51
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Chronic Treatment with Fluoxetine or Clozapine of Socially Isolated Rats Prevents Subsector-Specific Reduction of Parvalbumin Immunoreactive Cells in the Hippocampus. Neuroscience 2018; 371:384-394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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52
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Khan MM. Translational Significance of Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators in Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:9516592. [PMID: 30402099 PMCID: PMC6196929 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9516592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating data from various clinical trial studies suggests that adjuvant therapy with ovarian hormones (estrogens) could be effective in reducing cognitive deficit and psychopathological symptoms in women with psychiatric disorders. However, estrogen therapy poses serious limitations and health issues including feminization in men and increased risks of thromboembolism, hot flashes, breast hyperplasia, and endometrium hyperplasia when used for longer duration in older women (aged ≥ 60 years) or in women who have genetic predispositions. On the other hand, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), which may (or may not) carry some risks of hot flashes, thromboembolism, breast hyperplasia, and endometrial hyperplasia, are generally devoid of feminization effect. In clinical trial studies, adjuvant therapy with tamoxifen, a triphenylethylene class of SERM, has been found to reduce the frequency of manic episodes in patients with bipolar disorder, whereas addition of raloxifene, a benzothiophene class of SERM, to regular doses of antipsychotic drugs has been found to reduce cognitive deficit and psychological symptoms in men and women with schizophrenia, including women with treatment refractory psychosis. These outcomes together with potent neurocognitive, neuroprotective, and cardiometabolic properties suggest that SERMs could be the potential targets for designing effective and safer therapies for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M. Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zawia, P.O. Box 16418, Az-Zawiyah, Libya
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53
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Towards a cognitive neuroscience of self-awareness. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:765-773. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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54
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Cardis R, Cabungcal JH, Dwir D, Do KQ, Steullet P. A lack of GluN2A-containing NMDA receptors confers a vulnerability to redox dysregulation: Consequences on parvalbumin interneurons, and their perineuronal nets. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 109:64-75. [PMID: 29024713 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The GluN2A subunit of NMDA receptors (NMDARs) plays a critical role during postnatal brain development as its expression increases while Glun2B expression decreases. Mutations and polymorphisms in GRIN2A gene, coding for GluN2A, are linked to developmental brain disorders such as mental retardation, epilepsy, schizophrenia. Published data suggest that GluN2A is involved in maturation and phenotypic maintenance of parvalbumin interneurons (PVIs), and these interneurons suffer from a deficient glutamatergic neurotransmission via GluN2A-containing NMDARs in schizophrenia. In the present study, we find that although PVIs and their associated perineuronal nets (PNNs) appear normal in anterior cingulate cortex of late adolescent/young adult GRIN2A KO mice, a lack of GluN2A delays PNN maturation. GRIN2A KO mice display a susceptibility to redox dysregulation as sub-threshold oxidative stress and subtle alterations in antioxidant systems are observed in their prefrontal cortex. Consequently, an oxidative insult applied during early postnatal development increases oxidative stress, decreases the number of parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells, and weakens the PNNs in KO but not WT mice. These effects are long-lasting, but preventable by the antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine. The persisting oxidative stress, deficit in PVIs and PNNs, and reduced local high-frequency neuronal synchrony in anterior cingulate of late adolescent/young adult KO mice, which have been challenged by an early-life oxidative insult, is accompanied with microglia activation. Altogether, these indicate that a lack of GluN2A-containing NMDARs alters the fine control of redox status, leading to a delayed maturation of PNNs, and conferring vulnerability for long-term oxidative stress, microglial activation, and PVI network dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Cardis
- Center of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan-Harry Cabungcal
- Center of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniella Dwir
- Center of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kim Q Do
- Center of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Steullet
- Center of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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55
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Antioxidant Treatment in Male Mice Prevents Mitochondrial and Synaptic Changes in an NMDA Receptor Dysfunction Model of Schizophrenia. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0081-17. [PMID: 28819639 PMCID: PMC5559903 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0081-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate theories of schizophrenia suggest that the disease is associated with a loss of NMDA receptors, specifically on GABAergic parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PVIs), leading to changes in the excitation-inhibition balance in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Oxidative stress contributes to the loss of PVI and the development of schizophrenia. Here, we investigated whether the glutathione precursor N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) can prevent changes in synaptic transmission at pyramidal cells and PVIs that result from developmental NMDAR blockade and how these changes are related to mitochondrial dysfunction in the PFCs of mice. Perinatal treatment with ketamine induced persistent changes in the reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (glutathione disulfide) ratio in the medial PFC, indicating long-lasting increases in oxidative stress. Perinatal ketamine treatment also reduced parvalbumin expression, and it induced a decline in mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as elevations in mitochondrial superoxide levels. At the level of synaptic function ketamine reduced inhibition onto layer 2/3 pyramidal cells and increased excitatory drive onto PVI, indicating long-lasting disruptions in the excitation-inhibition balance. These changes were accompanied by layer-specific alterations in NMDAR function in PVIs. All of these changes were mitigated by coadministration of NAC. In addition, NAC given only during late adolescence was also able to restore normal mitochondria function and inhibition at pyramidal cells. These results show that ketamine-induced alterations in PFC physiology correlate with cell type-specific changes in mitochondria function. The ability of NAC to prevent or restore these changes supports the usefulness of antioxidant supplementation in the treatment of schizophrenia.
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56
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Banasr M, Lepack A, Fee C, Duric V, Maldonado-Aviles J, DiLeone R, Sibille E, Duman RS, Sanacora G. Characterization of GABAergic marker expression in the chronic unpredictable stress model of depression. CHRONIC STRESS 2017; 1. [PMID: 28835932 PMCID: PMC5565173 DOI: 10.1177/2470547017720459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Evidence continues to build suggesting that the GABAergic neurotransmitter system is altered in brains of patients with major depressive disorder. However, there is little information available related to the extent of these changes or the potential mechanisms associated with these alterations. As stress is a well-established precipitant to depressive episodes, we sought to explore the impact of chronic stress on GABAergic interneurons. Using western blot analyses and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) we assessed the effects of five-weeks of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) exposure on the expression of GABA-synthesizing enzymes (GAD65 and GAD67), calcium-binding proteins (calbindin (CB), parvalbumin (PV) and calretinin (CR)), and neuropeptides co-expressed in GABAergic neurons (somatostatin (SST), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and cholecystokinin (CCK)) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HPC) of rats. We also investigated the effects of corticosterone (CORT) and dexamethasone (DEX) exposure on these markers in vitro in primary cortical and hippocampal cultures. We found that CUS induced significant reductions of GAD67 protein levels in both the PFC and HPC of CUS-exposed rats, but did not detect changes in GAD65 protein expression. Similar protein expression changes were found in vitro in cortical neurons. In addition, our results provide clear evidence of reduced markers of interneuron population(s), namely SST and NPY, in the PFC, suggesting these cell types may be selectively vulnerable to chronic stress. Together, this work highlights that chronic stress induces regional and cell type-selective effects on GABAergic interneurons in rats. These findings provide additional supporting evidence that stress-induced GABA neuron dysfunction and cell vulnerability play critical roles in the pathophysiology of stress-related illnesses, including major depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounira Banasr
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, and of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ashley Lepack
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Corey Fee
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vanja Duric
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA
| | | | - Ralph DiLeone
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Etienne Sibille
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, and of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ronald S Duman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Gerard Sanacora
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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57
