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Berlin S, Szobota S, Reiner A, Carroll EC, Kienzler MA, Guyon A, Xiao T, Trauner D, Isacoff EY. A family of photoswitchable NMDA receptors. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 26929991 PMCID: PMC4786437 DOI: 10.7554/elife.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptors, which regulate synaptic strength and are implicated in learning and memory, consist of several subtypes with distinct subunit compositions and functional properties. To enable spatiotemporally defined, rapid and reproducible manipulation of function of specific subtypes, we engineered a set of photoswitchable GluN subunits ('LiGluNs'). Photo-agonism of GluN2A or GluN2B elicits an excitatory drive to hippocampal neurons that can be shaped in time to mimic synaptic activation. Photo-agonism of GluN2A at single dendritic spines evokes spine-specific calcium elevation and expansion, the morphological correlate of LTP. Photo-antagonism of GluN2A alone, or in combination with photo-antagonism of GluN1a, reversibly blocks excitatory synaptic currents, prevents the induction of long-term potentiation and prevents spine expansion. In addition, photo-antagonism in vivo disrupts synaptic pruning of developing retino-tectal projections in larval zebrafish. By providing precise and rapidly reversible optical control of NMDA receptor subtypes, LiGluNs should help unravel the contribution of specific NMDA receptors to synaptic transmission, integration and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Berlin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Stephanie Szobota
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Andreas Reiner
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Elizabeth C Carroll
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Michael A Kienzler
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Alice Guyon
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Tong Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Integrated Protein Science, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ehud Y Isacoff
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Physical Bioscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, United States
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52
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Functional analysis of a de novo GRIN2A missense mutation associated with early-onset epileptic encephalopathy. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3251. [PMID: 24504326 PMCID: PMC3934797 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptors (NMDARs), ligand-gated ion channels, play important roles in various neurological disorders, including epilepsy. Here we show the functional analysis of a de novo missense mutation (L812M) in a gene encoding NMDAR subunit GluN2A (GRIN2A). The mutation, identified in a patient with early-onset epileptic encephalopathy and profound developmental delay, is located in the linker region between the ligand-binding and transmembrane domains. Electrophysiological recordings revealed that the mutation enhances agonist potency, decreases sensitivity to negative modulators including magnesium, protons and zinc, prolongs the synaptic response time course and increases single-channel open probability. The functional changes of this amino acid apply to all other NMDAR subunits, suggesting an important role of this residue on the function of NMDARs. Taken together, these data suggest that the L812M mutation causes overactivation of NMDARs and drives neuronal hyperexcitability. We hypothesize that this mechanism underlies the patient's epileptic phenotype as well as cerebral atrophy.
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Chopra DA, Monaghan DT, Dravid SM. Bidirectional Effect of Pregnenolone Sulfate on GluN1/GluN2A N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Gating Depending on Extracellular Calcium and Intracellular Milieu. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:650-9. [PMID: 26162866 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.100396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnenolone sulfate (PS), one of the most commonly occurring neurosteroids in the central nervous system, influences the function of several receptors. PS modulates N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and has been shown to have both positive and negative modulatory effects on NMDAR currents generally in a subtype-selective manner. We assessed the gating mechanism of PS modulation of GluN1/GluN2A receptors transiently expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells using whole-cell and single-channel electrophysiology. Only a modest effect on the whole-cell responses was observed by PS in dialyzed (nonperforated) whole-cell recordings. Interestingly, in perforated conditions, PS was found to increase the whole-cell currents in the absence of nominal extracellular Ca(2+), whereas PS produced an inhibition of the current responses in the presence of 0.5 mM extracellular Ca(2+). The Ca(2+)-binding DRPEER motif and GluN1 exon-5 were found to be critical for the Ca(2+)-dependent bidirectional effect of PS. Single-channel cell-attached analysis demonstrated that PS primarily affected the mean open time to produce its effects: positive modulation mediated by an increase in duration of open time constants, and negative modulation mediated by a reduction in the time spent in a long-lived open state of the receptor. Further kinetic modeling of the single-channel data suggested that the positive and negative modulatory effects are mediated by different gating steps which may represent GluN2 and GluN1 subunit-selective conformational changes, respectively. Our studies provide a unique mechanism of modulation of NMDARs by an endogenous neurosteroid, which has implications for identifying state-dependent molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divyan A Chopra
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska (D.A.C., S.M.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska (D.T.M.)
| | - Daniel T Monaghan
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska (D.A.C., S.M.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska (D.T.M.)
| | - Shashank M Dravid
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska (D.A.C., S.M.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska (D.T.M.)
