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Abstract
Placebos are fake therapies that can induce real therapeutic effects, called placebo effects. It goes without saying that what matters for inducing a placebo effect is not so much the fake treatment itself, but rather the therapeutic ritual that is carried out, which is capable of triggering psychobiological mechanisms in the patient’s brain. Both laypersons and scientists often accept the phenomenon of the placebo effect with reluctance, as fiction-induced clinical improvements are at odds with common sense. However, it should be emphasized that placebo effects are not surprising after all if one considers that fiction-induced physiological effects occur in everyday life. Movies provide one of the best examples of how fictitious reality can induce psychological and physiological responses, such as fear, love, and tears. In the same way that a horror movie induces fear-related physiological responses, even though the viewer knows everything is fake, so the sight of a syringe may trigger the release of pain-relieving chemicals in the patient’s brain, even if the patient knows there is a fake painkiller inside. From this perspective, placebos can be better conceptualized as rituals, actions, and fictions within a more general framework that emphasizes the power of psychological factors in everyday life, including the healing context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Benedetti
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin Medical School, and Plateau Rosà Laboratories, Plateau Rosà, Switzerland
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Digital Technology in Clinical Trials for Multiple Sclerosis: Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10112328. [PMID: 34073464 PMCID: PMC8199078 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials in multiple sclerosis (MS) have been including digital technology tools to overcome limitations in treatment delivery and disease monitoring. In March 2020, we conducted a systematic search on pubmed.gov and clinicaltrials.gov databases (with no restrictions) to identify all relevant published and unpublished clinical trials, in English language, including MS patients, in which digital technology was applied. We used “multiple sclerosis” and “clinical trial” as the main search words, and “app”, “digital”, “electronic”, “internet” and “mobile” as additional search words, separately. Digital technology is part of clinical trial interventions to deliver psychotherapy and motor rehabilitation, with exergames, e-training, and robot-assisted exercises. Digital technology has been used to standardise previously existing outcome measures, with automatic acquisitions, reduced inconsistencies, and improved detection of symptoms (e.g., electronic recording of motor performance). Other clinical trials have been using digital technology for monitoring symptoms that would be otherwise difficult to detect (e.g., fatigue, balance), for measuring treatment adherence and side effects, and for self-assessment purposes. Collection of outcome measures is progressively shifting from paper-based on site, to internet-based on site, and, in the future, to internet-based at home, with the detection of clinical and treatment features that would have remained otherwise invisible. Similarly, remote interventions provide new possibilities of motor and cognitive rehabilitation.
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Sölle A, Worm M, Benedetti F, Sabine Bartholomäus T, Schwender-Groen L, Klinger R. Targeted Use of Placebo Effects Decreases Experimental Itch in Atopic Dermatitis Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 110:486-497. [PMID: 33894061 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from pain research shows that the effectiveness of active pharmacological treatments can be enhanced by placebo effects. The "open drug administration" is superior to "hidden drug administration." In a randomized controlled trial, we aimed to show that the targeted use of placebo effects increases the efficacy of an antihistamine (dimetindene) infusion in participants with atopic dermatitis. We openly infused dimetindene (drug) in full sight with information (intervention group 1: OPEN-DRUG+INST), openly infused drug with an additional classical conditioning learning experience (intervention group 2: OPEN-DRUG+INST+COND) or infused drug without any information or sight (i.e., hidden administration (control group 1: HIDDEN-DRUG)). Control group 2 received a placebo infusion (saline) declared as dimetindene and also experienced the conditioning experience (PLAC+INST+COND). Itch was experimentally induced with histamine via a skin prick test. Outcome was assessed at the subjective (primary end point: experimental itch intensity, numeric rating scale), and objective level (secondary end point: wheal size, mm2 ). Experimental-induced itch intensity decreased in all groups but at different rates (P < 0.001). The groups with the open administration, whether it was dimetindene or placebo, had significantly stronger reductions in itch compared to the HIDDEN-DRUG group (OPEN-DRUG+INST+COND: P < 0.001; OPEN-DRUG+INST: P = 0.009; and PLAC+INST+COND: P < 0.001). Additional drug conditioning mediated via expectation led to a stronger reduction of itching (P = 0.001). Results on wheal size were similar (P = 0.048), however, no significant difference between the HIDDEN-DRUG group and the PLAC+INST+COND group (P = 0.967) was found. We conclude that specifically generated targeted placebo effects can significantly increase the action of a drug (dimetindene) and should be used in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Sölle
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Pain Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Margitta Worm
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Allergy-Center-Charité, Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabrizio Benedetti
- Neuroscience Dept, University of Turin Medical School, Turin, Italy.,Plateau Rosa Labs, Zermatt, Switzerland
| | - Theresa Sabine Bartholomäus
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Allergy-Center-Charité, Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Schwender-Groen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Pain Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Regine Klinger
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Pain Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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van Middendorp H, Berende A, Vos FJ, Ter Hofstede HHM, Kullberg BJ, Evers AWM. Expectancies as predictors of symptom improvement after antimicrobial therapy for persistent symptoms attributed to Lyme disease. Clin Rheumatol 2021; 40:4295-4308. [PMID: 34031759 PMCID: PMC8463383 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-021-05760-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVE Expectancies about symptom improvement or deterioration are reliable predictors of symptom progression and treatment outcomes (symptom resolution or symptomatic improvement) in many (non-)pharmacological studies and treatments. This study examined predictors of symptom improvement after antimicrobial therapy for persistent symptoms attributed to Lyme disease, hypothesizing particularly pre-treatment expectancies regarding symptom improvement to be predictive. METHODS A predictive study was performed on pre-treatment and post-treatment individual characteristics, including expectancies, and physical and mental health-related quality of life (HRQoL) from the PLEASE-trial comparing randomized 12-weeks of doxycycline, clarithromycin-hydroxychloroquine, or placebo following 2 weeks of intravenous ceftriaxone. At end-of-treatment (14 weeks after trial start) and follow-up (52 weeks), complete data of 231 and 170 (of initial 280) patients with persistent symptoms temporally related to a history of erythema migrans or otherwise confirmed symptomatic Lyme disease, or accompanied by B. burgdorferi IgG or IgM antibodies, were examined through hierarchical regression analyses. RESULTS In addition to pre-treatment HRQoL, pre-treatment expectancies regarding symptom improvement were consistently associated with stronger physical and mental HRQoL improvements at both end-of-treatment and follow-up (95% CI range: .09;.54, p < .01 to .27;.92, p < .001). Post-treatment expectancies regarding having received antibiotics vs. placebo was associated with more HRQoL improvement at end-of-treatment, but not at follow-up (95% CI-range 1.00;4.75, p = .003 to -7.34; -2.22, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS The present study shows that, next to pre-treatment functioning, patients' pre-treatment and post-treatment expectancies regarding improvement of persistent symptoms attributed to Lyme disease relate to a more beneficial symptom course. Expectancies of patients may be relevant to explain and potentially improve patient outcomes (e.g., by optimized communication about treatment success). TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01207739 (Registration date: 23-09-2010) Key Points • As there is currently no sufficient symptom resolution or symptomatic improvement for many patients with persistent symptoms attributed to Lyme disease, it is relevant to know which factors determine symptom progression and predict heterogeneity in treatment response. • Next to pre-treatment functioning, expectancies regarding symptom improvement and having received antimicrobial study medication are associated with a more beneficial symptom course after both shorter-term and longer-term antimicrobial treatment. • Expectancies are relevant to consider in treatment studies and may be useful in clinical settings to improve symptom course and treatment outcome (e.g., by optimized communication about treatment success).
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriët van Middendorp
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, PO Box 9555, 2300 RB, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Anneleen Berende
- Department of Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Gelre Ziekenhuizen, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
| | - Fidel J Vos
- Department of Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Sint Maartenskliniek, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hadewych H M Ter Hofstede
- Department of Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Jan Kullberg
- Department of Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea W M Evers
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, PO Box 9555, 2300 RB, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Schienle A, Gremsl A, Wabnegger A. Placebo Effects in the Context of Religious Beliefs and Practices: A Resting-State Functional Connectivity Study. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:653359. [PMID: 34025370 PMCID: PMC8134677 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.653359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Placebos (inert substances or procedures) can positively influence a person’s psychological and physical well-being, which is accompanied by specific changes in brain activity. There are many different types of placebos with different effects on health-related variables. This study investigated placebo effects in the context of religious beliefs and practices. The participants received an inert substance (tap water) along with the verbal suggestion that the water would come from the sanctuary in Lourdes (a major Catholic pilgrimage site with reports of miracle cures). We investigated changes in resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) in three brain networks (default-mode, salience, cognitive control) associated with the drinking of the placebo water. Methods: A total of 37 females with the belief that water from the sanctuary in Lourdes has positive effects on their spiritual, emotional, and physical well-being participated in this placebo study with two sessions. The participants drank tap water that was labeled “Lourdes water” (placebo) before a 15-min resting-state scan in one session. In the other (control) session, they received tap water labeled as tap water. The participants rated their affective state (valence, arousal) during the session and were interviewed concerning specific thoughts, feelings, and bodily sensations directly after each of the two sessions. Results: The placebo reduced rsFC in the frontoparietal cognitive control network and increased rsFC in the salience network (insular-cerebellar connectivity). During the session, the participants rated their affective state as very pleasant and calm. The ratings did not differ between the two conditions. Immediately after the session, the participants reported increased intensity of pleasant bodily sensations (e.g., feelings of warmth, tingling) and feelings (e.g., gratefulness) for the “Lourdes water” condition. Conclusions: The present findings provide the first evidence that placebos in the context of religious beliefs and practices can change the experience of emotional salience and cognitive control which is accompanied by connectivity changes in the associated brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schienle
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Graz, BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Gremsl
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Graz, BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Albert Wabnegger
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Graz, BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
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de Souza HLR, Arriel RA, Mota GR, Hohl R, Marocolo M. Does ischemic preconditioning really improve performance or it is just a placebo effect? PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250572. [PMID: 33939730 PMCID: PMC8092792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of a simultaneous ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and SHAM intervention to reduce the placebo effect due to a priori expectation on the performance of knee extension resistance exercise. Nine moderately trained men were tested in three different occasions. Following the baseline tests, subjects performed a first set of leg extension tests after the IPC (3 X 5 min 50 mmHg above systolic blood pressure) on right thigh and the SHAM (same as IPC, but 20 mmHg) on left thigh. After 48 hours, the subjects performed another set of tests with the opposite applications. Number of repetitions, maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and perceptual indicators were analyzed. After IPC and SHAM intervention performed at the same time, similar results were observed for the number of repetitions, with no significant differences between conditions (baseline x IPC x SHAM) for either left (p = 0.274) or right thigh (p = 0.242). The fatigue index and volume load did not show significant effect size after IPC and SHAM maneuvers. In contrast, significant reduction on left tight MVIC was observed (p = 0.001) in SHAM and IPC compared to baseline, but not for right thigh (p = 0.106). Results from the current study may indicate that applying IPC prior to a set of leg extension does not result in ergogenic effects. The placebo effect seems to be related to this technique and its dissociation seems unlikely, therefore including a SHAM or placebo group in IPC studies is strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiago L. R. de Souza
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rhaí A. Arriel
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R. Mota
- Exercise Science, Health and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Hohl
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Moacir Marocolo
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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The self in context: brain systems linking mental and physical health. Nat Rev Neurosci 2021; 22:309-322. [PMID: 33790441 PMCID: PMC8447265 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that mental health and physical health are linked by neural systems that jointly regulate somatic physiology and high-level cognition. Key systems include the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the related default-mode network. These systems help to construct models of the 'self-in-context', compressing information across time and sensory modalities into conceptions of the underlying causes of experience. Self-in-context models endow events with personal meaning and allow predictive control over behaviour and peripheral physiology, including autonomic, neuroendocrine and immune function. They guide learning from experience and the formation of narratives about the self and one's world. Disorders of mental and physical health, especially those with high co-occurrence and convergent alterations in the functionality of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the default-mode network, could benefit from interventions focused on understanding and shaping mindsets and beliefs about the self, illness and treatment.
