Graphene and its derivatives: Opportunities and challenges in dentistry

Graphene-Based Materials in Dental Applications: Antibacterial, Biocompatible, and Bone Regenerative Properties

Graphene-based materials have been shown to have advantageous properties in biomedical and dental applications due to their high mechanical, physiochemical, antibacterial, and stem cell differentiating properties. Although graphene-based materials have displayed appropriate biocompatible properties when used in implant materials for orthopedic applications, little research has been performed to specifically test the biocompatibility of graphene for dental applications. The oral environment, compared to the body, varies greatly and must be considered when evaluating biocompatibility requirements for dental applications. This review will discuss in vitro and in vivo studies that assess graphene's cytotoxicity, antibacterial properties, and cell differentiation ability to evaluate the overall biocompatibility of graphene-based materials for dental applications. Particle shape, size, and concentration were found to be major factors that affected overall biocompatibility of graphene.

Chitosan/Xanthan/Hydroxyapatite-graphene oxide porous scaffold associated with mesenchymal stem cells for dentin-pulp complex regeneration

The aim of this paper was to synthesize and characterize polymeric scaffolds of Chitosan/Xanthan/Hydroxyapatite-Graphene Oxide nanocomposite associated with mesenchymal stem cells for regenerative dentistry application. The chitosan-xanthan gum (CX) complex was associated with Hydroxyapatite-Graphene Oxide (HA-GO) nanocomposite with different Graphene Oxides (GO) concentration (0.5 wt%; 1.0 wt%; 1.5 wt%). The scaffolds characterizations were performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contact angle. The mechanical properties were assessed by compressive strength. The in vitro bioactivity and the in vitro cytotoxicity test (MTT test) were analyzed as well. The data was submitted to the Normality and Homogeneity tests. In vitro Indirect Cytotoxicity assay data was statistically analyzed by ANOVA two-way, followed by Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Compressive strength and contact angle data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's test (α = 0.05). XRD showed the presence of Hydroxyapatite (HA) peaks in the structures CXHA, CXHAGO 0.5%,1.0% and 1.5%. FT-IR showed amino and carboxylic bands characteristic of CX. Raman spectroscopy analysis evidenced a high quality of the GO. In the TGA it was observed the mass loss associated with the CX degradation by depolymerization. SEM analysis showed pores in the scaffolds, in addition to HA incorporated and adhered to the polymer. Contact angle test showed that scaffolds have a hydrophilic characteristic, with the CX group the highest contact angle and CXHA the lowest (p < 0.05). 1.0 wt% GO significantly increased the compressive strength compared to other compositions. In the bioactivity test, the apatite crystals precipitation on the scaffold surface was observed. MTT test showed high cell viability in CXHAGO 1.0% and CXHAGO 1.5% scaffold. CXHAGO scaffolds are promising for regenerative dentistry application because they have morphological characteristics, mechanical and biological properties favorable for the regeneration process.

Graphene oxide nanoarchitectures in cancer biology: Nano-modulators of autophagy and apoptosis

Nanotechnology is a growing field, with many potential biomedical applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of different diseases, particularly cancer, on the horizon. Graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles can act as carbon-based nanocarriers with advantages such as a large surface area, good mechanical strength, and the capacity for surface modification. These nanostructures have been extensively used in cancer therapy for drug and gene delivery, photothermal therapy, overcoming chemotherapy resistance, and for imaging procedures. In the current review, we focus on the biological functions of GO nanoparticles as regulators of apoptosis and autophagy, the two major forms of programmed cell death. GO nanoparticles can either induce or inhibit autophagy in cancer cells, depending on the conditions. By stimulating autophagy, GO nanocarriers can promote the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy. However, by impairing autophagy flux, GO nanoparticles can reduce cell survival and enhance inflammation. Similarly, GO nanomaterials can increase ROS production and induce DNA damage, thereby sensitizing cancer cells to apoptosis. In vitro and in vivo experiments have investigated whether GO nanomaterials show any toxicity in major body organs, such as the brain, liver, spleen, and heart. Molecular pathways, such as ATG, MAPK, JNK, and Akt, can be regulated by GO nanomaterials, leading to effects on autophagy and apoptosis. These topics are discussed in this review to shed some lights towards the biomedical potential of GO nanoparticles and their biocompatibility, paving the way for their future application in clinical trials.

Evaluation of the Effect of Nanoparticle Graphene Oxide on Flexural Strength of Glass Ionomer Cements

Aim

Glass ionomer (GIC) is a widely used restorative material in dentistry, but it has relatively weak mechanical properties. In this research, the effect of graphene oxide (GO) on the flexural strength of GIC was investigated.

Materials and Methods

In this experimental study, 60 GIC samples in 6 groups of 10 were prepared, including Group 1: control conventional glass ionomer (CGIC), Group 2: CGIC + 1% wt of GO, Group 3: CGIC + 2% wt of GO, Group 4: control resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI), Group 5: RMGI + 1% wt of GO, and Group 6: RMGI + 2% wt of GO. The samples were kept for 24 hours. The flexural strength of the samples was measured by using a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and posthoc Tukey test. (P < 0.05).

Results

In the RMGI groups, the mean flexural strength value of the RMGI + 2% GO group was significantly higher than that of the RMGI control group (P=0.027). In the comparison of RMGI groups with their corresponding CGIC groups, the mean flexural strength values of all RMGI groups were significantly more than CGIC groups (P < 0.001). RMGI + 1% GO was not significantly different from control RMGI and RMGI + 2% GO (P=0.802, P=0.395, respectively). There was no significant difference between CGIC groups.

Conclusion

Adding 2% by weight of GO to RMGI increases the flexural strength of RMGI, which could be of great importance in clinical practice in order to reinforce the mechanical properties of this dental material. The flexural strength of RMGI is higher than that of CGIC.

In Vitro Mechanical Properties of a Novel Graphene-Reinforced PMMA-Based Dental Restorative Material

Recent studies suggest that the incorporation of graphene in resin-based dental materials might enhance their mechanical properties and even decrease their degree of contraction during polymerization. The present study aimed at comparing the three-point flexural strength (FS), the compressive strength (CS), and the Vickers hardness (VH) of a CAD/CAM poly-methylmethacrylate (PMMA)-based resin, a recently introduced graphene-reinforced CAD/CAM PMMA-based resin (G-PMMA), and a conventional dental bis-acryl composite resin (BACR). No significant differences (p > 0.05) were detected among the materials in terms of flexural strength. On the other hand, a mean flexural modulus value of 9920.1 MPa was recorded in BACR group, significantly higher compared to the flexural modulus detected for G-PMMA (2670.2 MPa) and for conventional PMMA (2505.3) (p < 0.05). In terms of compressive modulus (MPa) and compressive strength (MPa), BACR was significantly stiffer than PMMA and G-PMMA. Concerning VH measurements, a significantly increased hardness emerged comparing the BACR group (VH 98.19) to both PMMA and G-PMMA groups (VH 34.16 and 34.26, respectively). Based on the finding of the present study, the graphene-reinforced (PMMA)-based polymer herein tested was not superior to the conventional PMMA and seemed not able to be considered as an alternative material for permanent restorations, at least in terms of hardness and mechanical response to compressive stress. More research on the mechanical/biological properties of G-PMMAs (and on graphene as a filler) seems still necessary to better clarify their potential as dental restorative materials.