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54
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Horak M, Petralia RS, Kaniakova M, Sans N. ER to synapse trafficking of NMDA receptors. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:394. [PMID: 25505872 PMCID: PMC4245912 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. There are three distinct subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptors (GluRs) that have been identified including 2-amino-3-(5-methyl-3-oxo-1,2-oxazol-4-yl)propanoic acid receptors (AMPARs), N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and kainate receptors. The most common GluRs in mature synapses are AMPARs that mediate the fast excitatory neurotransmission and NMDARs that mediate the slow excitatory neurotransmission. There have been large numbers of recent reports studying how a single neuron regulates synaptic numbers and types of AMPARs and NMDARs. Our current research is centered primarily on NMDARs and, therefore, we will focus in this review on recent knowledge of molecular mechanisms occurring (1) early in the biosynthetic pathway of NMDARs, (2) in the transport of NMDARs after their release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER); and (3) at the plasma membrane including excitatory synapses. Because a growing body of evidence also indicates that abnormalities in NMDAR functioning are associated with a number of human psychiatric and neurological diseases, this review together with other chapters in this issue may help to enhance research and to gain further knowledge of normal synaptic physiology as well as of the etiology of many human brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Horak
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ronald S Petralia
- Advanced Imaging Core, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Martina Kaniakova
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nathalie Sans
- Neurocentre Magendie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U862 Bordeaux, France ; Neurocentre Magendie, University of Bordeaux, U862 Bordeaux, France
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55
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Adams DR, Yuan H, Holyoak T, Arajs KH, Hakimi P, Markello TC, Wolfe LA, Vilboux T, Burton BK, Fajardo KF, Grahame G, Holloman C, Sincan M, Smith ACM, Wells GA, Huang Y, Vega H, Snyder JP, Golas GA, Tifft CJ, Boerkoel CF, Hanson RW, Traynelis SF, Kerr DS, Gahl WA. Three rare diseases in one Sib pair: RAI1, PCK1, GRIN2B mutations associated with Smith-Magenis Syndrome, cytosolic PEPCK deficiency and NMDA receptor glutamate insensitivity. Mol Genet Metab 2014; 113:161-70. [PMID: 24863970 PMCID: PMC4219933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program evaluates patients for whom no diagnosis has been discovered despite a comprehensive diagnostic workup. Failure to diagnose a condition may arise from the mutation of genes previously unassociated with disease. However, we hypothesized that this could also co-occur with multiple genetic disorders. Demonstrating a complex syndrome caused by multiple disorders, we report two siblings manifesting both similar and disparate signs and symptoms. They shared a history of episodes of hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis, but had differing exam findings and developmental courses. Clinical acumen and exome sequencing combined with biochemical and functional studies identified three genetic conditions. One sibling had Smith-Magenis Syndrome and a nonsense mutation in the RAI1 gene. The second sibling had a de novo mutation in GRIN2B, which resulted in markedly reduced glutamate potency of the encoded receptor. Both siblings had a protein-destabilizing homozygous mutation in PCK1, which encodes the cytosolic isoform of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-C). In summary, we present the first clinically-characterized mutation of PCK1 and demonstrate that complex medical disorders can represent the co-occurrence of multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Adams
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Todd Holyoak
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Katrina H Arajs
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Parvin Hakimi
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, USA
| | - Thomas C Markello
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lynne A Wolfe
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thierry Vilboux
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barbara K Burton
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Karin Fuentes Fajardo
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - George Grahame
- Center for Inherited Disorders of Energy Metabolism, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Conisha Holloman
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Murat Sincan
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ann C M Smith
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gordon A Wells
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Yan Huang
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hugo Vega
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James P Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gretchen A Golas
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia J Tifft
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cornelius F Boerkoel
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard W Hanson
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, USA
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Douglas S Kerr
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, USA; Center for Inherited Disorders of Energy Metabolism, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - William A Gahl
