzyme activity does not protect against MTBITC-induced DNA damage but impacts signalling processes upstream of apoptosis execution level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Herz
- Institute for Environmental Health Sciences and Hospital Infection Control, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
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Hanschen FS, Lamy E, Schreiner M, Rohn S. Reactivity and stability of glucosinolates and their breakdown products in foods. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:11430-50. [PMID: 25163974 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of glucosinolates and their behavior during food processing is very complex. Their instability leads to the formation of a bunch of breakdown and reaction products that are very often reactive themselves. Although excessive consumption of cabbage varieties has been thought for long time to have adverse, especially goitrogenic effects, nowadays, epidemiologic studies provide data that there might be beneficial health effects as well. Especially Brassica vegetables, such as broccoli, radish, or cabbage, are rich in these interesting plant metabolites. However, information on the bioactivity of glucosinolates is only valuable when one knows which compounds are formed during processing and subsequent consumption. This review provides a comprehensive, in-depth overview on the chemical reactivity of different glucosinolates and breakdown products thereof during food preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska S Hanschen
- Department of Quality, Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Großbeeren and Erfurt e.V. Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Großbeeren (Germany) http://www.igzev.de.
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63
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Hanschen FS, Lamy E, Schreiner M, Rohn S. Reaktivität und Stabilität von Glucosinolaten und ihren Abbauprodukten in Lebensmitteln. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fimognari C, Turrini E, Sestili P, Calcabrini C, Carulli G, Fontanelli G, Rousseau M, Cantelli-Forti G, Hrelia P. Antileukemic activity of sulforaphane in primary blasts from patients affected by myelo- and lympho-proliferative disorders and in hypoxic conditions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101991. [PMID: 25019218 PMCID: PMC4096754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane is a dietary isothiocyanate found in cruciferous vegetables showing antileukemic activity. With the purpose of extending the potential clinical impact of sulforaphane in the oncological field, we investigated the antileukemic effect of sulforaphane on blasts from patients affected by different types of leukemia and, taking into account the intrinsically hypoxic nature of bone marrow, on a leukemia cell line (REH) maintained in hypoxic conditions. In particular, we tested sulforaphane on patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and blastic NK cell leukemia. Sulforaphane caused a dose-dependent induction of apoptosis in blasts from patients diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic or myeloid leukemia. Moreover, it was able to cause apoptosis and to inhibit proliferation in hypoxic conditions on REH cells. As to its cytotoxic mechanism, we found that sulforaphane creates an oxidative cellular environment that induces DNA damage and Bax and p53 gene activation, which in turn helps trigger apoptosis. On the whole, our results raise hopes that sulforaphane might set the stage for a novel therapeutic principle complementing our growing armature against malignancies and advocate the exploration of sulforaphane in a broader population of leukemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Fimognari
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Eleonora Turrini
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Piero Sestili
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Cinzia Calcabrini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Carulli
- Division of Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Fontanelli
- Division of Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Martina Rousseau
- Division of Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giorgio Cantelli-Forti
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Patrizia Hrelia
- Department of Pharmacy and BioTechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Azarenko O, Jordan MA, Wilson L. Erucin, the major isothiocyanate in arugula (Eruca sativa), inhibits proliferation of MCF7 tumor cells by suppressing microtubule dynamics. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100599. [PMID: 24950293 PMCID: PMC4065051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of cruciferous vegetables is associated with reduced risk of various types of cancer. Isothiocyanates including sulforaphane and erucin are believed to be responsible for this activity. Erucin [1-isothiocyanato-4-(methylthio)butane], which is metabolically and structurally related to sulforaphane, is present in large quantities in arugula (Eruca sativa, Mill.), kohlrabi and Chinese cabbage. However, its cancer preventive mechanisms remain poorly understood. We found that erucin inhibits proliferation of MCF7 breast cancer cells (IC50 = 28 µM) in parallel with cell cycle arrest at mitosis (IC50 = 13 µM) and apoptosis, by a mechanism consistent with impairment of microtubule dynamics. Concentrations of 5-15 µM erucin suppressed the dynamic instability of microtubules during interphase in the cells. Most dynamic instability parameters were inhibited, including the rates and extents of growing and shortening, the switching frequencies between growing and shortening, and the overall dynamicity. Much higher erucin concentrations were required to reduce the microtubule polymer mass. In addition, erucin suppressed dynamic instability of microtubules reassembled from purified tubulin in similar fashion. The effects of erucin on microtubule dynamics, like those of sulforaphane, are similar qualitatively to those of much more powerful clinically-used microtubule-targeting anticancer drugs, including taxanes and the vinca alkaloids. The results suggest that suppression of microtubule dynamics by erucin and the resulting impairment of critically important microtubule-dependent cell functions such as mitosis, cell migration and microtubule-based transport may be important in its cancer preventive activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Azarenko