Graphene and its derivatives: "one stone, three birds" strategy for orthopedic implant-associated infections

Orthopedic implants provide an avascular surface for microbial attachment and biofilm formation, impeding the entry of immune cells and the diffusion of antibiotics. The above is an important cause of dental and orthopedic implant-associated infection (IAI). For the prevention and treatment of IAI, the drawbacks of antibiotic resistance and surgical treatment are increasingly apparent. Due to their outstanding biological properties such as biocompatibility, immunomodulatory effects, and antibacterial properties, graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs) have been applied to bone tissue engineering to deal with IAI, and in particular have great potential application in drug/gene carriers, multi-functional platforms, and coating forms. Here we review the latest research progress and achievements in GBNs for the prevention and treatment of IAI, mainly including their biomedical applications for antibacterial and immunomodulation effects, and for inducing osteogenesis. Furthermore, the biosafety of graphene family materials in bone tissue regeneration and the feasibility of clinical application are critically analyzed and discussed.

Adsorption and membrane separation for removal and recovery of volatile organic compounds

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a crucial kind of pollutants in the environment due to their obvious features of severe toxicity, high volatility, and poor degradability. It is particularly urgent to control the emission of VOCs due to the persistent increase of concentration and the stringent regulations. In China, clear directions and requirements for reduction of VOCs have been given in the "national plan on environmental improvement for the 13th Five-Year Plan period". Therefore, the development of efficient technologies for removal and recovery of VOCs is of great significance. Recovery technologies are favored by researchers due to their advantages in both recycling VOCs and reducing carbon emissions. Among them, adsorption and membrane separation processes have been extensively studied due to their remarkable industrial prospects. This overview was to provide an up-to-date progress of adsorption and membrane separation for removal and recovery of VOCs. Firstly, adsorption and membrane separation were found to be the research hotspots through bibliometric analysis. Then, a comprehensive understanding of their mechanisms, factors, and current application statuses was discussed. Finally, the challenges and perspectives in this emerging field were briefly highlighted.

Evaluation of Cytotoxic Effect of Graphene Oxide Added to Mineral Trioxide Aggregate

Aim:

Recently, although studies have shown that biomaterials containing graphene oxide (GO) in biomedicine stand out for their positive effects, the effect of GO on dental tissues when used with dental materials is not well known. The aim of this study was an evaluation of the cytotoxic effects of GO on gingival fibroblasts when it is combined in two different ratios with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA).

Materials and Methods:

In this in-vitro study, a homogenous mixture of adding +0.1 weight (wt)% and +0.3 wt% GO to Angelus MTA was created (two experimental groups) and compared with pure Angelus MTA and negative control groups. The materials were mixed according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and Teflon molds were used to form 24 disc-shaped samples for each group. The samples were divided into groups according to the simple random sampling method. The cytotoxic effect of samples was determined on gingival fibroblast cells by using the MTT test, and total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) kits in 24 and 72 hours. The data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests.

Results:

A significant difference was found between the material-applied groups and the control group at the TAC 24 and 72 hours and between the groups containing GO and the control group at the MTT 72 hours and TAC and TOS 24 and 72 hours ( p < .05).

Conclusion:

The addition of GO to MTA increased the dose and time-based toxicity and oxidant amount, and decreased antioxidant capacity.

Effect of Fluorographene Addition on Mechanical and Adhesive Properties of a New Core Build-Up Composite

This study aims to develop a restorative material having such mechanical and adhesive properties that it can be used both as a reconstruction material and as a luting cement. The experimental core build-up composite (CBC) was derived from a self-adhesive cement by the modification of its chemical formula, requiring the use of dedicated dentin and ceramic primers. The adhesive properties to zirconia and dentin were analyzed with a micro-Shear Bond Strength test (mSBS). The mechanical properties were analyzed by a flexural strength test. The results were compared with those obtained for other commercially available cements and core build-up materials, both before and after addition of 2 wt.% fluorographene. The CBC obtained average values in the mSBS of 49.7 ± 4.74 MPa for zirconia and 32.2 ± 4.9 MPa for dentin, as well as values of 110.9 ± 9.3 MPa for flexural strength and 6170.8 ± 703.2 MPa for Young's modulus. The addition of fluorographene, while increasing the Young's modulus of the core build-up composite by 10%, did not improve the adhesive capabilities of the primers and cement on either zirconia or dentin. The CBC showed adhesive and mechanical properties adequate both for a restoration material and a luting cement. The addition of 2 wt.% fluorographene was shown to interfere with the polymerization reaction of the material, suggesting the need for further studies.

Chitosan/Xanthan membrane containing hydroxyapatite/Graphene oxide nanocomposite for guided bone regeneration

OBJECTIVE

To develop a chitosan-xanthan (CX) membrane associated with Hydroxyapatite (HA) and different concentrations of graphene oxide (GO).

METHODOLOGY

The CX complex was associated with the hydroxyapatite-graphene oxide (HAGO) nanocomposite in different concentrations. The experimental groups were:1) CX; 2) Chitosan-Xanthan/Hydroxyapatite (CXHA); 3) Chitosan-Xanthan/Hydroxyapatite-Graphene Oxide 0.5% (CXHAGO 0.5%); 4) CXHAGO 1.0%; 5) CXHAGO 1.5%. The membranes characterizations were performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Contact angle, Tensile Strength, in vitro Bioactivity and the in vitro Cell viability (MTT test). The data was submitted to the Normality and Homogeneity tests. In vitro Indirect Cytotoxicity assay data was statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Tensile Strength and Contact Angle data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (α = 0.05).

RESULTS

XRD, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the characteristic bands of the CX polymeric complex, the phosphate bands related to HA, and the presence of GO. SEM images demonstrated the non-porous and homogeneous surface of membranes. The contact angle test showed the hydrophilic characteristic of all membranes (p > 0.05). CX showed tensile strength significantly higher than other membranes. The apatite deposition was observed in all membranes after performing the bioactivity test. The cell viability of CXHAGO 1.0% and CXHAGO 1.5% was significantly higher than CX.

CONCLUSION

The addition of HAGO reduced the mechanical strength of membranes, but improved its cell viability. It demonstrated the potential of CXHAGO membranes to be used in guided bone regeneration therapies.