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Rocca MA, Valsasina P, Colombo B, Martinelli V, Filippi M. Cortico-subcortical functional connectivity modifications in fatigued multiple sclerosis patients treated with fampridine and amantadine. Eur J Neurol 2021; 28:2249-2258. [PMID: 33852752 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Fatigue in multiple sclerosis (MS) is common and disabling; medication efficacy is still not fully proven. The aim of this study was to investigate 4-week modifications of fatigue severity in 45 relapsing-remitting MS patients after different symptomatic treatments, and changes in concomitant resting state (RS) functional connectivity (FC). METHODS Patients were randomly, blindly assigned to treatment with fampridine (n = 15), amantadine (n = 15) or placebo (n = 15), and underwent clinical assessment and 3-Tesla RS functional magnetic resonance imaging at baseline (t0) and after 4 weeks (w4) of treatment. Fifteen healthy controls (HCs) were also studied. Changes in modified fatigue impact scale (MFIS) score and network RS FC were assessed. RESULTS In MS, abnormalities of network RS FC at t0 did not differ between treatment groups and correlated with fatigue severity. At w4, global scores and subscores on the MFIS decreased in all groups, with no time-by-treatment interaction. At w4, all patient groups had changes in RS FC in several networks, with significant time-by-treatment interactions in basal ganglia, sensorimotor and default-mode networks in fampridine-treated patients versus the other groups, and in frontoparietal network in amantadine-treated patients. In the fampridine group, RS FC changes correlated with concurrently decreased MFIS score (r range = -0.75 to 0.74, p range = 0.003-0.05). CONCLUSIONS Fatigue improved in all MS groups, independently of treatment. Concomitant RS FC modifications were located in sensorimotor, inferior frontal and subcortical regions for fampridine- and amantadine-treated patients, and in associative sensory cortices for placebo-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Valsasina
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Colombo
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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De Pascalis V, Scacchia P, Vecchio A. Influences of hypnotic suggestibility, contextual factors, and EEG alpha on placebo analgesia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS 2021; 63:302-328. [PMID: 33999775 DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2020.1863182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We tested the role of hypnotic suggestibility, involuntariness, pain expectation, and subjective hypnotic depth in the prediction of placebo analgesia (PA) responsiveness. We also tested the link of lower and upper alpha sub-band (i.e., 'alpha1' and 'alpha2') power changes with tonic PA responding during waking and hypnosis conditions. Following an initial PA manipulation condition, we recorded EEG activity during waking and hypnosis under two treatments: (1) painful stimulation (Pain); (2) painful stimulation after application of a PA cream. Alpha1 and alpha2 power were derived using the individual alpha frequency method. We found that (1) PA in both waking and hypnosis conditions significantly reduced relative pain perception; (2) during waking, all the above mentioned contextual measures were associated with pain reduction, while involuntariness alone was associated with pain reduction within hypnosis. Enhanced alpha2 power at the left-parietal lead was solely associated with pain reduction in waking, but not in hypnosis condition. Using multiple regression and mediation analyses we found that: (i) during waking, the enhancement of relative left-parietal alpha2 power, directly influenced the enhancement in pain reduction, and, indirectly, through the mediating positive effect of involuntariness; (j) during hypnosis, the enhancement of left-temporoparietal alpha2 power, through the mediation of involuntariness, influenced pain reduction. Current findings obtained during waking suggest that enhanced alpha2 power may serve as a direct-objective measure of the subjective reduction of tonic pain in response to PA treatment. Overall, our findings suggest that placebo analgesia during waking and hypnosis involves different processes of top-down regulation.
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Effect of Pain Education, Cryotherapy, and Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on the Pain, Functional Capacity, and Quality of Life in Patients With Nonspecific Chronic Low Back Pain: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2021; 100:243-249. [PMID: 33595936 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to analyze the effects of pain education and the combined use of cryotherapy and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on the pain sensation, functional capacity, and quality of life of patients with nonspecific chronic low back pain. DESIGN This is a randomized controlled and blind clinical trial including patients with nonspecific chronic low back pain in the following 4 groups: control group, cryotherapy group, burst transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation group, and cryotherapy combined with burst transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation group. They were evaluated at baseline and after the protocol was concluded using the following: Roland-Morris questionnaire and sit-to-stand test; quality-of-life questionnaire; and pain. The protocol consisted of 10 sessions with pain education associated the combination of the electrophysical agents. RESULTS There were no statistical differences between groups after the intervention protocol. In the within analysis, all groups presented an improvement in visual analog scale scores, Roland-Morris questionnaire, sit-to-stand test, and pain domain of quality-of-life questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that with pain education, there was no difference between cryotherapy and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation alone, combined, or placebo mode in improving pain, functional capacity, and quality of life in patients with nonspecific chronic low back pain.
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Placebo response mitigation with a participant-focused psychoeducational procedure: a randomized, single-blind, all placebo study in major depressive and psychotic disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:844-850. [PMID: 33244149 PMCID: PMC8026614 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The remarkably high and growing placebo response rates in clinical trials for CNS indications, such as depression and schizophrenia, constitute a major challenge for the drug development enterprise. Despite extensive literature on participant expectancies and other potent psychosocial factors that perpetuate placebo response, no empirically validated participant-focused strategies to mitigate this phenomenon have been available. This study evaluated the efficacy of the Placebo-Control Reminder Script (PCRS), a brief interactive procedure that educates participants about factors known to cause placebo response, which was administered prior to the primary outcome assessments to subjects with major depressive or psychotic disorders who had at least moderate depression. Participants were informed they would participate in a 2-week randomized clinical trial with a 50% chance of receiving either an experimental antidepressant medication or placebo. In actuality, all participants received placebo. Participants randomly assigned to receive the PCRS (n = 70) reported significantly smaller reductions (i.e., less placebo response) in depression than those who did not receive the PCRS (n = 67). The magnitude of this effect was medium (Cohen's d = 0.40) and was not significantly impacted by diagnostic status. The number of adverse events (i.e., nocebo effect) was also lower in the PCRS group, particularly in the first week of the study. These findings suggest that briefly educating participants about placebo response factors can help mitigate the large placebo response rates that are increasingly seen in failed CNS drug development programs.