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Mary Ann Jordan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Leslie Wilson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Piekarska A, Kołodziejski D, Pilipczuk T, Bodnar M, Konieczka P, Kusznierewicz B, Hanschen FS, Schreiner M, Cyprys J, Groszewska M, Namieśnik J, Bartoszek A. The influence of selenium addition during germination ofBrassicaseeds on health-promoting potential of sprouts. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2014; 65:692-702. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2014.917148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Pterostilbene-isothiocyanate conjugate suppresses growth of prostate cancer cells irrespective of androgen receptor status. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93335. [PMID: 24699278 PMCID: PMC3974779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy and anti-hormonal therapies are the most common treatments for non-organ-confined prostate cancer (PCa). However, the effectiveness of these therapies is limited, thus necessitating the development of alternative approaches. The present study focused on analyzing the role of pterostilbene (PTER)-isothiocyanate (ITC) conjugate--a novel class of hybrid compound synthesized by appending an ITC moiety on PTER backbone--in regulating the functions of androgen receptor (AR), thereby causing apoptosis of PCa cells. The conjugate molecule caused 50% growth inhibition (IC50) at 40 ± 1.12 and 45 ± 1.50 μM in AR positive (LNCaP) and negative (PC-3) cells, respectively. The reduced proliferation of PC-3 as well as LNCaP cells by conjugate correlated with accumulation of cells in G2/M phase and induction of caspase dependent apoptosis. Both PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK pathways played an important and differential role in conjugate-induced apoptosis of these PCa cells. While the inhibitor of Akt (A6730) or Akt-specific small interference RNA (siRNA) greatly sensitized PC-3 cells to conjugate-induced apoptosis, on the contrary, apoptosis was accelerated by inhibition of ERK (by PD98059 or ERK siRNA) in case of LNCaP cells, both ultimately culminating in the expression of cleaved caspase-3 protein. Moreover, anti-androgenic activity of the conjugate was mediated by decreased expression of AR and its co-activators (SRC-1, GRIP-1), thus interfering in their interactions with AR. All these data suggests that conjugate-induced inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis are partly mediated by the down regulation of AR, Akt, and ERK signaling. These observations provide a rationale for devising novel therapeutic approaches for treating PCa by using conjugate alone or in combination with other therapeutics.
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Piberger AL, Köberle B, Hartwig A. The broccoli-born isothiocyanate sulforaphane impairs nucleotide excision repair: XPA as one potential target. Arch Toxicol 2013; 88:647-58. [PMID: 24352536 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The isothiocyanate sulforaphane (SFN), the major hydrolysis product of glucosinolates present in broccoli, has frequently been proposed to exert anticarcinogenic properties, mainly due to the induction of the nrf2/Keap1/ARE-signaling pathway. As potential underlying mechanism, a SFN-dependent zinc release from Keap1, the negative regulator of nrf2, has been described. This raises the question whether SFN is able to interfere with other zinc binding structures as well, for example those essential for DNA repair. Within this study, a SFN-induced deliberation of zinc from a synthesized peptide resembling the zinc binding domain of the xeroderma pigmentosum A (XPA) protein was observed starting at 50 μM SFN. Since XPA is absolutely required for nucleotide excision repair, the impact of SFN on the repair of (+)-anti-benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide ((+)-anti-BPDE)-induced DNA adducts in HCT 116 cells was investigated. While preincubation with SFN did not affect initial lesion levels, a dose-dependent repair inhibition of (+)-anti-BPDE-induced DNA damage during the first 12 h after lesion induction was observed, starting at 1 μM SFN. In contrast, the later phase of DNA repair was not impaired by SFN. In support of an inactivation of XPA also in cells, SFN increased the (+)-anti-BPDE-induced cytotoxicity XPA dependently in XP12RO cells. Comparison of p53-proficient and p53-deficient cells revealed no difference in SFN-induced DNA repair inhibition, indicating that p53 is no cellular target of SFN. Since DNA repair processes are required to maintain DNA integrity, the presented data suggest a potential impairment of genomic stability by SFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Liza Piberger
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Bioscience, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Extraction, chemical characterization and biological activity determination of broccoli health promoting compounds. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1313:78-95. [PMID: 23899380 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica) contains substantial amount of health-promoting compounds such as vitamins, glucosinolates, phenolic compounds, and dietary essential minerals; thus, it benefits health beyond providing just basic nutrition, and consumption of broccoli has been increasing over the years. This review gives an overview on the extraction and separation techniques, as well as the biological activity of some of the above mentioned compounds which have been published in the period January 2008 to January 2013. The work has been distributed according to the different families of health promoting compounds discussing the extraction procedures and the analytical techniques employed for their characterization. Finally, information about the different biological activities of these compounds has been also provided.
