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Frei J, Clauss M, Winkler DE, Tütken T, Martin LF. Use of running plates by floor housed rats: A pilot study. Lab Anim 2021; 55:521-530. [PMID: 34369820 DOI: 10.1177/00236772211036572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The outfit of husbandry facilities of, and the enrichment provided for, experimental rodents plays an important role in the animals' welfare, and hence also for the societal acceptance of animal experiments. Whether rats and mice benefit from being provided with running wheels or plates is discussed controversially. Here we present observations from a feeding experiment, where rats were provided a running plate. As a pilot study, six identical cages, with three animals per cage, were filmed for six days, and the resulting footage was screened for the number of bouts and the time the animals spent on the plates. The main activities observed on the plate in descending order were sitting (18.5 ± 13.8 bouts or 8.0 ± 13.7 min/animal per day), standing (10.2 ± 11.6 bouts, 3.8 ± 4.2 min), running (8.2 ± 13.3 bouts, 10.1 ± 21.4 min), grooming (2.0 ± 2.8 bouts, 6.7 ± 25.7 min), sleeping (1.0 ± 2.6 bouts, 24.0 ± 61.8 min) and playing (0.5 ± 0.9 bouts, 0.1 ± 0.5 min). Most of these activities (91% of all bouts, 90% of total time) occurred at night, similar to previous studies on running wheel usage. The running plate seems well-accepted as cage enrichment, even though in further studies, the motivating triggers and the effects of long-term use could be evaluated more in-depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Frei
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniela E Winkler
- Applied and Analytical Palaeontology, Institute of Geosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany
| | - Thomas Tütken
- Applied and Analytical Palaeontology, Institute of Geosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany
| | - Louise F Martin
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Dess NK, Funaki AT, Fanson BG, Bhatia R, Chapman CD. Eating and wheel running across the estrous cycle in rat lines selectively bred on a taste phenotype. Physiol Behav 2021; 240:113552. [PMID: 34375621 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Occidental Low- and High-Saccharin-Consuming rats (respectively, LoS and HiS) have been selectively bred for decades to study the relationship between taste and behaviors in and beyond the ingestive domain. Whether the saccharin phenotype is associated with behavioral periodicities tied to reproductive status is not known. Here we describe for the first time variation across the estrous cycle in chow intake and wheel running by LoS and HiS rats. This study also shed light on why rats, humans, and some other mammals eat less and become more active as fertility increases. Wheel running increases when eating is reduced through restricted chow access, more so in LoS rats than in HiS rats (Dess et al., 2000). If the decrease in food intake from diestrus through estrus causes the increase in running (Eat Less → Run More hypothesis, ELRM), then the running peak should follow the eating nadir and be greater in LoS rats. Bayesian cyclic regression showed that estrous cycles were shorter in LoS rats than in HiS rats; implications are discussed. Contrary to ELRM, the running peak did not follow the eating nadir, and cycle amplitude did not distinguish LoS rats from HiS rats. These results indirectly support the No Time To Eat hypothesis (Fessler, 2003), according to which the periovulatory eating nadir and running peak reflect fitness-enhancing consequences of shifts away from eating and toward mating as fertility increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy K Dess
- Department of Psychology, Occidental College, 1600 Campus Road, Los Angeles CA 90041, USA.
| | - Alexis T Funaki
- Department of Psychology, Occidental College, 1600 Campus Road, Los Angeles CA 90041, USA
| | - Benjamin G Fanson
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rhea Bhatia
- Department of Psychology, Occidental College, 1600 Campus Road, Los Angeles CA 90041, USA
| | - Clinton D Chapman
- Department of Psychology, Occidental College, 1600 Campus Road, Los Angeles CA 90041, USA
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Bano-Otalora B, Rol MA, Madrid JA. Behavioral and Thermoregulatory Responses to Changes in Ambient Temperature and Wheel Running Availability in Octodon degus. Front Integr Neurosci 2021; 15:684988. [PMID: 34276317 PMCID: PMC8278234 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2021.684988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Octodon degus is primarily a diurnal species, however, in laboratory conditions, it can switch from diurnal to nocturnal in response to wheel running availability. It has been proposed that this activity inversion obeys thermoregulatory constraints induced by vigorous physical exercise. Thus, its activity shifts to the night as the ambient temperature is lower.Here, we investigate the relationship between thermoregulation and the activity phase-inversion in response to wheel-running in this species. We measured behavioral activity and body temperature rhythms in diurnal naïve animals under 12 h light: 12 h dark cycles at four different ambient temperatures (spanning from ~26°C to 32°C), and following access to running wheels while maintained under high ambient temperature.Our results show that naïve degus do not shift their diurnal activity and body temperature rhythms to a nocturnal phase when subjected to sequential increases in ambient temperature. However, when they were provided with wheels under constant high-temperature conditions, all animals inverted their diurnal phase preference becoming nocturnal. Both, negative masking by light and entrainment to the dark phase appeared involved in the nocturnalism of these animals. Analysis of the thermoregulatory response to wheel running revealed some differences between masked and entrained nocturnal chronotypes.These data highlight the importance of the coupling between wheel running availability and ambient temperature in the nocturnalism of the degus. The results support the view that an innate "protective" pre-program mechanism (associating darkness and lower ambient temperature) may change the timing of behavioral activity in this species to reduce the potential risk of hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Bano-Otalora
- Chronobiology Lab, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Campus Mare Nostrum, IUIE, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria Angeles Rol
- Chronobiology Lab, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Campus Mare Nostrum, IUIE, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Ciber Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Madrid
- Chronobiology Lab, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Campus Mare Nostrum, IUIE, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Ciber Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
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Contó MB, Dos Santos NB, Munhoz CD, Marcourakis T, D'Almeida V, Camarini R. Exposure to Running Wheels Prevents Ethanol Rewarding Effects: The Role of CREB and Deacetylases SIRT-1 and SIRT-2 in the Nucleus Accumbens and Prefrontal Cortex. Neuroscience 2021; 469:125-137. [PMID: 34175423 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder is one of the most prevalent addictions, strongly influenced by environmental factors. Voluntary physical activity (VPA) has proven to be intrinsically reinforcing and we hypothesized that, as a non-drug reinforcer, VPA could mitigate ethanol-induced rewarding effects. The transcriptional factor cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), and deacetylases isozymes sirtuins 1 and 2 (SIRT-1 and SIRT-2) have a complex interplay and both play a role in the rewarding effects of ethanol. To test whether the exposure of mice to running wheels inhibits the development of ethanol-induced conditioned place preference (CPP), mice were assigned into four groups: housed in home cages with locked ("Sedentary") or unlocked running wheels (VPA), and treated with saline or 1.8 g/kg ethanol during the conditioning phase. The groups were referred as Saline-Sedentary, Saline-VPA, Ethanol-Sedentary and Ethanol-VPA. The expression of CREB, SIRT-1 and SIRT-2 were evaluated in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc). VPA prevented the development of ethanol-induced CPP. VPA, ethanol and the combination of both inhibited pCREB and pCREB/CREB ratio in the NAc, suggesting that both reward stimuli can share similar patterns of CREB activation. However, we have found that ethanol-induced increased CREB levels were prevented by VPA. Both VPA groups presented lower SIRT-1 levels in the NAc compared to the Sedentary groups. Thus, exposure to running wheels prevented ethanol-rewarding effects and ethanol-induced increases in CREB in the NAc. The molecular alterations underlying CPP prevention may be related to a lower expression of CREB in the NAc of Ethanol-VPA compared to the respective Sedentary group, given the positive correlation between CPP and CREB levels in the Ethanol-Sedentary group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Brandão Contó
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Nilton Barreto Dos Santos
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Demarchi Munhoz
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tania Marcourakis
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vânia D'Almeida
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP/EPM), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosana Camarini
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Fuentes IM, Jones BM, Brake AD, Pierce AN, Eller OC, Supple RM, Wright DE, Christianson JA. Voluntary wheel running improves outcomes in an early life stress-induced model of urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome in male mice. Pain 2021; 162:1681-1691. [PMID: 33399417 PMCID: PMC8119308 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Patients with a history of early life stress (ELS) exposure have an increased risk of developing chronic pain and mood disorders later in life. The severity of ELS in patients with urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome (UCPPS) is directly correlated with symptom severity and increased comorbidity, and is inversely related to likelihood of improvement. Voluntary exercise improves chronic pain symptoms, and our group and others have shown that voluntary wheel running can improve outcomes in stress-induced UCPPS models, suggesting that exercise may negate some of the outcomes associated with ELS. Here, we provide further evidence that voluntary wheel running can attenuate increased perigenital mechanical sensitivity, bladder output, and mast cell degranulation in the bladder and prostate in male mice that underwent neonatal maternal separation (NMS). Sedentary male NMS mice had reduced serum corticosterone, which was not impacted by voluntary wheel running, although stress-related regulatory gene expression in the hypothalamus and hippocampus was significantly increased after exercise. Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus was diminished in sedentary NMS mice and significantly increased in both exercised naïve and NMS mice. Sucrose consumption increased in exercised naïve but not NMS mice, and anxiety behaviors measured on an elevated plus maze were increased after exercise. Together these data suggest that voluntary wheel running is sufficient to normalize many of the UCPPS-related outcomes resulting from NMS. Exercise also increased hippocampal neurogenesis and stress-related gene expression within the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, further supporting exercise as a nonpharmacological intervention for attenuating outcomes related to ELS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella M. Fuentes
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Brittni M. Jones
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Aaron D. Brake
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Angela N. Pierce
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Olivia C. Eller
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Rachel M. Supple
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Douglas E. Wright
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Julie A. Christianson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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Changes in 24 h Rhythmicity of Spontaneous Locomotor Activity in the Triple Transgenic Mouse for Alzheimer's Disease (3xTg-AD) in a Jet Lag Protocol: Correlations with Retinal Sensitivity. J Circadian Rhythms 2021; 19:7. [PMID: 34163535 PMCID: PMC8194968 DOI: 10.5334/jcr.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in different brain areas is associated with the effects of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In addition to cognitive impairment, circadian alterations in locomotor activity have also been detected, but they have not been characterized in a jet lag protocol. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare 3xTg-AD and non-transgenic mice in changes of 24 h cycles of spontaneous locomotor activity in a jet lag protocol, in an environment without a running wheel, at 3 different states of neuronal damage: early, intermediate and advanced (3, 8 and 13 months, respectively). The 3xTg-AD mice at 3 months presented differences in phase angle and acrophase, and differentially increased activity after advances more than after delays. At 13 months, a shortening of the free-running period in constant darkness was also noted. 3xTg-AD mice showed a significant increase (123%) in global activity at 8 to 13 months and in nighttime activity (153%) at 13 months. In the advance protocol (ADV), 3xTg-AD mice displayed a significant increase in global activity (171%) at 8 and 13 months. The differences in masking effect were evident at 8 months. To assess a possible retinal dysfunction that could interfere with photic entrainment as part of the neurodegenerative process, we compared electroretinogram recordings. The results showed early deterioration in the retinal response to light flashes in mesopic conditions, observed in the B-wave latency and amplitude. Thus, our study presents new behavioral and pathological characteristics of 3xTg-AD mice and reveals the usefulness of non-invasive tools in early diagnosis.