When 2D nanomaterials meet biomolecules: design strategies and hybrid nanostructures for bone tissue engineering

2D nanomaterials show great potential in biomedical applications due to their unique physical and chemical surface properties. This review includes typical 2D nanomaterials used in bone tissue engineering (BTE), such as graphene oxide, hexagonal boron nitride, molybdenum disulfide, black phosphorus, and MXenes. Moreover, the construction methods of BTE materials with 2D nanosheets are analyzed. Before designing a BTE material, it is essential to understand the relationship between the material structure and properties. Notably, 2D nanomaterials can be hybridized with biomaterials, such as polypeptides, proteins, and polysaccharides, to improve biocompatibility and host responses. The effects of the surface properties and size of 2D nanomaterials on cellular behavior, gene expression, antibacterial properties, and cytotoxicity in BTE applications are also discussed. This work provides new design ideas and directions for constructing 2D nanomaterial-based BTE scaffolds.

Microgels based on 0D-3D carbon materials: Synthetic techniques, properties, applications, and challenges

Microgels are three-dimensional (3D) colloidal hydrogel particles with outstanding features such as biocompatibility, good mechanical properties, tunable sizes from submicrometer to tens of nanometers, and large surface areas. Because of these unique qualities, microgels have been widely used in various applications. Carbon-based materials (CMs) with various dimensions (0-3D) have recently been investigated as promising candidates for the design and fabrication of microgels because of their large surface area, excellent conductivity, unique chemical stability, and low cost. Here, we provide a critical review of the specific characteristics of CMs that are being incorporated into microgels, as well as the state-of-the art applications of CM-microgels in pollutant adsorption and photodegradation, H₂ evoluation, CO₂ capture, soil conditioners, water retention, drug delivery, cell encapsulation, and tissue engineering. Advanced preparation techniques for CM-microgel systems are also summarized and discussed. Finally, challenges related to the low colloidal stability of CM-microgels and development strategies are examined. This review shows that CM-microgels have the potential to be widely used in various practical applications.

An Update on Graphene Oxide: Applications and Toxicity

Graphene oxide (GO) has attracted much attention in the past few years because of its interesting and promising electrical, thermal, mechanical, and structural properties. These properties can be altered, as GO can be readily functionalized. Brodie synthesized the GO in 1859 by reacting graphite with KClO3 in the presence of fuming HNO3; the reaction took 3-4 days to complete at 333 K. Since then, various schemes have been developed to reduce the reaction time, increase the yield, and minimize the release of toxic byproducts (NO2 and N2O4). The modified Hummers method has been widely accepted to produce GO in bulk. Due to its versatile characteristics, GO has a wide range of applications in different fields like tissue engineering, photocatalysis, catalysis, and biomedical applications. Its porous structure is considered appropriate for tissue and organ regeneration. Various branches of tissue engineering are being extensively explored, such as bone, neural, dentistry, cartilage, and skin tissue engineering. The band gap of GO can be easily tuned, and therefore it has a wide range of photocatalytic applications as well: the degradation of organic contaminants, hydrogen generation, and CO2 reduction, etc. GO could be a potential nanocarrier in drug delivery systems, gene delivery, biological sensing, and antibacterial nanocomposites due to its large surface area and high density, as it is highly functionalized with oxygen-containing functional groups. GO or its composites are found to be toxic to various biological species and as also discussed in this review. It has been observed that superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels gradually increase over a period after GO is introduced in the biological systems. Hence, GO at specific concentrations is toxic for various species like earthworms, Chironomus riparius, Zebrafish, etc.

Nanomaterials in Scaffolds for Periodontal Tissue Engineering: Frontiers and Prospects

The regeneration of periodontium represents important challenges to controlling infection and achieving functional regeneration. It has been recognized that tissue engineering plays a vital role in the treatment of periodontal defects, profiting from scaffolds that create the right microenvironment and deliver signaling molecules. Attributable to the excellent physicochemical and antibacterial properties, nanomaterials show great potential in stimulating tissue regeneration in tissue engineering. This article reviewed the up-to-date development of nanomaterials in scaffolds for periodontal tissue engineering. The paper also represented the merits and defects of different materials, among which the biocompatibility, antibacterial properties, and regeneration ability were discussed in detail. To optimize the project of choosing materials and furthermore lay the foundation for constructing a series of periodontal tissue engineering scaffolds, various nanomaterials and their applications in periodontal regeneration were introduced.

The design, construction and application of graphene family composite nanocoating on dental metal surface

Enhancement of the biological and mechanical properties of dental metals is important for accommodation with therapeutic schemes in different stomatological disciplines. Nanocoatings based on graphene family nanomaterials (GFNs) improve the topological structure and physicochemical properties of metal surfaces, endowing them with new properties while maintaining inherent mechanical properties. Nano-composite coatings, composed of GFNs with one or more type of polymer, metal, oxide, and inorganic nonmetallic compound, offer more matching modification schemes to meet multifunctional oral treatment requirements (e.g., anti-bacterial and anti-corrosive activity, osteogenesis and angiogenesis). This review describes recent progress in the development of GFN composite nanocoatings for the modification of dental metals, focus on biological effects in clinical settings. Underlying molecular mechanisms, critical modification schemes, and technical innovation in preparation methods are also discussed. The key parameters of GFN composite nanocoating surface modification are summarized according to effects on cellular responses and antibacterial activity. This review provides a theoretical reference for the optimization of the biological effects and application of GFN composite nanocoatings for dental metals, and the promotion of the environmentally friendly large-scale production of high-quality multifunctional GFN-based nanocoatings in the field of oral science.

Graphene Oxide Loaded on TiO2-Nanotube-Modified Ti Regulates the Behavior of Human Gingival Fibroblasts

Surface topography, protein adsorption, and the loading of coating materials can affect soft tissue sealing. Graphene oxide (GO) is a promising candidate for improving material surface functionalization to facilitate soft tissue integration between cells and biomaterials. In this study, TiO₂ nanotubes (TNTs) were prepared by the anodization of Ti, and TNT-graphene oxide composites (TNT-GO) were prepared by subsequent electroplating. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of TNTs and TNT-GO surface modifications on the behavior of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). Commercially pure Ti and TNTs were used as the control group, and the TNT-GO surface was used as the experimental group. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction were used to perform sample characterization. Cell adhesion, cell proliferation, cell immunofluorescence staining, a wound-healing assay, real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and Western blotting showed that the proliferation, adhesion, migration, and adhesion-related relative gene expression of HGFs on TNT-GO were significantly enhanced compared to the control groups, which may be mediated by the activation of integrin β1 and the MAPK-Erk1/2 pathway. Our findings suggest that the biological reactivity of HGFs can be enhanced by the TNT-GO surface, thereby improving the soft tissue sealing ability.

