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Moè A. Effects of Group Gender Composition on Mental Rotation Test Performance in Women. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2018; 47:2299-2305. [PMID: 29858725 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-018-1245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mental rotation is a task in which men outscore women by up to one standard deviation. Many biological, strategic, experiential, and motivational factors concur to explain this gender gap. Among these there are gender stereotypes, which could either harm or favor performance, giving rise, respectively, to stereotype threat or lift effects. This study examined effects due to stereotypes induced by testing women in a minority mixed-gender group composition (subtle message) when provided with instructions about men's or women's superiority (blatant message), in order to assess the hypothesis that the effort of disconfirming a negative stereotype causes increased performance when two messages, either blatant or subtle, are provided. Sixty-six men and 78 women tested either in a mixed-gender or a same-gender group composition were provided with one of the three instructions (men better, women better, nullifying) after performing a mental rotation test (baseline measure) and before taking another one. Results showed that women increased performance mainly when instructed that men score higher in the mixed-gender group composition, and after the nullifying instructions when tested in the same-gender group composition. Men increased performance mainly when they were instructed that women scored higher. Taken together, the results showed that both genders improve performance, when two threats arise both subtly and blatantly, or when no threat is in the air. Effects of implicit and explicit activated stereotypes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Moè
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padua, Italy.
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Doyle RA, Voyer D. Photographs of real human figures: Item types and persistent sex differences in mental rotation. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2018; 71:2411-2420. [PMID: 30362408 DOI: 10.1177/1747021817742079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the current study was to provide a better understanding of the role of image familiarity, embodied cognition, and cognitive strategies on sex differences in performance when rotating blocks and photographs of real human bodies. Two new Mental Rotation Tests (MRTs) were created: one using photographs of real human models positioned as closely as possible to computer drawn figures from the human figures MRT used in Doyle and Voyer's 2013 study, and one using analogous block figures. It was hypothesised that, when compared to the analogous block figures, the real human figures would lead to improved accuracy among both men and women, a reduced magnitude of sex differences in accuracy, and a reduced effect of occlusion on women's performance when compared to analogous block figures. The three-way interaction between test, sex, and occlusion reported in Doyle and Voyer's 2013 study was not replicated in the current study. However, women's scores on the real human figures improved significantly more than men's scores on the real human figures test compared to gender differences in improvement on the block figures test. This finding points to a greater strategy shift among women than men when rotating human figures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi A Doyle
- 1 School of Social Sciences, Minerva Schools at KGI, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Voyer
- 2 University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
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Chiesa PA, Cavedo E, Grothe MJ, Houot M, Teipel SJ, Potier MC, Habert MO, Lista S, Dubois B, Hampel H. Relationship between Basal Forebrain Resting-State Functional Connectivity and Brain Amyloid-β Deposition in Cognitively Intact Older Adults with Subjective Memory Complaints. Radiology 2018; 290:167-176. [PMID: 30351255 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2018180268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the association between the global fibrillary amyloid-β pathology and the basal forebrain connectivity at rest in cognitively intact older adults at risk for Alzheimer disease. Materials and Methods This retrospective study was approved by the local ethics committee and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) of anterior and posterior basal forebrain seeds was investigated, as well as PET-measured global amyloid-β load by using standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) in 267 older cognitively intact individuals with subjective memory complaints (age range, 70-85 years; overall mean age, 75.8 years; 167 women [mean age, 75.9 years] and 100 men [mean age, 75.8 years]). The participants were from the Investigation of Alzheimer's Predictors in Subjective Memory Complainers (INSIGHT-preAD) cohort (date range, 2013-present). The relationship between SUVR and the basal forebrain RSFC was assessed, followed by the effects of apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and sex on the basal forebrain RSFC. Results Higher SUVR values correlated with lower posterior basal forebrain RSFC in the hippocampus and the thalamus (Pearson r =-0.23; P <.001 corrected for familywise error [FWE]). Both sex and APOE genotype impacted the associations between basal forebrain RSFC and the global amyloid deposition (t values >3.59; P <.05 corrected for FWE). Conclusion Data indicate a distinct in vivo association between posterior basal forebrain dynamics and global fibrillary amyloid-β pathology in cognitively intact older adults with subjective memory complaints; both apolipoprotein E and sex moderate such association. © RSNA, 2018 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Caspers in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia A Chiesa
- From the AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Paris, France (P.A.C., E.C., S.L., H.H.); Sorbonne Université, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France (P.A.C., E.C., M.H., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225 (P.A.C., E.C., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière (P.A.C., E.C., M.H., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Italy (E.C.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany (M.J.G., S.J.T.); Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany (S.J.T.); ICM, CNRS UMR7225, INSERM U1127, UPMC, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (M.C.P.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Paris, France (M.O.H.); Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, Paris, France (M.O.H.); AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Paris, France (M.O.H.). Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière (M.H., B.D.); Center for Clinical Investigation Neurosciences, ICM (M.H.)
| | - Enrica Cavedo
- From the AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Paris, France (P.A.C., E.C., S.L., H.H.); Sorbonne Université, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France (P.A.C., E.C., M.H., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225 (P.A.C., E.C., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière (P.A.C., E.C., M.H., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Italy (E.C.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany (M.J.G., S.J.T.); Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany (S.J.T.); ICM, CNRS UMR7225, INSERM U1127, UPMC, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (M.C.P.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Paris, France (M.O.H.); Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, Paris, France (M.O.H.); AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Paris, France (M.O.H.). Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière (M.H., B.D.); Center for Clinical Investigation Neurosciences, ICM (M.H.)
| | - Michel J Grothe
- From the AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Paris, France (P.A.C., E.C., S.L., H.H.); Sorbonne Université, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France (P.A.C., E.C., M.H., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225 (P.A.C., E.C., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière (P.A.C., E.C., M.H., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Italy (E.C.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany (M.J.G., S.J.T.); Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany (S.J.T.); ICM, CNRS UMR7225, INSERM U1127, UPMC, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (M.C.P.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Paris, France (M.O.H.); Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, Paris, France (M.O.H.); AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Paris, France (M.O.H.). Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière (M.H., B.D.); Center for Clinical Investigation Neurosciences, ICM (M.H.)
| | - Marion Houot
- From the AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Paris, France (P.A.C., E.C., S.L., H.H.); Sorbonne Université, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France (P.A.C., E.C., M.H., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225 (P.A.C., E.C., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière (P.A.C., E.C., M.H., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Italy (E.C.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany (M.J.G., S.J.T.); Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany (S.J.T.); ICM, CNRS UMR7225, INSERM U1127, UPMC, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (M.C.P.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Paris, France (M.O.H.); Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, Paris, France (M.O.H.); AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Paris, France (M.O.H.). Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière (M.H., B.D.); Center for Clinical Investigation Neurosciences, ICM (M.H.)
| | - Stefan J Teipel
- From the AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Paris, France (P.A.C., E.C., S.L., H.H.); Sorbonne Université, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France (P.A.C., E.C., M.H., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225 (P.A.C., E.C., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière (P.A.C., E.C., M.H., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Italy (E.C.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany (M.J.G., S.J.T.); Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany (S.J.T.); ICM, CNRS UMR7225, INSERM U1127, UPMC, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (M.C.P.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Paris, France (M.O.H.); Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, Paris, France (M.O.H.); AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Paris, France (M.O.H.). Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière (M.H., B.D.); Center for Clinical Investigation Neurosciences, ICM (M.H.)
| | - Marie-Claude Potier
- From the AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Paris, France (P.A.C., E.C., S.L., H.H.); Sorbonne Université, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France (P.A.C., E.C., M.H., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225 (P.A.C., E.C., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière (P.A.C., E.C., M.H., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Italy (E.C.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany (M.J.G., S.J.T.); Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany (S.J.T.); ICM, CNRS UMR7225, INSERM U1127, UPMC, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (M.C.P.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Paris, France (M.O.H.); Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, Paris, France (M.O.H.); AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Paris, France (M.O.H.). Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière (M.H., B.D.); Center for Clinical Investigation Neurosciences, ICM (M.H.)