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Karlsson L, González-Alvarado MN, Motalleb R, Wang Y, Wang Y, Börjesson M, Zhu C, Kuhn HG. Constitutive PGC-1α Overexpression in Skeletal Muscle Does Not Contribute to Exercise-Induced Neurogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:1465-1481. [PMID: 33200398 PMCID: PMC7932943 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise can improve age-dependent decline in cognition, which in rodent is partly mediated by restoration of an age-dependent decline in neurogenesis. Exercise-inducible myokines in the circulation present a link in muscle-brain crosstalk. The transcription factor PGC-1α regulates the release of such myokines with neurotrophic properties into the circulation. We study how chronic muscular overexpression of PGC-1α could contribute to exercise-induced effects on hippocampal neurogenesis and if this effect could be enhanced in a running wheel paradigm. We used 3- and 11-month-old transgenic mice with overexpression of PGC-1α under the control of muscle creatinine kinase promoter (MCK-PGC-1α), which have a constitutively developed endurance muscle phenotype. Wild-type and MCK-PGC-1α mice were single housed with free access to running wheels. Four weeks of running in female animals increased the levels of newborn cells, immature neurons, and, for young animals, new mature neurons, compared to sedentary controls. However, no difference in these parameters was observed between wild-type and transgenic mice under sedentary or running conditions. Multiplex analysis of serum cytokines, chemokines, and myokines suggested several differences in serum protein concentrations between genotypes with musclin found to be significantly upregulated 4-fold in male MCK-PGC-1α animals. We conclude that constitutive muscular overexpression of PGC-1α, despite systemic changes and difference in serum composition, does not translate into exercise-induced effects on hippocampal neurogenesis, independent of the age of the animal. This suggests that chronic activation of PGC-1α in skeletal muscle is by itself not sufficient to mimic exercise-induced effects or to prevent decline of neurogenesis in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Karlsson
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region of Western Sweden, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - María Nazareth González-Alvarado
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Reza Motalleb
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yafeng Wang
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mats Börjesson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy and Center for Health and Performance, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, Region of Western Sweden, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hans-Georg Kuhn
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Zhang J, He ZX, Qu YS, Li LF, Wang LM, Yuan W, Hou WJ, Zhu YQ, Cai WQ, Zhang XN, Guo QQ, An SC, Jia R, Tai FD. Different baseline physical activity predicts susceptibility and resilience to chronic social defeat stress in mice: Involvement of dopamine neurons. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 45:15-28. [PMID: 33730683 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Physical inactivity, the fourth leading mortality risk factor worldwide, is associated with chronic mental illness. Identifying the mechanisms underlying different levels of baseline physical activity and the effects of these levels on the susceptibility to stress is very important. However, whether different levels of baseline physical activity influence the susceptibility and resilience to chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), and the underlying mechanisms in the brain remain unclear. The present study segregated wild-type mice into low baseline physical activity (LBPA) and high baseline physical activity (HBPA) groups based on short term voluntary wheel running (VWR). LBPA mice showed obvious susceptibility to CSDS, while HBPA mice were resilient to CSDS. In addition, the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) was lower in LBPA mice than in HBPA mice. Furthermore, activation of TH neurons in the VTA of LBPA mice by chemogenetic methods increased the levels of VWR and resilience to CSDS. In contrast, inhibiting TH neurons in the VTA of HBPA mice lowered the levels of VWR and increased their susceptibility to CSDS. Thus, this study suggests that different baseline physical activities might be mediated by the dopamine system. This system also affects the susceptibility and resilience to CSDS, possibly via alteration of the baseline physical activity. This perspective on the neural control and impacts on VWR may aid the development of strategies to motivate and sustain voluntary physical activity. Furthermore, this can maximize the impacts of regular physical activity toward stress-reduction and health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China; School of Physical Education & Health, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530100, China
| | - Zhi-Xiong He
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Yi-Shan Qu
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Lai-Fu Li
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Li-Min Wang
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Wen-Juan Hou
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Ying-Qi Zhu
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Wen-Qi Cai
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Xue-Ni Zhang
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Qian-Qian Guo
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Shu-Cheng An
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Rui Jia
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China; Cognition Neuroscience and Learning Division, Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
| | - Fa-Dao Tai
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China; Cognition Neuroscience and Learning Division, Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
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60
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Rose BJ, Weyand JA, Liu B, Smith JF, Perez BR, Clark JC, Goodman M, Hirschi Budge KM, Eggett DL, Arroyo JA, Reynolds PR, Kooyman DL. Exposure to second-hand cigarette smoke exacerbates the progression of osteoarthritis in a surgical induced murine model. Histol Histopathol 2021; 36:347-353. [PMID: 33576000 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), formerly understood to be a result of passive wear, is now known to be associated with chronic inflammation. Cigarette smoking promotes systemic inflammation and has been implicated in increased joint OA incidence in some studies, though the recent observational data on the association are contradictory. We hypothesize that second-hand smoke (SHS) treatment will increase the incidence of OA in a mouse model that has been subjected to a surgical destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM). To test this hypothesis, we applied either SHS treatment or room air (RA) to mice for 28 days post-DMM surgery. Histopathology findings indicated that the knees of SHS mice exhibited more severe OA than their control counterparts. Increased expression of matrix metalloprotease-13 (MMP-13), an important extracellular protease known to degrade articular cartilage, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), an intracellular effector of inflammatory pathways, were observed in the SHS group. These findings provide greater understanding and evidence for a detrimental role of cigarette smoke on OA progression and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Rose
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States
| | - Jeffery A Weyand
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States
| | - Brady Liu
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States
| | - Jacob F Smith
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States
| | - Brian R Perez
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States
| | - J Christian Clark
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States
| | - Michael Goodman
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States
| | - Kelsey M Hirschi Budge
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States
| | - Dennis L Eggett
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States
| | - Juan A Arroyo
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States
| | - Paul R Reynolds
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States
| | - David L Kooyman
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States
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Kilani HA, Bataineh MF, Al-Nawayseh A, Atiyat K, Obeid O, Abu-Hilal MM, Mansi T, Al-Kilani M, Al-Kitani M, El-Saleh M, Jaber RM, Sweidan A, Himsi M, Yousef I, Alzeer F, Nasrallah M, Al Dhaheri AS, Al-Za’abi A, Allala O, Al-Kilani L, Alhasan AM, Ghieda M, Najah Y, Alsheekhly S, Alhaifi A, Shukri R, Al Adwani J, Waly M, Kilani L, Kilani LH, al Shareef AS, Kilani A. Healthy lifestyle behaviors are major predictors of mental wellbeing during COVID-19 pandemic confinement: A study on adult Arabs in higher educational institutions. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243524. [PMID: 33315880 PMCID: PMC7735567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past infectious diseases affected the quality of lifestyle during home confinement. The study conducted examines the influence of home confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak on lifestyle, mental wellbeing, nutritional status, and sleeping pattern. METHOD An online multicategorical questionnaire was distributed to collect demographic information combined with the following tools: Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), WHO-5 wellbeing score, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). A snowball non-discriminate sampling procedure was conducted to collect data from people attending or working at higher institutions from March 1, 2020 to April 24, 2020. A total of 1723 completed responses (917 males, 37.4 ±13.4 years old and 806 females 32.2 ± 11.5 years old) were collected. RESULTS The female participants had significantly lower mental health scores than males (53.9% vs. 46.1%). The mental wellbeing scores were higher among participants with medium and high physical activity (PA) levels (p < 0.00). Additionally, the mental wellbeing scores were significantly improved by dietary quality and it's sleeping score (p < 0.001). However, PA was by far the major determinant of the mental health scores. CONCLUSION Factors such as PA, diet, and sleeping patterns were associated with mental wellbeing during the COVID-19 confinement among Arab participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashem A. Kilani
- Kinesiology and Training Department, School of Sport Sciences, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mo’ath F. Bataineh
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, College of Physical Education and Sport Science, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Ali Al-Nawayseh
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, College of Physical Education and Sport Science, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Khaled Atiyat
- Kinesiology and Training Department, School of Sport Sciences, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Omar Obeid
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Maher M. Abu-Hilal
- Psychology Department, College of Education, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Taiysir Mansi
- Kinesiology and Training Department, School of Sport Sciences, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Maher Al-Kilani
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, College of Physical Education and Sport Science, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Mahfoodha Al-Kitani
- Physical Education & Sports Sciences, College of Education, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Majed El-Saleh
- College of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, Al-Ain University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ruba M. Jaber
- School of Medicine, Family Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | | | - Iyad Yousef
- Physical Education Department, Beir Zeit University, Ramallah, Palestine
| | - Faten Alzeer
- Physical Education Department, Khadouri University, Ramallah, Palestine
| | - Monther Nasrallah
- Military Physical Training Department, Al Istiqlal University, Jericho, Palestine
| | - Ayesha S. Al Dhaheri
- Food, Nutrition and Health Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdulsalam Al-Za’abi
- Health and Physical Education Department, College of Education, UAEU, Al-Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Osama Allala
- Sports Health Specialist, Abu Dhabi Sports Council, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Laila Al-Kilani
- Department of Physical & Sport Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohamed Ghieda
- Sport Kinesiology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Yasir Najah
- College of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Saad Alsheekhly
- College of Political Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ahmad Alhaifi
- College of Health Sciences, The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Adailiya, Kuwait
| | - Raghda Shukri
- Nursing Department, Head of Nursing Department, Tokyo Human Health Sciences University Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Mostafa Waly
- Food Science and Nutrition Department, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Laila Kilani
- Clinical Pharmacist, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Leen H. Kilani
- College of Engineering, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Areej Kilani
- Internal Medicine Department, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan
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Smyers ME, Koch LG, Britton SL, Wagner JG, Novak CM. Enhanced weight and fat loss from long-term intermittent fasting in obesity-prone, low-fitness rats. Physiol Behav 2020; 230:113280. [PMID: 33285179 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermittent fasting (IF) strategies have emerged as viable alternatives to traditional calorie-restricted diets. A key predictor of metabolic health and response to diet is cardiometabolic fitness, including intrinsic aerobic capacity. In a contrasting rat model of aerobic capacity-high- and low-capacity runners (HCR, LCR)-we found that the lean and physically active HCR were also more responsive to a standard calorie-restricted diet. Here, we assessed the ability of IF to induce weight loss on a background of high and low aerobic fitness accompanied by different levels of daily physical activity. METHODS Female HCR and LCR (8 per line) were subjected to IF (alternate-day fasting) for 14 weeks. Outcomes included changes in body weight, fat and lean mass, daily physical activity, and food and water intake. After initial measurements, IF was continued, and measurements were repeated after one year of IF. RESULTS All rats lost weight with IF, and LCR lost significantly more weight than HCR. This difference was primarily due to differential fat loss; loss of lean mass, on the other hand, was similar between HCR and LCR. Total food intake decreased with IF, and LCR showed lower intake than HCR only during the first 5 weeks of IF. Physical activity was suppressed by long-term IF. Physical activity increased on fed days compared to fasted days, and this pattern was more pronounced in HCR. The differential effects of IF in HCR and LCR persisted after one year of IF, with IF preventing the marked weight gain seen in ad libitum fed LCR during this time. CONCLUSION Weight and fat loss from IF was more pronounced in obesity-prone, low-aerobic capacity LCR, despite the low activity levels seen in these rats. The possibility that aerobic capacity modulates response to IF in human participants remains unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Smyers
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, United States.
| | - Lauren G Koch
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43614-2598, United States.
| | - Steven L Britton
- Department of Anesthesiology, and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5622, United States.
| | - Jacob G Wagner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, United States.
| | - Colleen M Novak
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, United States.