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Nucifora LG, Tanaka T, Hayes LN, Kim M, Lee BJ, Matsuda T, Nucifora Jr FC, Sedlak T, Mojtabai R, Eaton W, Sawa A. Reduction of plasma glutathione in psychosis associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in translational psychiatry. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1215. [PMID: 28892069 PMCID: PMC5611744 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of mechanism-driven peripheral markers is important for translational psychiatry. Many groups, including ours, have addressed molecular alterations in peripheral tissues in association with symptomatic changes in major illnesses. Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BP) through studies of patient peripheral tissues and animal models. Although the relationship between peripheral changes and brain pathology remain elusive, oxidative stress may bridge such translational efforts. Nonetheless, the molecular substrates of oxidative stress are not well defined in mental conditions. Glutathione (GSH) is a non-enzymatic antioxidant that eliminates free radicals, and has been suggested to have a role in SZ. We performed a cross-sectional study of 48 healthy controls (CON), 52 SZ patients and 62 BP patients to compare the levels of peripheral GSH by a biochemical enzyme assay. We show a significant reduction of plasma GSH in both SZ and BP patients compared with CON. We evaluated possible influences of clinical characteristics on the level of GSH in SZ and BP. A decrease in GSH level correlated with Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total and positive scores for SZ and correlated with the PANSS general for BP. Taken together, we provide evidence that SZ and BP display a common molecular signature in the reduction of peripheral GSH in the psychosis dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Nucifora
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T Tanaka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L N Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - B J Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T Matsuda
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - F C Nucifora Jr
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T Sedlak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R Mojtabai
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - W Eaton
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer 3-166A, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA. E-mail:
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58
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Steullet P, Cabungcal JH, Coyle J, Didriksen M, Gill K, Grace AA, Hensch TK, LaMantia AS, Lindemann L, Maynard TM, Meyer U, Morishita H, O'Donnell P, Puhl M, Cuenod M, Do KQ. Oxidative stress-driven parvalbumin interneuron impairment as a common mechanism in models of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:936-943. [PMID: 28322275 PMCID: PMC5491690 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Parvalbumin inhibitory interneurons (PVIs) are crucial for maintaining proper excitatory/inhibitory balance and high-frequency neuronal synchronization. Their activity supports critical developmental trajectories, sensory and cognitive processing, and social behavior. Despite heterogeneity in the etiology across schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder, PVI circuits are altered in these psychiatric disorders. Identifying mechanism(s) underlying PVI deficits is essential to establish treatments targeting in particular cognition. On the basis of published and new data, we propose oxidative stress as a common pathological mechanism leading to PVI impairment in schizophrenia and some forms of autism. A series of animal models carrying genetic and/or environmental risks relevant to diverse etiological aspects of these disorders show PVI deficits to be all accompanied by oxidative stress in the anterior cingulate cortex. Specifically, oxidative stress is negatively correlated with the integrity of PVIs and the extracellular perineuronal net enwrapping these interneurons. Oxidative stress may result from dysregulation of systems typically affected in schizophrenia, including glutamatergic, dopaminergic, immune and antioxidant signaling. As convergent end point, redox dysregulation has successfully been targeted to protect PVIs with antioxidants/redox regulators across several animal models. This opens up new perspectives for the use of antioxidant treatments to be applied to at-risk individuals, in close temporal proximity to environmental impacts known to induce oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Steullet
- Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J-H Cabungcal
- Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J Coyle
- Laboratory for Psychiatric and Molecular Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - M Didriksen
- Synaptic transmission H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark
| | - K Gill
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A A Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - T K Hensch
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A-S LaMantia
- George Washington Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - L Lindemann
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Roche Pharmaceutical and Early Development, Neuroscience, Opthalmology & Rare Disease (NORD) DTA, Discovery Neuroscience, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - T M Maynard
- George Washington Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - U Meyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H Morishita
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Ophthalmology, Friedman Brain Institute, Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - P O'Donnell
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M Puhl
- Laboratory for Psychiatric and Molecular Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - M Cuenod
- Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - K Q Do
- Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
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59
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Ortega JA, Sirois CL, Memi F, Glidden N, Zecevic N. Oxygen Levels Regulate the Development of Human Cortical Radial Glia Cells. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:3736-3751. [PMID: 27600849 PMCID: PMC6075453 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxygen (O2) concentration is a vital parameter for controlling the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of neural stem cells. A prenatal reduction of O2 levels (hypoxia) often leads to cognitive and behavioral defects, attributable to altered neural development. In this study, we analyzed the effects of O2 levels on human cortical progenitors, the radial glia cells (RGCs), during active neurogenesis, corresponding to the second trimester of gestation. Small changes in O2 levels profoundly affected RGC survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Physiological hypoxia (3% O2) promoted neurogenesis, whereas anoxia (<1% O2) and severe hypoxia (1% O2) arrested the differentiation of human RGCs, mainly by altering the generation of glutamatergic neurons. The in vitro activation of Wnt-β-catenin signaling rescued the proliferation and neuronal differentiation of RGCs subjected to anoxia. Pathologic hypoxia (≤1% O2) also exerted negative effects on gliogenesis, by decreasing the number of O4+ preoligodendrocytes and increasing the number of reactive astrocytes derived from cortical RGCs. O2-dependent alterations in glutamatergic neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis can lead to significant changes in cortical circuitry formation. A better understanding of the cellular effects caused by changes in O2 levels during human cortical development is essential to elucidating the etiology of numerous neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alberto Ortega
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Carissa L Sirois
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Fani Memi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Nicole Glidden
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Nada Zecevic
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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60
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Phensy A, Duzdabanian HE, Brewer S, Panjabi A, Driskill C, Berz A, Peng G, Kroener S. Antioxidant Treatment with N-acetyl Cysteine Prevents the Development of Cognitive and Social Behavioral Deficits that Result from Perinatal Ketamine Treatment. Front Behav Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28634445 PMCID: PMC5459895 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations of the normal redox state can be found in all stages of schizophrenia, suggesting a key role for oxidative stress in the etiology and maintenance of the disease. Pharmacological blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors can disrupt natural antioxidant defense systems and induce schizophrenia-like behaviors in animals and healthy human subjects. Perinatal administration of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) antagonist ketamine produces persistent behavioral deficits in adult mice which mimic a range of positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms that characterize schizophrenia. Here we tested whether antioxidant treatment with the glutathione (GSH) precursor N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) can prevent the development of these behavioral deficits. On postnatal days (PND) 7, 9 and 11, we treated mice with subanesthetic doses (30 mg/kg) of ketamine or saline. Two groups (either ketamine or saline treated) also received NAC throughout development. In adult animals (PND 70-120) we then assessed behavioral alterations in a battery of cognitive and psychomotor tasks. Ketamine-treated animals showed deficits in a task of cognitive flexibility, abnormal patterns of spontaneous alternation, deficits in novel-object recognition, as well as social interaction. Developmental ketamine treatment also induced behavioral stereotypy in response to an acute amphetamine challenge, and it impaired sensorimotor gating, measured as reduced prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response. All of these behavioral abnormalities were either prevented or strongly ameliorated by NAC co-treatment. These results suggest that oxidative stress is a major factor for the development of the ketamine-induced behavioral dysfunctions, and that restoring oxidative balance during the prodromal stage of schizophrenia might be able to ameliorate the development of several major symptoms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarron Phensy
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at DallasRichardson, TX, United States
| | - Hasmik E Duzdabanian
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at DallasRichardson, TX, United States
| | - Samantha Brewer
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at DallasRichardson, TX, United States
| | - Anurag Panjabi
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at DallasRichardson, TX, United States
| | - Christopher Driskill
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at DallasRichardson, TX, United States
| | - Annuska Berz