Preparation of graphene oxide/polydopamine-curcumin composite nanomaterials and its antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus induced by white light

Curcumin (Cur) plays a key role in photodynamic antibacterial activity as a photosensitizer. On the other hand, the antimicrobial potential of graphene oxide (GO) has been reported controversially, and how to improve its antimicrobial ability has become an meaningful study. In this study, we prepared polydopamine-curcumin (PDA-Cur) by pi-pi stacking and loaded it onto the GO surface to obtain GO/PDA-Cur composite nanomaterials. GO/PDA-Cur was characterized by physical and optical means, and GO/PDA-Cur possessed good dispersion and stability in water. In vitro antibacterial results showed that GO/PDA-Cur mediated photodynamic therapy significantly reduced Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) by 4 orders of magnitude with a bactericidal rate of 99.99 %. The antibacterial mechanism stems from the fact that GO/PDA-Cur can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) under white light irradiation (405-780 nm), which causes bacterial outer membrane breakage and cellular deformation. In addition, GO/PDA-Cur has good biocompatibility. The antibacterial ability of graphene oxide was significantly improved by combining it with PDA-Cur, which allows it to be used as a photodynamic antibacterial material.

Understanding the bidirectional interactions between two-dimensional materials, microorganisms, and the immune system

Two-dimensional (2D) materials such as the graphene-based materials, transition metal dichalcogenides, transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes), black phosphorus, hexagonal boron nitride, and others have attracted considerable attention due to their unique physicochemical properties. This is true not least in the field of medicine. Understanding the interactions between 2D materials and the immune system is therefore of paramount importance. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests that 2D materials may interact with microorganisms - pathogens as well as commensal bacteria that dwell in and on our body. We discuss the interplay between 2D materials, the immune system, and the microbial world in order to bring a systems perspective to bear on the biological interactions of 2D materials. The use of 2D materials as vectors for drug delivery and as immune adjuvants in tumor vaccines, and 2D materials to counteract inflammation and promote tissue regeneration, are explored. The bio-corona formation on and biodegradation of 2D materials, and the reciprocal interactions between 2D materials and microorganisms, are also highlighted. Finally, we consider the future challenges pertaining to the biomedical applications of various classes of 2D materials.

A novel, highly sensitive electrochemical 1,4-dioxane sensor based on reduced graphene oxide-curcumin nanocomposite

1,4-Dioxane is a carcinogenic, non-biodegradable, organic water pollutant which is used as a solvent in various industries. It is also formed as an undesired by-product in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry. Given its carcinogenicity and ability to pollute, it is desirable to develop a sensitive and selective sensor to detect it in drinking water and other water bodies. Current works on this sensor are very few and involve complex metal oxide composite systems. A sensitive electrochemical sensor for 1,4-dioxane was developed by modifying a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with a reduced graphene oxide–curcumin (rGO–CM) nanocomposite synthesized by a simple solution approach. The prepared rGO–CM was characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The rGO–CM/GCE sensor was employed for the detection of 1,4-dioxane in the range of 0.1–100 μM. Although, the detection range is narrower compared to reported literature, the sensitivity obtained for the proposed sensor is far superior. Moreover, the limit of detection (0.13 μM) is lower than the dioxane detection target defined by the World Health Organization (0.56 μM). The proposed rGO–CM/GCE also showed excellent stability and good recovery values in real sample (tap water and drinking water) analysis.

Reduced graphene oxide–curcumin (rGO–CM) nanocomposite was prepared from graphite oxide using curcumin. The rGO–CM/GCE was used for highly sensitive 1,4-dioxane detection. The LOD obtained (0.13 μM) was lower than the WHO guideline value.

Antiferromagnetic ordering in the TM-adsorbed AlN monolayer (TM = V and Cr)

In this work, the effects of transition metal (TM = V and Cr) adsorption on AlN monolayer electronic and magnetic properties are investigated using first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations. TMs prefer to be adsorbed on-top of a bridge position as indicated by the calculated adsorption energy. V adatoms induce half-metallicity, while Cr adatoms metallize the monolayer. The magnetic properties are produced mainly by the V and Cr adatoms with magnetic moments of 3.72 and 4.53 μ_B, respectively. Further investigation indicates that antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordering is energetically more favorable than ferromagnetic (FM) ordering. In both cases, the AFM state is stabilized upon increasing adatom coverage. The AlN monolayer becomes an AFM semiconductor with 0.5 ML of V adatom, and metallic nature is induced with 1.0 ML. Meanwhile, the degree of metallicity increases with increasing Cr adatoms. Results reported herein may provide a feasible new approach to functionalize AlN monolayers for spintronic applications.

The effects of transition metal (TM = V and Cr) adsorption on AlN monolayer electronic and magnetic properties are investigated using first-principles density functional theory calculations.

Knowledge Domain and Hotspots Predict Concerning Electroactive Biomaterials Applied in Tissue Engineering: A Bibliometric and Visualized Analysis From 2011 to 2021

Objective: Electroactive biomaterials used in tissue engineering have been extensively studied. Electroactive biomaterials have unique potential advantages in cell culture and tissue regeneration, which have attracted the attention of medical researchers worldwide. Therefore, it is important to understand the global scientific output regarding this topic. An analysis of publications on electroactive biomaterials used in tissue engineering over the past decade was performed, and the results were summarised to track the current hotspots and highlight future directions.

Methods: Globally relevant publications on electroactive biomaterials used in tissue engineering between 2011 and 2021 were extracted from the Web of Science database. The VOSviewer software and CiteSpace were employed to visualise and predict trends in research on the topic.

Results: A total of 3,374 publications were screened. China contributed the largest number of publications (995) and citations (1581.95, actual value ×0.05). The United States achieved the highest H-index (440 actual values ×0.05). The journal Materials Science &amp; Engineering C-materials for Biological Applications (IF = 7.328) published the most studies on this topic (150). The Chinese Academy of Science had the largest number of publications (107) among all institutions. The publication titled Nanotechnological strategies for engineering complex tissues by Dir, T of the United States had the highest citation frequency (985 times). Regarding the function of electroactive materials, the keyword “sensors” emerged in recent years. Regarding the characterisation of electroactive materials, the keyword “water contact angle” appeared lately. Regarding electroactive materials in nerve and cardiac tissue engineering, the keywords “silk fibroin and conductive hydrogel” appeared recently. Regarding the application of electroactive materials in bone tissue engineering, the keyword “angiogenesis” emerged in recent years. The current research trend indicates that although new functional materials are constantly being developed, attention should also be paid to their application and transformation in tissue engineering.

Conclusion: The number of publications on electroactive biomaterials used in tissue engineering is expected to increase in the future. Topics like sensors, water contact angle, angiogenesis, silk fibroin, and conductive hydrogels are expected to be the focuses of research in the future; attention should also be paid to the application and transformation of electroactive materials, particularly bone tissue engineering. Moreover, further development of the field requires joint efforts from all disciplines.