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Blumenstein B, Abrahamsen FE, Losnegard T. Placebo and nocebo in sports: Potential effects of hypothetical differences in roll resistance on roller ski performance. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Blumenstein
- Department of Sport and Social Sciences Norwegian School of Sports Sciences Oslo Norway
| | | | - Thomas Losnegard
- Department of Physical Performance Norwegian School of Sports Sciences Oslo Norway
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Sondermann W, Reinboldt-Jockenhöfer F, Dissemond J, Pfaar O, Bingel U, Schedlowski M. Effects of Patients' Expectation in Dermatology: Evidence from Experimental and Clinical Placebo Studies and Implications for Dermatologic Practice and Research. Dermatology 2021; 237:857-871. [PMID: 33498052 DOI: 10.1159/000513445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients' expectations towards the benefit of a treatment are key determinants of placebo responses and can affect the development and course of medical conditions and the efficacy and tolerability of active medical treatment. The mechanisms mediating these placebo and nocebo effects have been best described in the field of experimental pain and placebo analgesia. However, also in dermatology experimental and clinical studies demonstrate that various skin diseases such as inflammatory dermatoses and allergic reactions can be modulated by patients' expectations. Dermatologists should consider the important modulatory role of patients' expectations on the efficacy and tolerability of specific treatments and the key role of verbal information, patients' prior treatment experiences (associative learning), and the quality and quantity of doctor-patient communication in shaping treatment expectation. As a consequence, techniques aiming at maximizing patients' expectation effects should be implemented into daily clinical routine. By contrast, in clinical studies expectation effects should be maximally controlled and harmonized to improve the "assay sensitivity" to detect new compounds. Further translational studies, also in dermatoses that have not been investigated yet, are needed to better characterize the mechanisms underlying patients' expectation and to gain further insights into potential clinical implications of these effects in dermatologic conditions. Therefore, in this review, we provide a brief overview on the concept of expectation effects on treatment outcome in general, summarize what is already known about this topic for dermatologic diseases, and finally present the relevance of this topic in clinical dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Sondermann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany,
| | - Finja Reinboldt-Jockenhöfer
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Joachim Dissemond
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver Pfaar
- Section of Rhinology and Allergy, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Bingel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Manfred Schedlowski
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Frisaldi E, Zamfira DA, Benedetti F. The subthalamic nucleus and the placebo effect in Parkinson's disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 180:433-444. [PMID: 34225946 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820107-7.00027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The study of the placebo effect, or response, is related to the investigation of the psychologic component of different therapeutic rituals. The high rate of placebo responses in Parkinson's disease clinical trials provided the impetus for investigating the underlying mechanisms. Ruling out spontaneous remission and regression to the mean through the appropriate experimental designs, genuine psychologic placebo effects have been identified, in which both patients' expectations of therapeutic benefit and learning processes are involved. Specifically, placebo effects are associated with dopamine release in the striatum and changes in neuronal activity in the subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra pars reticulata, and motor thalamus in Parkinson's disease, as assessed through positron emission tomography and single-neuron recording during deep brain stimulation, respectively. Conversely, verbal suggestions of clinical worsening or drug dose reduction induce nocebo responses in Parkinson's disease, which have been detected at both behavioral and electrophysiologic level. Important implications and applications emerge from this new knowledge. These include better clinical trial designs, whereby patients' expectations should always be assessed, as well as better drug dosage in order to reduce drug intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Frisaldi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Benedetti
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin Medical School, Turin, Italy; Medicine and Physiology of Hypoxia, Plateau Rosà, Switzerland
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Effects of 8 Weeks of 2S-Hesperidin Supplementation on Performance in Amateur Cyclists. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123911. [PMID: 33371483 PMCID: PMC7767530 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
2S-Hesperidin is a flavanone (flavonoid) found in high concentrations in citrus fruits. It has an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, improving performance in animals. This study investigated the effects of chronic intake of an orange extract (2S-hesperidin) or placebo on non-oxidative/glycolytic and oxidative metabolism markers and performance markers in amateur cyclists. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was carried out between late September and December 2018. Forty amateur cyclists were randomized into two groups: one taking 500 mg/day 2S-hesperidin and the other taking 500 mg/day placebo (microcellulose) for eight weeks. All participants completed the study. An incremental test was used to evaluate performance, and a step test was used to measure oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide, efficiency and oxidation of carbohydrates and fat by indirect calorimetry. The anaerobic power (non-oxidative) was determined using Wingate tests (30 s). After eight weeks supplementation, there was an increase in the incremental test in estimated functional threshold power (FTP) (3.2%; p ≤ 0.05) and maximum power (2.7%; p ≤ 0.05) with 2S-hesperdin compared to placebo. In the step test, there was a decrease in VO2 (L/min) (−8.3%; p ≤ 0.01) and VO2R (mL/kg/min) (−8.9%; p ≤ 0.01) at VT2 in placebo. However, there were no differences between groups. In the Wingate test, there was a significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) in peak and relative power in both groups, but without differences between groups. Supplementation with an orange extract (2S-hesperdin) 500 mg/day improves estimated FTP and maximum power performance in amateur cyclists.
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Geers AL, Faasse K, Guevarra DA, Clemens KS, Helfer SG, Colagiuri B. Affect and emotions in placebo and nocebo effects: What do we know so far? SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L. Geers
- Department of Psychology University of Toledo Toledo Ohio USA
| | - Kate Faasse
- School of Psychology University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Darwin A. Guevarra
- Department of Psychology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | | | | | - Ben Colagiuri
- School of Psychology University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
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Nelson KM, Bisson J, Singh G, Graham JG, Chen SN, Friesen JB, Dahlin JL, Niemitz M, Walters MA, Pauli GF. The Essential Medicinal Chemistry of Cannabidiol (CBD). J Med Chem 2020; 63:12137-12155. [PMID: 32804502 PMCID: PMC7666069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This Perspective of the published essential medicinal chemistry of cannabidiol (CBD) provides evidence that the popularization of CBD-fortified or CBD-labeled health products and CBD-associated health claims lacks a rigorous scientific foundation. CBD's reputation as a cure-all puts it in the same class as other "natural" panaceas, where valid ethnobotanicals are reduced to single, purportedly active ingredients. Such reductionist approaches oversimplify useful, chemically complex mixtures in an attempt to rationalize the commercial utility of natural compounds and exploit the "natural" label. Literature evidence associates CBD with certain semiubiquitous, broadly screened, primarily plant-based substances of undocumented purity that interfere with bioassays and have a low likelihood of becoming therapeutic agents. Widespread health challenges and pandemic crises such as SARS-CoV-2 create circumstances under which scientists must be particularly vigilant about healing claims that lack solid foundational data. Herein, we offer a critical review of the published medicinal chemistry properties of CBD, as well as precise definitions of CBD-containing substances and products, distilled to reveal the essential factors that impact its development as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M. Nelson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Jonathan Bisson
- Center for Natural Product Technologies, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - James G. Graham
- Center for Natural Product Technologies, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- Center for Natural Product Technologies, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - J. Brent Friesen
- Center for Natural Product Technologies, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Jayme L. Dahlin
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | - Michael A. Walters
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- Center for Natural Product Technologies, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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Anderson CC, Ray CA, Butler MR, Darken RS. Effects of Procedural Discomfort and Expectation of Benefit on Therapy Continuation in Chronic Migraine Patients Treated With OnabotulinumtoxinA. Headache 2020; 60:2357-2363. [DOI: 10.1111/head.14008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher A. Ray
- Department of Neurology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Michael R. Butler
- Department of Neurology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Rachel S. Darken
- Department of Neurology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
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Alvarez G, Núñez-Cortés R, Solà I, Sitjà-Rabert M, Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe A, Fernández C, Bonfill X, Urrútia G. Sample size, study length, and inadequate controls were the most common self-acknowledged limitations in manual therapy trials: A methodological review. J Clin Epidemiol 2020; 130:96-106. [PMID: 33144246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to quantify and analyze the presence and type of self-acknowledged limitations (SALs) in a sample of manual therapy (MT) randomized controlled trials. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING We randomly selected 120 MT trials. We extracted data related to SALs from the original reports and classified them into 12 categories. After data extraction, specific limitations within each category were identified. A descriptive analysis was performed using frequencies and percentages for qualitative variables. RESULTS The number of SALs per trial article ranged from 0 to 8, and more than two-thirds of trials acknowledged at least two different limitations. Despite its small proportion, 9% of trials did not report SALs. The most common limitation declared, in almost half of our sample, related to sample size (47.5%) followed by limitations related to study length and follow-up (33.3%) and inadequate controls (32.5%). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that at least two different limitations are consistently acknowledged in MT trial reports, the most common being those related to sample size, study length, follow-up, and inadequate controls. Analysis of the reasons behind the SALs gives some insights about the main difficulties in conducting research in this field and may help develop strategies to improve future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Alvarez
- Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre - Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Foundation Centre for Osteopathic Medicine Collaboration. Spain National Centre, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Rodrigo Núñez-Cortés
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ivan Solà
- Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre - Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Mercè Sitjà-Rabert
- Blanquerna School of Health Science (FCS), Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain; Global Research on Wellbeing (GRoW) Research Group, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Azahara Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe
- Blanquerna School of Health Science (FCS), Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain; Blanquerna Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport (FPCEE), Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Fernández
- Blanquerna School of Health Science (FCS), Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain; Global Research on Wellbeing (GRoW) Research Group, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Bonfill
- Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre - Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Gerard Urrútia
- Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre - Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
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Yeung VWL, Geers AL. Prior Pain Exposure and Mere Possession of a Placebo Analgesic Predict Placebo Analgesia: Findings From a Randomized, Double-Blinded, Controlled Trial. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2020; 22:415-431. [PMID: 33127585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A recent study found that merely possessing a placebo analgesic reduces pain. The current study tested for a possible moderator of this effect. Specifically, does the mere possession of a placebo analgesic affect pain for individuals with and without immediate prior experience with the pain task? Healthy participants (N = 127) were randomized to prior pain (PP) condition or without prior pain (No-PP) condition. In the PP condition, participants first did a preliminary trial of a cold pressor test (CPT) to induce direct experience with this pain stimulus. Then they were randomized to possess an inert cream described as either an analgesic cream or an anti-itch cream (pain-irrelevant control object). Participants then completed the main CPT. In the No-PP condition, participants underwent identical procedures and randomization except that they did not do a preliminary CPT, thus having no immediate prior CPT pain experience. We found a significant prior pain experience and possession status interaction effect on placebo analgesia. Participants in the No-PP condition showed evidence of lower pain when they merely possessed an analgesic cream than an anti-itch cream. Such mere possession effect was not found in the PP condition. The impact of expectancy and emotion on the underlying process are discussed. PERSPECTIVE: This article presents a novel finding that prior pain exposure and mere possession of a placebo analgesic predicted placebo analgesia. It offers a novel perspective on the time course of placebo effect. It provides practical implications on potential pain intervention for clinicians and paradigm design for researchers of placebo study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew L Geers
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
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Burke MJ, Faria V, Cappon D, Pascual-Leone A, Kaptchuk TJ, Santarnecchi E. Leveraging the Shared Neurobiology of Placebo Effects and Functional Neurological Disorder: A Call for Research. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 32:101-104. [PMID: 31662093 DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.19030077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Burke