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at DallasRichardson, TX, United States
| | - George Peng
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at DallasRichardson, TX, United States
| | - Sven Kroener
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at DallasRichardson, TX, United States
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61
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Berardino BG, Fesser EA, Cánepa ET. Perinatal protein malnutrition alters expression of miRNA biogenesis genes Xpo5 and Ago2 in mice brain. Neurosci Lett 2017; 647:38-44. [PMID: 28300636 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Due to its widespread incidence, maternal malnutrition remains one of the major non-genetic factors affecting the development of newborn's brain. While all nutrients have certain influence on brain maturation, proteins appear to be the most critical for the development of neurological functions. An increasing number of studies point out that the effects of early-life nutritional inadequacy has long lasting effects on the brain and lead to permanent deficits in learning and behavior. Epigenetic mechanisms provide a potential link between the nutrition status during critical periods and changes in gene expression that may lead to disease phenotypes. Among those epigenetic mechanisms microRNAs (miRNAs) emerge as promising molecules for the link between nutrition and gene expression due to their relevance in many central nervous system functions. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the impact of perinatal protein malnutrition on the development of male and female mice offspring and to analyze the expression of the genes involved in the miRNA biogenesis pathway in different mouse brain structures. We demonstrated that early nutritional stress such as exposition to a protein-deficient diet during gestation and lactation reduced the hippocampal weight, delayed offspring's development and deregulated the expression of Xpo5 and Ago2 genes in hippocampus and hypothalamus of weanling mice. Moreover, an overall increase in mature miRNAs was consistent with the induction of Xpo5 mRNA. Altered miRNA biogenesis could modify the availability and functionality of miRNA becoming a causal factor of the adverse effects of protein malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno G Berardino
- Laboratorio de Neuroepigenética, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Estefanía A Fesser
- Laboratorio de Neuroepigenética, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo T Cánepa
- Laboratorio de Neuroepigenética, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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62
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Piekarski DJ, Johnson CM, Boivin JR, Thomas AW, Lin WC, Delevich K, M Galarce E, Wilbrecht L. Does puberty mark a transition in sensitive periods for plasticity in the associative neocortex? Brain Res 2017; 1654:123-144. [PMID: 27590721 PMCID: PMC5283387 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Postnatal brain development is studded with sensitive periods during which experience dependent plasticity is enhanced. This enables rapid learning from environmental inputs and reorganization of cortical circuits that matches behavior with environmental contingencies. Significant headway has been achieved in characterizing and understanding sensitive period biology in primary sensory cortices, but relatively little is known about sensitive period biology in associative neocortex. One possible mediator is the onset of puberty, which marks the transition to adolescence, when animals shift their behavior toward gaining independence and exploring their social world. Puberty onset correlates with reduced behavioral plasticity in some domains and enhanced plasticity in others, and therefore may drive the transition from juvenile to adolescent brain function. Pubertal onset is also occurring earlier in developed nations, particularly in unserved populations, and earlier puberty is associated with vulnerability for substance use, depression and anxiety. In the present article we review the evidence that supports a causal role for puberty in developmental changes in the function and neurobiology of the associative neocortex. We also propose a model for how pubertal hormones may regulate sensitive period plasticity in associative neocortex. We conclude that the evidence suggests puberty onset may play a causal role in some aspects of associative neocortical development, but that further research that manipulates puberty and measures gonadal hormones is required. We argue that further work of this kind is urgently needed to determine how earlier puberty may negatively impact human health and learning potential. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Adolescent plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Piekarski
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720, USA
| | - Carolyn M Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720, USA
| | - Josiah R Boivin
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94158, USA
| | - A Wren Thomas
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720, USA
| | - Wan Chen Lin
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720, USA
| | - Kristen Delevich
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720, USA
| | - Ezequiel M Galarce
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720, USA
| | - Linda Wilbrecht
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720, USA.
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Ueno H, Suemitsu S, Okamoto M, Matsumoto Y, Ishihara T. Parvalbumin neurons and perineuronal nets in the mouse prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience 2016; 343:115-127. [PMID: 27923740 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a key role in cognitive functions, memory, and attention. Alterations in parvalbumin interneurons (PV neurons) and perineuronal nets (PNNs) within the PFC have been implicated in schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder pathology. However, it remains unclear why PV neurons and PNNs in the PFC are selectively impaired. Here we aimed to clarify if PV neurons and PNNs in the PFC have region-specific features. We found that PV neurons and PNNs were increased in a region-specific manner in the PFC during postnatal development. In the mature PFC, the expression of PV protein is lower than in other parts of the cortex. Furthermore, PNNs in the mature PFC are not typical lattice-like structures and do not have the major components of PNNs and tenascin-R. The present study indicates that PV neurons and PNNs have region-specific features, and our results suggest that PV neurons and PNNs have structural vulnerability within the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueno
- Department of Medical Technology, Kawasaki College of Allied Health Professions, Okayama 701-0194, Japan; Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Suemitsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki 701-0192, Japan
| | - Motoi Okamoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yosuke Matsumoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishihara
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki 701-0192, Japan
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Impaired fear extinction retention and increased anxiety-like behaviours induced by limited daily access to a high-fat/high-sugar diet in male rats: Implications for diet-induced prefrontal cortex dysregulation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 136:127-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Adolescent GBR12909 exposure induces oxidative stress, disrupts parvalbumin-positive interneurons, and leads to hyperactivity and impulsivity in adult mice. Neuroscience 2016; 345:166-175. [PMID: 27890827 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The adolescent period in mammals is a critical period of brain maturation and thus represents a time of susceptibility to environmental insult, e.g. psychosocial stress and/or drugs of abuse, which may cause lasting impairments in brain function and behavior and even precipitate symptoms in at-risk individuals. One likely effect of these environmental insults is to increase oxidative stress in the developing adolescent brain. Indeed, there is increasing evidence that redox dysregulation plays an important role in the development of schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders and that GABA interneurons are particularly susceptible to alterations in oxidative stress. The current study sought to model this adolescent neurochemical "stress" by exposing mice to the dopamine transporter inhibitor GBR12909 (5mg/kg; IP) during adolescence (postnatal day 35-44) and measuring the resultant effect on locomotor behavior and probabilistic reversal learning as well as GABAergic interneurons and oxidative stress in adulthood. C57BL6/J mice exposed to GBR12909 showed increased activity in a novel environment and increased impulsivity as measured by premature responding in the probabilistic reversal learning task. Adolescent GBR12909-exposed mice also showed decreased parvalbumin (PV) immunoreactivity in the prefrontal cortex, which was accompanied by increased oxidative stress in PV+ neurons. These findings indicate that adolescent exposure to a dopamine transporter inhibitor results in loss of PV in GABAergic interneurons, elevations in markers of oxidative stress, and alterations in behavior in adulthood.
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Buchtová H, Fajnerová I, Stuchlík A, Kubík Š. Acute systemic MK-801 induced functional uncoupling between hippocampal areas CA3 and CA1 with distant effect in the retrosplenial cortex. Hippocampus 2016; 27:134-144. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Buchtová
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Memory; Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Fajnerová
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Memory; Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Stuchlík
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Memory; Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Kubík
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Memory; Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