Graphene-Based Biosensors for Molecular Chronic Inflammatory Disease Biomarker Detection

Chronic inflammatory diseases, such as cancer, diabetes mellitus, stroke, ischemic heart diseases, neurodegenerative conditions, and COVID-19 have had a high number of deaths worldwide in recent years. The accurate detection of the biomarkers for chronic inflammatory diseases can significantly improve diagnosis, as well as therapy and clinical care in patients. Graphene derivative materials (GDMs), such as pristine graphene (G), graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), have shown tremendous benefits for biosensing and in the development of novel biosensor devices. GDMs exhibit excellent chemical, electrical and mechanical properties, good biocompatibility, and the facility of surface modification for biomolecular recognition, opening new opportunities for simple, accurate, and sensitive detection of biomarkers. This review shows the recent advances, properties, and potentialities of GDMs for developing robust biosensors. We show the main electrochemical and optical-sensing methods based on GDMs, as well as their design and manufacture in order to integrate them into robust, wearable, remote, and smart biosensors devices. We also describe the current application of such methods and technologies for the biosensing of chronic disease biomarkers. We also describe the current application of such methods and technologies for the biosensing of chronic disease biomarkers with improved sensitivity, reaching limits of detection from the nano to atto range concentration.

Graphene-Oxide-Enriched Biomaterials: A Focus on Osteo and Chondroinductive Properties and Immunomodulation

Due to its exceptional physical properties, such as high electronic conductivity, good thermal stability, excellent mechanical strength, and chemical versatility, graphene has sparked a lot of interest in the scientific community for various applications. It has therefore been employed as an antibacterial agent, in photothermal therapy (PTT) and biosensors, in gene delivery systems, and in tissue engineering for regenerative purposes. Since it was first discovered in 1947, different graphene derivatives have been synthetized from pristine graphene. The most adaptable derivate is graphene oxide (GO). Owing to different functional groups, the amphiphilic structure of GO can interact with cells and exogenous or endogenous growth/differentiation factors, allowing cell adhesion, growth, and differentiation. When GO is used as a coating for scaffolds and nanomaterials, it has been found to enhance bone, chondrogenic, cardiac, neuronal, and skin regeneration. This review focuses on the applications of graphene-based materials, in particular GO, as a coating for scaffolds in bone and chondrogenic tissue engineering and summarizes the most recent findings. Moreover, novel developments on the immunomodulatory properties of GO are reported.

Surface-Decorated Graphene Oxide Sheets with Copper Nanoderivatives for Bone Regeneration: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study Regarding Molecular Mechanisms, Osteogenesis, and Anti-infection Potential

It has been previously reported that graphene oxide/copper nanoderivative (GO/Cu)-incorporated chitosan/hyaluronic acid scaffolds might be promising wound dressings for the management of infected wound healing. The aim of the present research is to deeply explore the potential antimicrobial mechanisms and synergistic osteogenic activity, as well as the in vivo anti-infective behavior of GO/Cu nanocomposites, making them possible candidates for establishing implantable biomaterials for the repair of infected bone defects. The antibacterial mechanisms of the nanocomposites were explored through the examination of membrane integrity, oxidative stress, and metabolic enzyme activities. Then, the cytocompatibility with bone mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) and osteogenic potential were confirmed, and a subcutaneous bacterial infection model in rats was also established to verify the in vivo anti-infective property and biosafety of the nanocomposites. It was found that leakage of adenosine triphosphate, proteins, and reducing sugars from the bacterial cells, indicative of damaged permeability of bacterial membranes, and promoted production of reactive oxygen species and disordered metabolic enzyme activities in response to oxidative stress were possible molecular mechanisms responsible for the synergistic antibacterial effects of the GO/Cu nanocomposites. Additionally, good cytocompatibility with rBMSCs and promoted osteogenic differentiation were found in GO/Cu nanocomposites (mass ratio = 2:1), which also demonstrated satisfactory in vivo anti-infective performance, reduced inflammation, and acceptable biosafety. Based on our results, damaged bacterial membranes, increased ROS production, and disorders of crucial enzyme metabolism were the main antibacterial mechanisms involved in the bacterium-killing events caused by the GO/Cu nanocomposites, which also showed enhanced osteogenic activity, in vivo anti-infective capability, and acceptable cytocompatibility and biosafety. Therefore, GO/Cu (2:1) nanocomposites are a potential strategy for improving the biological performance of current bone substitutes used for combating bacterial-contaminated bone defects.

Recent Developments in the Application of Bio-Waste-Derived Adsorbents for the Removal of Methylene Blue from Wastewater: A Review

Over the last few years, various industries have released wastewater containing high concentrations of dyes straight into the ecological system, which has become a major environmental problem (i.e., soil, groundwater, surface water pollution, etc.). The rapid growth of textile industries has created an alarming situation in which further deterioration to the environment has been caused due to substances being left in treated wastewater, including dyes. The application of activated carbon has recently been demonstrated to be a highly efficient technology in terms of removing methylene blue (MB) from wastewater. Agricultural waste, as well as animal-based and wood products, are excellent sources of bio-waste for MB remediation since they are extremely efficient, have high sorption capacities, and are renewable sources. Despite the fact that commercial activated carbon is a favored adsorbent for dye elimination, its extensive application is restricted because of its comparatively high cost, which has prompted researchers to investigate alternative sources of adsorbents that are non-conventional and more economical. The goal of this review article was to critically evaluate the accessible information on the characteristics of bio-waste-derived adsorbents for MB's removal, as well as related parameters influencing the performance of this process. The review also highlighted the processing methods developed in previous studies. Regeneration processes, economic challenges, and the valorization of post-sorption materials were also discussed. This review is beneficial in terms of understanding recent advances in the status of biowaste-derived adsorbents, highlighting the accelerating need for the development of low-cost adsorbents and functioning as a precursor for large-scale system optimization.

Nanoparticles: Excellent Materials Yet Dangerous When They Become Airborne

Since the rise and rapid development of nanoscale science and technology in the late 1980s, nanomaterials have been widely used in many areas including medicine, electronic products, crafts, textiles, and cosmetics, which have provided a lot of convenience to people's life. However, while nanomaterials have been fully utilized, their negative effects, also known as nano pollution, have become increasingly apparent. The adverse effects of nanomaterials on the environment and organisms are mainly based on the unique size and physicochemical properties of nanoparticles (NPs). NPs, as the basic unit of nanomaterials, generally refer to the ultrafine particles whose spatial scale are defined in the range of 1-100 nm. In this review, we mainly introduce the basic status of the types and applications of NPs, airborne NP pollution, and the relationship between airborne NP pollution and human diseases. There are many sources of airborne NP pollutants, including engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) and non-engineered nanoparticles (NENPs). The NENPs can be further divided into those generated from natural activities and those produced by human activities. A growing number of studies have found that exposure to airborne NP pollutants can cause a variety of illnesses, such as respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders. To deal with the ever increasing numbers and types of NPs being unleashed to the air, we believe that extensive research is needed to provide a comprehensive understanding of NP pollution hazards and their impact mechanisms. Only in this way can we find the best solution and truly protect the safety and quality of life of human beings.