| | - Marie-Odile Habert
- From the AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Paris, France (P.A.C., E.C., S.L., H.H.); Sorbonne Université, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France (P.A.C., E.C., M.H., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225 (P.A.C., E.C., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière (P.A.C., E.C., M.H., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Italy (E.C.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany (M.J.G., S.J.T.); Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany (S.J.T.); ICM, CNRS UMR7225, INSERM U1127, UPMC, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (M.C.P.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Paris, France (M.O.H.); Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, Paris, France (M.O.H.); AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Paris, France (M.O.H.). Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière (M.H., B.D.); Center for Clinical Investigation Neurosciences, ICM (M.H.)
| | - Simone Lista
- From the AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Paris, France (P.A.C., E.C., S.L., H.H.); Sorbonne Université, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France (P.A.C., E.C., M.H., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225 (P.A.C., E.C., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière (P.A.C., E.C., M.H., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Italy (E.C.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany (M.J.G., S.J.T.); Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany (S.J.T.); ICM, CNRS UMR7225, INSERM U1127, UPMC, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (M.C.P.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Paris, France (M.O.H.); Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, Paris, France (M.O.H.); AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Paris, France (M.O.H.). Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière (M.H., B.D.); Center for Clinical Investigation Neurosciences, ICM (M.H.)
| | - Bruno Dubois
- From the AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Paris, France (P.A.C., E.C., S.L., H.H.); Sorbonne Université, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France (P.A.C., E.C., M.H., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225 (P.A.C., E.C., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière (P.A.C., E.C., M.H., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Italy (E.C.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany (M.J.G., S.J.T.); Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany (S.J.T.); ICM, CNRS UMR7225, INSERM U1127, UPMC, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (M.C.P.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Paris, France (M.O.H.); Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, Paris, France (M.O.H.); AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Paris, France (M.O.H.). Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière (M.H., B.D.); Center for Clinical Investigation Neurosciences, ICM (M.H.)
| | - Harald Hampel
- From the AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Paris, France (P.A.C., E.C., S.L., H.H.); Sorbonne Université, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France (P.A.C., E.C., M.H., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225 (P.A.C., E.C., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière (P.A.C., E.C., M.H., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Italy (E.C.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany (M.J.G., S.J.T.); Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany (S.J.T.); ICM, CNRS UMR7225, INSERM U1127, UPMC, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (M.C.P.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Paris, France (M.O.H.); Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, Paris, France (M.O.H.); AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Paris, France (M.O.H.). Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière (M.H., B.D.); Center for Clinical Investigation Neurosciences, ICM (M.H.)
| | -
- From the AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Paris, France (P.A.C., E.C., S.L., H.H.); Sorbonne Université, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France (P.A.C., E.C., M.H., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225 (P.A.C., E.C., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière (P.A.C., E.C., M.H., S.L., B.D., H.H.); Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Italy (E.C.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany (M.J.G., S.J.T.); Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany (S.J.T.); ICM, CNRS UMR7225, INSERM U1127, UPMC, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (M.C.P.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Paris, France (M.O.H.); Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, Paris, France (M.O.H.); AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Paris, France (M.O.H.). Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière (M.H., B.D.); Center for Clinical Investigation Neurosciences, ICM (M.H.)
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Illuminating sex differences in mental rotation using pupillometry. Biol Psychol 2018; 138:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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González-Garrido AA, Gallardo-Moreno GB, Romo-Vázquez R, Vélez-Pérez H, Flores-Saiffe-Farías A, Mendizabal-Ruiz G, Santos-Arce SR, Ruiz-Stovel VD, Gómez-Velázquez FR, Ramos-Loyo J. Is sex an influential factor in type-1 diabetes neurofunctional development? A preliminary study. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1699-1706. [PMID: 30027655 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the neurofunctional effect of gender in Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) patients during a Visual Spatial Working Memory (VSWM) task. The study included 28 participants with ages ranging from 17-28 years. Fourteen well-controlled T1DM patients (7 female) and 14 controls matched by age, sex, and education level were scanned performing a block-design VSWM paradigm. Behavioral descriptive analyses and mean comparisons were done, and between-group and condition functional activation patterns were also compared. Whole-brain cumulative BOLD signal (CumBS), voxel-wise BOLD level frequency, Euclidean distance, and divergence indices were also calculated. There were no significant differences between or within-group sex differences for correct responses and reaction times. Functional activation analyses showed that females had activation in more brain regions, and with larger clusters of cortical activations than males. Furthermore, BOLD activation was higher in males. Despite the preliminary nature of the present study given the relatively small sample size, current results acknowledge for the first time that sex might contribute to differences in functional activation in T1DM patients. Findings suggest that sex differences should be considered when studying T1DM-disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés A González-Garrido
- Instituto de Neurociencias. Universidad de Guadalajara. Francisco de Quevedo 180. Col. Arcos Vallarta, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 44130, México
| | - Geisa B Gallardo-Moreno
- Instituto de Neurociencias. Universidad de Guadalajara. Francisco de Quevedo 180. Col. Arcos Vallarta, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 44130, México
| | - Rebeca Romo-Vázquez
- Departamento de Ciencias Computacionales, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara. Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán #1421, esq. Calzada Olímpica, C.P. 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Hugo Vélez-Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias Computacionales, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara. Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán #1421, esq. Calzada Olímpica, C.P. 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Adolfo Flores-Saiffe-Farías
- Departamento de Ciencias Computacionales, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara. Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán #1421, esq. Calzada Olímpica, C.P. 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Gerardo Mendizabal-Ruiz
- Departamento de Ciencias Computacionales, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara. Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán #1421, esq. Calzada Olímpica, C.P. 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Stewart R Santos-Arce
- Departamento de Electrónica, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara. Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán #1421, esq. Calzada Olímpica, C.P. 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Vanessa D Ruiz-Stovel
- Instituto de Neurociencias. Universidad de Guadalajara. Francisco de Quevedo 180. Col. Arcos Vallarta, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 44130, México
| | - Fabiola R Gómez-Velázquez
- Instituto de Neurociencias. Universidad de Guadalajara. Francisco de Quevedo 180. Col. Arcos Vallarta, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 44130, México
| | - Julieta Ramos-Loyo
- Instituto de Neurociencias. Universidad de Guadalajara. Francisco de Quevedo 180. Col. Arcos Vallarta, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 44130, México
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56
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Co-thought gesturing supports more complex problem solving in subjects with lower visual working-memory capacity. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 84:502-513. [PMID: 30066133 PMCID: PMC7039852 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-018-1065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
During silent problem solving, hand gestures arise that have no communicative intent. The role of such co-thought gestures in cognition has been understudied in cognitive research as compared to co-speech gestures. We investigated whether gesticulation during silent problem solving supported subsequent performance in a Tower of Hanoi problem-solving task, in relation to visual working-memory capacity and task complexity. Seventy-six participants were assigned to either an instructed gesture condition or a condition that allowed them to gesture, but without explicit instructions to do so. This resulted in three gesture groups: (1) non-gesturing; (2) spontaneous gesturing; (3) instructed gesturing. In line with the embedded/extended cognition perspective on gesture, gesturing benefited complex problem-solving performance for participants with a lower visual working-memory capacity, but not for participants with a lower spatial working-memory capacity.