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Šabanović M, Liu H, Mlambo V, Aqel H, Chaudhury D. What it takes to be at the top: The interrelationship between chronic social stress and social dominance. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01896. [PMID: 33070476 PMCID: PMC7749537 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dominance hierarchies of social animal groups are very sensitive to stress. Stress experienced prior to social interactions between conspecifics may be a determinant of their future social dynamics. Additionally, long-term occupancy of a specific hierarchical rank can have psychophysiological effects which increase vulnerability to future stressors. METHODS We aimed to delineate differential effects of stress acting before or after hierarchy formation. We studied whether exposure to the chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) paradigm before a two-week-long hierarchy formation affected the attainment of a dominant status using the social confrontation tube test (TT). These animals were singly housed for at least one week before CSDS to decrease confounding effects of prior hierarchy experience. Additionally, we investigated whether social rank predicted vulnerability to CSDS, measured by a social interaction test. RESULTS In TT, mice termed as dominant (high rank) win the majority of social confrontations, while the subordinates (low rank) lose more often. Within newly established hierarchies of stress-naïve mice, the subordinate, but not dominant, mice exhibited significantly greater avoidance of novel social targets. However, following exposure to CSDS, both lowest- and highest-ranked mice exhibited susceptibility to stress as measured by decreased interactions with a novel social target. In contrast, after CSDS, both stress-susceptible (socially avoidant) and stress-resilient (social) mice were able to attain dominant ranks in newly established hierarchies. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the response to CSDS did not determine social rank in new cohorts, but low-status mice in newly established groups exhibited lower sociability to novel social targets. Interestingly, exposure of a hierarchical social group to chronic social stress led to stress susceptibility in both high- and low-status mice as measured by social interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merima Šabanović
- The Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - He Liu
- The Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vongai Mlambo
- The Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hala Aqel
- The Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dipesh Chaudhury
- The Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Nguyen QAT, Hillis D, Katada S, Harris T, Pontrello C, Garland T, Haga-Yamanaka S. Coadaptation of the chemosensory system with voluntary exercise behavior in mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241758. [PMID: 33237909 PMCID: PMC7688120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethologically relevant chemical senses and behavioral habits are likely to coadapt in response to selection. As olfaction is involved in intrinsically motivated behaviors in mice, we hypothesized that selective breeding for a voluntary behavior would enable us to identify novel roles of the chemosensory system. Voluntary wheel running (VWR) is an intrinsically motivated and naturally rewarding behavior, and even wild mice run on a wheel placed in nature. We have established 4 independent, artificially evolved mouse lines by selectively breeding individuals showing high VWR activity (High Runners; HRs), together with 4 non-selected Control lines, over 88 generations. We found that several sensory receptors in specific receptor clusters were differentially expressed between the vomeronasal organ (VNO) of HRs and Controls. Moreover, one of those clusters contains multiple single-nucleotide polymorphism loci for which the allele frequencies were significantly divergent between the HR and Control lines, i.e., loci that were affected by the selective breeding protocol. These results indicate that the VNO has become genetically differentiated between HR and Control lines during the selective breeding process. Although the role of the vomeronasal chemosensory receptors in VWR activity remains to be determined, the current results suggest that these vomeronasal chemosensory receptors are important quantitative trait loci for voluntary exercise in mice. We propose that olfaction may play an important role in motivation for voluntary exercise in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh Anh Thi Nguyen
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - David Hillis
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Genomics & Bioinformatics, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Sayako Katada
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Timothy Harris
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Genomics & Bioinformatics, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Crystal Pontrello
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Theodore Garland
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Genomics & Bioinformatics, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Sachiko Haga-Yamanaka
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Genomics & Bioinformatics, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Contreras KM, Caillaud M, Neddenriep B, Bagdas D, Roberts JL, Ulker E, White AB, Aboulhosn R, Toma W, Khalefa T, Adel A, Mann JA, Damaj MI. Deficit in voluntary wheel running in chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain models in mice: Impact of sex and genotype. Behav Brain Res 2020; 399:113009. [PMID: 33181181 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients with chronic pain report decreased general activity and emotional distress. Therefore, the development of various animal models that encompass different aspects of pain are crucial for the discovery of genetic differences and the assessment of novel analgesics to improve quality of life. C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice received unilateral intraplantar injections of 100 % CFA, paclitaxel, or CCI surgery to compare their distance traveled in a voluntary wheel running assay, paw edema diameter, and mechanical sensitivity. Mechanical withdrawal thresholds were lower in both strains of mice that received CFA when compared to their vehicle. However, a decrease in distance traveled was observed in CFA-treated C57BL/6J but not DBA/2J mice. In a separate group, chemotherapy agent paclitaxel 8 mg/kg, i.p. was administered to both strains of mice to induce CIPN which was confirmed by lower mechanical thresholds in paclitaxel-treated mice compared to vehicle-treated mice. Only female C57BL/6J mice showed attenuation of distance traveled following treatment, whereas male C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice did not. Lastly, C57BL/6J mice underwent chronic constriction injury (CCI) or sham surgery to observe the impact of another chronic neuropathic pain model in wheel running assay. CCI mice showed a gradual decrease in mechanical withdrawal threshold and a decrease in distance traveled compared to sham 5 days following the procedure. Comparing these chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain models in different mouse strains may help us better understand genetic differences underlying pain perception and its impact on reflexive and nonreflexive outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Contreras
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA.
| | - Martial Caillaud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Bradley Neddenriep
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Deniz Bagdas
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine. Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Jane L Roberts
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Esad Ulker
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Alyssa B White
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Raneem Aboulhosn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Wisam Toma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Tala Khalefa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Ahd Adel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Jared A Mann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - M Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
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Bass JS, Tuo AH, Ton LT, Jankovic MJ, Kapadia PK, Schirmer C, Krishnan V. On the Digital Psychopharmacology of Valproic Acid in Mice. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:594612. [PMID: 33240040 PMCID: PMC7677503 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.594612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) require daily ingestion for maximal seizure prophylaxis. Adverse psychiatric consequences of AEDs present as: (i) reversible changes in mood, anxiety, anger and/or irritability that often necessitate drug discontinuation, and (ii) autism and/or cognitive/psychomotor delays following fetal exposure. Technical advances in quantifying naturalistic rodent behaviors may provide sensitive preclinical estimates of AED psychiatric tolerability and neuropsychiatric teratogenicity. In this study, we applied instrumented home-cage monitoring to assess how valproic acid (VPA, dissolved in sweetened drinking water) alters home-cage behavior in adult C57BL/6J mice and in the adult offspring of VPA-exposed breeder pairs. Through a pup open field assay, we also examined how prenatal VPA exposure impacts early spontaneous exploratory behavior. At 500-600 mg/kg/d, chronic VPA produced hyperphagia and increased wheel-running without impacting sleep, activity and measures of risk aversion. When applied to breeder pairs of mice throughout gestation, VPA prolonged the latency to viable litters without affecting litter size. Two-weeks old VPA-exposed pups displayed open field hypoactivity without alterations in thigmotaxis. As adults, prenatal VPA-exposed mice displayed active state fragmentation, hypophagia and increased wheel running, together with subtle alterations in home-cage dyadic behavior. Together, these data illustrate how automated home-cage assessments of spontaneous behavior capture an ethologically centered psychopharmacological profile of enterally administered VPA that is aligned with human clinical experience. By characterizing the effects of pangestational VPA exposure, we discover novel murine expressions of pervasive neurodevelopment. Incorporating such rigorous assessments of psychological tolerability may inform the design of future AEDs with improved neuropsychiatric safety profiles, both for patients and their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Samuel Bass
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Anney H. Tuo
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Linh T. Ton
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Miranda J. Jankovic
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Paarth K. Kapadia
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Catharina Schirmer
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Vaishnav Krishnan
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Pilorz V, Kolms B, Oster H. Rapid Jetlag Resetting of Behavioral, Physiological, and Molecular Rhythms in Proestrous Female Mice. J Biol Rhythms 2020; 35:612-627. [PMID: 33140660 DOI: 10.1177/0748730420965291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A gradual adaptation to a shifted light-dark (LD) cycle is a key element of the circadian clock system and believed to be controlled by the central circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Endocrine factors have a strong influence on the regulation of the circadian clock network and alter acute photic responses of the SCN clock. In females, endocrine function depends on the stage of the ovarian cycle. So far, however, little is known about the effect of the estrous cycle on behavioral and molecular responses to shifts in the LD rhythm. Based on this, we investigated whether estrous state affects the kinetics of phase shift during jetlag in behavior, physiology, and molecular clock rhythms in the SCN and in peripheral tissues. Female mice exposed to an advanced LD phase at proestrous or metestrous showed different phase-shift kinetics, with proestrous females displaying accelerated adaptation in behavior and physiology. Constant darkness release experiments suggest that these fast phase shifts do not reflect resetting of the SCN pacemaker. Explant experiments on SCN, adrenal gland, and uterus confirmed this finding with proestrous females showing significantly faster clock phase shifts in peripheral tissues compared with the SCN. Together, these findings provide strong evidence for an accelerated adaptation of proestrous compared with metestrous females to new LD conditions that is accompanied by rapid behavioral, physiological, and molecular rhythm resetting. Not only do these findings open up a new avenue to understand the effect of estrous cycle on the clock network under changing environmental conditions but also imply a greater susceptibility in proestrous females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Pilorz
- Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Beke Kolms
- Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Henrik Oster
- Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Luebeck, Germany
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Mukherjee SD, Koch LG, Britton SL, Novak CM. Aerobic capacity modulates adaptive thermogenesis: Contribution of non-resting energy expenditure. Physiol Behav 2020; 225:113048. [PMID: 32628949 PMCID: PMC7594631 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Decreases in energy stores requires negative energy balance where caloric expenditure exceeds energy intake, which can induce adaptive thermogenesis-the reduction of energy expenditure (EE) beyond that accounted for by the weight lost. Adaptive thermogenesis varies between individuals. The component of total daily EE responsible for the interindividual variation in adaptive thermogenesis was investigated in this study, using a rat model that differs in obesity propensity and physical activity. Total daily EE and physical activity were examined before and after 21 days of 50% calorie restriction in male and female rats with lean and obesity-prone phenotypes-rats selectively bred for high and low intrinsic aerobic capacity (HCR and LCR, respectively). Calorie restriction significantly decreased EE more than was predicted by loss of weight and lean mass, demonstrating adaptive thermogenesis. Within sex, HCR and LCR did not significantly differ in resting EE. However, the calorie restriction-induced suppression in non-resting EE, which includes activity EE, was significantly greater in HCR than in LCR; this phenotypic difference was significant for both male and female rats. Calorie restriction also significantly suppressed physical activity levels more in HCR than LCR. When VO2max was assessed in male rats, calorie restriction significantly decreased O2 consumption without significantly affecting running performance (running time, distance), indicating increased energy efficiency. Percent weight loss did not significantly differ between groups. Altogether, these results suggest that individual differences in calorie restriction-induced adaptive thermogenesis may be accounted for by variation in aerobic capacity. Moreover, it is likely that activity EE, not resting or basal metabolism, may explain or predict the variation in individuals' adaptive thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sromona Dudiki Mukherjee
- Department of Biological Sciences; Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.