Key factors and primary modification methods of activated carbon and their application in adsorption of carbon-based gases: A review

To achieve carbon neutrality, it is necessary to control carbon-based gas emissions to the atmosphere. Among the various carbon-based gas removal technologies reported to date, adsorption is considered one of the most promising because of its economic efficiency, reusability, and low energy consumption. Activated carbon is widely used to treat different types of carbon-based gases owing to its large specific surface area, abundant functional groups, and strong adsorption capacity. This paper reviews the recent research progress into activated carbon as an adsorbent for carbon-based gases. The key factors (i.e., specific surface area, pore structure, and surface functional groups) affecting the adsorption of carbon-based gases by activated carbon were analyzed. The main methods employed to modify activated carbon (i.e., surface oxidation, surface reduction, loading materials, and plasma modification methods) to improve its adsorption capacity are also discussed herein, along with the targeted applications of such material in the adsorption of different types of carbon-based gases (such as aldehydes, ketones, aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, and carbon-based greenhouse gases). Finally, the future development directions and challenges of activated carbon are discussed. Our work will be expected to benefit the development of activated carbon exhibiting selective adsorption properties, and reduce the production costs of adsorbents.

Carbon Nanomaterials Modified Biomimetic Dental Implants for Diabetic Patients

Dental implants are used broadly in dental clinics as the most natural-looking restoration option for replacing missing or highly diseased teeth. However, dental implant failure is a crucial issue for diabetic patients in need of dentition restoration, particularly when a lack of osseointegration and immunoregulatory incompetency occur during the healing phase, resulting in infection and fibrous encapsulation. Bio-inspired or biomimetic materials, which can mimic the characteristics of natural elements, are being investigated for use in the implant industry. This review discusses different biomimetic dental implants in terms of structural changes that enable antibacterial properties, drug delivery, immunomodulation, and osseointegration. We subsequently summarize the modification of dental implants for diabetes patients utilizing carbon nanomaterials, which have been recently found to improve the characteristics of biomimetic dental implants, including through antibacterial and anti-inflammatory capabilities, and by offering drug delivery properties that are essential for the success of dental implants.

Renewable Carbon Nanomaterials: Novel Resources for Dental Tissue Engineering

Dental tissue engineering (TE) is undergoing significant modifications in dental treatments. TE is based on a triad of stem cells, signaling molecules, and scaffolds that must be understood and calibrated with particular attention to specific dental sectors. Renewable and eco-friendly carbon-based nanomaterials (CBMs), including graphene (G), graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), graphene quantum dots (GQD), carbon nanotube (CNT), MXenes and carbide, have extraordinary physical, chemical, and biological properties. In addition to having high surface area and mechanical strength, CBMs have greatly influenced dental and biomedical applications. The current study aims to explore the application of CBMs for dental tissue engineering. CBMs are generally shown to have remarkable properties, due to various functional groups that make them ideal materials for biomedical applications, such as dental tissue engineering.

Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Bone and Cartilage Regeneration: A Review

As the main load-bearing structure in the human body, bone and cartilage are susceptible to damage in sports and other activities. The repair and regeneration of bone and articular cartilage have been extensively studied in the past decades. Traditional approaches have been widely applied in clinical practice, but the effect varies from person to person and may cause side effects. With the rapid development of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, various biomaterials show great potential in the regeneration of bone and cartilage. Carbon-based nanomaterials are solid materials with different structures and properties composed of allotropes of carbon, which are classified into zero-, one-, and two-dimensional ones. This Review systemically summarizes the different types of carbon-based nanomaterials, including zero-dimensional (fullerene, carbon dots, nanodiamonds), one-dimensional (carbon nanotubes), and two-dimensional (graphenic materials) as well as their applications in bone, cartilage, and osteochondral regeneration. Current limitations and future perspectives of carbon-based nanomaterials are also discussed.

Strategies toward development of antimicrobial biomaterials for dental healthcare applications

Several approaches for elimination of oral pathogens are being explored at the present time since oral diseases remain prevalent affecting approximately 3.5 billion people worldwide. Need for antimicrobial biomaterials in dental healthcare include but is not restricted to designing resin composites and adhesives for prevention of dental caries. Constant efforts are also being made to develop antimicrobial strategies for clearance of endodontic space prior root canal treatment and for treatment of periimplantitis and periodontitis. This article discusses various conventional and nanotechnology-based strategies to achieve antimicrobial efficacy in dental biomaterials. Recent developments in the design and synthesis of antimicrobial peptides and antifouling zwitterionic polymers to effectively lessen the risks of antimicrobial drug resistance are also outlined in this review. Further, the role of contemporary strategies such as use of smart biomaterials, ionic solvent-based biomaterials and quorum quenchers incorporated biomaterials in the elimination of dental pathogens are described in detail. Lastly, we mentioned the approach of using polymers to print custom-made three-dimensional antibacterial dental products via additive manufacturing technologies. This review provides a critical perspective on the chemical, biomimetic, and engineering strategies intended for developing antimicrobial biomaterials that have the potential to substantially improve the dental health.

Application of Nanomaterials as an Advanced Strategy for the Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of Viral Diseases

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic poses serious global health concerns with the continued emergence of new variants. The periodic outbreak of novel emerging and re-emerging infectious pathogens has elevated concerns and challenges for the future. To develop mitigation strategies against infectious diseases, nano-based approaches are being increasingly applied in diagnostic systems, prophylactic vaccines, and therapeutics. This review presents the properties of various nanoplatforms and discusses their role in the development of sensors, vectors, delivery agents, intrinsic immunostimulants, and viral inhibitors. Advanced nanomedical applications for infectious diseases have been highlighted. Moreover, physicochemical properties that confer physiological advantages and contribute to the control and inhibition of infectious diseases have been discussed. Safety concerns limit the commercial production and clinical use of these technologies in humans; however, overcoming these limitations may enable the use of nanomaterials to resolve current infection control issues via application of nanomaterials as a platform for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of viral diseases.

Nanoparticle incorporated dentin bonding agent to caries effected dentin treated by photodynamic therapy, laser or chlorhexidine

PURPOSE

This study aims to evaluate the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) and failure modes of graphene nanoplatelets doped with hydroxyapatite (GNP-HA) modified self-etch dentin bonding agent (DBA) to caries effected dentin (CAD) after various conventional and laser disinfection protocols.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Graphene nanoplatelets and HA nanoparticles were doped and incorporated in DBA. Fifty carious human molar teeth were used for the experiment. CAD specimens were divided into five groups (n=10/group) into CAD undergoing no disinfection treatment (Group-CAD), 2% chlorhexidine disinfection (Group-CHX), 6% NaOCl disinfection (Group-NaOCl), methylene blue assisted PDT (Group-MB-PDT), and Er,Cr:YSGG laser application (Group-Er,Cr:YSGG). Following the respective disinfection techniques, the GNP-HA modified adhesive was applied to all treated CAD surface. Subsequently µTBS and failure modes were analyzed.