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Brewton DH, Kokash J, Jimenez O, Pena ER, Razak KA. Age-Related Deterioration of Perineuronal Nets in the Primary Auditory Cortex of Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:270. [PMID: 27877127 PMCID: PMC5099154 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related changes in inhibitory neurotransmission in sensory cortex may underlie deficits in sensory function. Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix components that ensheath some inhibitory neurons, particularly parvalbumin positive (PV+) interneurons. PNNs may protect PV+ cells from oxidative stress and help establish their rapid spiking properties. Although PNN expression has been well characterized during development, possible changes in aging sensory cortex have not been investigated. Here we tested the hypothesis that PNN+, PV+ and PV/PNN co-localized cell densities decline with age in the primary auditory cortex (A1). This hypothesis was tested using immunohistochemistry in two strains of mice (C57BL/6 and CBA/CaJ) with different susceptibility to age-related hearing loss and at three different age ranges (1–3, 6–8 and 14–24 months old). We report that PNN+ and PV/PNN co-localized cell densities decline significantly with age in A1 in both mouse strains. In the PNN+ cells that remain in the old group, the intensity of PNN staining is reduced in the C57 strain, but not the CBA strain. PV+ cell density also declines only in the C57, but not the CBA, mouse suggesting a potential exacerbation of age-effects by hearing loss in the PV/PNN system. Taken together, these data suggest that PNN deterioration may be a key component of altered inhibition in the aging sensory cortex, that may lead to altered synaptic function, susceptibility to oxidative stress and processing deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin H Brewton
- Graduate Neuroscience Program, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jamiela Kokash
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Oliva Jimenez
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Eloy R Pena
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Khaleel A Razak
- Graduate Neuroscience Program, University of CaliforniaRiverside, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of CaliforniaRiverside, CA, USA
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68
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Smiley JF, Hackett TA, Bleiwas C, Petkova E, Stankov A, Mann JJ, Rosoklija G, Dwork AJ. Reduced GABA neuron density in auditory cerebral cortex of subjects with major depressive disorder. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 76:108-121. [PMID: 26686292 PMCID: PMC4903945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although major depressive disorder (MDD) and schizophrenia (SZ) are closely associated with disrupted functions in frontal and limbic areas of cerebral cortex, cellular pathology has also been found in other brain areas, including primary sensory cortex. Auditory cortex is of particular interest, given the prominence of auditory hallucinations in SZ, and sensory deficits in MDD. We used stereological sampling methods in auditory cortex to look for cellular differences between MDD, SZ and non-psychiatric subjects. Additionally, as all of our MDD subjects died of suicide, we evaluated the association of suicide with our measurements by selecting a SZ sample that was divided between suicide and non-suicide subjects. Measurements were done in primary auditory cortex (area A1) and auditory association cortex (area Tpt), two areas with distinct roles in sensory processing and obvious differences in neuron density and size. In MDD, densities of GABAergic interneurons immunolabeled for calretinin (CR) and calbindin (CB) were 23-29% lower than non-psychiatric controls in both areas. Parvalbumin (PV) interneurons (counted only in area Tpt) showed a nominally smaller (16%) reduction that was not statistically significant. Total neuron and glia densities measured in Nissl stained sections did not show corresponding reductions. Analysis of suicide in the SZ sample indicated that reduced CR cell density was associated with suicide, whereas the densities of CB and other cells were not. Our results are consistent with previous studies in MDD that found altered GABA-associated markers throughout the cerebral cortex including primary sensory areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Smiley
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Troy A Hackett
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Cynthia Bleiwas
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Eva Petkova
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - J John Mann
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gorazd Rosoklija
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Andrew J Dwork
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, Macedonia
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69
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Steullet P, Cabungcal JH, Monin A, Dwir D, O'Donnell P, Cuenod M, Do KQ. Redox dysregulation, neuroinflammation, and NMDA receptor hypofunction: A "central hub" in schizophrenia pathophysiology? Schizophr Res 2016; 176:41-51. [PMID: 25000913 PMCID: PMC4282982 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence points to altered GABAergic parvalbumin-expressing interneurons and impaired myelin/axonal integrity in schizophrenia. Both findings could be due to abnormal neurodevelopmental trajectories, affecting local neuronal networks and long-range synchrony and leading to cognitive deficits. In this review, we present data from animal models demonstrating that redox dysregulation, neuroinflammation and/or NMDAR hypofunction (as observed in patients) impairs the normal development of both parvalbumin interneurons and oligodendrocytes. These observations suggest that a dysregulation of the redox, neuroimmune, and glutamatergic systems due to genetic and early-life environmental risk factors could contribute to the anomalies of parvalbumin interneurons and white matter in schizophrenia, ultimately impacting cognition, social competence, and affective behavior via abnormal function of micro- and macrocircuits. Moreover, we propose that the redox, neuroimmune, and glutamatergic systems form a "central hub" where an imbalance within any of these "hub" systems leads to similar anomalies of parvalbumin interneurons and oligodendrocytes due to the tight and reciprocal interactions that exist among these systems. A combination of vulnerabilities for a dysregulation within more than one of these systems may be particularly deleterious. For these reasons, molecules, such as N-acetylcysteine, that possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and can also regulate glutamatergic transmission are promising tools for prevention in ultra-high risk patients or for early intervention therapy during the first stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Steullet
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J H Cabungcal
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Monin
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D Dwir
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P O'Donnell
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., 700 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - M Cuenod
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - K Q Do
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland.
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70
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Koga M, Serritella AV, Sawa A, Sedlak TW. Implications for reactive oxygen species in schizophrenia pathogenesis. Schizophr Res 2016; 176:52-71. [PMID: 26589391 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a well-recognized participant in the pathophysiology of multiple brain disorders, particularly neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. While not a dementia, a wide body of evidence has also been accumulating for aberrant reactive oxygen species and inflammation in schizophrenia. Here we highlight roles for oxidative stress as a common mechanism by which varied genetic and epidemiologic risk factors impact upon neurodevelopmental processes that underlie the schizophrenia syndrome. While there is longstanding evidence that schizophrenia may not have a single causative lesion, a common pathway involving oxidative stress opens the possibility for intervention at susceptible phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minori Koga
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer 3-166, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Anthony V Serritella
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer 3-166, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer 3-166, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Thomas W Sedlak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer 3-166, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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71
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Nozari M, Suzuki T, Rosa MGP, Yamakawa K, Atapour N. The impact of early environmental interventions on structural plasticity of the axon initial segment in neocortex. Dev Psychobiol 2016; 59:39-47. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Nozari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute; Kerman University of Medical Sciences; Kerman Iran
| | - Toshimitsu Suzuki
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics; RIKEN Brain Science Institute; Wako-shi Saitama Japan
| | - Marcello G. P. Rosa
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology; Monash University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function; Monash University Node; Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Kazuhiro Yamakawa
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics; RIKEN Brain Science Institute; Wako-shi Saitama Japan
| | - Nafiseh Atapour
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology; Monash University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
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72
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Effects of neonatal stress on gamma oscillations in hippocampus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29007. [PMID: 27363787 PMCID: PMC4929501 DOI: 10.1038/srep29007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic early life stress increases adult risk for depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, illnesses characterized by aberrant functions of cognition and memory. We asked whether chronic early life stress disrupts maturation of gamma oscillations, on which these functions depend. Lifelong impairment of the stress response results from separation of rat pups from the dam for three hours per day during a critical period of hippocampal development (PNDs 2–14). Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons, including the basket cell network which is fundamental to gamma oscillations, are reduced in number in post mortem studies of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, and in chronically-stressed adult rats. To determine effects of chronic early life stress on gamma oscillations, we separated pups from dams once each day on PNDs 2–14 and recorded in vitro at PNDs 15–21. In control pups, separated for 15 minutes per day, gamma power had highly significant correlations with both age (p = 0.0022) and weight (p = 0.0024); gamma in pups separated for 180 minutes per day was not correlated with either factor. ANCOVA indicated significant differences between the groups in both measures. These findings indicate that chronic early life stress can disrupt maturation of the gamma oscillation network.