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Burke, Cappon, Pascual-Leone, Santarnecchi); the Program in Placebo Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Burke, Faria, Kaptchuk); the Department of Psychiatry, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto (Burke); the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Faria); the Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Faria); the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Faria); Institut Guttmann, Universitat Autonoma, Barcelona, Spain (Pascual-Leone); and the Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Pascual-Leone)
| | - Vanda Faria
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Burke, Cappon, Pascual-Leone, Santarnecchi); the Program in Placebo Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Burke, Faria, Kaptchuk); the Department of Psychiatry, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto (Burke); the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Faria); the Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Faria); the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Faria); Institut Guttmann, Universitat Autonoma, Barcelona, Spain (Pascual-Leone); and the Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Pascual-Leone)
| | - Davide Cappon
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Burke, Cappon, Pascual-Leone, Santarnecchi); the Program in Placebo Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Burke, Faria, Kaptchuk); the Department of Psychiatry, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto (Burke); the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Faria); the Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Faria); the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Faria); Institut Guttmann, Universitat Autonoma, Barcelona, Spain (Pascual-Leone); and the Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Pascual-Leone)
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Burke, Cappon, Pascual-Leone, Santarnecchi); the Program in Placebo Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Burke, Faria, Kaptchuk); the Department of Psychiatry, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto (Burke); the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Faria); the Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Faria); the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Faria); Institut Guttmann, Universitat Autonoma, Barcelona, Spain (Pascual-Leone); and the Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Pascual-Leone)
| | - Ted J Kaptchuk
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Burke, Cappon, Pascual-Leone, Santarnecchi); the Program in Placebo Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Burke, Faria, Kaptchuk); the Department of Psychiatry, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto (Burke); the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Faria); the Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Faria); the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Faria); Institut Guttmann, Universitat Autonoma, Barcelona, Spain (Pascual-Leone); and the Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Pascual-Leone)
| | - Emiliano Santarnecchi
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Burke, Cappon, Pascual-Leone, Santarnecchi); the Program in Placebo Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Burke, Faria, Kaptchuk); the Department of Psychiatry, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto (Burke); the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Faria); the Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Faria); the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Faria); Institut Guttmann, Universitat Autonoma, Barcelona, Spain (Pascual-Leone); and the Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Pascual-Leone)
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Perfitt JS, Plunkett N, Jones S. Placebo effect in the management of chronic pain. BJA Educ 2020; 20:382-387. [PMID: 33456922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjae.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J S Perfitt
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - N Plunkett
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - S Jones
- Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, UK
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Wai-Lan Yeung V, Geers AL, Colloca L. Merely Possessing a Placebo Analgesic Improves Analgesia Similar to Using the Placebo Analgesic. Ann Behav Med 2020; 54:637-652. [PMID: 32227161 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Placebo analgesia studies generally reported that the actual use of a placebo analgesic reduces pain. Yeung, Geers, and Kam found that the mere possession (without use) of a placebo analgesic also reduces pain. PURPOSE We investigated the relative effectiveness of using versus possessing a placebo analgesic on pain outcomes. METHODS In Study 1a, 120 healthy adults were randomized to either the experimental (EXP) conditions (EXP1: used a placebo analgesic cream, EXP2: possessed a placebo analgesic cream) or control (CO) conditions (CO1: possessed a sham cream, CO2: no cream). All participants underwent a cold pressor test (CPT). Study 1b further delineated the effect of possession from the effect of use. Sixty healthy adults were randomized to either the placebo-possession condition (merely possessed a placebo analgesic cream) or the placebo-possession-use condition (possessed and used a placebo analgesic cream). All participants did a CPT. RESULTS In Study 1a, as expected, a placebo effect was found-participants who used a placebo analgesic cream showed better pain outcomes than the two CO groups. Surprisingly, participants who merely possessed a placebo analgesic cream performed equally well as those who actually used it. In Study 1b, participants in the two conditions did not differ in most pain outcomes. Participants who possessed and used a placebo analgesic cream only showed slightly more reduction in pain intensity compared to participants who merely possessed the placebo analgesic cream. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that merely possessing a placebo analgesic could enhance pain outcomes similar to that of applying the placebo analgesic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew L Geers
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Luana Colloca
- Department of Pain Translational Symptom Science, School of Nursing, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Departments of Anesthesiology and Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Okusogu C, Wang Y, Akintola T, Haycock NR, Raghuraman N, Greenspan JD, Phillips J, Dorsey SG, Campbell CM, Colloca L. Placebo hypoalgesia: racial differences. Pain 2020; 161:1872-1883. [PMID: 32701846 PMCID: PMC7502457 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
No large-cohort studies that examine potential racial effects on placebo hypoalgesic effects exist. To fill this void, we studied placebo effects in healthy and chronic pain participants self-identified as either African American/black (AA/black) or white. We enrolled 372 study participants, 186 with a diagnosis of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) and 186 race-, sex-, and age-matched healthy participants to participate in a placebo experiment. Using a well-established paradigm of classical conditioning with verbal suggestions, each individual pain sensitivity was measured to calibrate the temperatures for high- and low-pain stimuli in the conditioning protocol. These 2 temperatures were then paired with a red and green screen, respectively, and participants were told that the analgesic intervention would activate during the green screens to reduce pain. Participants then rated the painfulness of each stimulus on a visual analog scale ranging from 0 to 100. Racial influences were tested on conditioning strength, reinforced expectations, and placebo hypoalgesia. We found that white participants reported greater conditioning effects, reinforced relief expectations, and placebo effects when compared with their AA/black counterparts. Racial effects on placebo were observed in TMD, although negligible, short-lasting, and mediated by conditioning strength. Secondary analyses on the effect of experimenter-participant race and sex concordance indicated that same experimenter-participant race induced greater placebo hypoalgesia in TMDs while different sex induced greater placebo hypoalgesia in healthy participants. This is the first and largest study to analyze racial effects on placebo hypoalgesia and has implications for both clinical research and treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Okusogu
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, School of Nursing, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, School of Nursing, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
| | - Titilola Akintola
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, School of Nursing, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
| | - Nathaniel R. Haycock
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, School of Nursing, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
| | - Nandini Raghuraman
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, School of Nursing, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
| | - Joel D. Greenspan
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences and Brotman Facial Pain Clinic, School of Dentistry, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jane Phillips
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences and Brotman Facial Pain Clinic, School of Dentistry, Baltimore, USA
| | - Susan G. Dorsey
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, School of Nursing, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
| | - Claudia M. Campbell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Luana Colloca
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, School of Nursing, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
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Kuperman P, Talmi D, Katz N, Treister R. Certainty in ascending sensory signals - The unexplored driver of analgesic placebo response. Med Hypotheses 2020; 143:110113. [PMID: 32721807 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous frameworks have failed to adequately explain the observed correlation between within-subject variability in pain reporting and analgesic placebo response. These relationships have been observed in both clinical and experimental setups. Within-subject variability of clinical pain scores is traditionally assessed based on daily pain diaries collected during the pre-intervention stage. Experimental variability can be assessed by the Focused Analgesia Selection Test (FAST), which calculates the relationship between noxious stimuli administrated at various intensities and pain reports. The variability, either clinical or experimental, has been shown to predict the placebo response. In explaining the placebo response, Bayesian Brain Hypothesis (BBH) posits that pain perception (posterior), is composed of certainty (precision) of expectations (priors due to belief or conditioning) and incoming sensory information (likelihood), with the bulk of research focused on the precision of priors. Virtually all placebo analgesia research has focused on the priors and their certainty, rather than on the certainty of the likelihood, mainly because it cannot be assessed directly. We propose that the within-subject variability, as encapsulated by the FAST, is a proxy for certainty in (or, precision of) ascending sensory signals, and our results suggest that it could not only be assessed, but also manipulated. If true, our hypothesis will facilitate new lines of research and could potentially promote precision analgesic medicine by use of variability of pain scores as a diagnostic method to identify pain patients who will benefit from specific treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kuperman
- The Clinical Pain Innovation Lab, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - D Talmi
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Np Katz
- WCG Analgesic Solutions, Wayland, MA, USA; Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Treister
- The Clinical Pain Innovation Lab, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Israel.
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Benedetti F, Piedimonte A. The neurobiological underpinnings of placebo and nocebo effects. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2020; 49:S18-S21. [PMID: 31779844 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The placebo effect, once considered only a nuisance in clinical research, is today a target of scientific inquiry that allows us understand how words, rituals and, more in general, the whole psychosocial context around the patient, affect the response to a treatment and the course of a disease. Today we are in a good position to study all these complex psychological factors by using a physiological and neuroscientific approach that uses modern neurobiological tools to probe different brain functions. Since a placebo is represented by the whole ritual of the therapeutic act, the main concept that has emerged today is that words and rituals may modulate the same biochemical pathways that are modulated by drugs. Most of our knowledge about these mechanisms comes from the field of pain, and represents a biomedical, psychological and philosophical enterprise that is changing the way we approach and interpret medicine, psychology and human biology. If on the one hand we know some of the mechanisms of drug action in the central nervous system, on the other we can now understand how the clinician-patient interaction may affect different physiological functions. In fact, the placebo effect and the therapist-patient relationship can be approached by using the same biochemical, cellular and physiological tools of the materia medica. This represents an epochal transition, in which the distinction between drugs and words is progressively getting thinner, and which helps us overcome the old dichotomy between psychology and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Benedetti
- University of Turin Medical School, Neuroscience Department, Turin, Italy; Medicine and Physiology of Hypoxia, Plateau Rosà, Italy/Switzerland.
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Best R, Temm D, Hucker H, McDonald K. Repeated Menthol Mouth Swilling Affects Neither Strength nor Power Performance. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:E90. [PMID: 32560472 PMCID: PMC7353636 DOI: 10.3390/sports8060090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effects of repeated menthol mouth swilling upon strength and power performance. Nineteen (10 male) participants completed familiarisation and experimental trials of repeated menthol mouth swilling (0.1% concentration) or control (no swill) in a randomised crossover design. Participants performed an isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP; peak and mean force; N), vertical jump (peak; cm) and six second sprint (peak and mean power; W) under each condition. Participants completed three efforts per exercise task interspersed with three-minute recoveries. Mean best values were analysed via a two-way mixed repeated measures ANOVA, and differences reported as effect sizes ± 95% confidence intervals, with accompanying descriptors and p values. Differences in peak IMTP values were unclear between familiarisation and experimental trials, and between menthol and control conditions. Mean IMTP force differed between familiarisation and control (0.51; -0.15 to 1.14; p = 0.001) and familiarisation and menthol conditions (0.50; -0.15 to 1.14; p = 0.002) by a small degree, but were unclear between control and menthol conditions. Unclear differences were also noted on vertical jump performance compared to familiarisation and between experimental conditions, with repeated six second peak and average power performance also showing unclear effects across all comparisons. We conclude that repeated menthol mouth swilling does not improve strength or power performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russ Best
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Wintec, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand; (D.T.); (H.H.); (K.M.)
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK
| | - Dani Temm
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Wintec, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand; (D.T.); (H.H.); (K.M.)
| | - Holly Hucker
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Wintec, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand; (D.T.); (H.H.); (K.M.)
| | - Kerin McDonald
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Wintec, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand; (D.T.); (H.H.); (K.M.)