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Baer-Dubowska W, Szaefer H. Modulation of carcinogen-metabolizing cytochromes P450 by phytochemicals in humans. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:927-41. [PMID: 23634851 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.795219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytochrome P450 (CYP) families 1 - 3, besides oxidizing environmental and dietary chemicals, leading to their elimination, catalyze the bioactivation of exogenous as well as endogenous carcinogens. Phytochemicals, particularly those which are active food components, were shown to be able to affect specific CYP expression and/or activity in animal models and in human in vitro systems. Human intervention studies involving healthy volunteers were also performed. This review describes human CYP modulation by naturally occurring phytochemicals which can not only affect carcinogen metabolism in humans, but also change the drug response. AREAS COVERED The authors present an overview of carcinogens metabolizing human CYP modulation in different model systems as well as studies on human dietary intervention. Furthermore, the authors provide examples of the phytochemicals that affect CYP expression and activity. EXPERT OPINION CYP, which are involved in carcinogen activation, can metabolize a range of substrates and inducing CYP by one substrate may also increase the metabolism of another. The ultimate proof of the efficacy of CYP modulation strategy for chemoprevention may be provided by clinical trials involving risk populations, which are difficult to perform. The new human-like models are highly desired for the study of modulation of carcinogen-metabolizing CYP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Baer-Dubowska
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznań, Poland.
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Rajendran P, Kidane AI, Yu TW, Dashwood WM, Bisson WH, Löhr CV, Ho E, Williams DE, Dashwood RH. HDAC turnover, CtIP acetylation and dysregulated DNA damage signaling in colon cancer cells treated with sulforaphane and related dietary isothiocyanates. Epigenetics 2013; 8:612-23. [PMID: 23770684 PMCID: PMC3857341 DOI: 10.4161/epi.24710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) and acetyltransferases have important roles in the regulation of protein acetylation, chromatin dynamics and the DNA damage response. Here, we show in human colon cancer cells that dietary isothiocyanates (ITCs) inhibit HDAC activity and increase HDAC protein turnover with the potency proportional to alkyl chain length, i.e., AITC < sulforaphane (SFN) < 6-SFN < 9-SFN. Molecular docking studies provided insights into the interactions of ITC metabolites with HDAC3, implicating the allosteric site between HDAC3 and its co-repressor. ITCs induced DNA double-strand breaks and enhanced the phosphorylation of histone H2AX, ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) and checkpoint kinase-2 (CHK2). Depending on the ITC and treatment conditions, phenotypic outcomes included cell growth arrest, autophagy and apoptosis. Coincident with the loss of HDAC3 and HDAC6, as well as SIRT6, ITCs enhanced the acetylation and subsequent degradation of critical repair proteins, such as CtIP, and this was recapitulated in HDAC knockdown experiments. Importantly, colon cancer cells were far more susceptible than non-cancer cells to ITC-induced DNA damage, which persisted in the former case but was scarcely detectable in non-cancer colonic epithelial cells under the same conditions. Future studies will address the mechanistic basis for dietary ITCs preferentially exploiting HDAC turnover mechanisms and faulty DNA repair pathways in colon cancer cells vs. normal cells.