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73
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Haj-Mirzaian A, Amiri S, Amini-Khoei H, Rahimi-Balaei M, Kordjazy N, Olson CO, Rastegar M, Naserzadeh P, Marzban H, Dehpour AR, Hosseini MJ, Samiei E, Mehr SE. Attenuation of oxidative and nitrosative stress in cortical area associates with antidepressant-like effects of tropisetron in male mice following social isolation stress. Brain Res Bull 2016; 124:150-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Green IW, Glausier JR. Different Paths to Core Pathology: The Equifinal Model of the Schizophrenia Syndrome. Schizophr Bull 2016; 42:542-9. [PMID: 26392629 PMCID: PMC4838077 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbv136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a clinically heterogeneous disorder that is perhaps more accurately characterized as "the schizophrenia syndrome." This clinical heterogeneity is reflected in the heterogeneous neurobiological presentations associated with the illness. Moreover, even highly specific neural aberrations that are associated with distinct symptoms of schizophrenia are linked to a wide range of risk factors. As such, any individual with schizophrenia likely has a particular set of risk factors that interact and converge to cross the disease threshold, forming a particular etiology that ultimately generates a core pathophysiology. This core pathophysiology may then produce 1 or more symptoms of schizophrenia, leading to common symptoms across individuals in spite of disparate etiologies. As such, the schizophrenia syndrome can be considered as anequifinalentity: a state of dysfunction that can arise from different upstream etiologies. Moreover, schizophrenia etiologies are multifactorial and can involve the interactive effects of a broad range of genetic, environmental, and developmental risk factors. Through a consideration of how disparate etiologies, caused by different sets of risk factors, converge on the same net dysfunction, this paper aims to model the equifinal nature of schizophrenia symptoms. To demonstrate the equifinal model, we discuss how maternal infection and adolescent cannabis use, 2 recognized schizophrenia risk factors, may interact with other genetic, environmental, and/or developmental risk factors to cause the conserved clinical presentation of impaired working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel W. Green
- Department of Psychology, Harvard College, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jill R. Glausier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh, Biomedical Science Tower W1654, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, US; tel: 412-624-7869, fax: 412-624-9910, e-mail:
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75
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Sommer IE, Bearden CE, van Dellen E, Breetvelt EJ, Duijff SN, Maijer K, van Amelsvoort T, de Haan L, Gur RE, Arango C, Díaz-Caneja CM, Vinkers CH, Vorstman JA. Early interventions in risk groups for schizophrenia: what are we waiting for? NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2016; 2:16003. [PMID: 27336054 PMCID: PMC4849435 DOI: 10.1038/npjschz.2016.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intervention strategies in adolescents at ultra high-risk (UHR) for psychosis are promising for reducing conversion to overt illness, but have only limited impact on functional outcome. Recent studies suggest that cognition does not further decline during the UHR stage. As social and cognitive impairments typically develop before the first psychotic episode and even years before the UHR stage, prevention should also start much earlier in the groups at risk for schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. Early intervention strategies could aim to improve stress resilience, optimize brain maturation, and prevent or alleviate adverse environmental circumstances. These strategies should urgently be tested for efficacy: the prevalence of ~1% implies that yearly ~22 in every 100,000 people develop overt symptoms of this illness, despite the fact that for many of them—e.g., children with an affected first-degree family member or carriers of specific genetic variants—increased risk was already identifiable early in life. Our current ability to recognize several risk groups at an early age not only provides an opportunity, but also implies a clinical imperative to act. Time is pressing to investigate preventive interventions in high-risk children to mitigate or prevent the development of schizophrenia and related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris E Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, University of California , Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edwin van Dellen
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Elemi J Breetvelt
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sasja N Duijff
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kim Maijer
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University , Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Psychiatric Centre, AMC , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Celso Arango
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense , Madrid, Spain
| | - Covadonga M Díaz-Caneja
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense , Madrid, Spain
| | - Christiaan H Vinkers
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jacob As Vorstman
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Early Loss of Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity Precedes NOX2 Elevation in the Prefrontal Cortex of an Animal Model of Psychosis. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2031-2044. [PMID: 26910819 PMCID: PMC5355521 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9791-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The social isolation rearing of young adult rats is a model of psychosocial stress and provides a nonpharmacological tool to study alterations reminiscent of symptoms seen in psychosis. We have previously demonstrated that social isolation in rats leads to increased oxidative stress and to cerebral NOX2 elevations. Here, we investigated early alterations in mRNA expression leading to increased NOX2 in the brain. Rats were exposed to a short period of social isolation (1 week) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for mRNA expression of genes involved in blood-brain barrier (BBB) formation and integrity (ORLs, Vof 21 and Vof 16, Leng8, Vnr1, and Trank 1 genes) was performed. Real-time PCR experiments, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting analysis showed an increased expression of these genes and related proteins in isolated rats with respect to control animals. The expression of specific markers of BBB integrity, such as matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), occludin 1, and plasmalemmal vesicle associated protein-1 (PV-1), was also significantly altered after 1 week of social isolation. BBB permeability, evaluated by quantification of Evans blue dye extravasation, as well as interstitial fluid, was significantly increased in rats isolated for 1 week with respect to controls. Isolation-induced BBB disruption was also accompanied by a significant increase of Interleukin 6 (IL-6) expression. Conversely, no differences in NOX2 levels were detected at this time point. Our study demonstrates that BBB disruption precedes NOX2 elevations in the brain. These results provide new insights in the interplay of mechanisms linking psychosocial stress to early oxidative stress in the brain, disruption of the BBB, and the development of mental disorders.
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Hardingham GE, Do KQ. Linking early-life NMDAR hypofunction and oxidative stress in schizophrenia pathogenesis. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 17:125-34. [PMID: 26763624 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2015.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Molecular, genetic and pathological evidence suggests that deficits in GABAergic parvalbumin-positive interneurons contribute to schizophrenia pathophysiology through alterations in the brain's excitation-inhibition balance that result in impaired behaviour and cognition. Although the factors that trigger these deficits are diverse, there is increasing evidence that they converge on a common pathological hub that involves NMDA receptor hypofunction and oxidative stress. These factors have been separately linked to schizophrenia pathogenesis, but evidence now suggests that they are mechanistically interdependent and contribute to a common schizophrenia-associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles E Hardingham
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Kim Q Do
- Department of Psychiatry, Center of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, CH-1008, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
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78
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Grayson B, Barnes SA, Markou A, Piercy C, Podda G, Neill JC. Postnatal Phencyclidine (PCP) as a Neurodevelopmental Animal Model of Schizophrenia Pathophysiology and Symptomatology: A Review. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2016; 29:403-428. [PMID: 26510740 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2015_403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction and negative symptoms of schizophrenia remain an unmet clinical need. Therefore, it is essential that new treatments and approaches are developed to recover the cognitive and social impairments that are seen in patients with schizophrenia. These may only be discovered through the use of carefully validated, aetiologically relevant and translational animal models. With recent renewed interest in the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia, postnatal administration of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists such as phencyclidine (PCP) has been proposed as a model that can mimic aspects of schizophrenia pathophysiology. The purpose of the current review is to examine the validity of this model and compare it with the adult subchronic PCP model. We review the ability of postnatal PCP administration to produce behaviours (specifically cognitive deficits) and neuropathology of relevance to schizophrenia and their subsequent reversal by pharmacological treatments. We review studies investigating effects of postnatal PCP on cognitive domains in schizophrenia in rats. Morris water maze and delayed spontaneous alternation tasks have been used for working memory, attentional set-shifting for executive function, social novelty discrimination for selective attention and prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle for sensorimotor gating. In addition, we review studies on locomotor activity and neuropathology. We also include two studies using dual hit models incorporating postnatal PCP and two studies on social behaviour deficits following postnatal PCP. Overall, the evidence we provide supports the use of postnatal PCP to model cognitive and neuropathological disturbances of relevance to schizophrenia. To date, there is a lack of evidence to support a significant advantage of postnatal PCP over the adult subchronic PCP model and full advantage has not been taken of its neurodevelopmental component. When thoroughly characterised, it is likely that it will provide a useful neurodevelopmental model to complement other models such as maternal immune activation, particularly when combined with other manipulations to produce dual or triple hit models. However, the developmental trajectory of behavioural and neuropathological changes induced by postnatal PCP and their relevance to schizophrenia must be carefully mapped out. Overall, we support further development of dual (or triple) hit models incorporating genetic, neurodevelopmental and appropriate environmental elements in the search for more aetiologically valid animal models of schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- B Grayson
- Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
| | - S A Barnes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - A Markou
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - C Piercy
- Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - G Podda
- Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - J C Neill
- Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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79
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Powell SB, Swerdlow NR. Social Isolation Rearing and Sensorimotor Gating in Rat Models of Relevance to Schizophrenia. HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800981-9.00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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80
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Mintzopoulos D, Gillis TE, Robertson HR, Dalia T, Feng G, Rauch SL, Kaufman MJ. Striatal magnetic resonance spectroscopy abnormalities in young adult SAPAP3 knockout mice. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2016; 1:39-48. [PMID: 26858992 PMCID: PMC4742338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating condition with lifetime prevalence of 1-3%. OCD typically arises in youth but delays in diagnosis impede optimal treatment and developmental studies of the disorder. Research using genetically modified rodents may provide models of etiology that enable earlier detection and intervention. The SAPAP3 knockout (KO) transgenic mouse was developed as an animal model of OCD and related disorders (OCRD). KO mice exhibit compulsive self-grooming behavior analogous to behaviors found in people with OCRD. Striatal hyperactivity has been reported in these mice and in humans with OCD. METHODS Striatal and medial frontal cortex 9.4 Tesla proton spectra were acquired from young adult SAPAP3 KO and wild-type control mice to determine whether KO mice have metabolic and neurochemical abnormalities. RESULTS Young adult KO mice had lower striatal lactate (P=0.006) and glutathione (P=0.039) levels. Among all mice, striatal lactate and glutathione levels were associated (R=0.73, P=0.007). We found no group differences in medial frontal cortex metabolites. At the age range studied, only 1 of 8 KO mice had skin lesions indicative of severe compulsive grooming. CONCLUSION Young adult SAPAP3 KO mice have striatal but not medial frontal cortex MRS abnormalities that may reflect striatal hypermetabolism accompanied by oxidative stress. These abnormalities typically preceded the onset of severe compulsive grooming. Our findings are consistent with striatal hypermetabolism in OCD. Together, these results suggest that striatal MRS measures of lactate or glutathione might be useful biomarkers for early detection of risk for developing compulsive behavior disorders.