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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56
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Pierson TM, Yuan H, Marsh ED, Fuentes-Fajardo K, Adams DR, Markello T, Golas G, Simeonov DR, Holloman C, Tankovic A, Karamchandani MM, Schreiber JM, Mullikin JC, Tifft CJ, Toro C, Boerkoel CF, Traynelis SF, Gahl WA. GRIN2A mutation and early-onset epileptic encephalopathy: personalized therapy with memantine. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2014; 1:190-198. [PMID: 24839611 PMCID: PMC4019449 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Early-onset epileptic encephalopathies have been associated with de novo mutations of numerous ion channel genes. We employed techniques of modern translational medicine to identify a disease-causing mutation, analyze its altered behavior, and screen for therapeutic compounds to treat the proband. Methods Three modern translational medicine tools were utilized: (1) high-throughput sequencing technology to identify a novel de novo mutation; (2) in vitro expression and electrophysiology assays to confirm the variant protein's dysfunction; and (3) screening of existing drug libraries to identify potential therapeutic compounds. Results A de novo GRIN2A missense mutation (c.2434C>A; p.L812M) increased the charge transfer mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAs) containing the mutant GluN2A-L812M subunit. In vitro analysis with NMDA receptor blockers indicated that GLuN2A-L812M-containing NMDARs retained their sensitivity to the use-dependent channel blocker memantine; while screening of a previously reported GRIN2A mutation (N615K) with these compounds produced contrasting results. Consistent with these data, adjunct memantine therapy reduced our proband's seizure burden. Interpretation This case exemplifies the potential for personalized genomics and therapeutics to be utilized for the early diagnosis and treatment of infantile-onset neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Mark Pierson
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NIH Office of Rare Diseases Research and NHGRI, Bethesda, MD, USA ; Neurogenetics Branch, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA ; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, and the Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric D Marsh
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karin Fuentes-Fajardo
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NIH Office of Rare Diseases Research and NHGRI, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David R Adams
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NIH Office of Rare Diseases Research and NHGRI, Bethesda, MD, USA ; Medical Genetics Branch, NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Markello
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NIH Office of Rare Diseases Research and NHGRI, Bethesda, MD, USA ; Office of the Clinical Director, NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gretchen Golas
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NIH Office of Rare Diseases Research and NHGRI, Bethesda, MD, USA ; Office of the Clinical Director, NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dimitre R Simeonov
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NIH Office of Rare Diseases Research and NHGRI, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Conisha Holloman
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NIH Office of Rare Diseases Research and NHGRI, Bethesda, MD, USA ; Office of the Clinical Director, NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anel Tankovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Cynthia J Tifft
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NIH Office of Rare Diseases Research and NHGRI, Bethesda, MD, USA ; Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Camilo Toro
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NIH Office of Rare Diseases Research and NHGRI, Bethesda, MD, USA ; Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cornelius F Boerkoel
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NIH Office of Rare Diseases Research and NHGRI, Bethesda, MD, USA ; Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William A Gahl
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NIH Office of Rare Diseases Research and NHGRI, Bethesda, MD, USA ; Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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57
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From NMDA receptor antagonists to discovery of selective σ₂ receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 22:393-7. [PMID: 24290063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Following previous studies focused on the search for new molecules targeting GluN2B-containing NMDA, a small series of 1-(1H-indol-3-yl)-2-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)ethanone derivatives has been synthesized by using Microwave Assisted Organic Synthesis (MAOS). Given that GluN2B ligands frequently exert off-target effects we also tested their affinity towards sigma receptors. Binding assay revealed that only the 1-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-2-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)ethanone (7a) retained GluN2B affinity. Interestingly, the 5-methoxyindoles 5a and 6a were efficient and selective ligands toward σ₂ receptor (Ki values of 10nM and 20 nM, respectively). Thus, in this case the discovery of new σ₂ receptor selective ligands was an unexpected result emerging from the screening of cross-activity against other CNS receptors.