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57
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Hirnstein M, Hugdahl K, Hausmann M. Cognitive sex differences and hemispheric asymmetry: A critical review of 40 years of research. Laterality 2018; 24:204-252. [DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2018.1497044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Hirnstein
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kenneth Hugdahl
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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58
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Momi D, Smeralda C, Sprugnoli G, Ferrone S, Rossi S, Rossi A, Di Lorenzo G, Santarnecchi E. Acute and long-lasting cortical thickness changes following intensive first-person action videogame practice. Behav Brain Res 2018; 353:62-73. [PMID: 29944915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence shows how an extensive gaming experience might positively impact cognitive and perceptual functioning, leading to brain structural changes observed in cross-sectional studies. Importantly, changes seem to be game-specific, reflecting gameplay styles and therefore opening to the possibility of tailoring videogames according to rehabilitation and enhancement purposes. However, whether if such brain effects can be induced even with limited gaming experience, and whether if they can outlast the gaming period, is still unknown. Here we quantified both cognitive and grey matter thickness changes following 15 daily gaming sessions based on a modified version of a 3D first-person shooter (FPS) played in laboratory settings. Twenty-nine healthy participants were randomly assigned to a control or a gaming group and underwent a cognitive assessment, an in-game performance evaluation and structural magnetic resonance imaging before (T0), immediately after (T1) and three months after the end of the experiment (T2). At T1, a significant increase in thickness of the bilateral parahippocampal cortex (PHC), somatosensory cortex (S1), superior parietal lobule (SPL) and right insula were observed. Changes in S1 matched the hand representation bilaterally, while PHC changes corresponded to the parahippocampal place area (PPA). Surprisingly, changes in thickness were still present at T2 for S1, PHC, SPL and right insula as compared to T0. Finally, surface-based regression identified the lingual gyrus as the best predictor of changes in game performance at T1. Results stress the specific impact of core game elements, such as spatial navigation and visuomotor coordination on structural brain properties, with effects outlasting even a short intensive gaming period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Momi
- Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Lab, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Carmelo Smeralda
- Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Lab, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Sprugnoli
- Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Lab, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Salvatore Ferrone
- Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Lab, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Simone Rossi
- Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Lab, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, University of Siena, Italy; Siena Robotics and Systems Lab (SIRS-Lab), Engineering and Mathematics Department, University of Siena, Italy; Human Physiology Section, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rossi
- Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Lab, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, University of Siena, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giorgio Di Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Chair of Psychiatry, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Emiliano Santarnecchi
- Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Lab, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, University of Siena, Italy; Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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59
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Pavlova MA, Erb M, Hagberg GE, Loureiro J, Sokolov AN, Scheffler K. "Wrong Way Up": Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of the Networks for Body Motion Processing at 9.4 T. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:5318-5330. [PMID: 28981613 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Body motion delivers a wealth of socially relevant information. Yet display inversion severely impedes biological motion (BM) processing. It is largely unknown how the brain circuits for BM are affected by display inversion. As upright and upside-down point-light BM displays are similar, we addressed this issue by using ultrahigh field functional MRI at 9.4 T providing for high sensitivity and spatial resolution. Whole-brain analysis along with exploration of the temporal dynamics of the blood-oxygen-level-dependent response reveals that in the left hemisphere, inverted BM activates anterior networks likely engaged in decision making and cognitive control, whereas readily recognizable upright BM activates posterior areas solely. In the right hemisphere, multiple networks are activated in response to upright BM as compared with scarce activation to inversion. With identical visual input with display inversion, a large-scale network in the right hemisphere is detected in perceivers who do not constantly interpret displays as shown the "wrong way up." For the first time, we uncover (1) (multi)functional involvement of each region in the networks underpinning BM processing and (2) large-scale ensembles of regions playing in unison with distinct temporal dynamics. The outcome sheds light on the neural circuits underlying BM processing as an essential part of the social brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Pavlova
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Medical School, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen
| | - Michael Erb
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Medical School, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen.,High-Field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics
| | - Gisela E Hagberg
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Medical School, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen.,High-Field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics
| | - Joana Loureiro
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Medical School, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen.,High-Field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics
| | - Alexander N Sokolov
- Women's Health Research Institute, Department of Women's Health, Medical School, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Klaus Scheffler
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Medical School, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen.,High-Field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics
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Kurth F, Spencer D, Hines M, Luders E. Sex differences in associations between spatial ability and corpus callosum morphology. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1380-1387. [PMID: 29748968 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Rotating mental representations of objects is accompanied by widespread bilateral brain activations. Thus, interhemispheric communication channels may play a relevant part when engaging in mental rotation tasks. Indeed, links between mental rotation and dimensions of the corpus callosum-the brain's main commissure system-have been reported. However, existing findings are sparse and inconsistent across studies. Here we set out to further characterize the nature of any such links, including their exact location across the corpus callosum. For this purpose, we applied an advanced image analysis approach assessing callosal thickness at 100 equidistant points in a sample of 38 healthy adults (19 men, 19 women), aged between 22 and 45 years. We detected a sex interaction, with significant structure-performance relationships in women, but not in men. Specifically, better mental rotation performance was linked to a thicker female corpus callosum within regions of the callosal splenium, posterior midbody, and anterior third. These findings may suggest sex differences in problem solving strategies where in women, more than in men, stronger interhemispheric connectivity-especially between occipitoparietal, frontal, and prefrontal regions-is associated with improved task performance. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kurth
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Debra Spencer
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Hines
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Luders
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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61
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AlRyalat SA. Gender similarities and differences in brain activation strategies: Voxel-based meta-analysis on fMRI studies. J Integr Neurosci 2018; 16:227-240. [PMID: 28891511 DOI: 10.3233/jin-170015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender similarities and differences have long been a matter of debate in almost all human research, especially upon reaching the discussion about brain functions. This large scale meta-analysis was performed on functional MRI studies. It included more than 700 active brain foci from more than 70 different experiments to study gender related similarities and differences in brain activation strategies for three of the main brain functions: Visual-spatial cognition, memory, and emotion. Areas that are significantly activated by both genders (i.e. core areas) for the tested brain function are mentioned, whereas those areas significantly activated exclusively in one gender are the gender specific areas. During visual-spatial cognition task, and in addition to the core areas, males significantly activated their left superior frontal gyrus, compared with left superior parietal lobule in females. For memory tasks, several different brain areas activated by each gender, but females significantly activated two areas from the limbic system during memory retrieval tasks. For emotional task, males tend to recruit their bilateral prefrontal regions, whereas females tend to recruit their bilateral amygdalae. This meta-analysis provides an overview based on functional MRI studies on how males and females use their brain.