| | - Lauren G Koch
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, United States
| | - Steven L Britton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Colleen M Novak
- Department of Biological Sciences; School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, United States
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McVeigh LG, Perugini AJ, Fehrenbacher JC, White FA, Kacena MA. Assessment, Quantification, and Management of Fracture Pain: from Animals to the Clinic. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:460-470. [PMID: 32827293 PMCID: PMC7541703 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00617-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Fractures are painful and disabling injuries that can occur due to trauma, especially when compounded with pathologic conditions, such as osteoporosis in older adults. It is well documented that acute pain management plays an integral role in the treatment of orthopedic patients. There is no current therapy available to completely control post-fracture pain that does not interfere with bone healing or have major adverse effects. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the understanding of pain behaviors post-fracture. RECENT FINDINGS We review animal models of bone fracture and the assays that have been developed to assess and quantify spontaneous and evoked pain behaviors, including the two most commonly used assays: dynamic weight bearing and von Frey testing to assess withdrawal from a cutaneous (hindpaw) stimulus. Additionally, we discuss the assessment and quantification of fracture pain in the clinical setting, including the use of numeric pain rating scales, satisfaction with pain relief, and other biopsychosocial factor measurements. We review how pain behaviors in animal models and clinical cases can change with the use of current pain management therapies. We conclude by discussing the use of pain behavioral analyses in assessing potential therapeutic treatment options for addressing acute and chronic fracture pain without compromising fracture healing. There currently is a lack of effective treatment options for fracture pain that reliably relieve pain without potentially interfering with bone healing. Continued development and verification of reliable measurements of fracture pain in both pre-clinical and clinical settings is an essential aspect of continued research into novel analgesic treatments for fracture pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke G McVeigh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1130 W. Michigan St, FH 115, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Anthony J Perugini
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1130 W. Michigan St, FH 115, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jill C Fehrenbacher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Fletcher A White
- Department of Anesthesia, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Melissa A Kacena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1130 W. Michigan St, FH 115, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Schmill MP, Cadney MD, Thompson Z, Hiramatsu L, Albuquerque RL, McNamara MP, Castro AA, Kay JC, Buenaventura DG, Ramirez JL, Rhodes JS, Garland T. Conditioned place preference for cocaine and methylphenidate in female mice from lines selectively bred for high voluntary wheel-running behavior. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 20:e12700. [PMID: 32909333 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral addictions can come in many forms, including overeating, gambling and overexercising. All addictions share a common mechanism involving activation of the natural reward circuit and reinforcement learning, but the extent to which motivation for natural and drug rewards share similar neurogenetic mechanisms remains unknown. A unique mouse genetic model in which four replicate lines of female mice were selectively bred (>76 generations) for high voluntary wheel running (High Runner or HR lines) alongside four non-selected control (C) lines were used to test the hypothesis that high motivation for exercise is associated with greater reward for cocaine (20 mg/kg) and methylphenidate (10 mg/kg) using the conditioned place preference (CPP) test. HR mice run ~three times as many revolutions/day as C mice, but the extent to which they have increased motivation for other rewards is unknown. Both HR and C mice displayed significant CPP for cocaine and methylphenidate, but with no statistical difference between linetypes for either drug. Taken together, results suggest that selective breeding for increased voluntary running has modified the reward circuit in the brain in a way that increases motivation for running without affecting cocaine or methylphenidate reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret P Schmill
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Marcell D Cadney
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Zoe Thompson
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Layla Hiramatsu
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Ralph L Albuquerque
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Monica P McNamara
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Alberto A Castro
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Jarren C Kay
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Darrius G Buenaventura
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Jocelyn L Ramirez
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Justin S Rhodes
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Theodore Garland
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California, USA.,Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
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71
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The effect of voluntary wheel running on the antioxidant status is dependent on sociability conditions. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 198:173018. [PMID: 32827504 PMCID: PMC7438373 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Voluntary wheel running is widely used as a physical activity (PA) model in rodents, but most studies investigate the beneficial effects of this intervention in socially isolated mice. Social isolation stress (SIS) is associated with vulnerability to oxidative stress and reduced mitochondrial activity. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of free access to a running wheel for 21 days on the various markers of the cellular redox/antioxidant status as well as mitochondrial function of mice subjected to SIS or maintained in groups of 3 in the homecage. SIS increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels in the cerebral cortex, and PA intervention was not able to reverse such alteration. PA reduced TBARS levels in the liver of grouped mice and gastrocnemius of socially isolated mice. PA increased nonprotein thiol (NPSH) levels in the cerebral cortex of grouped mice. Furthermore, socially isolated mice presented lower glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in the cerebellum and gastrocnemius, and glutathione reductase (GR) activity in the cerebral cortex and liver. By contrast, SIS induced higher GPx activity in the cerebral cortex and heart. PA reduced GPx (cerebral cortex) and GR (cerebral cortex and liver) activities of socially isolated mice. SIS caused higher activity of mitochondrial complexes I and II in the cerebral cortex, and the PA paradigm was not able to alter this effect. Interestingly, the PA produced antidepressant-like effect at both SIS and control groups. In conclusion, the results showed the influence of SIS for the effects of PA on the antioxidant status, but not on the mitochondrial function and emotionality. PA intervention produces antioxidant responses dependent on sociability conditions. SIS induces mitochondria function and antioxidant defense abnormalities. Running produces antidepressant-like behavior and does not change the ambulation. The distance travelled on the running wheel is correlated with immobility time in the TST. The lipoperoxidation index is negatively correlated with time spent on the running wheel.
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72
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Delanogare E, de Souza RM, Rosa GK, Guanabara FG, Rafacho A, Moreira ELG. Enriched environment ameliorates dexamethasone effects on emotional reactivity and metabolic parameters in mice. Stress 2020; 23:466-473. [PMID: 32107952 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2020.1735344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Convincing evidence shows that stress is associated with the development and course of psychiatric and metabolic disorders. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis mediates the stress response, a cascade of events that culminate in the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex. Chronic hypercortisolism typically characterizes stress-related illnesses, such as depression, anxiety, and metabolic syndrome. Considering previous studies pointing that environmental enrichment (EE) mitigates the deleterious effects of stress on neurobiological systems, we hypothesized that EE can confer resiliency against prolonged glucocorticoid administration-induced behavioral and metabolic alterations in mice. In this regard, three-month-old male Swiss mice were exposed to a four-week period of standard environment (SE) or EE. After this period, still in the respective environments, dexamethasone was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) at a dose of 4 mg/kg, for 21 consecutive days, in order to generate the emotional-related behavioral outcomes, as previously described. It is demonstrated herein that EE prevents the dexamethasone-induced anxiety-like and passive stress-coping behaviors, as observed in the open field and tail suspension tests. Moreover, EE mitigated the hyperproteinemia and body weight loss induced by excess dexamethasone and decreased basal glucose levels. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that EE attenuates the effects of chronic administration of synthetic glucocorticoids in mice, a strategy that may be translated to the clinical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eslen Delanogare
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Raul Marin de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Giovana Karoline Rosa
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Fernando Garcia Guanabara
- Hospital Universitário Polydoro Ernani de São Thiago, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil
| | - Alex Rafacho
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Luiz Gasnhar Moreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
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73
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Šabanović M, Liu H, Mlambo V, Aqel H, Chaudhury D. What it takes to be at the top: The interrelationship between chronic social stress and social dominance.. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.29.177410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
Abstract
AbstractDominance hierarchies of social animal groups are influenced by complex factors such as stress. Stress experienced by an animal prior to social interactions with a conspecific may be a determinant of their future social dynamics. Additionally, long-term occupancy of a specific hierarchical rank can have psychophysiological effects, leading to vulnerability to future stress.The current study aimed to delineate differential effects of stress acting before or after hierarchy formation. Using the chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) paradigm we performed behavioural investigations to determine whether exposure to CSDS before hierarchy formation predicted the new dominance status. Moreover, in another study we investigated whether social rank predicted stress vulnerability.We found that CSDS did not impede the establishment of dominance in new hierarchies as both stress-susceptible (socially avoidant) and –resilient (social) mice were able to attain dominant ranks. In contrast, within newly established hierarchies of stress-naïve mice, the subordinate, but not dominant, mice exhibit significantly greater avoidance of novel social targets. However, following exposure to CSDS, both lowest- and highest-ranked mice exhibit strong susceptibility to stress as measured by decreased interactions with a novel social target.These results suggest that the response to chronic social stress did not determine social rank in new cohorts, but low-status mice in newly established groups exhibited lower sociability to novel social targets. Interestingly, exposure of a hierarchical social group to chronic social stress led to stress-susceptibility in both high- and low-status mice as measured by social interaction.HighlightsStress susceptibility to chronic social defeat did not impede the establishment of dominance in new hierarchies.Subordinate mice exhibit reduced social preference after hierarchy formation.Following chronic social defeat stress, both subordinate and dominant mice exhibit susceptible-like reduction in social interaction, but dominant mice exhibit the greater decrease in social preference as compared to baseline.