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81
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Amiri S, Amini-Khoei H, Haj-Mirzaian A, Rahimi-Balaei M, Naserzadeh P, Dehpour A, Mehr SE, Hosseini MJ. Tropisetron attenuated the anxiogenic effects of social isolation by modulating nitrergic system and mitochondrial function. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:2464-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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82
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Li JT, Zhao YY, Wang HL, Wang XD, Su YA, Si TM. Long-term effects of neonatal exposure to MK-801 on recognition memory and excitatory–inhibitory balance in rat hippocampus. Neuroscience 2015; 308:134-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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83
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Barnes SA, Pinto-Duarte A, Kappe A, Zembrzycki A, Metzler A, Mukamel EA, Lucero J, Wang X, Sejnowski TJ, Markou A, Behrens MM. Disruption of mGluR5 in parvalbumin-positive interneurons induces core features of neurodevelopmental disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:1161-72. [PMID: 26260494 PMCID: PMC4583365 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in glutamatergic transmission onto developing GABAergic systems, in particular onto parvalbumin-positive (Pv(+)) fast-spiking interneurons, have been proposed as underlying causes of several neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia and autism. Excitatory glutamatergic transmission, through ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors, is necessary for the correct postnatal development of the Pv(+) GABAergic network. We generated mutant mice in which the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) was specifically ablated from Pv(+) interneurons postnatally, and investigated the consequences of such a manipulation at the cellular, network and systems levels. Deletion of mGluR5 from Pv(+) interneurons resulted in reduced numbers of Pv(+) neurons and decreased inhibitory currents, as well as alterations in event-related potentials and brain oscillatory activity. These cellular and sensory changes translated into domain-specific memory deficits and increased compulsive-like behaviors, abnormal sensorimotor gating and altered responsiveness to stimulant agents. Our findings suggest a fundamental role for mGluR5 in the development of Pv(+) neurons and show that alterations in this system can produce broad-spectrum alterations in brain network activity and behavior that are relevant to neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- SA Barnes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A Pinto-Duarte
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A Kappe
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A Zembrzycki
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A Metzler
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - EA Mukamel
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Lucero
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - X Wang
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - TJ Sejnowski
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA,Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A Markou
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - MM Behrens
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
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84
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Morishita H, Cabungcal JH, Chen Y, Do KQ, Hensch TK. Prolonged Period of Cortical Plasticity upon Redox Dysregulation in Fast-Spiking Interneurons. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 78:396-402. [PMID: 25758057 PMCID: PMC4514575 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and the specific impairment of perisomatic gamma-aminobutyric acid circuits are hallmarks of the schizophrenic brain and its animal models. Proper maturation of these fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons normally defines critical periods of experience-dependent cortical plasticity. METHODS Here, we linked these processes by genetically inducing a redox dysregulation restricted to such parvalbumin-positive cells and examined the impact on critical period plasticity using the visual system as a model (3-6 mice/group). RESULTS Oxidative stress was accompanied by a significant loss of perineuronal nets, which normally enwrap mature fast-spiking cells to limit adult plasticity. Accordingly, the neocortex remained plastic even beyond the peak of its natural critical period. These effects were not seen when redox dysregulation was targeted in excitatory principal cells. CONCLUSIONS A cell-specific regulation of redox state thus balances plasticity and stability of cortical networks. Mistimed developmental trajectories of brain plasticity may underlie, in part, the pathophysiology of mental illness. Such prolonged developmental plasticity may, in turn, offer a therapeutic opportunity for cognitive interventions targeting brain plasticity in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Morishita
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jan-Harry Cabungcal
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, 1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado at Denver, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Kim Q. Do
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, 1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Takao K. Hensch
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA,Correspondence to:
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85
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Kann O. The interneuron energy hypothesis: Implications for brain disease. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 90:75-85. [PMID: 26284893 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast-spiking, inhibitory interneurons - prototype is the parvalbumin-positive (PV+) basket cell - generate action potentials at high frequency and synchronize the activity of numerous excitatory principal neurons, such as pyramidal cells, during fast network oscillations by rhythmic inhibition. For this purpose, fast-spiking, PV+ interneurons have unique electrophysiological characteristics regarding action potential kinetics and ion conductances, which are associated with high energy expenditure. This is reflected in the neural ultrastructure by enrichment with mitochondria and cytochrome c oxidase, indicating the dependence on oxidative phosphorylation for adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) generation. The high energy expenditure is most likely required for membrane ion transport in dendrites and the extensive axon arbor as well as for presynaptic release of neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Fast-spiking, PV+ interneurons are central for the emergence of gamma oscillations (30-100Hz) that provide a fundamental mechanism of complex information processing during sensory perception, motor behavior and memory formation in networks of the hippocampus and the neocortex. Conversely, shortage in glucose and oxygen supply (metabolic stress) and/or excessive formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (oxidative stress) may render these interneurons to be a vulnerable target. Dysfunction in fast-spiking, PV+ interneurons might set a low threshold for impairment of fast network oscillations and thus higher brain functions. This pathophysiological mechanism might be highly relevant for cerebral aging as well as various acute and chronic brain diseases, such as stroke, vascular cognitive impairment, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Kann
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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86
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Lodge D, Mercier MS. Ketamine and phencyclidine: the good, the bad and the unexpected. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:4254-76. [PMID: 26075331 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of ketamine and phencyclidine from their development as potential clinical anaesthetics through drugs of abuse and animal models of schizophrenia to potential rapidly acting antidepressants is reviewed. The discovery in 1983 of the NMDA receptor antagonist property of ketamine and phencyclidine was a key step to understanding their pharmacology, including their psychotomimetic effects in man. This review describes the historical context and the course of that discovery and its expansion into other hallucinatory drugs. The relevance of these findings to modern hypotheses of schizophrenia and the implications for drug discovery are reviewed. The findings of the rapidly acting antidepressant effects of ketamine in man are discussed in relation to other glutamatergic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lodge
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - M S Mercier
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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87
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Möller M, Swanepoel T, Harvey BH. Neurodevelopmental Animal Models Reveal the Convergent Role of Neurotransmitter Systems, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress as Biomarkers of Schizophrenia: Implications for Novel Drug Development. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:987-1016. [PMID: 25794269 DOI: 10.1021/cn5003368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a life altering disease with a complex etiology and pathophysiology, and although antipsychotics are valuable in treating the disorder, certain symptoms and/or sufferers remain resistant to treatment. Our poor understanding of the underlying neuropathological mechanisms of schizophrenia hinders the discovery and development of improved pharmacological treatment, so that filling these gaps is of utmost importance for an improved outcome. A vast amount of clinical data has strongly implicated the role of inflammation and oxidative insults in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Preclinical studies using animal models are fundamental in our understanding of disease development and pathology as well as the discovery and development of novel treatment options. In particular, social isolation rearing (SIR) and pre- or postnatal inflammation (PPNI) have shown great promise in mimicking the biobehavioral manifestations of schizophrenia. Furthermore, the "dual-hit" hypothesis of schizophrenia states that a first adverse event such as genetic predisposition or a prenatal insult renders an individual susceptible to develop the disease, while a second insult (e.g., postnatal inflammation, environmental adversity, or drug abuse) may be necessary to precipitate the full-blown syndrome. Animal models that emphasize the "dual-hit" hypothesis therefore provide valuable insight into understanding disease progression. In this Review, we will discuss SIR, PPNI, as well as possible "dual-hit" animal models within the context of the redox-immune-inflammatory hypothesis of schizophrenia, correlating such changes with the recognized monoamine and behavioral alterations of schizophrenia. Finally, based on these models, we will review new therapeutic options, especially those targeting immune-inflammatory and redox pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Möller
- Department of Pharmacology and ‡Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences,
School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - T. Swanepoel
- Department of Pharmacology and ‡Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences,
School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - B. H. Harvey
- Department of Pharmacology and ‡Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences,
School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