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Griksiene R, Monciunskaite R, Arnatkeviciute A, Ruksenas O. Does the use of hormonal contraceptives affect the mental rotation performance? Horm Behav 2018. [PMID: 29522764 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oral contraceptive pill (OC) is one of the most popular form of contraception. Despite both behavioral and neuroimaging evidence of its significant impact on female brain and cognitive functions, much remains to be discovered regarding OCs targets in the brain and mechanisms of action. In the present study mental rotation performance was compared between women using anti-androgenic oral contraceptives (n = 35), naturally cycling (NC) women (n = 33) and men (n = 29). On average, OC users were less accurate than NC women and men. Men performed the task more accurately than NC women, but the difference reached significance only in the highest angular disparity condition (150 deg). The response time was positively related with progesterone level while accuracy was negatively related with 17ß-estradiol level, in NC, but not OC women. The comparison of slope and intercept values (parameters relating response time to angular disparity) revealed the main result of present study: OC users exhibited significantly lower slope compared to men and NC women, but there were no differences in intercept between groups. These results suggest that OC users instead of using rotation in mind strategy implemented some alternative method(s). We conclude that lower performance accuracy of OC users could be related to a less efficient performance strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramune Griksiene
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Rasa Monciunskaite
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aurina Arnatkeviciute
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Osvaldas Ruksenas
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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63
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Sharma G, Anto A, Singh V. Sex differences in mental rotation: Cortical functional connectivity using direct transfer function. Biomed Signal Process Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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64
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Le HB, Zhang HH, Wu QL, Zhang J, Yin JJ, Ma SH. Neural Activity During Mental Rotation in Deaf Signers: The Influence of Long-Term Sign Language Experience. Ear Hear 2018; 39:1015-1024. [PMID: 29298164 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000000540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mental rotation is the brain's visuospatial understanding of what objects are and where they belong. Previous research indicated that deaf signers showed behavioral enhancement for nonlinguistic visual tasks, including mental rotation. In this study, we investigated the neural difference of mental rotation processing between deaf signers and hearing nonsigners using blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). DESIGN The participants performed a block-designed experiment, consisting of alternating blocks of comparison and rotation periods, separated by a baseline or fixation period. Mental rotation tasks were performed using three-dimensional figures. fMRI images were acquired during the entire experiment, and the fMRI data were analyzed with Analysis of Functional NeuroImages. A factorial design analysis of variance was designed for fMRI analyses. The differences of activation were analyzed for the main effects of group and task, as well as for the interaction of group by task. RESULTS The study showed differences in activated areas between deaf signers and hearing nonsigners on the mental rotation of three-dimensional figures. Subtracting activations of fixation from activations of rotation, both groups showed consistent activation in bilateral occipital lobe, bilateral parietal lobe, and bilateral posterior temporal lobe. There were different main effects of task (rotation versus comparison) with significant activation clusters in the bilateral precuneus, the right middle frontal gyrus, the bilateral medial frontal gyrus, the right interior frontal gyrus, the right superior frontal gyrus, the right anterior cingulate, and the bilateral posterior cingulate. There were significant interaction effects of group by task in the bilateral anterior cingulate, the right inferior frontal gyrus, the left superior frontal gyrus, the left posterior cingulate, the left middle temporal gyrus, and the right inferior parietal lobe. In simple effects of deaf and hearing groups with rotation minus comparison, deaf signers mainly showed activity in the right hemisphere, while hearing nonsigners showed bilateral activity. In the simple effects of rotation task, decreased activities were shown for deaf signers compared with hearing nonsigners throughout several regions, including the bilateral parahippocampal gyrus, the left posterior cingulate cortex, the right anterior cingulate cortex, and the right inferior parietal lobe. CONCLUSION Decreased activations in several brain regions of deaf signers when compared to hearing nonsigners reflected increased neural efficiency and a precise functional circuitry, which was generated through long-term experience with sign language processing. In addition, we inferred tentatively that there may be a lateralization pattern to the right hemisphere for deaf signers when performing mental rotation tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Le
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Hui-Hong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
- MR Division, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, China
| | - Qiu-Lin Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jiong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jing-Jing Yin
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shu-Hua Ma
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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65
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Andres M, Pelgrims B, Olivier E, Vannuscorps G. The left supramarginal gyrus contributes to finger positioning for object use: a neuronavigated transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 46:2835-2843. [PMID: 29094500 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In everyday actions, we grasp dozens of different manipulable objects in ways that accommodate their functional use. Neuroimaging studies showed that grasping objects in a way that is appropriate for their use involves a left-lateralized network including the supramarginal gyrus (SMG), the anterior intraparietal area (AIP) and the ventral premotor cortex (PMv). However, because previous works premised their conclusions on tasks requiring action execution, it has remained difficult to discriminate between the areas involved in specifying the position of fingers onto the object from those implementing the motor programme required to perform the action. To address this issue, we asked healthy participants to make judgements about pictures of manipulable objects, while repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was applied over the left SMG, AIP, PMv or, as a control, the vertex. The participants were asked to name the part of the image where the thumb or the index finger was expected to contact the object during its normal utilization or where a given attribute of the same object was located. The two tasks were strictly identical in terms of visual display, working memory demands and response requirements. Results showed that rTMS over SMG slowed down judgements of finger positions but not judgements of object attributes. Both types of judgements remained unaffected when rTMS was applied over AIP or PMv. This finding demonstrates that, within the parieto-frontal network dedicated to object use, at least the left SMG is involved in specifying the appropriate position of the thumb and index onto the object.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Andres
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Barbara Pelgrims
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne Olivier
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gilles Vannuscorps
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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66
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Kawasaki T, Matsuda T. Easy assessment tool for motor imagery ability in elementary scool students. J Phys Ther Sci 2017; 29:1848-1851. [PMID: 29184304 PMCID: PMC5684025 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.29.1848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The final purpose of the present study was to propose easy and quick mental rotation task. Since subjects can easily understand mental rotation task that they have to do, the task is considered to be available in particular children. However, existing mental rotation task using specific software asked subjects more than ten trials per one pictured stimulus, meaning that relatively long time is required to accurately measure. Thus, children have difficulty to keep their attention during the existing task and to demonstrate their ability accurately. To address the purpose of the present study, the performance of mental rotation task using paper was investigated whether the performance has similar characteristics to an existing mental rotation task using specific software, in order to verify the usability of the task using paper. [Subjects and Methods] Sixty-three elementary school participants were asked to determine whether a rotating hand picture was left or right as quickly as possible and indicate it by writing a diagonal line on the paper. The total time required judgment of 16 pictures and the number of judgment errors were counted. [Results] The number of judgment errors increased with an increasing stimulus rotation angle. Also, the mental rotation time improved with age. [Conclusion] These results suggest that the performance of mental rotation using paper has the same characteristics as the existing method using specific software. Therefore, the mental rotation using paper would be practical method for subjects having difficulty to keep attention relatively long time, such as elementary school children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Kawasaki
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Ryotokuji University: 5-8-1 Akemi, Urayasu-City, Chiba 279-8567, Japan
| | - Tadamitsu Matsuda
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare, Josai International University, Japan
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67
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Seydell-Greenwald A, Ferrara K, Chambers CE, Newport EL, Landau B. Bilateral parietal activations for complex visual-spatial functions: Evidence from a visual-spatial construction task. Neuropsychologia 2017; 106:194-206. [PMID: 28987904 PMCID: PMC6408728 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we examine brain lateralization patterns for a complex visual-spatial task commonly used to assess general spatial abilities. Although spatial abilities have classically been ascribed to the right hemisphere, evidence suggests that at least some tasks may be strongly bilateral. For example, while functional neuroimaging studies show right-lateralized activations for some spatial tasks (e.g., line bisection), bilateral activations are often reported for others, including classic spatial tasks such as mental rotation. Moreover, constructive apraxia has been reported following left- as well as right-hemisphere damage in adults, suggesting a role for the left hemisphere in spatial function. Here, we use functional neuroimaging to probe lateralization while healthy adults carry out a simplified visual-spatial construction task, in which they judge whether two geometric puzzle pieces can be combined to form a square. The task evokes strong bilateral activations, predominantly in parietal and lateral occipital cortex. Bilaterality was observed at the single-subject as well as at the group level, and regardless of whether specific items required mental rotation. We speculate that complex visual-spatial tasks may generally engage more bilateral activation of the brain than previously thought, and we discuss implications for understanding hemispheric specialization for spatial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Seydell-Greenwald
- Center for Brain Plasticity and Recovery, Georgetown University, Building D, Suite 145, 4000 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
| | - Katrina Ferrara
- Center for Brain Plasticity and Recovery, Georgetown University, Building D, Suite 145, 4000 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Catherine E Chambers
- Center for Brain Plasticity and Recovery, Georgetown University, Building D, Suite 145, 4000 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Elissa L Newport
- Center for Brain Plasticity and Recovery, Georgetown University, Building D, Suite 145, 4000 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Barbara Landau
- Center for Brain Plasticity and Recovery, Georgetown University, Building D, Suite 145, 4000 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA; Department of Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University, Krieger Hall 2400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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68
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Abraham A. Gender and creativity: an overview of psychological and neuroscientific literature. Brain Imaging Behav 2017; 10:609-18. [PMID: 26051636 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-015-9410-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The topic of gender differences in creativity is one that generates substantial scientific and public interest, but also courts considerable controversy. Owing to the heterogeneous nature of the findings associated with this line of research, the general picture often appears puzzling or obscure. This article presents a selective overview of psychological and neuroscientific literature that has a relevant bearing on the theme of gender and creativity. Topics that are explored include the definition and methods of assessing creativity, a summary of behavioral investigations on gender in relation to creativity, postulations that have been put forward to understand gender differences in creative achievement, gender-based differences in the structure and function of the brain, gender-related differences in behavioral performance on tasks of normative cognition, and neuroscientific studies of gender and creativity. The article ends with a detailed discussion of the idea that differences between men and women in creative cognition are best explained with reference to the gender-dependent adopted strategies or cognitive style when faced with generative tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Abraham
- School of Social, Psychological & Communication Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.