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74
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Running wheel access fails to resolve impaired sustainable health in mice feeding a high fat sucrose diet. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:1564-1579. [PMID: 30860981 PMCID: PMC6428087 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diet and physical activity are thought to affect sustainable metabolic health and survival. To improve understanding, we studied survival of mice feeding a low-fat (LF) or high-saturated fat/high sugar (HFS) diet, each with or without free running wheel (RW) access. Additionally several endocrine and metabolic health indices were assessed at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of age. As expected, HFS feeding left-shifted survival curve of mice compared to LF feeding, and this was associated with increased energy intake and increased (visceral/total) adiposity, liver triglycerides, and increased plasma cholesterol, corticosterone, HOMA-IR, and lowered adiponectin levels. Several of these health parameters improved (transiently) by RW access in HFS and LF fed mice (i.e., HOMA-IR, plasma corticosterone), others however deteriorated (transiently) by RW access only in HFS-fed mice (i.e., body adiposity, plasma resistin, and free cholesterol levels). Apart from these multiple and sometimes diverging health effects of RW access, RW access did not affect survival curves. Important to note, voluntary RW activity declined with age, but this effect was most pronounced in the HFS fed mice. These results thus challenge the hypothesis that voluntary wheel running can counteract HFS-induced deterioration of survival and metabolic health.
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75
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Lyu S, Xing H, DeAndrade MP, Perez PD, Yokoi F, Febo M, Walters AS, Li Y. The Role of BTBD9 in the Cerebellum, Sleep-like Behaviors and the Restless Legs Syndrome. Neuroscience 2020; 440:85-96. [PMID: 32446853 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have found cerebellum as a top hit for sleep regulation. Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sleep-related sensorimotor disorder characterized by uncomfortable sensations in the extremities, generally at night, which are often relieved by movements. Clinical studies have found that RLS patients have structural and functional abnormalities in the cerebellum. However, whether and how cerebellar pathology contributes to sleep regulation and RLS is not known. GWAS identified polymorphisms in BTBD9 conferring a higher risk of sleep disruption and RLS. Knockout of the BTBD9 homolog in mice (Btbd9) and fly results in motor restlessness and sleep disruption. We performed manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging on the Btbd9 knockout mice and found decreased neural activities in the cerebellum, especially in lobules VIII, X, and the deep cerebellar nuclei. Electrophysiological recording of Purkinje cells (PCs) from Btbd9 knockout mice revealed an increased number of non-tonic PCs. Tonic PCs showed increased spontaneous activity and intrinsic excitability. To further investigate the cerebellar contribution to RLS and sleep-like behaviors, we generated PC-specific Btbd9 knockout mice (Btbd9 pKO) and performed behavioral studies. Btbd9 pKO mice showed significant motor restlessness during the rest phase but not in the active phase. Btbd9 pKO mice also had an increased probability of waking at rest. Unlike the Btbd9 knockout mice, there was no increased thermal sensation in the Btbd9 pKO. Our results indicate that the Btbd9 knockout influences the PC activity; dysfunction in the cerebellum may contribute to the motor restlessness found in the Btbd9 knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangru Lyu
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hong Xing
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mark P DeAndrade
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Pablo D Perez
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Fumiaki Yokoi
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Arthur S Walters
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yuqing Li
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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76
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Allerton TD, Kowalski G, Hang H, Stephens J. Dynamic Glucose Disposal is Driven by Reduced Endogenous Glucose Production in Response to Voluntary Wheel Running: A Stable Isotope Approach. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E2-E10. [PMID: 32343613 PMCID: PMC7468781 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00450.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To resolve both the systems level and molecular mechanisms responsible for exercise induced improvements in glucose tolerance, we sought to test the effect of voluntary wheel running exercise on postprandial glucose dynamics. We utilized a stable isotope labeled oral glucose tolerance test (SI-OGTT) incorporating complimentary deuterium glucose tracers at 1:1 ratio (2-2H-glucose and 6-6 2H-glucose; 2g/kg lean body mass) to distinguish between endogenous glucose production (EGP) and whole-body glucose disposal. SI-OGTT was performed in C57BL/6J mice after 8 weeks on a high fat diet (45% fat). Mice were then randomized to either a wheel running cage (n=13, HFD Ex) or normal cage (n=13, HFD Sed) while maintaining the HFD for 4 weeks prior to performing a SI-OGTT. HFD Ex mice demonstrated improvements in whole blood glucose total AUC that was attributed primarily to a reduction in EGP AUC. Serum insulin levels measured at 0 and 15-minutes post glucose gavage were significantly elevated in the HFD Sed mice, whereas HFD Ex mice demonstrated the expected reduction in insulin at both time points. Overall, exercise improved hepatic insulin sensitivity by reducing postprandial EGP, but also increased whole-body glucose disposal. Finally, these results demonstrate the benefits of exercise on hepatic insulin sensitivity by combining a more physiological route of glucose administration (oral glucose) with the resolution of stable isotope tracers. These novel observations clearly demonstrate that SI-OGTT is a sensitive and cost-effective method to measure exercise adaptations in obese mice with as little as 2 µl of tail blood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Greg Kowalski
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Hardy Hang
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge LA, United States
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77
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Guzman KM, Brink LE, Rodriguez-Bey G, Bodnar RJ, Kuang L, Xing B, Sullivan M, Park HJ, Koppes E, Zhu H, Padiath Q, Cambi F. Conditional depletion of Fus in oligodendrocytes leads to motor hyperactivity and increased myelin deposition associated with Akt and cholesterol activation. Glia 2020; 68:2040-2056. [PMID: 32187401 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fused in sarcoma (FUS) is a predominantly nuclear multifunctional RNA/DNA-binding protein that regulates multiple aspects of gene expression. FUS mutations are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS) and frontotemporal lobe degeneration (FTLD) in humans. At the molecular level, the mutated FUS protein is reduced in the nucleus but accumulates in cytoplasmic granules. Oligodendrocytes (OL) carrying clinically relevant FUS mutations contribute to non-cell autonomous motor neuron disease progression, consistent with an extrinsic mechanism of disease mediated by OL. Knocking out FUS globally or in neurons lead to behavioral abnormalities that are similar to those present in FTLD. In this study, we sought to investigate whether an extrinsic mechanism mediated by loss of FUS function in OL contributes to the behavioral phenotype. We have generated a novel conditional knockout (cKO) in which Fus is selectively depleted in OL (FusOL cKO). The FusOL cKO mice show increased novelty-induced motor activity and enhanced exploratory behavior, which are reminiscent of some manifestations of FTLD. The phenotypes are associated with greater myelin thickness, higher number of myelinated small diameter axons without an increase in the number of mature OL. The expression of the rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis (HMGCR) is increased in white matter tracts of the FusOL cKO and results in higher cholesterol content. In addition, phosphorylation of Akt, an important regulator of myelination is increased in the FusOL cKO. Collectively, this work has uncovered a novel role of oligodendrocytic Fus in regulating myelin deposition through activation of Akt and cholesterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Guzman
- Research Department, Veterans Administration Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lauren E Brink
- Research Department, Veterans Administration Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guillermo Rodriguez-Bey
- Department of Human Genetics Graduate, School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Richard J Bodnar
- Research Department, Veterans Administration Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisha Kuang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Bin Xing
- GE Healthcare, Waukesha, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mara Sullivan
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hyun J Park
- Department of Human Genetics, Biostatistics and Biomedical Informatics, School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erik Koppes
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Haining Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Quasar Padiath
- Department of Human Genetics Graduate, School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Franca Cambi
- Research Department, Veterans Administration Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Neurology/PIND, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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78
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González-Cano R, Montilla-García Á, Ruiz-Cantero MC, Bravo-Caparrós I, Tejada MÁ, Nieto FR, Cobos EJ. The search for translational pain outcomes to refine analgesic development: Where did we come from and where are we going? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 113:238-261. [PMID: 32147529 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pain measures traditionally used in rodents record mere reflexes evoked by sensory stimuli; the results thus may not fully reflect the human pain phenotype. Alterations in physical and emotional functioning, pain-depressed behaviors and facial pain expressions were recently proposed as additional pain outcomes to provide a more accurate measure of clinical pain in rodents, and hence to potentially enhance analgesic drug development. We aimed to review how preclinical pain assessment has evolved since the development of the tail flick test in 1941, with a particular focus on a critical analysis of some nonstandard pain outcomes, and a consideration of how sex differences may affect the performance of these pain surrogates. We tracked original research articles in Medline for the following periods: 1973-1977, 1983-1987, 1993-1997, 2003-2007, and 2014-2018. We identified 606 research articles about alternative surrogate pain measures, 473 of which were published between 2014 and 2018. This indicates that preclinical pain assessment is moving toward the use of these measures, which may soon become standard procedures in preclinical pain laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael González-Cano
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Ángeles Montilla-García
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - M Carmen Ruiz-Cantero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Bravo-Caparrós
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Miguel Á Tejada
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain; IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Francisco R Nieto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Enrique J Cobos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Teófilo Hernando Institute for Drug Discovery, Madrid, Spain.
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79
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Magnone M, Emionite L, Guida L, Vigliarolo T, Sturla L, Spinelli S, Buschiazzo A, Marini C, Sambuceti G, De Flora A, Orengo AM, Cossu V, Ferrando S, Barbieri O, Zocchi E. Insulin-independent stimulation of skeletal muscle glucose uptake by low-dose abscisic acid via AMPK activation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1454. [PMID: 31996711 PMCID: PMC6989460 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58206-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone active also in mammals where it regulates, at nanomolar concentrations, blood glucose homeostasis. Here we investigated the mechanism through which low-dose ABA controls glycemia and glucose fate. ABA stimulated uptake of the fluorescent glucose analog 2-NBDG by L6, and of [18F]-deoxy-glucose (FDG) by mouse skeletal muscle, in the absence of insulin, and both effects were abrogated by the specific AMPK inhibitor dorsomorphin. In L6, incubation with ABA increased phosphorylation of AMPK and upregulated PGC-1α expression. LANCL2 silencing reduced all these ABA-induced effects. In vivo, low-dose oral ABA stimulated glucose uptake and storage in the skeletal muscle of rats undergoing an oral glucose load, as detected by micro-PET. Chronic treatment with ABA significantly improved the AUC of glycemia and muscle glycogen content in CD1 mice exposed to a high-glucose diet. Finally, both acute and chronic ABA treatment of hypoinsulinemic TRPM2-/- mice ameliorated the glycemia profile and increased muscle glycogen storage. Altogether, these results suggest that low-dose oral ABA might be beneficial for pre-diabetic and diabetic subjects by increasing insulin-independent skeletal muscle glucose disposal through an AMPK-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Magnone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132, Genova, Italy. .,Nutravis S.r.l., Via Corsica 2/19, 16128, Genova, Italy.
| | - Laura Emionite
- Animal Facility, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Guida
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Tiziana Vigliarolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Sturla
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Sonia Spinelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Ambra Buschiazzo
- Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Cecilia Marini
- Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy.,CNR Institute of Bioimages and Molecular Physiology, Milan, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, Via A. Pastore 1, Genova, Italy
| | - Gianmario Sambuceti
- Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy.,CNR Institute of Bioimages and Molecular Physiology, Milan, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, Via A. Pastore 1, Genova, Italy
| | - Antonio De Flora
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Orengo
- Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Vanessa Cossu
- Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Sara Ferrando
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, Genova, Italy
| | - Ottavia Barbieri
- Animal Facility, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Elena Zocchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132, Genova, Italy.