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88
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Tse MT, Piantadosi PT, Floresco SB. Prefrontal cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid transmission and cognitive function: drawing links to schizophrenia from preclinical research. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77:929-39. [PMID: 25442792 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia is one of the most pervasive and debilitating aspects of the disorder. Among the numerous neural abnormalities that may contribute to schizophrenia symptoms, perturbations in markers for the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), particularly within the frontal lobes, are some of the most reliable alterations observed at postmortem examination. However, how prefrontal GABA dysfunction contributes to cognitive impairment in schizophrenia remains unclear. We provide an overview of postmortem GABAergic perturbations in the brain affected by schizophrenia and describe circumstantial evidence linking these alterations to cognitive dysfunction. In addition, we conduct a survey of studies using neurodevelopmental, genetic, and pharmacologic rodent models that induce schizophrenia-like cognitive impairments, highlighting the convergence of these mechanistically distinct approaches to prefrontal GABAergic disruption. We review preclinical studies that have directly targeted prefrontal cortical GABAergic transmission using local application of GABAA receptor antagonists. These studies have provided an important link between GABA transmission and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia because they show that reducing prefrontal inhibitory transmission induces various cognitive, emotional, and dopaminergic abnormalities that resemble aspects of the disorder. These converging clinical and preclinical findings provide strong support for the idea that perturbations in GABA signaling drive certain forms of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Future studies using this approach will yield information to refine further a putative "GABA hypothesis" of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maric T Tse
- Department of Psychology and Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Patrick T Piantadosi
- Department of Psychology and Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stan B Floresco
- Department of Psychology and Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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89
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Powell SB, Khan A, Young JW, Scott CN, Buell MR, Caldwell S, Tsan E, de Jong LAW, Acheson DT, Lucero J, Geyer MA, Behrens MM. Early Adolescent Emergence of Reversal Learning Impairments in Isolation-Reared Rats. Dev Neurosci 2015; 37:253-62. [PMID: 26022788 DOI: 10.1159/000430091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairments appear early in the progression of schizophrenia, often preceding the symptoms of psychosis. Thus, the systems subserving these functions may be more vulnerable to, and mechanistically linked with, the initial pathology. Understanding the trajectory of behavioral and anatomical abnormalities relevant to the schizophrenia prodrome and their sensitivity to interventions in relevant models will be critical to identifying early therapeutic strategies. Isolation rearing of rats is an environmental perturbation that deprives rodents of social contact from weaning through adulthood and produces behavioral and neuronal abnormalities that mirror some pathophysiology associated with schizophrenia, e.g. frontal cortex abnormalities and prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle deficits. Previously, we showed that PPI deficits in isolation-reared rats emerge in mid-adolescence (4 weeks after weaning; approx. postnatal day 52) but are not present when tested at 2 weeks after weaning (approx. postnatal day 38). Because cognitive deficits are reported during early adolescence, are relevant to the prodrome, and are linked to functional outcome, we examined the putative time course of reversal learning deficits in isolation-reared rats. Separate groups of male Sprague Dawley rats were tested in a two-choice discrimination task at 2 and 8 weeks after weaning, on postnatal day 38 and 80, respectively. The isolation-reared rats displayed impaired reversal learning at both time points. Isolation rearing was also associated with deficits in PPI at 4 and 10 weeks after weaning. The reversal learning deficits in the isolated rats were accompanied by reductions in parvalbumin immunoreactivity, a marker for specific subpopulations of GABAergic neurons, in the hippocampus. Hence, isolation rearing of rats may offer a unique model to examine the ontogeny of behavioral and neurobiological alterations that may be relevant to preclinical models of prodromal psychosis. © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan B Powell
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif., USA
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90
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Stevens HE, Vaccarino FM. How animal models inform child and adolescent psychiatry. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015; 54:352-9. [PMID: 25901771 PMCID: PMC4407022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Every available approach should be used to advance the field of child and adolescent psychiatry. Biological systems are important for the behavioral problems of children. Close examination of nonhuman animals and the biology and behavior that they share with humans is an approach that must be used to advance the clinical work of child psychiatry. METHOD We review here how model systems are used to contribute to significant insights into childhood psychiatric disorders. Model systems have not only demonstrated causality of risk factors for psychiatric pathophysiology, but have also allowed child psychiatrists to think in different ways about risks for psychiatric disorders and multiple levels that might be the basis of recovery and prevention. RESULTS We present examples of how animal systems are used to benefit child psychiatry, including through environmental, genetic, and acute biological manipulations. Animal model work has been essential in our current thinking about childhood disorders, including the importance of dose and timing of risk factors, specific features of risk factors that are significant, neurochemistry involved in brain functioning, molecular components of brain development, and the importance of cellular processes previously neglected in psychiatric theories. CONCLUSION Animal models have clear advantages and disadvantages that must be considered for these systems to be useful. Coupled with increasingly sophisticated methods for investigating human behavior and biology, animal model systems will continue to make essential contributions to our field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna E. Stevens
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City and the Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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91
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Nomura T, Oyamada Y, Fernandes HB, Remmers CL, Xu J, Meltzer HY, Contractor A. Subchronic phencyclidine treatment in adult mice increases GABAergic transmission and LTP threshold in the hippocampus. Neuropharmacology 2015; 100:90-7. [PMID: 25937215 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Repeated administration of non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists such as phencyclidine (PCP) to rodents causes long-lasting deficits in cognition and memory, and has effects on behaviors that have been suggested to be models of the cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Despite this being a widely studied animal model, little is known about the long lasting changes in synapses and circuits that underlie the altered behaviors. Here we examined synaptic transmission ex-vivo in the hippocampus of mice after a subchronic PCP (scPCP) administration regime. We found that after at least one week of drug free washout period when mice have impaired cognitive function, the threshold for long-term potentiation (LTP) of CA1 excitatory synapses was elevated. This elevated LTP threshold was directly related to increased inhibitory input to CA1 pyramidal cells through increased activity of GABAergic neurons. These results suggest repeated PCP administration causes a long-lasting metaplastic change in the inhibitory circuits in the hippocampus that results in impaired LTP, and could contribute to the deficits in hippocampal-dependent memory in PCP-treated mice. Changes in GABA signaling have been described in patients with schizophrenia, therefore our results support using scPCP as a model of CIAS. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Synaptopathy--from Biology to Therapy'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Nomura
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Oyamada
- Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., 33-94 Enoki-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan
| | - Herman B Fernandes
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Christine L Remmers
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Herbert Y Meltzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Anis Contractor
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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92
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Morishita H, Kundakovic M, Bicks L, Mitchell A, Akbarian S. Interneuron epigenomes during the critical period of cortical plasticity: Implications for schizophrenia. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 124:104-10. [PMID: 25849095 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia, a major psychiatric disorder defined by delusions and hallucinations, among other symptoms, often with onset in early adulthood, is potentially associated with molecular and cellular alterations in parvalbumin-expressing fast spiking interneurons and other constituents of the cortical inhibitory GABAergic circuitry. The underlying mechanisms, including the role of disease-associated risk factors operating in adolescence such as drug abuse and social stressors, remain incompletely understood. Here, we summarize emerging findings from animal models, highlighting the ability of parvalbuminergic interneurons (PVI) to induce, during the juvenile period, long-term plastic changes in prefrontal and visual cortex, thereby altering perception, cognition and behavior in the adult. Of note, molecular alterations in PVI from subjects with schizophrenia, including downregulated expression of a subset of GABAergic genes, have also been found in juvenile stress models of the disorder. Some of the transcriptional alterations observed in schizophrenia postmortem brain could be linked to changes in the epigenetic architecture of GABAergic gene promoters, including dysregulated DNA methylation, histone modification patterns and disruption of promoter-enhancer interactions at site of chromosomal loop formations. Therefore, we predict that, in the not-to-distant future, PVI- and other cell-type specific epigenomic mappings in the animal model and human brain will provide novel insights into the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and related psychotic diseases, including the role of cortical GABAergic circuitry in shaping long-term plasticity and cognitive function of the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Morishita
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States.
| | - Marija Kundakovic
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Lucy Bicks
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Amanda Mitchell
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States.