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Cheng D, Yan X, Gao Z, Xu K, Zhou X, Chen Q. Common and Distinctive Patterns of Cognitive Dysfunction in Children With Benign Epilepsy Syndromes. Pediatr Neurol 2017; 72:36-41.e1. [PMID: 28533141 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood absence epilepsy and benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes are the most common forms of benign epilepsy syndromes. Although cognitive dysfunctions occur in children with both childhood absence epilepsy and benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes, the similarity between their patterns of underlying cognitive impairments is not well understood. To describe these patterns, we examined multiple cognitive functions in children with childhood absence epilepsy and benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes. METHODS In this study, 43 children with childhood absence epilepsy, 47 children with benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes, and 64 control subjects were recruited; all received a standardized assessment (i.e., computerized test battery) assessing processing speed, spatial skills, calculation, language ability, intelligence, visual attention, and executive function. Groups were compared in these cognitive domains. Simple regression analysis was used to analyze the effects of epilepsy-related clinical variables on cognitive test scores. RESULTS Compared with control subjects, children with childhood absence epilepsy and benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes showed cognitive deficits in intelligence and executive function, but performed normally in language processing. Impairment in visual attention was specific to patients with childhood absence epilepsy, whereas impaired spatial ability was specific to the children with benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes. Simple regression analysis showed syndrome-related clinical variables did not affect cognitive functions. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence of both common and distinctive cognitive features underlying the relative cognitive difficulties in children with childhood absence epilepsy and benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes. Our data suggest that clinicians should pay particular attention to the specific cognitive deficits in children with childhood absence epilepsy and benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes, to allow for more discriminative and potentially more effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dazhi Cheng
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuxian Yan
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijie Gao
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Keming Xu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Xinlin Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.
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Sigalas C, Konsolaki E, Skaliora I. Sex differences in endogenous cortical network activity: spontaneously recurring Up/Down states. Biol Sex Differ 2017; 8:21. [PMID: 28630662 PMCID: PMC5471918 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-017-0143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several molecular and cellular processes in the vertebrate brain exhibit differences between males and females, leading to sexual dimorphism in the formation of neural circuits and brain organization. While studies on large-scale brain networks provide ample evidence for both structural and functional sex differences, smaller-scale local networks have remained largely unexplored. In the current study, we investigate sexual dimorphism in cortical dynamics by means of spontaneous Up/Down states, a type of network activity that is exhibited during slow-wave sleep, quiet wakefulness, and anesthesia and is thought to represent the default activity of the cortex. METHODS Up state activity was monitored by local field potential recordings in coronal brain slices of male and female mice across three ages with distinct secretion profiles of sex hormones: (i) pre-puberty (17-21 days old), (ii) 3-9 adult (months old), and (iii) old (19-24 months old). RESULTS Female mice of all ages exhibited longer and more frequent Up states compared to aged-matched male mice. Power spectrum analysis revealed sex differences in the relative power of Up state events, with female mice showing reduced power in the delta range (1-4 Hz) and increased power in the theta range (4-8 Hz) compared to male mice. No sex differences were found in the characteristics of Up state peak voltage and latency. CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed for the first time sex differences in intracortical network activity, using an ex vivo paradigm of spontaneously occurring Up/Down states. We report significant sex differences in Up state properties that are already present in pre-puberty animals and are maintained through adulthood and old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos Sigalas
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Centre for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efessiou Street, Athens, 115 27 Greece
| | - Eleni Konsolaki
- Psychology Department, Deree - The American College of Greece, Athens, 153 42 Greece
| | - Irini Skaliora
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Centre for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efessiou Street, Athens, 115 27 Greece
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Ji Q, Wang Y, Guo W, Zhou C. Contribution of underlying processes to improved visuospatial working memory associated with physical activity. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3430. [PMID: 28603675 PMCID: PMC5463982 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Working memory is critical for various cognitive processes and can be separated into two stages: short-term memory storage and manipulation processing. Although previous studies have demonstrated that increased physical activity (PA) improves working memory and that males outperform females on visuospatial working memory tasks, few studies have determined the contribution of the two underlying stages to the visuospatial working memory improvement associated with PA. Thus, the aims of the present study were to verify the relationship between physical activity and visuospatial working memory, determine whether one or both stages were affected by PA, and investigate any sex differences. METHODS A total of 56 undergraduate students were recruited for this study. Their scores on the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) were used to separate them into either a lower PA (n = 26; IPAQ score ≤3,000 metabolic equivalent [MET]-min/week) or higher PA (n = 30; IPAQ score >3,000 MET-min/week) group. Participants were required to complete three tasks: a visuospatial working memory task, a task that examines the short-term memory storage stage, and a mental rotation task that examines the active manipulation stage. RESULTS Participants in the higher PA group maintained similar accuracy but displayed significantly faster reaction times (RT) than those in the lower PA group on the visuospatial working memory and manipulation tasks. By contrast, no difference was observed between groups on the short-term memory storage task. In addition, no effects of sex were detected. DISCUSSION Our results confirm that PA was positively to visuospatial working memory and that this positive relationship was associated with more rapid cognitive processing during the manipulation stage, with little or no relationship between PA and the memory storage stage of visuospatial working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchun Ji
- Department of Sport Psychology, School of Sport Science, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, Asia, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Department of Sport Psychology, School of Sport Science, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, Asia, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Sport Psychology, School of Sport Science, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, Asia, China
| | - Chenglin Zhou
- Department of Sport Psychology, School of Sport Science, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, Asia, China
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Malpetti M, Ballarini T, Presotto L, Garibotto V, Tettamanti M, Perani D. Gender differences in healthy aging and Alzheimer's Dementia: A 18 F-FDG-PET study of brain and cognitive reserve. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:4212-4227. [PMID: 28561534 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive reserve (CR) and brain reserve (BR) are protective factors against age-associated cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disorders. Very limited evidence exists about gender effects on brain aging and on the effect of CR on brain modulation in healthy aging and Alzheimer's Dementia (AD). We investigated gender differences in brain metabolic activity and resting-state network connectivity, as measured by 18 F-FDG-PET, in healthy aging and AD, also considering the effects of education and occupation. The clinical and imaging data were retrieved from large datasets of healthy elderly subjects (HE) (225) and AD patients (282). In HE, males showed more extended age-related reduction of brain metabolism than females in frontal medial cortex. We also found differences in brain modulation as metabolic increases induced by education and occupation, namely in posterior associative cortices in HE males and in the anterior limbic-affective and executive networks in HE females. In AD patients, the correlations between education and occupation levels and brain hypometabolism showed gender differences, namely a posterior temporo-parietal association in males and a frontal and limbic association in females, indicating the involvement of different networks. Finally, the metabolic connectivity in both HE and AD aligned with these results, suggesting greater efficiency in the posterior default mode network for males, and in the anterior frontal executive network for females. The basis of these brain gender differences in both aging and AD, obtained exploring cerebral metabolism, metabolic connectivity and the effects of education and occupation, is likely at the intersection between biological and sociodemographic factors. Hum Brain Mapp 38:4212-4227, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Malpetti
- Department of Psychology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Ballarini
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Presotto