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58
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Trippier PC, Labby KJ, Hawker DD, Mataka JJ, Silverman RB. Target- and mechanism-based therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases: strength in numbers. J Med Chem 2013; 56:3121-47. [PMID: 23458846 PMCID: PMC3637880 DOI: 10.1021/jm3015926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of new therapeutics for the treatment of neurodegenerative pathophysiologies currently stands at a crossroads. This presents an opportunity to transition future drug discovery efforts to target disease modification, an area in which much still remains unknown. In this Perspective we examine recent progress in the areas of neurodegenerative drug discovery, focusing on some of the most common targets and mechanisms: N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors, voltage gated calcium channels (VGCCs), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species, and protein aggregation. These represent the key players identified in neurodegeneration and are part of a complex, intertwined signaling cascade. The synergistic delivery of two or more compounds directed against these targets, along with the design of small molecules with multiple modes of action, should be explored in pursuit of more effective clinical treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C. Trippier
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Kristin Jansen Labby
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Dustin D. Hawker
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Jan J. Mataka
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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59
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Wyllie DJA, Livesey MR, Hardingham GE. Influence of GluN2 subunit identity on NMDA receptor function. Neuropharmacology 2013; 74:4-17. [PMID: 23376022 PMCID: PMC3778433 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ligand-gated ion channels ('ionotropic' receptors) activated by the major excitatory neurotransmitter, l-glutamate. While the term 'the NMDAR' is often used it obscures the fact that this class of receptor contains within it members whose properties are as different as they are similar. This heterogeneity was evident from early electrophysiological, pharmacological and biochemical assessments of the functional properties of NMDARs and while the molecular basis of this heterogeneity has taken many years to elucidate, it indicated from the outset that the diversity of NMDAR phenotypes could allow this receptor family to subserve a variety of functions in the mammalian central nervous system. In this review we highlight some recent studies that have identified structural elements within GluN2 subunits that contribute to the heterogeneous biophysical properties of NMDARs, consider why some recently described novel pharmacological tools may permit better identification of native NMDAR subtypes, examine the evidence that NMDAR subtypes differentially contribute to the induction of long-term potentiation and long-term depression and discuss how through the use of chimeric proteins additional insights have been obtained that account for NMDAR subtype-dependency of physiological and pathophysiological signalling. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Glutamate Receptor-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity'.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J A Wyllie
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.
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Gitto R, De Luca L, Ferro S, Buemi MR, Russo E, De Sarro G, Chisari M, Ciranna L, Chimirri A. Synthesis and Biological Characterization of 3-Substituted 1H-Indoles as Ligands of GluN2B-Containing N-Methyl-d-aspartate Receptors. Part 2. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10532-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301508d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Gitto
- Dipartimento di Scienze del
Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Laura De Luca
- Dipartimento di Scienze del
Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Stefania Ferro
- Dipartimento di Scienze del
Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria R. Buemi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del
Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Emilio Russo
- Dipartimento di Science of Health, Università Magna Graecia, Viale Europa Località
Germaneto, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Dipartimento di Science of Health, Università Magna Graecia, Viale Europa Località
Germaneto, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mariangela Chisari
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Clinica
e Molecolare, Sezione di Farmacologia e Biochimica, Università di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Ciranna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Bio-Mediche,
Sezione di Fisiologia, Università di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Alba Chimirri
- Dipartimento di Scienze del
Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy
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Wildburger NC, Laezza F. Control of neuronal ion channel function by glycogen synthase kinase-3: new prospective for an old kinase. Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 5:80. [PMID: 22811658 PMCID: PMC3397315 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is an evolutionarily conserved multifaceted ubiquitous enzyme. In the central nervous system (CNS), GSK-3 acts through an intricate network of intracellular signaling pathways culminating in a highly divergent cascade of phosphorylations that control neuronal function during development and adulthood. Accumulated evidence indicates that altered levels of GSK-3 correlate with maladaptive plasticity of neuronal circuitries in psychiatric disorders, addictive behaviors, and neurodegenerative diseases, and pharmacological interventions known to limit GSK-3 can counteract some of these deficits. Thus, targeting the GSK-3 cascade for therapeutic interventions against this broad spectrum of brain diseases has raised a tremendous interest. Yet, the multitude of GSK-3 downstream effectors poses a substantial challenge in the development of selective and potent medications that could efficiently block or modulate the activity of this enzyme. Although the full range of GSK-3 molecular targets are far from resolved, exciting new evidence indicates that ion channels regulating excitability, neurotransmitter release, and synaptic transmission, which ultimately contribute to the mechanisms underling brain plasticity and higher level cognitive and emotional processing, are new promising targets of this enzyme. Here, we will revise this new emerging role of GSK-3 in controling the activity of voltage-gated Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+) channels and ligand-gated glutamate receptors with the goal of highlighting new relevant endpoints of the neuronal GSK-3 cascade that could provide a platform for a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the dysfunction of this kinase in the CNS and serve as a guidance for medication development against the broad range of GSK-3-linked human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norelle C. Wildburger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
| | - Fernanda Laezza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
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