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Abstract
Placebos impact epilepsy in a number of ways. Through randomized clinical trials, explicit clinical use, and also through implicit clinical use, placebos play a role in epilepsy. This chapter will discuss the reasons placebo is used, the determinants of placebo response in epilepsy, observations about placebo specific to epilepsy, and ways in which clinical trial design is impacted by placebo.
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Maximizing placebo response in neurological clinical practice. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 153:71-101. [PMID: 32563294 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The placebo effect is a widely recognized phenomenon in clinical research, with a negative perception that it could hide the "true" drug effect. In clinical care its positive potential to increase known drug effects has been neglected for too long. The placebo and nocebo responses have been described in many neurologic disorders such as Parkinson's, Huntington's and Alzheimer's diseases, restless leg syndrome, tics, essential tremor, dystonia, functional movement disorders, neuropathic pain, headaches, migraine, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, multiple sclerosis and epilepsy. Knowledge regarding placebo mechanisms and their consequences on clinical outcome have greatly improved over the last two decades. This evolution has led to reconsiderations of the importance of placebo response in the clinic and has given several clues on how to improve it in daily practice. In this chapter, we first illustrate "why," e.g. the reasons (relevance to clinical practice, help in differential diagnosis/treatment of psychogenic movements, clinical impact, proven neurobiological grounds, health economic potential), and "how," e.g. the means (increase patients' knowledge, increase learning, improve patient-doctor relationship, increase Hawthorne effect, increase positive/decrease negative expectations (the Rosenthal effect), personalize placebo response), the placebo should be maximized (and nocebo avoided) in neurological clinical practice. Future studies regarding more specific neurobiological mechanisms will allow a finer tuning of placebo response in clinical practice. The use of placebo in clinical practice raises ethical issues, and a recent expert consensus regarding placebo use in the clinic is a first step to future guidelines necessary to this field.
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Meeuwis SH, van Middendorp H, van Laarhoven AIM, van Leijenhorst C, Pacheco-Lopez G, Lavrijsen APM, Veldhuijzen DS, Evers AWM. Placebo and nocebo effects for itch and itch-related immune outcomes: A systematic review of animal and human studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 113:325-337. [PMID: 32240668 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Placebo and nocebo effects can influence somatic symptoms such as pain. For itch and other dermatological symptoms these effects have been far less investigated. This review systematically integrates evidence from both animal (mainly rodents) and human trials on placebo and nocebo effects in itch, itch-related symptoms and conditions of the skin and mucous membranes, and related immune outcomes (e.g., histamine). Thirty-one animal studies, and fifty-five human studies (k = 21 healthy participants, k = 34 patients) were included. Overall, studies consistently show that placebo and nocebo effects can be induced by various methods (e.g., suggestions, conditioning and social cues), despite high heterogeneity across studies. Effects of suggestions were found consistently across subjective and behavioral parameters (e.g., itch and scratching in humans), whereas conditioning was likely to impact physiological parameters under certain conditions (e.g., conditioning of histamine levels in stressed rodents). Brain areas responsible for itch processing were associated with nocebo effects. Future research may investigate how variations in methods impact placebo and nocebo effects, and whether all symptoms and conditions can be influenced equally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie H Meeuwis
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300RB, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, P.O. Box 9600, 2300RC, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Henriët van Middendorp
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300RB, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, P.O. Box 9600, 2300RC, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Antoinette I M van Laarhoven
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300RB, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, P.O. Box 9600, 2300RC, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Cora van Leijenhorst
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300RB, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-Lopez
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300RB, Leiden, the Netherlands; Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Lerma, Health Sciences Department, Lerma, 52005, Edo Mex, Mexico
| | - Adriana P M Lavrijsen
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Dieuwke S Veldhuijzen
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300RB, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, P.O. Box 9600, 2300RC, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea W M Evers
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300RB, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, P.O. Box 9600, 2300RC, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Lipton RB, Goadsby PJ, Smith J, Schaeffler BA, Biondi DM, Hirman J, Pederson S, Allan B, Cady R. Efficacy and safety of eptinezumab in patients with chronic migraine: PROMISE-2. Neurology 2020; 94:e1365-e1377. [PMID: 32209650 PMCID: PMC7274916 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000009169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of eptinezumab, a humanized anti–calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibody, in the preventive treatment of chronic migraine (CM). Methods The Prevention of Migraine via Intravenous ALD403 Safety and Efficacy–2 (PROMISE-2) study was a phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Adults with CM were randomly assigned to receive IV eptinezumab 100 mg, eptinezumab 300 mg, or placebo administered on day 0 and week 12. The primary endpoint was change from baseline in mean monthly migraine days (MMDs) over weeks 1 to 12. Results Among treated participants (n = 1,072), baseline mean number of MMDs was ≈16.1 across groups. Treatment with eptinezumab 100 and 300 mg was associated with significant reductions in MMDs across weeks 1 to 12 compared with placebo (placebo −5.6, 100 mg −7.7, p < 0.0001 vs placebo; 300 mg −8.2, p < 0.0001 vs placebo). Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were reported by 43.5% (100 mg), 52.0% (300 mg), and 46.7% (placebo) of patients. Nasopharyngitis was the only TEAE reported for >2% of eptinezumab-treated patients at an incidence of >2% over placebo; it occurred in the 300 mg eptinezumab arm (eptinezumab 9.4%, placebo 6.0%). Conclusion In patients with CM, eptinezumab 100 and 300 mg was associated with a significant reduction in MMDs from the day after IV administration through week 12, was well tolerated, and demonstrated an acceptable safety profile. Classification of evidence This study provides Class I evidence that for patients with CM, a single dose of eptinezumab reduces MMDs over 12 weeks of treatment. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02974153.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Lipton
- From the Montefiore Headache Center (R.B.L.); Department of Neurology (R.B.L.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; NIHR-Wellcome Trust King's Clinical Research Facility (P.J.G.), SLaM Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, UK; Alder BioPharmaceuticals, Ltd (J.S.), Dublin, Ireland; Lundbeck Seattle BioPharmaceuticals, Inc (B.A.S., D.M.B., S.P., B.A., R.C.), Bothell, WA; and Pacific Northwest Statistical Consulting, Inc (J.H.), Woodinville, WA. Dr. Biondi is now at Cohen Veterans Bioscience, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Allan is now at Global Safety Docs, Paradise Valley, AZ.
| | - Peter J Goadsby
- From the Montefiore Headache Center (R.B.L.); Department of Neurology (R.B.L.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; NIHR-Wellcome Trust King's Clinical Research Facility (P.J.G.), SLaM Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, UK; Alder BioPharmaceuticals, Ltd (J.S.), Dublin, Ireland; Lundbeck Seattle BioPharmaceuticals, Inc (B.A.S., D.M.B., S.P., B.A., R.C.), Bothell, WA; and Pacific Northwest Statistical Consulting, Inc (J.H.), Woodinville, WA. Dr. Biondi is now at Cohen Veterans Bioscience, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Allan is now at Global Safety Docs, Paradise Valley, AZ
| | - Jeff Smith
- From the Montefiore Headache Center (R.B.L.); Department of Neurology (R.B.L.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; NIHR-Wellcome Trust King's Clinical Research Facility (P.J.G.), SLaM Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, UK; Alder BioPharmaceuticals, Ltd (J.S.), Dublin, Ireland; Lundbeck Seattle BioPharmaceuticals, Inc (B.A.S., D.M.B., S.P., B.A., R.C.), Bothell, WA; and Pacific Northwest Statistical Consulting, Inc (J.H.), Woodinville, WA. Dr. Biondi is now at Cohen Veterans Bioscience, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Allan is now at Global Safety Docs, Paradise Valley, AZ
| | - Barbara A Schaeffler
- From the Montefiore Headache Center (R.B.L.); Department of Neurology (R.B.L.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; NIHR-Wellcome Trust King's Clinical Research Facility (P.J.G.), SLaM Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, UK; Alder BioPharmaceuticals, Ltd (J.S.), Dublin, Ireland; Lundbeck Seattle BioPharmaceuticals, Inc (B.A.S., D.M.B., S.P., B.A., R.C.), Bothell, WA; and Pacific Northwest Statistical Consulting, Inc (J.H.), Woodinville, WA. Dr. Biondi is now at Cohen Veterans Bioscience, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Allan is now at Global Safety Docs, Paradise Valley, AZ
| | - David M Biondi
- From the Montefiore Headache Center (R.B.L.); Department of Neurology (R.B.L.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; NIHR-Wellcome Trust King's Clinical Research Facility (P.J.G.), SLaM Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, UK; Alder BioPharmaceuticals, Ltd (J.S.), Dublin, Ireland; Lundbeck Seattle BioPharmaceuticals, Inc (B.A.S., D.M.B., S.P., B.A., R.C.), Bothell, WA; and Pacific Northwest Statistical Consulting, Inc (J.H.), Woodinville, WA. Dr. Biondi is now at Cohen Veterans Bioscience, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Allan is now at Global Safety Docs, Paradise Valley, AZ
| | - Joe Hirman
- From the Montefiore Headache Center (R.B.L.); Department of Neurology (R.B.L.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; NIHR-Wellcome Trust King's Clinical Research Facility (P.J.G.), SLaM Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, UK; Alder BioPharmaceuticals, Ltd (J.S.), Dublin, Ireland; Lundbeck Seattle BioPharmaceuticals, Inc (B.A.S., D.M.B., S.P., B.A., R.C.), Bothell, WA; and Pacific Northwest Statistical Consulting, Inc (J.H.), Woodinville, WA. Dr. Biondi is now at Cohen Veterans Bioscience, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Allan is now at Global Safety Docs, Paradise Valley, AZ
| | - Susan Pederson
- From the Montefiore Headache Center (R.B.L.); Department of Neurology (R.B.L.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; NIHR-Wellcome Trust King's Clinical Research Facility (P.J.G.), SLaM Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, UK; Alder BioPharmaceuticals, Ltd (J.S.), Dublin, Ireland; Lundbeck Seattle BioPharmaceuticals, Inc (B.A.S., D.M.B., S.P., B.A., R.C.), Bothell, WA; and Pacific Northwest Statistical Consulting, Inc (J.H.), Woodinville, WA. Dr. Biondi is now at Cohen Veterans Bioscience, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Allan is now at Global Safety Docs, Paradise Valley, AZ
| | - Brent Allan
- From the Montefiore Headache Center (R.B.L.); Department of Neurology (R.B.L.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; NIHR-Wellcome Trust King's Clinical Research Facility (P.J.G.), SLaM Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, UK; Alder BioPharmaceuticals, Ltd (J.S.), Dublin, Ireland; Lundbeck Seattle BioPharmaceuticals, Inc (B.A.S., D.M.B., S.P., B.A., R.C.), Bothell, WA; and Pacific Northwest Statistical Consulting, Inc (J.H.), Woodinville, WA. Dr. Biondi is now at Cohen Veterans Bioscience, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Allan is now at Global Safety Docs, Paradise Valley, AZ
| | - Roger Cady
- From the Montefiore Headache Center (R.B.L.); Department of Neurology (R.B.L.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; NIHR-Wellcome Trust King's Clinical Research Facility (P.J.G.), SLaM Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, UK; Alder BioPharmaceuticals, Ltd (J.S.), Dublin, Ireland; Lundbeck Seattle BioPharmaceuticals, Inc (B.A.S., D.M.B., S.P., B.A., R.C.), Bothell, WA; and Pacific Northwest Statistical Consulting, Inc (J.H.), Woodinville, WA. Dr. Biondi is now at Cohen Veterans Bioscience, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Allan is now at Global Safety Docs, Paradise Valley, AZ
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Abstract
Abstract
Background
Open label placebos with patient education are effective in reducing chronic pain, and recent studies on their effect on pain have established interest in this field. Nevertheless, data on their effect on acute pain are scarce, and on hyperalgesia and allodynia, absent. This study assessed the effect of open label placebos on acute pain in healthy adult males and the influence of placebo education.