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Unit, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Garibotto
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marco Tettamanti
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Perani
- Department of Psychology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Unit, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Searle JA, Hamm JP. Mental rotation: an examination of assumptions. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2017; 8. [PMID: 28387440 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Since first presented by Shepard and Metzler, Science 1971, 171: 701-703, mental rotation has been described as a rotary transformation of a visual stimulus allowing it to be represented in a new orientation. For a given stimulus, the transformation is thought to occur at a constant speed, though speed may vary between stimuli; three-dimensional abstract shapes made out of blocks tend to be rotated much more slowly than alphanumeric characters or line drawings of common objects. Rotation is also presumed to be performed through the shortest angle. These assumptions are based upon the fact that response times tend to increase with angle of rotation, peaking at 180° of separation for abstract block figures or from upright for common objects and alphanumeric stimuli. The symmetry about 180° provides evidence supporting rotation through the shortest angle. In order to determine the shortest direction, the current orientation of the stimulus is assumed to be known prior to mental rotation. Moreover, in order to determine the current orientation of a common object or alphanumeric stimulus, it is assumed the stimulus is identified prior to mental rotation because the current orientation is defined by what the object is. In mirror/normal discriminations or left/right facing discriminations of rotated stimuli response times are often examined by collapsing over response options as this variable is assumed to be uninteresting in terms of mental rotation. This article examines these assumptions, and suggests that many of them are not entirely safe. WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, 8:e1443. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1443 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Searle
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jeff P Hamm
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Wu S, Li Y, Kong M. Sex and Ability Differences in Neural Strategy for Piaget’s Water Level Test. Percept Mot Skills 2017; 124:351-365. [DOI: 10.1177/0031512516687902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To explore brain activation differences between the sexes and between high and low performers on spatial perception performance, 43 college students (20 males and 23 females) performed the Piaget’s Water Level Test (WLT) while their electroencephalogram signals were recorded. A 2 (Sex) × 2 (Group: high performing vs. low performing) × 2 (Hemisphere: left vs. right) × 3 (Region: frontal, parietal, and temporal) mixed analysis of variance on beta power data showed that females more significantly activated the left hemisphere when performing the WLT, suggesting their application of an analytic strategy. In contrast, males showed a bilateral activation pattern, suggesting their use of an analytic- or holistic-combined strategy. Moreover, superior performance on the WLT was associated with enhanced temporal lobe functioning, suggesting that a superior analytic skill is key to successful performance on the WLT. There is likely modulating impact of both cognitive style and specific task properties on spatial perception strategy preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Wu
- Beijing Foreign Studies University, China
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Deroualle D, Toupet M, van Nechel C, Duquesne U, Hautefort C, Lopez C. Anchoring the Self to the Body in Bilateral Vestibular Failure. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170488. [PMID: 28107424 PMCID: PMC5249123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that vestibular information plays a significant role in anchoring the self to the body. Out-of-body experiences of neurological origin are frequently associated with vestibular sensations, and galvanic vestibular stimulation in healthy participants anchors the self to the body. Here, we provide the first objective measures of anchoring the self to the body in chronic bilateral vestibular failure (BVF). We compared 23 patients with idiopathic BVF to 23 healthy participants in a series of experiments addressing several aspects of visuo-spatial perspective taking and embodiment. In Experiment 1, participants were involved in a virtual "dot-counting task" from their own perspective or the perspective of a distant avatar, to measure implicit and explicit perspective taking, respectively. In both groups, response times increased similarly when the avatar's and participant's viewpoint differed, for both implicit and explicit perspective taking. In Experiment 2, participants named ambiguous letters (such as "b" or "q") traced on their forehead that could be perceived from an internal or external perspective. The frequency of perceiving ambiguous letters from an internal perspective was similar in both groups. In Experiment 3, participants completed a questionnaire measuring the experienced self/body and self/environment "closeness". Both groups reported a similar embodied experience. Altogether, our data show that idiopathic BVF does not change implicit and explicit perspective taking nor subjective anchoring of the self to the body. Our negative findings offer insight into the multisensory mechanisms of embodiment. Only acute peripheral vestibular disorders and neurological disorders in vestibular brain areas (characterized by strong multisensory conflicts) may evoke disembodied experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michel Toupet
- IRON, Institut de Recherche en Oto-Neurologie, Paris, France
- Centre d’Explorations Fonctionnelles Oto-Neurologiques, Paris, France
| | - Christian van Nechel
- IRON, Institut de Recherche en Oto-Neurologie, Paris, France
- Unité Troubles de l’Equilibre et Vertiges, CHU Brugmann, Bruxelles, Belgique
- Unité de Neuro-Ophtalmologie, CHU Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgique
- Clinique des Vertiges, Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Ulla Duquesne
- IRON, Institut de Recherche en Oto-Neurologie, Paris, France
- Unité Troubles de l’Equilibre et Vertiges, CHU Brugmann, Bruxelles, Belgique
- Clinique des Vertiges, Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Charlotte Hautefort
- IRON, Institut de Recherche en Oto-Neurologie, Paris, France
- Service ORL, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
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Cognitive correlates of spatial navigation: Associations between executive functioning and the virtual Morris Water Task. Behav Brain Res 2017; 317:470-478. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cona G, Semenza C. Supplementary motor area as key structure for domain-general sequence processing: A unified account. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 72:28-42. [PMID: 27856331 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Pletzer B. Sex differences in number processing: Differential systems for subtraction and multiplication were confirmed in men, but not in women. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39064. [PMID: 27966612 PMCID: PMC5155285 DOI: 10.1038/srep39064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies suggest segregated neuronal systems underlying number magnitude processing (e.g. subtraction) and arithmetic fact retrieval (e.g. multiplication). While number magnitude processing is thought to rely on the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) bilaterally, arithmetic fact retrieval is thought to rely on the left angular gyrus (AG). However, evidence from brain damaged patients and brain stimulation challenges this view and suggests considerable overlap between the systems underlying number magnitude processing and arithmetic fact retrieval. This study investigates, whether sex differences in number processing can account for these conflicting findings. A subtraction and a multiplication task were administered to 40 men and 34 women in their luteal phase during functional MRI. Replicating previous studies in men, we found the IPS to be more strongly activated during subtraction than multiplication, and the AG to be more strongly activated during multiplication than subtraction. However, no differences between the two tasks were observed in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Pletzer
- Department of Psychology &Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg Austria
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79
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Making Brains run Faster: are they Becoming Smarter? SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 19:E88. [DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2016.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA brief overview of structural and functional brain characteristics related to g is presented in the light of major neurobiological theories of intelligence: Neural Efficiency, P-FIT and Multiple-Demand system. These theories provide a framework to discuss the main objective of the paper: what is the relationship between individual alpha frequency (IAF) and g? Three studies were conducted in order to investigate this relationship: two correlational studies and a third study in which we experimentally induced changes in IAF by means of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). (1) In a large scale study (n = 417), no significant correlations between IAF and IQ were observed. However, in males IAF positively correlated with mental rotation and shape manipulation and with an attentional focus on detail. (2) The second study showed sex-specific correlations between IAF (obtained during task performance) and scope of attention in males and between IAF and reaction time in females. (3) In the third study, individuals’ IAF was increased with tACS. The induced changes in IAF had a disrupting effect on male performance on Raven’s matrices, whereas a mild positive effect was observed for females. Neuro-electric activity after verum tACS showed increased desynchronization in the upper alpha band and dissociation between fronto-parietal and right temporal brain areas during performance on Raven’s matrices. The results are discussed in the light of gender differences in brain structure and activity.