RESULTS

Representative scanning electron microscope images (SEM images) of the synthesized GNP-HA indicated flakes of graphene with varying size lengthwise (>500 nm) with 1-2 nm width. The doped HA showed round and spherical morphology conjugated over the surface of the GNP measuring 40 -100 nm in diameter. CAD group that underwent no treatment represented the highest µTBS (29.43 MPa). Within the tested specimens, MB-PDT (22.37 MPa) and Er,Cr:YSGG (21.85 MPa) showed the highest µTBS values than CHX (15.69 MPa) and NaOCl (11.46 MPa). However, there was no significant difference between MB-PDT and Er,Cr:YSGG (p>0.05) and a significant difference existed between CHX and NaOCl (p<0.05). Equal distribution of cohesive and adhesive failures was noted for CAD, CHX and NaOCl treated specimens. A majority of adhesive failures existed in the MB-PDT groups. While admixed and adhesive failures were higher in Er,Cr:YSGG treated samples.

CONCLUSIONS

The outcome of this study suggests that CAD restored by GNP-HA modified self-etch adhesive showed highest bond strength after MB-PDT and Er,Cr:YSGG protocols with low amount of adhesive failure.

Overview on the Antimicrobial Activity and Biocompatibility of Sputtered Carbon-Based Coatings

Due to their outstanding properties, carbon-based structures have received much attention from the scientific community. Their applications are diverse and include use in coatings on self-lubricating systems for anti-wear situations, thin films deposited on prosthetic elements, catalysis structures, or water remediation devices. From these applications, the ones that require the most careful testing and improvement are biomedical applications. The biocompatibility and antibacterial issues of medical devices remain a concern, as several prostheses still fail after several years of implantation and biofilm formation remains a real risk to the success of a device. Sputtered deposition prevents the introduction of hazardous chemical elements during the preparation of coatings, and this technique is environmentally friendly. In addition, the mechanical properties of C-based coatings are remarkable. In this paper, the latest advances in sputtering methods and biocompatibility and antibacterial action for diamond-based carbon (DLC)-based coatings are reviewed and the greater outlook is then discussed.

Development and Characterization of Fe3O4@Carbon Nanoparticles and Their Biological Screening Related to Oral Administration

The current study presents the effect of naked Fe3O4@Carbon nanoparticles obtained by the combustion method on primary human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) and primary gingival keratinocytes (PGKs)-relevant cell lines of buccal oral mucosa. In this regard, the objectives of this study were as follows: (i) development via combustion method and characterization of nanosized magnetite particles with carbon on their surface, (ii) biocompatibility assessment of the obtained magnetic nanoparticles on HGF and PGK cell lines and (iii) evaluation of possible irritative reaction of Fe3O4@Carbon nanoparticles on the highly vascularized chorioallantoic membrane of a chick embryo. Physicochemical properties of Fe3O4@Carbon nanoparticles were characterized in terms of phase composition, chemical structure, and polymorphic and molecular interactions of the chemical bonds within the nanomaterial, magnetic measurements, ultrastructure, morphology, and elemental composition. The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the formation of magnetite as phase pure without any other secondary phases, and Raman spectroscopy exhibit that the pre-formed magnetic nanoparticles were covered with carbon film, resulting from the synthesis method employed. Scanning electron microscopy shown that nanoparticles obtained were uniformly distributed, with a nearly spherical shape with sizes at the nanometric level; iron, oxygen, and carbon were the only elements detected. While biological screening of Fe3O4@Carbon nanoparticles revealed no significant cytotoxic potential on the HGF and PGK cell lines, a slight sign of irritation was observed on a limited area on the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo.

Drug Carriers Based on Graphene Oxide and Hydrogel: Opportunities and Challenges in Infection Control Tested by Amoxicillin Release

Graphene oxide (GO) was proposed as an efficient carrier of antibiotics. The model drug, amoxicillin (AMOX), was attached to GO using a peptide linker (Leu-Leu-Gly). GO-AMOX was dispersed in a hydrogel to which the enzyme responsible for releasing AMOX from GO was also added. The drug molecules were released by enzymatic hydrolysis of the peptide bond in the linker. As the selected enzyme, bromelain, a plant enzyme, was used. The antibacterial nature of the carrier was determined by its ability to inhibit the growth of the Enterococcus faecalis strain, which is one of the bacterial species responsible for periodontal and root canal diseases. The prepared carrier contained only biocompatible substances, and the confirmation of its lack of cytotoxicity was verified based on the mouse fibrosarcoma cell line WEHI 164. The proposed type of preparation, as a universal carrier of many different antibiotic molecules, can be considered as a suitable solution in the treatment of inflammation in dentistry.

Graphene Oxide: Opportunities and Challenges in Biomedicine

Desirable carbon allotropes such as graphene oxide (GO) have entered the field with several biomedical applications, owing to their exceptional physicochemical and biological features, including extreme strength, found to be 200 times stronger than steel; remarkable light weight; large surface-to-volume ratio; chemical stability; unparalleled thermal and electrical conductivity; and enhanced cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation properties. The presence of functional groups on graphene oxide (GO) enhances further interactions with other molecules. Therefore, recent studies have focused on GO-based materials (GOBMs) rather than graphene. The aim of this research was to highlight the physicochemical and biological properties of GOBMs, especially their significance to biomedical applications. The latest studies of GOBMs in biomedical applications are critically reviewed, and in vitro and preclinical studies are assessed. Furthermore, the challenges likely to be faced and prospective future potential are addressed. GOBMs, a high potential emerging material, will dominate the materials of choice in the repair and development of human organs and medical devices. There is already great interest among academics as well as in pharmaceutical and biomedical industries.

Modifying an Implant: A Mini-review of Dental Implant Biomaterials

Dental implants have been used as far back as 2000BC, and since then have developed into highly sophisticated solutions for tooth replacement. It is becoming increasingly important for the materials used in dental implants to exhibit and maintain favorable long-term mechanical, biological and more recently, aesthetic properties. This review aims to assess the biomaterials used in modern dental implants, introducing their properties, and concentrating on modifications to improve these biomaterials. Focus is drawn to the prominent biomaterials, titanium (Ti) and zirconia due to their prevalence in implant dentistry. Additionally, novel coatings and materials with potential use as viable improvements or alternatives are reviewed. An effective dental biomaterial should osseointegrate, maintain structural integrity, resist corrosion and infection, and not cause systemic toxicity or cytotoxicity. Current materials such as bioactive glass offer protection against biofilm formation, and when combined with a titanium‐zirconium (TiZr) alloy, provide a reliable combination of properties to represent a competitive alternative. Further long-term clinical studies are needed to inform the development of next-generation materials.Significance StatementBiomaterials have become essential for modern implants. A suitable implant biomaterial integrates into the body to perform a key function, whilst minimizing negative immune response. Focusing on dentistry, the use of dental implants for tooth replacement requires a balance between bodily response, mechanical structure and performance, and aesthetics. This mini-review addresses the use of biomaterials in dental implants with significant comparisons drawn between Ti and zirconia. Attention is drawn to optimizing surface modification processes and the additional use of coatings. Alternatives and novel developments are addressed, providing potential implications of combining biomaterials to form novel composites that combine and synergize the benefits of each material.