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80
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Brendel H, Shahid A, Hofmann A, Mittag J, Bornstein SR, Morawietz H, Brunssen C. NADPH oxidase 4 mediates the protective effects of physical activity against obesity-induced vascular dysfunction. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 116:1767-1778. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aims
Physical activity is one of the most potent strategies to prevent endothelial dysfunction. Recent evidence suggests vaso-protective properties of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) produced by main endothelial NADPH oxidase isoform 4 (Nox4) in the vasculature. Therefore, we hypothesized that Nox4 connects physical activity with vaso-protective effects.
Methods and results
Analysis of the endothelial function using Mulvany Myograph showed endothelial dysfunction in wild-type (WT) as well as in C57BL/6J/ Nox4−/− (Nox4−/−) mice after 20 weeks on high-fat diet (HFD). Access to running wheels during the HFD prevented endothelial dysfunction in WT but not in Nox4−/− mice. Mechanistically, exercise led to an increased H2O2 release in the aorta of WT mice with increased phosphorylation of eNOS pathway member AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT1). Both H2O2 release and phosphorylation of AKT1 were diminished in aortas of Nox4−/− mice. Deletion of Nox4 also resulted in lower intracellular calcium release proven by reduced phenylephrine-mediated contraction, whilst potassium-induced contraction was not affected. H2O2 scavenger catalase reduced phenylephrine-induced contraction in WT mice. Supplementing H2O2 increased phenylephrine-induced contraction in Nox4−/− mice. Exercise-induced peroxisome proliferative-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 alpha (Ppargc1a), as key regulator of mitochondria biogenesis in WT but not Nox4−/− mice. Furthermore, exercise-induced citrate synthase activity and mitochondria mass were reduced in the absence of Nox4. Thus, Nox4−/− mice became less active and ran less compared with WT mice.
Conclusions
Nox4 derived H2O2 plays a key role in exercise-induced adaptations of eNOS and Ppargc1a pathway and intracellular calcium release. Hence, loss of Nox4 diminished physical activity performance and vascular protective effects of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Brendel
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Amna Shahid
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Hofmann
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jennifer Mittag
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henning Morawietz
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Coy Brunssen
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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81
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MacKay H, Scott CA, Duryea JD, Baker MS, Laritsky E, Elson AE, Garland T, Fiorotto ML, Chen R, Li Y, Coarfa C, Simerly RB, Waterland RA. DNA methylation in AgRP neurons regulates voluntary exercise behavior in mice. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5364. [PMID: 31792207 PMCID: PMC6889160 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13339-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation regulates cell type-specific gene expression. Here, in a transgenic mouse model, we show that deletion of the gene encoding DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3a in hypothalamic AgRP neurons causes a sedentary phenotype characterized by reduced voluntary exercise and increased adiposity. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) and transcriptional profiling in neuronal nuclei from the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) reveal differentially methylated genomic regions and reduced expression of AgRP neuron-associated genes in knockout mice. We use read-level analysis of WGBS data to infer putative ARH neural cell types affected by the knockout, and to localize promoter hypomethylation and increased expression of the growth factor Bmp7 to AgRP neurons, suggesting a role for aberrant TGF-β signaling in the development of this phenotype. Together, these data demonstrate that DNA methylation in AgRP neurons is required for their normal epigenetic development and neuron-specific gene expression profiles, and regulates voluntary exercise behavior. AgRP neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARH) are involved in regulating hunger and energy balance. Here the authors show that knockout of the DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3a in AgRP neurons of the ARH leads to a reduction in voluntary exercise along with numerous epigenetic and gene expression changes in ARH neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry MacKay
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - C Anthony Scott
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jack D Duryea
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Maria S Baker
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Eleonora Laritsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Amanda E Elson
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Theodore Garland
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Marta L Fiorotto
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yumei Li
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Richard B Simerly
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Robert A Waterland
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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82
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Mayr KA, Young L, Molina LA, Tran MA, Whelan PJ. An economical solution to record and control wheel-running for group-housed mice. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 331:108482. [PMID: 31733283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of exercise on brain function are widely known; however, there is a need for inexpensive, practical solutions for monitoring and metering the activity of multiple mice. NEW METHOD A contoured running wheel that has a built-in radio-frequency identification (RFID) receiver to monitor the activity of several mice in a single cage is presented. This system is scalable , the interface is easy to use, and the wheel can be dynamically locked so that each group-housed mouse receives a set exercise regimen. RESULTS We were able to reliably monitor three mice that were group-housed. We were able to reliably meter the amount of exercise performed by the mice using the servo-controlled lock. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Current methods allow a wheel to be locked when a set distance is reached. However, an issue with this method is that the set distance includes the cumulative activity of all mice in the cage so one mouse could contribute a disproportionate amount to the total distance. Our solution ensures that the wheel is locked when an individual mouse reaches the target distance, but remains unlocked for individuals that have not reached the programmed distance. CONCLUSIONS The dynamic locking wheel (DynaLok) is designed to allow a researcher to provide individually designed exercise plans for multi-housed mice; therefore, users are able to house mice conventionally rather than in individual cages. DynaLok reduces animal housing costs, allows for new experimental exercise regimens to be developed, and is scalable and cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Mayr
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Leanne Young
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Leonardo A Molina
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Michelle A Tran
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Patrick J Whelan
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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83
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Patel DI, Abuchowski K, Sheikh B, Rivas P, Musi N, Kumar AP. Exercise preserves muscle mass and force in a prostate cancer mouse model. Eur J Transl Myol 2019; 29:8520. [PMID: 31908747 PMCID: PMC6926432 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2019.8520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of exercise in modulating biomarkers of sarcopenia in a treatment naïve transgenic adenocardinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. Thirty TRAMP mice were randomized to either exercise (voluntary wheel running) or no-treatment control group for a period of 20 weeks. During necropsy, gastrocnemius muscles and prostate tumors were harvested and weighed. Gastrocnemius concentrations of myostatin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were quantified. Exercise mice had greater muscle mass than controls (p=0.04). Myostatin was significantly lower in the exercise group compared to controls (p=0.01). Exercise mice maintained forelimb grip force while control mice had a significaint decrease (p=0.01). No significant difference was observed in pre-post all limb grip strength. Further, forelimb and all limb grip strength was negatively associated with tumor mass (p<0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Darpan I Patel
- School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kira Abuchowski
- School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Bilal Sheikh
- School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Paul Rivas
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Nicolas Musi
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,The Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - A Pratap Kumar
- Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Urology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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84
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Weegh N, Füner J, Janke O, Winter Y, Jung C, Struve B, Wassermann L, Lewejohann L, Bleich A, Häger C. Wheel running behaviour in group-housed female mice indicates disturbed wellbeing due to DSS colitis. Lab Anim 2019; 54:63-72. [DOI: 10.1177/0023677219879455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Voluntary wheel running (VWR) behaviour is a sensitive indicator of disturbed wellbeing and used for the assessment of individual experimental severity levels in laboratory mice. However, monitoring individual VWR performance usually requires single housing, which itself might have a negative effect on wellbeing. In consideration of the 3Rs principle, VWR behaviour was evaluated under group-housing conditions. To test the applicability for severity assessment, this readout was evaluated in a dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) induced colitis model. For continuous monitoring, an automated system with integrated radio-frequency identification technology was used, enabling detection of individual VWR. After a 14-day adaptation period mice demonstrated a stable running performance. Analysis during DSS treatment in combination with repeated facial vein phlebotomy and faecal sampling procedure resulted in significantly reduced VWR behaviour during the course of colitis and increased VWR during disease recovery. Mice submitted to phlebotomy and faecal sampling but no DSS treatment showed less reduced VWR but a longer-lasting recovery. Application of a cluster model discriminating individual severity levels based on VWR and body weight data revealed the highest severity level in most of the DSS-treated mice on day 7, but a considerable number of control mice also showed elevated severity levels due to sampling procedures alone. In summary, VWR sensitively indicated the course of DSS colitis severity and the impact of sample collection. Therefore, monitoring of VWR is a suitable method for the detection of disturbed wellbeing due to DSS colitis and sampling procedure in group-housed female laboratory mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Weegh
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | | | | | - York Winter
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin
| | | | - Birgitta Struve
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Laura Wassermann
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Lars Lewejohann
- German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behaviour and Laboratory Animal Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Christine Häger
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Germany
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85
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Torres-Espín A, Beaudry E, Fenrich K, Fouad K. Rehabilitative Training in Animal Models of Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2019; 35:1970-1985. [PMID: 30074874 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rehabilitative motor training is currently one of the most widely used approaches to promote moderate recovery following injuries of the central nervous system. Such training is generally applied in the clinical setting, whereas it is not standard in preclinical research. This is a concern as it is becoming increasingly apparent that neuroplasticity enhancing treatments require training or some form of activity as a co-therapy to promote functional recovery. Despite the importance of training and the many open questions regarding its mechanistic consequences, its use in preclinical animal models is rather limited. Here we review approaches, findings and challenges when training is applied in animal models of spinal cord injury, and we suggest recommendations to facilitate the integration of training using an appropriate study design, into pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Torres-Espín
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine and Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eric Beaudry
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine and Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Karim Fouad
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine and Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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86
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Yassumoto TI, Tachinardi P, Oda GA, Valentinuzzi VS. Acute effects of light and darkness on the activity and temperature rhythms of a subterranean rodent, the Anillaco tuco-tuco. Physiol Behav 2019; 210:112645. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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87
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Nakajima S. Further demonstration of running-based food avoidance learning in laboratory mice (Mus musculus). Behav Processes 2019; 168:103962. [PMID: 31520676 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2019.103962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Voluntary wheel running has hedonically bivalent properties in laboratory rats and mice. While it works as a reward for instrumental performance such as bar pressing, it also functions as an aversive stimulus to establish Pavlovian conditioned avoidance of the paired stimulus. The present study focused on the latter case. Running in closed wheels hampered habituation of a reluctance to eat a target snack in rats (Experiment 1A) and mice (Experiment 1B) trained by pairing access to a target snack with confinement to a wheel attached to the cage. Experiment 2 successfully confirmed and extended this finding with mice running in both open and closed wheels. A differential conditioning procedure employed in Experiment 3 ensured that this phenomenon is specific to the snack paired with running, implying that it reflects Pavlovian conditioned flavor avoidance (CFA). Free exploration in cages without wheels, however, did not results in a CFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadahiko Nakajima
- Department of Psychological Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, 662-8501, Japan.