Methods
Thirty-two healthy males were included in this prospective, randomized, assessor-blinded crossover, single-center study assessing pain intensities (via numeric rating scale), area of hyperalgesia (von Frey filament), and allodynia (dry cotton swab) in a pain model utilizing intracutaneous electrical stimulation. The authors compared the effect of intravenous open label placebo on pain compared to no treatment. The authors further examined the effect of placebo on hyperalgesia and allodynia, and the influence of education (short vs. detailed) before placebo application. Saliva cortisol concentrations were also measured.
Results
Pain ratings (median, first to third quartile) were 21% lower during placebo treatment compared to no treatment, 4.0 (3.2 to 4.9) versus 5.1 (4.7 to 5.4), respectively (P = 0.001). The areas of hyperalgesia and allodynia were lower during placebo treatment compared to no treatment (hyperalgesia, 30 cm2 [17 to 47] vs. 55 cm2 [42 to 68], P = 0.003; allodynia, 24 cm2 [11 to 39] vs. 45 cm2 [31 to 62], P = 0.007). This corresponds to reductions of 47%. The extent of placebo education had no effect on pain. Saliva cortisol decreased significantly over time and was under the limit of detectability in the majority of participants in postbaseline measurements in both treatment branches. Baseline cortisol was not associated with the placebo effect or strength applied of current to reach defined pain ratings.
Conclusions
Open label placebos might play a role in multimodal analgesic concepts.
Editor’s Perspective
What We Already Know about This Topic
What This Article Tells Us That Is New
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84
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Rauer S, Kastenbauer S, Hofmann H, Fingerle V, Huppertz HI, Hunfeld KP, Krause A, Ruf B, Dersch R. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment in neurology - Lyme neuroborreliosis. GERMAN MEDICAL SCIENCE : GMS E-JOURNAL 2020; 18:Doc03. [PMID: 32341686 PMCID: PMC7174852 DOI: 10.3205/000279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lyme borreliosis is the most common tick-borne infectious disease in Europe. A neurological manifestation occurs in 3–15% of infections and can manifest as polyradiculitis, meningitis and (rarely) encephalomyelitis. This S3 guideline is directed at physicians in private practices and clinics who treat Lyme neuroborreliosis in children and adults. Twenty AWMF member societies, the Robert Koch Institute, the German Borreliosis Society and three patient organisations participated in its development. A systematic review and assessment of the literature was conducted by the German Cochrane Centre, Freiburg (Cochrane Germany). The main objectives of this guideline are to define the disease and to give recommendations for the confirmation of a clinically suspected diagnosis by laboratory testing, antibiotic therapy, differential diagnostic testing and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Volker Fingerle
- German Society for Hygiene and Microbiology (DGHM), Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Iko Huppertz
- German Society of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (DGKJ), Berlin, Germany.,German Society of Paediatric Infectology (DGPI), Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Hunfeld
- The German United Society of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (DGKL), Bonn, Germany.,INSTAND e.V., Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Bernhard Ruf
- German Society of Infectious Diseases (DGI), Berlin, Germany
| | - Rick Dersch
- German Society of Neurology (DGN), Berlin, Germany.,Cochrane Germany, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
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Ashina M, Saper J, Cady R, Schaeffler BA, Biondi DM, Hirman J, Pederson S, Allan B, Smith J. Eptinezumab in episodic migraine: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (PROMISE-1). Cephalalgia 2020; 40:241-254. [PMID: 32075406 PMCID: PMC7066477 DOI: 10.1177/0333102420905132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of eptinezumab, a humanized anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibody, in the preventive treatment of episodic migraine. METHODS The PRevention Of Migraine via Intravenous ALD403 Safety and Efficacy-1 (PROMISE-1) study was a phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Adults with episodic migraine were randomized to eptinezumab 30 mg, 100 mg, 300 mg, or placebo for up to four intravenous (IV) doses administered every 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was change from baseline in monthly migraine days (MMDs) over weeks 1-12. RESULTS A total of 888 patients received treatment across 84 study sites. Mean MMDs at baseline was ∼8.6 across treatment groups. Eptinezumab 100 mg and 300 mg met the primary endpoint, significantly reducing MMDs across weeks 1-12 compared with placebo (30 mg, -4.0; 100 mg, -3.9, p = 0.0182; 300 mg, -4.3; placebo, -3.2, p = 0.0001). Treatment-emergent adverse events were reported by 58.4% (30 mg), 63.2% (100 mg), 57.6% (300 mg), and 59.5% (placebo) of patients. Treatment-emergent adverse events reported by ≥2% of eptinezumab-treated patients at an incidence greater than placebo included: upper respiratory tract infection (30 mg, 11.4%; 100 mg, 9.9%; 300 mg, 10.3%; placebo, 7.2%), and fatigue (30 mg, 2.3%; 100 mg, 3.6%; 300 mg, 3.6%; placebo, <1%). CONCLUSION Eptinezumab (100 mg or 300 mg) significantly reduced migraine frequency, was well tolerated, and had an acceptable safety profile when used for the preventive treatment of migraine in adults with episodic migraine. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02559895.
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Affiliation(s)
- Messoud Ashina
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joel Saper
- Michigan Headache & Neurological Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Roger Cady
- Lundbeck Seattle BioPharmaceuticals, Inc., Bothell, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Joe Hirman
- Pacific Northwest Statistical Consulting, Inc., Woodinville, WA, USA
| | - Susan Pederson
- Lundbeck Seattle BioPharmaceuticals, Inc., Bothell, WA, USA
| | - Brent Allan
- Alder BioPharmaceuticals, Inc., Bothell, WA, USA
| | - Jeff Smith
- Lundbeck Seattle BioPharmaceuticals, Inc., Bothell, WA, USA
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Ben-Sheetrit J, Peskin M, Newcorn JH, Daniely Y, Shbiro L, Rotem A, Weizman A, Manor I. Characterizing the Placebo Response in Adults With ADHD. J Atten Disord 2020; 24:425-433. [PMID: 29926752 DOI: 10.1177/1087054718780328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Several ADHD pharmacological trials reported high placebo response (PR) rates. This study aims to characterize the PR in adult ADHD. Method: A retrospective cohort analysis of the placebo arm (140 adults with ADHD, 18-55 yrs, M:F 46.4%-53.6%) of a 6-week randomized, multicenter, double-blind metadoxine study, using Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale (CAARS) and the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS), was conducted. Results: Pre-post changes in placebo-treated adults were significant for both the CAARS and ASRS, F(2.9, 404.5) = 61.2, p < .00001, F(2.8, 383.0) = 43.1, p < .00001, respectively. Less than half of the participants had a PR which began early in treatment and persisted; almost 50% had a variable, inconsistent PR. Conclusion: In the current sample, PR in adult ADHD was prominent on both symptom scales and the investigator-rater instrument. Therefore, using investigator ratings as a primary endpoint does not necessarily attenuate PR. Of note, about half of the PR is variable, suggesting unreliable determination of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miriam Peskin
- Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | | | | | - Liat Shbiro
- Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Ann Rotem
- Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Abraham Weizman
- Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Iris Manor
- Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Tel-Aviv University, Israel
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87
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Zhao Y, Liu R, Zhang J, Luo J, Zhang W. Placebo Effect on Modulating Empathic Pain: Reduced Activation in Posterior Insula. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:8. [PMID: 32116589 PMCID: PMC7025481 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Little evidence exists to confirm whether the sensory-related neural activity that occurs when observing others in pain is highly responsive to empathy for pain. From a perspective of intervention, the present study employed placebo manipulation with a transferable paradigm to explore whether the sensory regional activation that occurs when viewing pictures of others in pain could be modulated by the placebo effect. We first performed a screening behavioral experiment for selecting placebo responders and then entered them into a functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) experiment in which they were exposed to the same conditions as before. Participants were informed that it was equally possible to be assigned to the treatment group (placebo manipulation) or the no-treatment group (control); they all, in fact, received treatment and placebo effect would be detected by comparing placebo conditions and no-placebo control condition. Each participant experienced a phase of reinforcing placebo belief with pain in self and a phase of testing transferable placebo effect on empathy for pain. As a result, we found significant activation in sensory areas, including the posterior insula (PI) and the postcentral gyrus, and in the middle cingulate cortex while participants observed pictures of others in pain. More importantly, for the first time, we observed relieved activation in the PI modulated by the placebo effect only associated with pain pictures but not with no-pain pictures. This suggests that sensory activity in the PI might be involved in the processing for empathic pain. This new approach sheds light on research and applications in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yili Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruixuan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wencai Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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88
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Visconti L, Forni C, Coser R, Trucco M, Magnano E, Capra G. Comparison of the effectiveness of manual massage, long-wave diathermy, and sham long-wave diathermy for the management of delayed-onset muscle soreness: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Physiother 2020; 10:1. [PMID: 31956433 PMCID: PMC6961300 DOI: 10.1186/s40945-019-0073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a specific symptom that typically arises after unaccustomed eccentric muscular effort. It increases typically 24–72 h post-exercise and can affect physical performance. The pathophysiology of DOMS remains unclear, although it seems to be related to the remodeling phase of myofibrils. Different types of treatments have been proposed to minimize DOMS after exercise; however, no clear gold standard treatment exists. Among the most popular and easy-to-apply treatments, manual massage is often performed by clinicians and has been documented to be effective in reducing symptoms. For several years, long-wave diathermy (LWD) has been performed to manage musculoskeletal complaints, such as DOMS; however, no studies have reported its efficacy thus far. This study aimed to compare the clinical effectiveness of LWD, sham LWD, and manual massage in participants with lower limb DOMS. Methods Participants with lower limb DOMS were included in the study. They were randomly assigned to undergo real LWD, sham LWD, or manual massage. The Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) score was the primary outcome, and the Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) Scale score was the secondary outcome. Outcomes were collected before and immediately after the treatment. Analysis of variance was performed to compare the post-treatment NPRS value variability among the groups and to compare the pre- and post-treatment NPRS differences among the groups. Results No clinically relevant differences were observed regarding the NPRS value variability among real LWD, sham LWD and manual massage groups. Differences were observed in the PGIC Scale scores. Conclusions Future studies are needed to have a better understanding about the treatment of DOMS in clinical practice. Trial registration The trial was registered on 29th February 2016 in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02693678).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Visconti
- Studi fisioterapici di Montagna, Rue Palleusieux 1 11010 Pré-Saint-Didier, Aosta, Italy
| | - Corrado Forni
- 2Azienda Ospedaliera Maggiore della carità, Novara, Italy
| | - Rudi Coser
- Studi fisioterapici di Montagna, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Magnano
- 5Università Torino Bachelor in Physiotherapy, Torino, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Capra
- Supsi Scuola Universitaria per la Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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89
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Galindo MN, Navarro JF, Cavas M. The Influence of Placebo Effect on Craving and Cognitive Performance in Alcohol, Caffeine, or Nicotine Consumers: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:849. [PMID: 33005155 PMCID: PMC7479236 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present systematic review aims to analyze the evidence about the influence of placebo effect on craving and cognitive performance in alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine consumers. METHODS Relevant studies were identified via Pubmed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases (up to March 2020). Only those papers published between 2009 and 2019 were searched. RESULTS Of the 115 preliminary papers, 8 studies of database search and 9 of the manual search were finally included in this review. Findings showed that while alcohol expectancies increased craving, caffeine and nicotine expectancies tend to decrease it. Alcohol expectancies caused similar or slower reaction time when alcohol was not consumed, impairments on inhibitory control (especially after alcohol consumption) and similar post-error slowing. The effect of caffeine and nicotine on reaction time has not been elucidated yet, however, caffeine expectancies have been shown to improve accuracy and the attentional filtering of distracting stimuli. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine expectancies play an important role on craving. Although expectancies produce an effect on cognitive performance, caffeine and nicotine beliefs show an ambiguous impact on reaction time. Only the influence of alcohol expectancies on reaction time has been clarified. Furthermore, caffeine beliefs enhance accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Nerea Galindo
- Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - María Cavas
- Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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90
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Benedetti F, Frisaldi E, Barbiani D, Camerone E, Shaibani A. Nocebo and the contribution of psychosocial factors to the generation of pain. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 127:687-696. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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91
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Pagnini F. The potential role of illness expectations in the progression of medical diseases. BMC Psychol 2019; 7:70. [PMID: 31703607 PMCID: PMC6839057 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-019-0346-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To what extent can one’s mind promote direct changes to the body? Can one’s beliefs about the body become a physical reality, without mediating effects from behaviors? Specifically, can medical symptoms and the course of a disease be directly affected by a person’s mindset about the illness? There is a vast literature about placebo and nocebo effects, that promote physical changes by creating the expectation of a change through a primer (for example, a fake pill). Placebos, however, often imply deception, or at least ambiguity, to be effective. The concept of Illness Expectation describes the expectations, both implicit and explicit, that a person who has received a diagnosis makes about the course of the disease. It can be characterized by different degrees of rigidity, and it is argued here that these expectations can ultimately lead to changes in the disease progression. These changes may happen through behavior modifications, or through a non-behavioral pathway, which may deserve exploration efforts from the scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pagnini
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Nirone, 15, 20123, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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92
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Schaefer M, Enck P. Effects of a probiotic treatment ( Enterococcus faecalis) and open-label placebo on symptoms of allergic rhinitis: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e031339. [PMID: 31662387 PMCID: PMC6830672 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several studies suggest that gut microbiota may play an important role in allergic diseases. The present trial aims to examine effects of the probiotic Enterococcus faecalis on symptoms of allergic rhinitis in patients. Effects of this probiotic on the immune system have been reported by several studies, but the majority of the previous trials were animal studies. In addition, it is well known that symptoms in allergic rhinitis are prone to exhibit high placebo responses. Moreover, recent studies report that even placebos without deception (open-label placebos) are highly effective in reducing symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Our study design combines both new approaches to assess effects on allergic symptoms in patients. The objective of this study is to compare the effects of a probiotic treatment (E. faecalis) with effects seen by open-label placebo, concealed placebo treatment and no treatment control. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A total of 120 patients with allergic rhinitis will be randomly assigned to one of four different groups: a double-blind probiotic/placebo group (groups 1 and 2), an open-label placebo group (group 3) and a no-treatment group (group 4) to control for spontaneous variation of symptoms. The primary outcome is the evaluation of allergic symptoms using the Combined Symptoms Medication Score. Furthermore, health-related quality of life is examined (Rhinitis Quality of Life Questionnaire). Secondary outcomes include a visual analogue scale on allergic burden and a second quality of life questionnaire. This report describes the study design of the randomised controlled trial. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study design was approved by the ethical committee of the UKT Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Tübingen, Germany. The trial is registered at the German Clinical Trials Register (www.drks.de, DRKS00015804). The trial results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and at conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER German Clinical Trials Register (www.drks.de, DRKS00015804); Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schaefer
- Department Naturwissenschaften, Medical School Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Enck
- Department of Internal Medicine VI: Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Tubingen, Tübingen, Germany
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93
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Zunhammer M, Bingel U, Wager TD. Placebo Effects on the Neurologic Pain Signature: A Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data. JAMA Neurol 2019; 75:1321-1330. [PMID: 30073258 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Importance Placebo effects reduce pain and contribute to clinical analgesia, but after decades of research, it remains unclear whether placebo treatments mainly affect nociceptive processes or other processes associated with pain evaluation. Objective We conducted a systematic, participant-level meta-analysis to test the effect of placebo treatments on pain-associated functional neuroimaging responses in the neurologic pain signature (NPS), a multivariate brain pattern tracking nociceptive pain. Data Sources Medline (PubMed) was searched from inception to May 2015; the search was augmented with results from previous meta-analyses and expert recommendations. Study Selection Eligible studies were original investigations that were published in English in peer-reviewed journals and that involved functional neuroimaging of the human brain with evoked pain delivered under stimulus intensity-matched placebo and control conditions. The authors of all eligible studies were contacted and asked to provide single-participant data. Data Extraction and Synthesis Data were collected between December 2015 and November 2017 following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of individual participant data guidelines. Results were summarized across participants and studies in a random-effects model. Main Outcomes and Measures The main, a priori outcome was NPS response; pain reports were assessed as a secondary outcome. Results We obtained data from 20 of 28 identified eligible studies, resulting in a total sample size of 603 healthy individuals. The NPS responses to painful stimulation compared with baseline conditions were positive in 575 participants (95.4%), with a very large effect size (g = 2.30 [95% CI, 1.92 to 2.69]), confirming its sensitivity to nociceptive pain in this sample. Placebo treatments showed significant behavioral outcomes on pain ratings in 17 of 20 studies (85%) and in the combined sample (g = -0.66 [95% CI, -0.80 to -0.53]). However, placebo effects on the NPS response were significant in only 3 of 20 studies (15%) and were very small in the combined sample (g = -0.08 [95% CI, -0.15 to -0.01]). Similarly, analyses restricted to studies with low risk of bias (g = -0.07 [95% CI, -0.15 to 0.00]) indicated very small effects, and analyses of just placebo responders (g = -0.22 [95% CI, -0.34 to -0.11]) indicated small effects, as well. Conclusions and Relevance Placebo treatments have moderate analgesic effects on pain reports. The very small effects on NPS, a validated measure that tracks levels of nociceptive pain, indicate that placebo treatments affect pain via brain mechanisms largely independent of effects on bottom-up nociceptive processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrike Bingel
- Klinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tor D Wager
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder
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94
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Fonteneau C, Redoute J, Haesebaert F, Le Bars D, Costes N, Suaud-Chagny MF, Brunelin J. Frontal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Induces Dopamine Release in the Ventral Striatum in Human. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:2636-2646. [PMID: 29688276 PMCID: PMC5998959 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A single transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) session applied over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLFPC) can be associated with procognitive effects. Furthermore, repeated DLPFC tDCS sessions are under investigation as a new therapeutic tool for a range of neuropsychiatric conditions. A possible mechanism explaining such beneficial effects is a modulation of meso-cortico-limbic dopamine transmission. We explored the spatial and temporal neurobiological effects of bifrontal tDCS on subcortical dopamine transmission during and immediately after the stimulation. In a double blind sham-controlled study, 32 healthy subjects randomly received a single session of either active (20 min, 2 mA; n = 14) or sham (n = 18) tDCS during a dynamic positron emission tomography scan using [11C]raclopride binding. During the stimulation period, no significant effect of tDCS was observed. After the stimulation period, compared with sham tDCS, active tDCS induced a significant decrease in [11C]raclopride binding potential ratio in the striatum, suggesting an increase in extracellular dopamine in a part of the striatum involved in the reward-motivation network. The present study provides the first evidence that bifrontal tDCS induces neurotransmitter release in polysynaptic connected subcortical areas. Therefore, levels of dopamine activity and reactivity should be a new element to consider for a general hypothesis of brain modulation by bifrontal tDCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Fonteneau
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Psychiatric Disorders: from Resistance to Response Team, Lyon, France.,University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France.,Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jérome Redoute
- Centre d'Etude et de Recherche Multimodal et Pluridisciplinaire en Imagerie du Vivant (CERMEP-Imagerie du vivant), Lyon, Lyon, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
| | - Frédéric Haesebaert
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Psychiatric Disorders: from Resistance to Response Team, Lyon, France.,University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France.,Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Didier Le Bars
- Centre d'Etude et de Recherche Multimodal et Pluridisciplinaire en Imagerie du Vivant (CERMEP-Imagerie du vivant), Lyon, Lyon, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France.,ICBMS, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Costes
- Centre d'Etude et de Recherche Multimodal et Pluridisciplinaire en Imagerie du Vivant (CERMEP-Imagerie du vivant), Lyon, Lyon, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Suaud-Chagny
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Psychiatric Disorders: from Resistance to Response Team, Lyon, France.,University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France
| | - Jérome Brunelin
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Psychiatric Disorders: from Resistance to Response Team, Lyon, France.,University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France.,Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Lyon, Lyon, France
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95
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Koban L, Jepma M, López-Solà M, Wager TD. Different brain networks mediate the effects of social and conditioned expectations on pain. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4096. [PMID: 31506426 PMCID: PMC6736972 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11934-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Information about others' experiences can strongly influence our own feelings and decisions. But how does such social information affect the neural generation of affective experience, and are the brain mechanisms involved distinct from those that mediate other types of expectation effects? Here, we used fMRI to dissociate the brain mediators of social influence and associative learning effects on pain. Participants viewed symbolic depictions of other participants' pain ratings (social information) and classically conditioned pain-predictive cues before experiencing painful heat. Social information and conditioned stimuli each had significant effects on pain ratings, and both effects were mediated by self-reported expectations. Yet, these effects were mediated by largely separable brain activity patterns, involving different large-scale functional networks. These results show that learned versus socially instructed expectations modulate pain via partially different mechanisms-a distinction that should be accounted for by theories of predictive coding and related top-down influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Koban
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Muenzinger D244, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80302, USA.