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Lai MC, Lerch JP, Floris DL, Ruigrok AN, Pohl A, Lombardo MV, Baron-Cohen S. Imaging sex/gender and autism in the brain: Etiological implications. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95:380-397. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chuan Lai
- Child and Youth Mental Health Collaborative at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and the Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Psychiatry; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry; University of Cambridge; Cambridge United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry; National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Jason P. Lerch
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Dorothea L. Floris
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry; University of Cambridge; Cambridge United Kingdom
- New York University Child Study Center; New York New York USA
| | - Amber N.V. Ruigrok
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry; University of Cambridge; Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Alexa Pohl
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry; University of Cambridge; Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Michael V. Lombardo
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry; University of Cambridge; Cambridge United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology and Center of Applied Neuroscience; University of Cyprus; Nicosia Cyprus
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry; University of Cambridge; Cambridge United Kingdom
- CLASS Clinic, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust; Cambridge United Kingdom
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Cognitive specialization for verbal vs. spatial ability in men and women: Neural and behavioral correlates. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Burke SM, Kreukels BP, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Veltman DJ, Klink DT, Bakker J. Male-typical visuospatial functioning in gynephilic girls with gender dysphoria - organizational and activational effects of testosterone. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2016; 41:395-404. [PMID: 27070350 PMCID: PMC5082510 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.150147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex differences in performance and regional brain activity during mental rotation have been reported repeatedly and reflect organizational and activational effects of sex hormones. We investigated whether adolescent girls with gender dysphoria (GD), before and after 10 months of testosterone treatment, showed male-typical brain activity during a mental rotation task (MRT). METHODS Girls with GD underwent fMRI while performing the MRT twice: when receiving medication to suppress their endogenous sex hormones before onset of testosterone treatment, and 10 months later during testosterone treatment. Two age-matched control groups participated twice as well. RESULTS We included 21 girls with GD, 20 male controls and 21 female controls in our study. In the absence of any group differences in performance, control girls showed significantly increased activation in frontal brain areas compared with control boys (pFWE = 0.012). Girls with GD before testosterone treatment differed significantly in frontal brain activation from the control girls (pFWE = 0.034), suggesting a masculinization of brain structures associated with visuospatial cognitive functions. After 10 months of testosterone treatment, girls with GD, similar to the control boys, showed increases in brain activation in areas implicated in mental rotation. LIMITATIONS Since all girls with GD identified as gynephilic, their resemblance in spatial cognition with the control boys, who were also gynephilic, may have been related to their shared sexual orientation rather than their shared gender identity. We did not account for menstrual cycle phase or contraceptive use in our analyses. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest atypical sexual differentiation of the brain in natal girls with GD and provide new evidence for organizational and activational effects of testosterone on visuospatial cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Burke
- Correspondence to: S.M. Burke, Karolinska Institute, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden;
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Abstract
The current review gives an overview of brain studies in transgender people. First, we describe studies into the aetiology of feelings of gender incongruence, primarily addressing the sexual differentiation hypothesis: does the brain of transgender individuals resemble that of their natal sex, or that of their experienced gender? Findings from neuroimaging studies focusing on brain structure suggest that the brain phenotypes of trans women (MtF) and trans men (FtM) differ in various ways from control men and women with feminine, masculine, demasculinized and defeminized features. The brain phenotypes of people with feelings of gender incongruence may help us to figure out whether sex differentiation of the brain is atypical in these individuals, and shed light on gender identity development. Task-related imaging studies may show whether brain activation and task performance in transgender people is sex-atypical. Second, we review studies that evaluate the effects of cross-sex hormone treatment on the brain. This type of research provides knowledge on how changes in sex hormone levels may affect brain structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baudewijntje P C Kreukels
- a VU University Medical Centre, Department of Medical Psychology, Centre of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Antonio Guillamon
- b Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia (UNED) , Departamento de Psicobiologia , Madrid , Spain
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Guillamon A, Junque C, Gómez-Gil E. A Review of the Status of Brain Structure Research in Transsexualism. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2016; 45:1615-48. [PMID: 27255307 PMCID: PMC4987404 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-016-0768-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The present review focuses on the brain structure of male-to-female (MtF) and female-to-male (FtM) homosexual transsexuals before and after cross-sex hormone treatment as shown by in vivo neuroimaging techniques. Cortical thickness and diffusion tensor imaging studies suggest that the brain of MtFs presents complex mixtures of masculine, feminine, and demasculinized regions, while FtMs show feminine, masculine, and defeminized regions. Consequently, the specific brain phenotypes proposed for MtFs and FtMs differ from those of both heterosexual males and females. These phenotypes have theoretical implications for brain intersexuality, asymmetry, and body perception in transsexuals as well as for Blanchard's hypothesis on sexual orientation in homosexual MtFs. Falling within the aegis of the neurohormonal theory of sex differences, we hypothesize that cortical differences between homosexual MtFs and FtMs and male and female controls are due to differently timed cortical thinning in different regions for each group. Cross-sex hormone studies have reported marked effects of the treatment on MtF and FtM brains. Their results are used to discuss the early postmortem histological studies of the MtF brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Guillamon
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, c/Juand del Rosal, 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Academia de Psicología de España, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carme Junque
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Psicobiología Clínica, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Gómez-Gil
- Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Unidad de Identidad de Género, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
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Wojniusz S, Callens N, Sütterlin S, Andersson S, De Schepper J, Gies I, Vanbesien J, De Waele K, Van Aken S, Craen M, Vögele C, Cools M, Haraldsen IR. Cognitive, Emotional, and Psychosocial Functioning of Girls Treated with Pharmacological Puberty Blockage for Idiopathic Central Precocious Puberty. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1053. [PMID: 27462292 PMCID: PMC4940404 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Central precocious puberty (CPP) develops due to premature activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, resulting in early pubertal changes and rapid bone maturation. CPP is associated with lower adult height and increased risk for development of psychological problems. Standard treatment of CPP is based on postponement of pubertal development by blockade of the HPG axis with gonadotropin releasing hormone analogs (GnRHa) leading to abolition of gonadal sex hormones synthesis. Whereas the hormonal and auxological effects of GnRHa are well-researched, there is a lack of knowledge whether GnRHa treatment influences psychological functioning of treated children, despite the fact that prevention of psychological problems is used as one of the main reasons for treatment initiation. In the present study we seek to address this issue by exploring differences in cognitive function, behavior, emotional reactivity, and psychosocial problems between GnRHa treated CPP girls and age-matched controls. Fifteen girls with idiopathic CPP; median age 10.4 years, treated with slow-release GnRHa (triptorelin acetate-Decapeptyl SR® 11.25) and 15 age-matched controls, were assessed with a comprehensive test battery consisting of paper and pencil tests, computerized tasks, behavioral paradigms, heart rate variability, and questionnaires filled in by the children's parents. Both groups showed very similar scores with regard to cognitive performance, behavioral and psychosocial problems. Compared to controls, treated girls displayed significantly higher emotional reactivity (p = 0.016; Cohen's d = 1.04) on one of the two emotional reactivity task conditions. Unexpectedly, the CPP group showed significantly lower resting heart rates than the controls (p = 0.004; Cohen's d = 1.03); lower heart rate was associated with longer treatment duration (r = -0.582, p = 0.037). The results suggest that GnRHa treated CPP girls do not differ in their cognitive or psychosocial functioning from age matched controls. However, they might process emotional stimuli differently. The unexpected finding of lower heart rate that was associated with longer duration of the treatment should be further explored by methods appropriate for assessment of cardiac health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Wojniusz
- Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Medical Neurobiology, Oslo University HospitalOslo, Norway; Department of Physiotherapy, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied SciencesOslo, Norway
| | - Nina Callens
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital and Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefan Sütterlin
- Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Medical Neurobiology, Oslo University HospitalOslo, Norway; Section for Psychology, Lillehammer University CollegeLillehammer, Norway
| | - Stein Andersson
- Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Medical Neurobiology, Oslo University HospitalOslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of OsloOslo, Norway
| | - Jean De Schepper
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital and Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Brussels University HospitalBrussels, Belgium