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88
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Purohit DC, Mandyam AD, Terranova MJ, Mandyam CD. Voluntary wheel running during adolescence distinctly alters running output in adulthood in male and female rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 377:112235. [PMID: 31521739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adult female rats show greater running output compared with age-matched male rats, and the midbrain dopaminergic system may account for behavioral differences in running output. However, it is unknown if the lower running output in adult males can be regulated by wheel running experience during adolescence, and whether wheel running experience during adolescence will diminish the sex differences in running output during adulthood. We therefore determined and compared the exercise output in adult male and female rats that either had initiated voluntary wheel running only during adulthood or during adolescence. Our results demonstrate that running output in adult males were significantly higher when running was initiated during adolescence, and this higher running output was not significantly different from females. Running output did not differ during adulthood in females when wheel running was initiated during adolescence or during adulthood. Higher running output in females was associated with reduced expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and hyperactivation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in the dorsal striatum. Notably, running during adolescence-induced higher exercise output in adult males was associated with hyperactivation of CaMKII in the dorsal striatum, indicating a mechanistic role for CaMKII in running output. Together, the present results indicate sexually dimorphic adaptive biochemical changes in the dorsal striatum in rats that had escalated running activity, and highlight the importance of including sex as a biological variable in exploring neuroplasticity changes that predict enhanced exercise output in a voluntary physical activity paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atulya D Mandyam
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92161, USA
| | | | - Chitra D Mandyam
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92161, USA.
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89
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Fan LM, Geng L, Cahill-Smith S, Liu F, Douglas G, Mckenzie CA, Smith C, Brooks G, Channon KM, Li JM. Nox2 contributes to age-related oxidative damage to neurons and the cerebral vasculature. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3374-3386. [PMID: 31329158 PMCID: PMC6668817 DOI: 10.1172/jci125173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in aging-related neurodegeneration. This study used littermates of WT and Nox2-knockout (Nox2KO) mice plus endothelial cell–specific human Nox2 overexpression–transgenic (HuNox2Tg) mice to investigate Nox2-derived ROS in brain aging. Compared with young WT mice (3–4 months), aging WT mice (20–22 months) had obvious metabolic disorders and loss of locomotor activity. Aging WT brains had high levels of angiotensin II (Ang II) and ROS production; activation of ERK1/2, p53, and γH2AX; and losses of capillaries and neurons. However, these abnormalities were markedly reduced in aging Nox2KO brains. HuNox2Tg brains at middle age (11–12 months) already had high levels of ROS production and activation of stress signaling pathways similar to those found in aging WT brains. The mechanism of Ang II–induced endothelial Nox2 activation in capillary damage was examined using primary brain microvascular endothelial cells. The clinical significance of Nox2-derived ROS in aging-related loss of cerebral capillaries and neurons was investigated using postmortem midbrain tissues of young (25–38 years) and elderly (61–85 years) adults. In conclusion, Nox2 activation is an important mechanism in aging-related cerebral capillary rarefaction and reduced brain function, with the possibility of a key role for endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lampson M Fan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Li Geng
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Cahill-Smith
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Fangfei Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Douglas
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chris-Anne Mckenzie
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Smith
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Brooks
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Keith M Channon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jian-Mei Li
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
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90
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Rodent Activity Detector (RAD), an Open Source Device for Measuring Activity in Rodent Home Cages. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0160-19.2019. [PMID: 31235468 PMCID: PMC6620392 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0160-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity is a critical behavioral variable in many research studies and is, therefore, important to quantify. However, existing methods for measuring physical activity have limitations which include high expense, specialized caging or equipment, and high computational overhead. To address these limitations, we present an open-source, cost-effective, device for measuring rodent activity. Our device is battery powered and designed to be placed in vivarium home cages to enable high-throughput, long-term operation with minimal investigator intervention. The primary aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of using passive infrared (PIR) sensors and microcontroller-based dataloggers in a rodent home cages to collect physical activity records. To this end, we developed an open-source PIR based data-logging device called the rodent activity detector (RAD). We publish the design files and code so others can readily build the RAD in their own labs. To demonstrate its utility, we used the RAD to collect physical activity data from 40 individually housed mice for up to 10 weeks. This dataset demonstrates the ability of the RAD to (1) operate in a high-throughput installation, (2) detect high-fat diet (HFD)-induced changes in physical activity, and (3) quantify circadian rhythms in individual animals. We further validated the data output of the RAD with simultaneous video tracking of mice in multiple caging configurations, to determine the features of physical activity that it detects. The RAD is easy to build, economical, and fits in vivarium caging. The scalability of such devices will enable high-throughput studies of physical activity in research studies.
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91
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Grajales-Reyes JG, García-González A, María-Ríos JC, Grajales-Reyes GE, Delgado-Vélez M, Báez-Pagán CA, Quesada O, Gómez CM, Lasalde-Dominicci JA. A Panel of Slow-Channel Syndrome Mice Reveals a Unique Locomotor Behavioral Signature. J Neuromuscul Dis 2019; 4:341-347. [PMID: 29036836 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-170226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) mutations can lead to altered channel kinetics and neuromuscular junction degeneration, a neurodegenerative disorder collectively known as slow-channel syndrome (SCS). A multivariate analysis using running wheels was used to generate activity profiles for a variety of SCS models, uncovering unique locomotor patterns for the different nAChR mutants. Particularly, the αL251T and ɛL269F mutations exhibit decreased event distance, duration, and velocity over a period of 24 hours. Our approach suggests a robust relationship between the pathophysiology of SCS and locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G Grajales-Reyes
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, USA
| | | | - José C María-Ríos
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Gary E Grajales-Reyes
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Manuel Delgado-Vélez
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Carlos A Báez-Pagán
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Orestes Quesada
- Department of Physical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, USA
| | | | - José A Lasalde-Dominicci
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, USA
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92
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Beleza J, Albuquerque J, Santos-Alves E, Fonseca P, Santocildes G, Stevanovic J, Rocha-Rodrigues S, Rizo-Roca D, Ascensão A, Torrella JR, Magalhães J. Self-Paced Free-Running Wheel Mimics High-Intensity Interval Training Impact on Rats' Functional, Physiological, Biochemical, and Morphological Features. Front Physiol 2019; 10:593. [PMID: 31139096 PMCID: PMC6527817 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Free-running wheel (FRW) is an animal exercise model that relies on high-intensity interval moments interspersed with low-intensity or pauses apparently similar to those performed in high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Therefore, this study, conducted over a 12-weeks period, aimed to compare functional, thermographic, biochemical and morphological skeletal and cardiac muscle adaptations induced by FRW and HIIT. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were assigned into three groups: sedentary rats (SED), rats that voluntarily exercise in free wheels (FRW) and rats submitted to a daily HIIT. Functional tests revealed that compared to SED both FRW and HIIT increased the ability to perform maximal workload tests (MWT-cm/s) (45 ± 1 vs. 55 ± 2 and vs. 65 ± 2). Regarding thermographic assays, FRW and HIIT increased the ability to lose heat through the tail during MWT. Histochemical analyzes performed in tibialis anterior (TA) and soleus (SOL) muscles showed a general adaptation toward a more oxidative phenotype in both FRW and HIIT. Exercise increased the percentage of fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG) in medial fields of TA (29.7 ± 2.3 vs. 44.9 ± 4.4 and vs. 45.2 ± 5.3) and slow oxidative (SO) in SOL (73.4 ± 5.7 vs. 99.5 ± 0.5 and vs. 96.4 ± 1.2). HITT decreased fiber cross-sectional area (FCSA-μm2) of SO (4350 ± 286.9 vs. 4893 ± 325 and vs. 3621 ± 237.3) in SOL. Fast glycolytic fibers were bigger across all the TA muscle in FRW and HIIT groups. The FCSA decrease in FOG fibers was accompanied by a circularity decrease of SO from SOL fibers (0.840 ± 0.005 vs. 0.783 ± 0.016 and vs. 0.788 ± 0.010), and a fiber and global field capillarization increase in both FRW and HIIT protocols. Moreover, FRW and HIIT animals exhibited increased cardiac mitochondrial respiratory control ratio with complex I-driven substrates (3.89 ± 0.14 vs. 5.20 ± 0.25 and vs. 5.42 ± 0.37). Data suggest that FRW induces significant functional, physiological, and biochemical adaptations similar to those obtained under an intermittent forced exercise regimen, such as HIIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Beleza
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Department of Sport Biology, Faculty of Sport, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Albuquerque
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Department of Sport Biology, Faculty of Sport, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Estela Santos-Alves
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Department of Sport Biology, Faculty of Sport, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Fonseca
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Garoa Santocildes
- Departament de Biologia Cel ⋅ lular, de Fisiologia i d'Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jelena Stevanovic
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Department of Sport Biology, Faculty of Sport, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Rocha-Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Department of Sport Biology, Faculty of Sport, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - David Rizo-Roca
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Department of Sport Biology, Faculty of Sport, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Ascensão
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Department of Sport Biology, Faculty of Sport, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joan Ramon Torrella
- Departament de Biologia Cel ⋅ lular, de Fisiologia i d'Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Magalhães
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Department of Sport Biology, Faculty of Sport, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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93
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Zhang J, He ZX, Wang LM, Yuan W, Li LF, Hou WJ, Yang Y, Guo QQ, Zhang XN, Cai WQ, An SC, Tai FD. Voluntary Wheel Running Reverses Deficits in Social Behavior Induced by Chronic Social Defeat Stress in Mice: Involvement of the Dopamine System. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:256. [PMID: 31019446 PMCID: PMC6458241 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Voluntary exercise has been reported to have a therapeutic effect on many psychiatric disorders and social stress is known to impair social interaction. However, whether voluntary exercise could reverse deficits in social behaviors induced by chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. The present study shows CSDS impaired social preference and induced social interaction deficiency in susceptible mice. Voluntary wheel running (VWR) reversed these effects. In addition, CSDS decreased the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase in the ventral tegmental area and the D2 receptor (D2R) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell. These changes can be recovered by VWR. Furthermore, the recovery effect of VWR on deficits in social behaviors in CSDS mice was blocked by the microinjection of D2R antagonist raclopride into the NAc shell. Thus, these results suggest that the mechanism underlying CSDS-induced social interaction disorder might be caused by an alteration of the dopamine system. VWR may be a novel means to treat CSDS-induced deficits in social behaviors via modifying the dopamine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhi-Xiong He
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li-Min Wang
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lai-Fu Li
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wen-Juan Hou
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qian-Qian Guo
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue-Ni Zhang
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wen-Qi Cai
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shu-Cheng An
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fa-Dao Tai
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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94