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Muenzinger D244, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80302, USA.
- Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), Control-Interoception-Attention Team, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
- Marketing Area, INSEAD, Boulevard de Constance, 77300, Fontainebleau, France.
| | - Marieke Jepma
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1018 WS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marina López-Solà
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC2 7031 Pain Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Tor D Wager
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Muenzinger D244, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80302, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Muenzinger D244, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80302, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, HB 6207, Moore Hall, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
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96
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Neurotransmitter systems involved in placebo and nocebo effects in healthy participants and patients with chronic pain: a systematic review. Pain 2019; 161:11-23. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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97
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Benedetti F. The Dangerous Side of Placebo Research: Is Hard Science Boosting Pseudoscience? Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 106:1166-1168. [PMID: 31435936 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Benedetti
- Neuroscience Department, University of Turin Medical School, Turin, Italy.,Medicine & Physiology of Hypoxia, Plateau Rosà, Italy/Switzerland.,Plateau Rosà, Medicine & Physiology of Hypoxia, Zermatt, Switzerland
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98
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Zucchi A, Costantini E, Scroppo FI, Silvani M, Kopa Z, Illiano E, Petrillo MG, Cari L, Nocentini G. The first-generation phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors and their pharmacokinetic issue. Andrology 2019; 7:804-817. [PMID: 31350821 PMCID: PMC6790582 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a relatively frequent disease that negatively impacts the overall quality of life, well‐being, and relationships. Although the use of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5is) has revolutionized the treatment of ED, a high percentage of ED patients discontinue PDE5i treatment. Objectives (i) To analyze the reasons for patient dissatisfaction leading to PDE5i discontinuation; (ii) analyze the pharmacokinetics of new formulations focusing on the time needed to reach an effective plasma concentration of PDE5is (Tonset) following drug intake; and (iii) summarize the physicochemical properties of sildenafil to understand which excipients may increase the absorption rate. Material and methods An online PubMed literature search was conducted to identify English language publications from inception to January 2019. Results The main reasons for patient dissatisfaction when using PDE5is on demand are the relatively long Tonset after taking vardenafil and sildenafil, including formulations such as film‐coated tablets, fine granules, orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs), and oral thin films (ODFs). The relatively long Tonset, further worsened when accompanied by eating, highlights the following: (i) the need for planning intercourse, determining partner‐related issues; (ii) issues when having sex before the maximum effect of the drug; and (iii) lower drug‐related placebo effects. Some data suggest that sildenafil is a ‘difficult’ molecule, but Tonset can be improved following absorption by buccal mucosa using appropriate excipients. Conclusions We conclude that several ODT and ODF formulations can improve the ‘discretion’ issue because they are taken without water, but they have similar pharmacokinetics to corresponding film‐coated tablet formulations. One ODF formulation of sildenafil was characterized by a shorter Tonset and could potentially increase patient satisfaction following treatment. However, more clinical studies are needed to confirm the findings. Surfactants and ascorbic acid appear to be crucial excipients for achieving a high absorption rate, but more studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zucchi
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Urology and Andrology Clinic, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - E Costantini
- Andrology and Urogynecological Clinic, Santa Maria Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - F I Scroppo
- Urology Unit, Ospedale di Circolo di Varese, Varese, Italy
| | - M Silvani
- Urology Department, Santa Rita Clinic, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Z Kopa
- Andrology Centre, Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - E Illiano
- Andrology and Urogynecological Clinic, Santa Maria Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - M G Petrillo
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, NIEHS, NIH, Durham, NC, USA
| | - L Cari
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - G Nocentini
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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99
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Antonelli M, Donelli D. Reinterpreting homoeopathy in the light of placebo effects to manage patients who seek homoeopathic care: A systematic review. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2019; 27:824-847. [PMID: 30456773 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Homoeopathy is widespread, and users claim to benefit from it. However, clear evidence of its efficacy over placebo is not available to date. As a consequence, a social separation between homoeopathy users and mainstream medicine exists, exposing these patients to many risks. Our primary objective is to assess homoeopathy efficacy by systematically reviewing existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses and to systematically review trials on open-label placebo (OLP) treatments. A secondary objective is to understand if homoeopathy as a whole may be considered as a placebo treatment. PubMed/Medline, Embase, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library were systematically searched for systematic reviews and meta-analyses on homoeopathy efficacy, and 61 studies were included. Same databases plus Journal of Interdisciplinary Placebo Studies (JIPS) were also systematically searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on OLP treatments, and 10 studies were included. Databases were searched up to 24 February 2018. Two authors independently screened all retrieved articles and selected studies eligible for inclusion. The quality of reviews of included studies was evaluated with a dedicated NIH tool in the first review, whereas the risk of bias of trials of included studies was assessed with the specific Cochrane tool in the second review. Qualitative syntheses show that homoeopathy efficacy can be considered comparable to placebo, and that OLP treatments may be effective in some health conditions. Placebo effects like placebo itself, treatment context, physician-patient relationship, and other nonspecific factors can define the idea of placebo treatments, which may be effective in some conditions. If homoeopathy efficacy is comparable to placebo, and if placebo treatments can be effective in some conditions, then homoeopathy as a whole may be considered as a placebo treatment. Reinterpreting homoeopathy as a placebo treatment would define limits and possibilities of this practice. This perspective shift suggests a strategy to manage patients who seek homoeopathic care and to reconcile them with mainstream medicine in a sustainable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Antonelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Public Health, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Terme di Monticelli, Parma, Italy
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Dodick DW, Lipton RB, Silberstein S, Goadsby PJ, Biondi D, Hirman J, Cady R, Smith J. Eptinezumab for prevention of chronic migraine: A randomized phase 2b clinical trial. Cephalalgia 2019; 39:1075-1085. [PMID: 31234642 DOI: 10.1177/0333102419858355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcitonin gene-related peptide plays an important role in migraine pathophysiology. We evaluated eptinezumab, an intravenous (IV) anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibody, for the prevention of chronic migraine. OBJECTIVE To determine the safety, tolerability, and effectiveness of four dose levels of eptinezumab and to inform the phase 3 development program. METHODS This was a phase 2b, parallel-group, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging clinical trial. Men and women (N = 616) aged 18-55 years were included if they had a diagnosis of chronic migraine, with onset at age ≤35 years and history of chronic migraine ≥1 year. During the 28-day screening period, patients must have had ≥15 headache days, including ≥8 migraine days, with ≥5 migraine attacks as recorded in the electronic diary. Patients were assigned in a 1:1:1:1:1 ratio to eptinezumab 300, 100, 30, 10 mg or placebo, administered as a single IV infusion. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients with a ≥75% decrease in monthly migraine days over weeks 1-12 compared with the 28-day screening period. RESULTS The ≥75% migraine responder rates over weeks 1-12 for eptinezumab 300, 100, 30, and 10 mg were 33.3%, 31.4%, 28.2%, and 26.8%, respectively, versus 20.7% for placebo (p = 0.033, 0.072, 0.201, 0.294 vs. placebo). Secondary efficacy endpoints (e.g. ≥50% responder rate, change from baseline in frequency of migraine/headache days, and percentage of severe migraines) had results favoring the three higher eptinezumab doses versus placebo. Eptinezumab was well tolerated and adverse event rates were similar to placebo. CONCLUSIONS The results of this trial demonstrate that eptinezumab appears effective and well-tolerated for the preventive treatment of chronic migraine and justifies the conduct of pivotal phase 3 trials for migraine prevention. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02275117.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard B Lipton
- 2 Montefiore Headache Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Peter J Goadsby
- 4 NIHR-Wellcome Trust King's Clinical Research Facility, SLaM Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, UK.,5 University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Biondi
- 6 Alder BioPharmaceuticals, Inc., Bothell, WA, USA
| | - Joe Hirman
- 7 Pacific Northwest Statistical Consulting, Woodinville, WA, USA
| | - Roger Cady
- 6 Alder BioPharmaceuticals, Inc., Bothell, WA, USA
| | - Jeff Smith
- 8 Alder BioPharmaceuticals Ltd, Dublin, Ireland
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