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93
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Parvalbumin and GAD65 interneuron inhibition in the ventral hippocampus induces distinct behavioral deficits relevant to schizophrenia. J Neurosci 2015; 34:14948-60. [PMID: 25378161 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2204-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperactivity within the ventral hippocampus (vHPC) has been linked to both psychosis in humans and behavioral deficits in animal models of schizophrenia. A local decrease in GABA-mediated inhibition, particularly involving parvalbumin (PV)-expressing GABA neurons, has been proposed as a key mechanism underlying this hyperactive state. However, direct evidence is lacking for a causal role of vHPC GABA neurons in behaviors associated with schizophrenia. Here, we probed the behavioral function of two different but overlapping populations of vHPC GABA neurons that express either PV or GAD65 by selectively inhibiting these neurons with the pharmacogenetic neuromodulator hM4D. We show that acute inhibition of vHPC GABA neurons in adult mice results in behavioral changes relevant to schizophrenia. Inhibiting either PV or GAD65 neurons produced distinct behavioral deficits. Inhibition of PV neurons, affecting ∼80% of the PV neuron population, robustly impaired prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex (PPI), startle reactivity, and spontaneous alternation, but did not affect locomotor activity. In contrast, inhibiting a heterogeneous population of GAD65 neurons, affecting ∼40% of PV neurons and 65% of cholecystokinin neurons, increased spontaneous and amphetamine-induced locomotor activity and reduced spontaneous alternation, but did not alter PPI. Inhibition of PV or GAD65 neurons also produced distinct changes in network oscillatory activity in the vHPC in vivo. Together, these findings establish a causal role for vHPC GABA neurons in controlling behaviors relevant to schizophrenia and suggest a functional dissociation between the GABAergic mechanisms involved in hippocampal modulation of sensorimotor processes.
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94
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Ketamine administration during the second postnatal week induces enduring schizophrenia-like behavioral symptoms and reduces parvalbumin expression in the medial prefrontal cortex of adult mice. Behav Brain Res 2015; 282:165-75. [PMID: 25591475 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctions in the GABAergic system are considered a core feature of schizophrenia. Pharmacological blockade of NMDA receptors (NMDAR), or their genetic ablation in parvalbumin (PV)-expressing GABAergic interneurons can induce schizophrenia-like behavior in animals. NMDAR-mediated currents shape the maturation of GABAergic interneurons during a critical period of development, making transient blockade of NMDARs during this period an attractive model for the developmental changes that occur in the course of schizophrenia's pathophysiology. Here, we examined whether developmental administration of the non-competitive NMDAR antagonist ketamine results in persistent deficits in PFC-dependent behaviors in adult animals. Mice received injections of ketamine (30mg/kg) on postnatal days (PND) 7, 9 and 11, and then tested on a battery of behavioral experiments aimed to mimic major symptoms of schizophrenia in adulthood (between PND 90 and 120). Ketamine treatment reduced the number of cells that expressed PV in the PFC by ∼60% as previously described. Ketamine affected performance in an attentional set-shifting task, impairing the ability of the animals to perform an extradimensional shift to acquire a new strategy. Ketamine-treated animals showed deficits in latent inhibition, novel-object recognition and social novelty detection compared to their SAL-treated littermates. These deficits were not a result of generalized anxiety, as both groups performed comparably on an elevated plus maze. Ketamine treatment did not cause changes in amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion that are often taken as measures for the positive-like symptoms of the disorder. Thus, ketamine administration during development appears to be a useful model for inducing cognitive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
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95
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Jeevakumar V, Kroener S. Ketamine Administration During the Second Postnatal Week Alters Synaptic Properties of Fast-Spiking Interneurons in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex of Adult Mice. Cereb Cortex 2014; 26:1117-29. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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96
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Yap MYA, Lo YL, Talbot K, Ong WY. Oxidative stress reduces levels of dysbindin-1A via its PEST domain. Neurochem Int 2014; 79:65-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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97
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Szabolcsi V, Celio MR. De novo expression of parvalbumin in ependymal cells in response to brain injury promotes ependymal remodeling and wound repair. Glia 2014; 63:567-94. [PMID: 25421913 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV) hallmarks subpopulations of interneurons in the murine brain. We serendipitously observed the de novo expression of PV in ependymal cells of the lateral ventricle wall following in vivo lesioning and brain slicing for the preparation of organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs). In OHSCs, de novo PV-expression begins shortly after the onset of culturing, and the number of ependymal cells implicated in this process increases with time. PV-immunopositive ependymal cells aggregate and form compact cell clusters, which are characterized by lumen-formation and beating cilia. Scratches inflicted on such clusters with a sharp knife are rapidly closed. Exposure of OHSCs to NF-КB-inhibitors and to antioxidants reduces PV-expression in ependymal cells, thereby implicating injury-induced inflammation in this process. Indeed, in vivo stab injury enhances PV-expression in ependymal cells adjacent to the lesion, whereas neuraminidase denudation is without effect. PV-knock-out mice manifest an impaired wound-healing response to in vivo injury, and a reduced scratch-wound reparation capacity in OHSCs. Whole-transcriptome analysis of ependymal-cell clusters in OHSCs revealed down-regulation of genes involved in cytoskeletal rearrangement, cell motility and cell adhesion in PV-knock out mice as compared with wild-type mice. Our data indicate that the injury-triggered up-regulation of PV-expression is mediated by inflammatory cytokines, and promotes the motility and adhesion of ependymal cells, thereby contributing to leakage closure by the re-establishment of a continuous ependymal layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktória Szabolcsi
- Anatomy and Program in Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Rte Albert Gockel 1, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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98
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Bolton MM, Heaney CF, Murtishaw AS, Sabbagh JJ, Magcalas CM, Kinney JW. Postnatal alterations in GABA
B
receptor tone produce sensorimotor gating deficits and protein level differences in adulthood. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 41:17-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Monica M. Bolton
- Behavioral Neuroscience LaboratoryDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of NevadaLas VegasUnited States
| | - Chelcie F. Heaney
- Behavioral Neuroscience LaboratoryDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of NevadaLas VegasUnited States
| | - Andrew S. Murtishaw
- Behavioral Neuroscience LaboratoryDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of NevadaLas VegasUnited States
| | - Jonathan J. Sabbagh
- Behavioral Neuroscience LaboratoryDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of NevadaLas VegasUnited States
| | - Christy M. Magcalas
- Behavioral Neuroscience LaboratoryDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of NevadaLas VegasUnited States
| | - Jefferson W. Kinney
- Behavioral Neuroscience LaboratoryDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of NevadaLas VegasUnited States
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99
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Jones KS, Corbin JG, Huntsman MM. Neonatal NMDA receptor blockade disrupts spike timing and glutamatergic synapses in fast spiking interneurons in a NMDA receptor hypofunction model of schizophrenia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109303. [PMID: 25290690 PMCID: PMC4188593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The dysfunction of parvalbumin-positive, fast-spiking interneurons (FSI) is considered a primary contributor to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SZ), but deficits in FSI physiology have not been explicitly characterized. We show for the first time, that a widely-employed model of schizophrenia minimizes first spike latency and increases GluN2B-mediated current in neocortical FSIs. The reduction in FSI first-spike latency coincides with reduced expression of the Kv1.1 potassium channel subunit which provides a biophysical explanation for the abnormal spiking behavior. Similarly, the increase in NMDA current coincides with enhanced expression of the GluN2B NMDA receptor subunit, specifically in FSIs. In this study mice were treated with the NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801, during the first week of life. During adolescence, we detected reduced spike latency and increased GluN2B-mediated NMDA current in FSIs, which suggests transient disruption of NMDA signaling during neonatal development exerts lasting changes in the cellular and synaptic physiology of neocortical FSIs. Overall, we propose these physiological disturbances represent a general impairment to the physiological maturation of FSIs which may contribute to schizophrenia-like behaviors produced by this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S. Jones
- Biology Department, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Joshua G. Corbin
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Molly M. Huntsman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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100
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O’Donnell P, Do KQ, Arango C. Oxidative/Nitrosative stress in psychiatric disorders: are we there yet? Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:960-2. [PMID: 24714380 PMCID: PMC4133678 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricio O’Donnell
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA;,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, US; tel: 617-395-0838, fax: 845-474-4276, e-mail:
| | - Kim Q. Do
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne-Prilly, Switzerland
| | - Celso Arango
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
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