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Algaidi SA, Eldomiaty MA, Elbastwisy YM, Almasry SM, Desouky MK, Elnaggar AM. Effect of voluntary running on expression of myokines in brains of rats with depression. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2019; 33:2058738419833533. [PMID: 30834799 PMCID: PMC6407323 DOI: 10.1177/2058738419833533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to demonstrate the histopathology and immunoexpression of exercise-derived myokines in dentate gyrus (DG), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and cerebellum of depressed Wistar rats during depression and after practising voluntary running. Depression was developed by forced swimming for 2 weeks. Voluntary running was performed by voluntary running for 3 weeks. Brain sections were processed and immunostained to detect brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). ImageJ software was used to measure the optical density (OD). BDNF was expressed in neurons in DG, mPFC and granular and Purkinje cells in cerebellum. MIF was expressed in neurons of sub-granular zone in DG, mPFC and Purkinje cells. VEGF was expressed in many neurons in DG, mPFC and Purkinje cells. IL-6 was expressed in some neurons in DG, in neuropil of mPFC and in Purkinje cells. In depression, the OD of studied myokines significantly decreased in all examined areas. After voluntary running, the OD of myokines significantly increased in all areas. This study defines the immunohistochemical expression of myokines in brain areas in depression and after voluntary running and reveals the involvement of the mPFC and cerebellum in the pathophysiology of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami A Algaidi
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magda A Eldomiaty
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawarah, Saudi Arabia.,2 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Yasser M Elbastwisy
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawarah, Saudi Arabia.,3 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Shaima M Almasry
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawarah, Saudi Arabia.,3 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Maha K Desouky
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawarah, Saudi Arabia.,4 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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95
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Greenwood BN, Fleshner M. Voluntary Wheel Running: A Useful Rodent Model for Investigating the Mechanisms of Stress Robustness and Neural Circuits of Exercise Motivation. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2019; 28:78-84. [PMID: 32766411 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite evidence that exercise reduces the negative impacts of stressor exposure and promotes stress robustness, health and well-being, most people fail to achieve recommended levels of physical activity. One reason for this failure could be our fundamental lack of understanding the brain motivational and motor circuits underlying voluntary exercise behavior. Wheel running is an animal model used to reveal mechanisms of exercise-induced stress robustness. Here we detail the strengths and weakness of wheel running as a model; and propose that running begins as a purposeful, goal-directed behavior that becomes habitual with continued access. This fresh perspective could aid in the development of novel strategies to motivate and sustain exercise behavior and maximize the stress-robust phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N Greenwood
- University of Colorado-Denver, Department of Psychology, Campus Box 173, PO Box 173364, Denver, CO 80217-3364,
| | - Monika Fleshner
- University of Colorado-Boulder, Department of Integrative Physiology, Center for Neuroscience, UCB 354, Boulder, CO 80303.,University of Colorado-Boulder, Center for Neuroscience, UCB 354, Boulder, CO 80303,
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96
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Ota W, Nakane Y, Kashio M, Suzuki Y, Nakamura K, Mori Y, Tominaga M, Yoshimura T. Involvement of TRPM2 and TRPM8 in temperature-dependent masking behavior. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3706. [PMID: 30842533 PMCID: PMC6403366 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Masking is a direct behavioral response to environmental changes and plays an important role in the temporal distribution of activity. However, the mechanisms responsible for masking remain unclear. Here we identify thermosensors and a possible neural circuit regulating temperature-dependent masking behavior in mice. Analysis of mice lacking thermosensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) channels (Trpv1/3/4 and Trpm2/8) reveals that temperature-dependent masking is impaired in Trpm2- and Trpm8-null mice. Several brain regions are activated during temperature-dependent masking, including the preoptic area (POA), known as the thermoregulatory center, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is the primary circadian pacemaker, the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT), and the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The POA, SCN, PVT are interconnected, and the PVT sends dense projections to the NAc, a key brain region involved in wheel-running activity. Partial chemical lesion of the PVT attenuates masking, suggesting the involvement of the PVT in temperature-dependent masking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Ota
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakane
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Makiko Kashio
- Department of Physiology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Suzuki
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan.,Thermal Biology Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yasuo Mori
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Makoto Tominaga
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan.,Thermal Biology Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshimura
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan. .,Laboratory of Animal Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan. .,Avian Bioscience Research Center, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan. .,Division of Seasonal Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.
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97
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Nakajima S. Food aversion learning based on voluntary running in non-deprived rats: a technique for establishing aversive conditioning with minimized discomfort. Exp Anim 2019; 68:71-79. [PMID: 30282846 PMCID: PMC6389511 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.18-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents an experimental preparation for establishing conditioned food aversion (CFA) by voluntary wheel running in rats with laboratory chow and water freely available. In Experiment 1, unfamiliar food (raisins) was avoided by rats when they first encountered it. This neophobic food avoidance was habituated by repeated tests; the rats gradually increased their raisin consumption. However, the consumption remained suppressed in rats that accessed the raisins after wheel running. This finding implies that running yielded CFA, which suppressed consumption of the unfamiliar food rather than increasing it. Because running generated kaolin clay ingestion, which is a behavioral marker of nausea, it is suggested that the running-based CFA was mediated by weak gastrointestinal discomfort. Experiment 2 supported the claim that the suppressed consumption is due to running-based CFA by showing the specificity of food suppression. Demonstration of CFA based on voluntary activity in non-deprived rats will contribute to basic research on learning and memory as an alternative technique for studying aversive conditioning with minimized discomfort in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadahiko Nakajima
- Department of Psychological Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1-1-155 Uegahara, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 662-8501, Japan
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98
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Yoshizawa T, Shimada S, Takizawa Y, Makino T, Kanada Y, Ito Y, Ochiai T, Matsumoto K. Continuous measurement of locomotor activity during convalescence and acclimation in group-housed rats. Exp Anim 2019; 68:277-283. [PMID: 30760650 PMCID: PMC6699979 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.18-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Locomotor activity is affected by a range of factors in addition to experimental
treatment, including the breeding environment. Appropriate convalescence and acclimation
are important for animal experiments, because environmental changes and physical burden
can result from surgery, transportation, and cage exchange. However, the duration that
locomotor activity is affected by these factors is currently unclear, because it has
traditionally been difficult to measure locomotor activity in multiple group-housed
animals in any location other than the analysis room. In the present study, we analyzed
the locomotor activity of group-housed rats using a nano tag® after surgery,
transportation, and cage exchange. The nano tag®, a new device for analyzing
activity, can measure locomotor activity in laboratory animals with no limitation on the
number of animals in same cage. Any type of cage can be used for analysis, at any time of
day, and in any location. Nano tags® were subcutaneously implanted in male rats
(F344/NSlc, 6 weeks of age) and locomotor activity was continuously measured after
surgery, transportation, and cage exchange. Significant activity changes were observed in
rats after transportation and cage exchange, 9 days and 3 h after the event, respectively.
The results suggest that continuous measurement of locomotor activity with nano
tags® can be used to monitor changes in activity induced by environmental
changes, and will be helpful for designing animal experiments analyzing locomotor
activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yoshizawa
- Division of Animal Research, Research Center for Supports to Advanced Science, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shin Shimada
- Division of Animal Research, Research Center for Supports to Advanced Science, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yoshito Takizawa
- KISSEI COMTEC Co., Ltd., 4010-10 Wada, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-1293, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Makino
- Biotechnical Center, Japan SLC, Inc., 3-5-1 Aoihigashi, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 433-8114, Japan.,Retired
| | - Yasuhide Kanada
- Biotechnical Center, Japan SLC, Inc., 3-5-1 Aoihigashi, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 433-8114, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Ito
- KISSEI COMTEC Co., Ltd., 4010-10 Wada, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-1293, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ochiai
- Biotechnical Center, Japan SLC, Inc., 3-5-1 Aoihigashi, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 433-8114, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Matsumoto
- Division of Animal Research, Research Center for Supports to Advanced Science, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
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99
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Parra-Montes de Oca MA, Gutiérrez-Mariscal M, Salmerón-Jiménez MF, Jaimes-Hoy L, Charli JL, Joseph-Bravo P. Voluntary Exercise-Induced Activation of Thyroid Axis and Reduction of White Fat Depots Is Attenuated by Chronic Stress in a Sex Dimorphic Pattern in Adult Rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:418. [PMID: 31297093 PMCID: PMC6607407 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis is inhibited by energy deficit, by acute or chronic stress, but activated by cold exposure or exercise. Because stress curtails acute cold induced activation of HPT, we evaluated the effect of chronic stress on HPT axis response to voluntary exercise, a persistent energy-demanding situation. Adult male and female Wistar rats were exposed to restraint stress, 30 min/day for 2 weeks, or to isolation (Iso) [post-natal day [PND] 30-63]. Exercise was performed (7 p.m.-7 a.m.) in a running wheel, sedentary controls stayed in individual cages (Sed); at 7 a.m. they were housed with their cage mate or individually (Iso); food intake by the exercised group was measured day and night to pair-fed Sed. At sacrifice, hormones, mRNA levels and tissue weights were quantified. Control or restrained adult rats had access to running wheel daily for 2 weeks. Compared to C, exercise decreased white adipose tissue (WAT) mass in females and males, increased hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN)-Trh expression in males proportionally to exercise performed, and increased TSH and T4 serum concentration in females. These changes were not detected in restrained groups. Starting at PND 63 control (2/cage) and isolated (1/cage) rats either exercised on 10 alternated nights or were sedentary. In control male animals, compared to Sed rats, exercise did not decrease WAT mass, nor changed HPT axis activity, but increased Pomc and deiodinase 2 (Dio2) expression in mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), adrenergic receptor β3 and uncoupling protein-1 in brown adipose tissue. In control female animals, exercise decreased WAT mass, increased Pomc, Dio2, and Trhde expression in MBH, and TSH serum concentration. Iso females had lower TSH and T4 serum concentration, Dio2 and Trhde expression in MBH than controls. The stress response was higher in isolated males than females, but in males it did not alter the effects of exercise, in contrast to isolated females that had a blunted response to exercise compared to controls. In conclusion, chronic stress interferes with metabolic effects produced by exercise, such as loss of WAT mass, coincident with dampening of HPT activity.
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100
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Nakajima S. Food avoidance learning based on voluntary wheel running in laboratory mice (Mus musculus). Behav Processes 2018; 159:31-36. [PMID: 30557602 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mice show a reluctance to eat unfamiliar food, when they first encounter it. This neophobic reaction is conventionally habituated by repeated trials: the mice gradually increase their consumption of the novel food. The new finding reported here is that the consumption remains low in mice that voluntarily run in activity wheels after the novel food access. This effect implies that running yields Pavlovian conditioned flavor aversion, which suppresses, otherwise increasing, consumption of the novel food. In the present research, the effect was demonstrated with a between-group design by pitting experimental mice receiving cheese-running paired treatment against cheese/running unpaired control mice (Experiment 1). The running-based food avoidance in mice was also shown in a differential conditioning paradigm, where one of two novel snacks (chocolate and marshmallow) was paired with running while the other was not, in non-deprived animals (Experiment 2 A) and food-deprived animals (Experiment 2B). These results concord with those previously reported in rats, indicating the generality of the phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadahiko Nakajima
- Department of Psychological Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, 662-8501, Japan.
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