Akim A, Chong PP. Approaches for Mitigating Microbial Biofilm-Related Drug Resistance: A Focus on Micro- and Nanotechnologies

Biofilms play an essential role in chronic and healthcare-associated infections and are more resistant to antimicrobials compared to their planktonic counterparts due to their (1) physiological state, (2) cell density, (3) quorum sensing abilities, (4) presence of extracellular matrix, (5) upregulation of drug efflux pumps, (6) point mutation and overexpression of resistance genes, and (7) presence of persister cells. The genes involved and their implications in antimicrobial resistance are well defined for bacterial biofilms but are understudied in fungal biofilms. Potential therapeutics for biofilm mitigation that have been reported include (1) antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, (2) antimicrobial lock therapy, (3) antimicrobial peptides, (4) electrical methods, and (5) antimicrobial coatings. These approaches exhibit promising characteristics for addressing the impending crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Recently, advances in the micro- and nanotechnology field have propelled the development of novel biomaterials and approaches to combat biofilms either independently, in combination or as antimicrobial delivery systems. In this review, we will summarize the general principles of clinically important microbial biofilm formation with a focus on fungal biofilms. We will delve into the details of some novel micro- and nanotechnology approaches that have been developed to combat biofilms and the possibility of utilizing them in a clinical setting.

Effects of graphene derivatives on polyvinylidene fluoride membrane modification evaluated with XDLVO theory and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation

In this study, the different graphene derivatives, graphene oxide (GO), carboxylic acid-modified graphene (G-COOH), and amine-modified graphene (G-NH₂ ), were used to prepare polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composite membranes. The membrane modification performance was evaluated using the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory and quartz crystal microbalance dissipation monitoring. The results show that the addition of low-dose GO and G-NH₂ can improve membrane surface porosity and permeability. The hydrophilicity and electron donor monopolarity of PVDF/GO composite membranes were enhanced by adding more than 0.024 wt% GO, thus improving its antifouling ability. In addition, the enhancement of hydrophilicity, free energy of cohesion, and antifouling ability of composite membrane modified with G-COOH and G-NH₂ was more significant compared with that of GO with the same dosage, which implies the important role of functional group in additives. This study provides new insights for the blending modification of PVDF membranes by systematically comparing the addition of graphene derivatives with different functional groups. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The comprehensive comparison of membrane modification with different graphene derivatives was investigated. The enhancement of hydrophilicity and antifouling ability of membranes modified with G-COOH and G-NH₂ was more significant than that of GO. The free energy of cohesion of nanocomposite membrane was affected by the functional group of additives. G-NH₂ composite membrane had the best comprehensive performance with great hydrophilicity, permeability, and antifouling performance.

Preparation, Optimization and In-Vitro Evaluation of Curcumin-Loaded Niosome@calcium Alginate Nanocarrier as a New Approach for Breast Cancer Treatment

Cancer is one of the most common causes of mortality, and its various treatment methods can have many challenges for patients. As one of the most widely used cancer treatments, chemotherapy may result in diverse side effects. The lack of targeted drug delivery to tumor tissues can raise the possibility of damage to healthy tissues, with attendant dysfunction. In the present study, an optimum formulation of curcumin-loaded niosomes with a calcium alginate shell (AL-NioC) was developed and optimized by a three-level Box-Behnken design-in terms of dimension and drug loading efficiency. The niosomes were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering. The as-formulated niosomes showed excellent stability for up to 1 month at 4 °C. Additionally, the niosomal formulation demonstrated a pH-dependent release; a slow-release profile in physiological pH (7.4), and a more significant release rate at acidic conditions (pH = 3). Cytotoxicity studies showed high compatibility of AL-NioC toward normal MCF10A cells, while significant toxicity was observed in MDA-MB-231 and SKBR3 breast cancer cells. Gene expression studies of the cancer cells showed downregulation of Bcl2, cyclin D, and cyclin E genes, as well as upregulation of P53, Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9 genes expression following the designed treatment. Flow cytometry studies confirmed a significant enhancement in the apoptosis rate in the presence of AL-NioC in both MDA-MB-231 and SKBR3 cells as compared to other samples. In general, the results of this study demonstrated that-thanks to its biocompatibility toward normal cells-the AL-NioC formulation can efficiently deliver hydrophobic drugs to target cancer cells while reducing side effects.

Nanohybrid composed of graphene oxide functionalized with sodium hyaluronate accelerates bone healing in the tibia of rats

This study synthesized and characterized a nanohybrid composed of graphene oxide (GO) functionalized with sodium hyaluronate (HY) (GO-HY), evaluated its effect in vitro and determined its osteogenic potential in vivo. The synthesized nanohybrid was analyzed by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectrometry, Thermogravimetry, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. MC3T3-E1 cell viability was assessed by MTT assay in 48 and 72 h. Bone defects were created in tibia of 40 Wistar rats and filled with blood clot (control), 1% HY, GO (50, 100 and 200 μg/mL) and the nanohybrid (50, 100 and 200 μg/mL). After 7 and 14 days, histomorphometric analysis was carried out to assess osteogenic potential of the nanohybrid. Immunohistochemical analysis evaluated the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in bone defects. Thermogravimetric analysis, Raman and FTIR spectrometry confirmed the functionalization of GO with HY by covalent bonds. Five μg/mL concentrations of the nanohybrid did not alter the viability of the MC3T3-E1 cells. Histomorphometric analysis demonstrated that the nanohybrid at 100 μg/mL significantly accelerated the bone repair in tibia of rats when compared to controls (p < 0.01). Immunohistochemical analysis showed a significantly less intense VEGF expression in tibia treated with the nanohybrid when compared to controls (p < 0.05). The nanohybrid composed of GO functionalized with HY was able to induce the acceleration of the tissue regeneration process in bone defects created in the tibia of rats. This novel nanohybrid is a promising material for the field of bone tissue engineering.

Three dimensional graphene materials doped with heteroatoms for extraction and adsorption of environmental pollutants in wastewater

Environmental pollution by heavy metal ions, organic pollutants, oils, pesticides or dyes is a ubiquitous problem adversely affecting human health and environmental ecology. Development and application novel adsorbents in full-scale treatment systems with effectiveness properties could effective ways to facilitate the extraction and adsorption of environment pollutants from wastewater. Graphene materials have drawn much attention due to their extraordinary electron mobilities, high surface areas, good thermal conductivities, and excellent mechanical properties. Three-dimensional graphene materials can provide the inherent advantages of 2D graphene sheets and exhibit micro/nanoporous structures, increased specific surface areas, high electron conductivities, fast mass transport kinetics, and strong mechanical strength. Potential applications for 3D graphene materials include environmental remediation, chemical and biological sensing, catalysis, and super capacitors. Recent advances in the applications of 3D functionalized graphene materials (3D FGMs) doped with heteroatoms for the extraction and adsorption of environmental pollutants in wastewater are summarized in this review.