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Differential modulation of dibenzo[def,p]chrysene transplacental carcinogenesis: maternal diets rich in indole-3-carbinol versus sulforaphane. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 270:60-9. [PMID: 23566957 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cruciferous vegetable components have been documented to exhibit anticancer properties. Targets of action span multiple mechanisms deregulated during cancer progression, ranging from altered carcinogen metabolism to the restoration of epigenetic machinery. Furthermore, the developing fetus is highly susceptible to changes in nutritional status and to environmental toxicants. Thus, we have exploited a mouse model of transplacental carcinogenesis to assess the impact of maternal dietary supplementation on cancer risk in offspring. In this study, transplacental and lactational exposure to a maternal dose of 15mg/Kg B.W. of dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC) resulted in significant morbidity of offspring due to an aggressive T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. As in previous studies, indole-3-carbinol (I3C, feed to the dam at 100, 500 or 1000ppm), derived from cruciferous vegetables, dose-dependently reduced lung tumor multiplicity and also increased offspring survival. Brussels sprout and broccoli sprout powders, selected for their relative abundance of I3C and the bioactive component sulforaphane (SFN), respectively, surprisingly enhanced DBC-induced morbidity and tumorigenesis when incorporated into the maternal diet at 10% wt/wt. Purified SFN, incorporated in the maternal diet at 400ppm, also decreased the latency of DBC-dependent morbidity. Interestingly, I3C abrogated the effect of SFN when the two purified compounds were administered in equimolar combination (500ppm I3C and 600ppm SFN). SFN metabolites measured in the plasma of neonates positively correlated with exposure levels via the maternal diet but not with offspring mortality. These findings provide justification for further study of the safety and bioactivity of cruciferous vegetable phytochemicals at supplemental concentrations during the perinatal period.
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Protective effect of Tuscan black cabbage sprout extract against serum lipid increase and perturbations of liver antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes in rats fed a high-fat diet. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:988-97. [PMID: 23433361 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A diet rich in fat is considered a primary risk factor for CVD, cancer and failures in metabolism and endocrine functions. Hyperlipidaemia generates oxidative stress and weakens antioxidant defences as well as metabolic detoxification systems. Brassicaceae are vegetables rich in glucosinolates and isothiocyanates, affecting enzymatic antioxidant as well as phase II enzymes and conceivably counteracting high-fat diet (HFD)-associated pathologies. The protective role of Tuscan black cabbage (a variety of kale) sprout extract (TBCSE) intake against HFD alterations was here studied. The effects on rat hepatic antioxidant as well as detoxifying enzymes, and serum lipid- and body weightlowering properties of TBCSE, were investigated. Feeding the animals with a HFD for 21 d increased body as well as liver weights, and induced hyperlipidaemia, as confirmed by a higher serum lipid profile v. control diet. Daily intragastric administration of TBCSE to HFD-fed rats lowered serum total cholesterol, TAG and NEFA. Body and liver weight gains were also reduced. Antioxidant (catalase, NAD(P)H:quinone reductase, oxidised glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase) and phase II (glutathione S-transferase and uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase) enzymes were down-regulated by the HFD, while the extract restored normal levels in most groups. Generation of toxic intermediates, and membrane fatty acid composition changes by the HFD, might account for the altered hepatic antioxidant and detoxifying enzyme functions. The recovering effects of TBCSE could be attributed to high flavonoid, phenolic and organosulphur compound content, which possess free-radical-scavenging properties, enhance the antioxidant status and stimulate lipid catabolism. TBCSE intake emerges to be an effective alimentary strategy to counteract the perturbations associated with a diet rich in fat.
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Papi A, Farabegoli F, Iori R, Orlandi M, De Nicola GR, Bagatta M, Angelino D, Gennari L, Ninfali P. Vitexin-2-O-xyloside, raphasatin and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate synergistically affect cell growth and apoptosis of colon cancer cells. Food Chem 2012; 138:1521-30. [PMID: 23411276 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic effects of the combination of the food components vitexin-2-O-xyloside (X), raphasatin (4-methylsulphanyl-3-butenyl isothiocyanates; G) and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (E) were investigated in colon (LoVo and CaCo-2) and breast (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) cancer cells. Breast cancer cells were more resistant than colon cells to X, G and E inhibition. On the contrary, marked synergistic effects among X, G and E on cell growth were found in both colon cancer cells. Further analysis revealed a G0/G1 arrest of the phase cell progression and apoptosis, linked to modulation of Bax, Bcl2, caspase-9 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase as well as Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation in both colon cancer cells, whereas apoptosis and ROS were not significantly detected in normal human lymphocytes. We conclude that the X, G and E mixture might act by mitochondrial pathway activation of apoptosis, possibly elicited by ROS and the mixture may be effective in the chemoprevention of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Papi
- Department of Experimental Evolutive Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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