| | - Inge Gies
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Brussels University Hospital Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jesse Vanbesien
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Brussels University Hospital Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kathleen De Waele
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital and Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sara Van Aken
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital and Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Margarita Craen
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital and Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claus Vögele
- Research Unit INSIDE, Institute for Health and Behavior, University of Luxembourg Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Martine Cools
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital and Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ira R Haraldsen
- Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Medical Neurobiology, Oslo University Hospital Oslo, Norway
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88
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Lee N, Kim AY, Park CH, Kim SH. An improvement on local FDR analysis applied to functional MRI data. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 267:115-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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89
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Reinert RM, Huber S, Nuerk HC, Moeller K. Sex differences in number line estimation: The role of numerical estimation. Br J Psychol 2016; 108:334-350. [DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Huber
- Knowledge Media Research Center; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Hans-Christoph Nuerk
- Knowledge Media Research Center; Tuebingen Germany
- Department of Psychology; Eberhard-Karls University; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Korbinian Moeller
- Knowledge Media Research Center; Tuebingen Germany
- Department of Psychology; Eberhard-Karls University; Tuebingen Germany
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90
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Compère L, Sperduti M, Gallarda T, Anssens A, Lion S, Delhommeau M, Martinelli P, Devauchelle AD, Oppenheim C, Piolino P. Sex Differences in the Neural Correlates of Specific and General Autobiographical Memory. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:285. [PMID: 27378884 PMCID: PMC4913091 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autobiographical memory (AM) underlies the formation and temporal continuity over time of personal identity. The few studies on sex-related differences in AM suggest that men and women adopt different cognitive or emotional strategies when retrieving AMs. However, none of the previous works has taken into account the distinction between episodic autobiographical memory (EAM), consisting in the retrieval of specific events by means of mental time travel, and semantic autobiographical memory (SAM), which stores general personal events. Thus, it remains unclear whether differences in these strategies depend on the nature of the memory content to be retrieved. In the present study we employed functional MRI to examine brain activity underlying potential sex differences in EAM and SAM retrieval focusing on the differences in strategies related to the emotional aspects of memories while controlling for basic cognitive strategies. On the behavioral level, there was no significant sex difference in memory performances or subjective feature ratings of either type of AM. Activations common to men and women during AM retrieval were observed in a typical bilateral network comprising medial and lateral temporal regions, precuneus, occipital cortex as well as prefrontal cortex. Contrast analyses revealed that there was no difference between men and women in the EAM condition. In the SAM condition, women showed an increased activity, compared to men, in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, inferior parietal and precentral gyrus. Overall, these findings suggest that differential neural activations reflect sex-specific strategies related to emotional aspects of AMs, particularly regarding SAM. We propose that this pattern of activation during SAM retrieval reflects the cognitive cost linked to emotion regulation strategies recruited by women compared to men. These sex-related differences have interesting implications for understanding psychiatric disorders with differential sex prevalence and in which one of key features is overgenerality in AM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Compère
- Laboratory of Memory and Cognition, Institut de Psychologie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéBoulogne-Billancourt, France
- Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR S894, Université Paris DescartesParis, France
| | - Marco Sperduti
- Laboratory of Memory and Cognition, Institut de Psychologie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéBoulogne-Billancourt, France
- Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR S894, Université Paris DescartesParis, France
| | - Thierry Gallarda
- Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR S894, Université Paris DescartesParis, France
- Laboratory of Physiopathology of Psychiatric Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Sainte AnneParis, France
| | - Adèle Anssens
- Laboratory of Memory and Cognition, Institut de Psychologie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéBoulogne-Billancourt, France
- Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR S894, Université Paris DescartesParis, France
| | - Stéphanie Lion
- Department of Radiology, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U894, Université Paris DescartesParis, France
| | - Marion Delhommeau
- Laboratory of Memory and Cognition, Institut de Psychologie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéBoulogne-Billancourt, France
- Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR S894, Université Paris DescartesParis, France
| | - Pénélope Martinelli
- Laboratory of Memory and Cognition, Institut de Psychologie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéBoulogne-Billancourt, France
- Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR S894, Université Paris DescartesParis, France
| | - Anne-Dominique Devauchelle
- Department of Radiology, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U894, Université Paris DescartesParis, France
| | - Catherine Oppenheim
- Department of Radiology, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U894, Université Paris DescartesParis, France
| | - Pascale Piolino
- Laboratory of Memory and Cognition, Institut de Psychologie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéBoulogne-Billancourt, France
- Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR S894, Université Paris DescartesParis, France
- Institut Universitaire de FranceParis, France
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91
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Hamson DK, Roes MM, Galea LAM. Sex Hormones and Cognition: Neuroendocrine Influences on Memory and Learning. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1295-337. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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92
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Moè A. Does experience with spatial school subjects favour girls' mental rotation performance? LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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93
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Zancada-Menendez C, Sampedro-Piquero P, Lopez L, McNamara TP. Age and gender differences in spatial perspective taking. Aging Clin Exp Res 2016; 28:289-96. [PMID: 26138819 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-015-0399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS It is often necessary in daily experience to change one's point of view to adopt mentally the spatial perspective of other persons, learn the position of different objects in a new environment or even describe an environment to other persons. Hence, the ability to link spatial information from different perspectives seems to be necessary to orient ourselves in the space. Several studies have found gender-related differences in spatial reasoning in younger adults, but little is known about such effects in middle-aged and older adults. METHODS This research was designed to study how spatial perspective taking is affected by gender and age along the lifespan. The Perspective Taking/Spatial Orientation Test (PPT; Kozhevnikov and Hegarty [1]) was administered to groups of younger, middle-aged, and older adults, with females and males represented in each age group. RESULTS The performance in the PPT decreased across age groups. All age groups had more errors in items that involved perspective changes of greater than 90º. Males performed better than females on most of the variables; however, no significant differences appeared in the interaction gender × age. CONCLUSION The present findings showed the relevance of the degree perspective change in visuo-spatial abilities, especially in the older group. In relation with the gender, males outperformed females; however, the interaction gender × age did not show significant differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Zancada-Menendez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003, Oviedo, Spain.
- Instituto de Neurociencias Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Patricia Sampedro-Piquero
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Laudino Lopez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Timothy P McNamara
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 111 21st Ave South, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
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94
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Modalities of Thinking: State and Trait Effects on Cross-Frequency Functional Independent Brain Networks. Brain Topogr 2016; 29:477-90. [PMID: 26838167 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-016-0469-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Functional states of the brain are constituted by the temporally attuned activity of spatially distributed neural networks. Such networks can be identified by independent component analysis (ICA) applied to frequency-dependent source-localized EEG data. This methodology allows the identification of networks at high temporal resolution in frequency bands of established location-specific physiological functions. EEG measurements are sensitive to neural activity changes in cortical areas of modality-specific processing. We tested effects of modality-specific processing on functional brain networks. Phasic modality-specific processing was induced via tasks (state effects) and tonic processing was assessed via modality-specific person parameters (trait effects). Modality-specific person parameters and 64-channel EEG were obtained from 70 male, right-handed students. Person parameters were obtained using cognitive style questionnaires, cognitive tests, and thinking modality self-reports. EEG was recorded during four conditions: spatial visualization, object visualization, verbalization, and resting. Twelve cross-frequency networks were extracted from source-localized EEG across six frequency bands using ICA. RMANOVAs, Pearson correlations, and path modelling examined effects of tasks and person parameters on networks. Results identified distinct state- and trait-dependent functional networks. State-dependent networks were characterized by decreased, trait-dependent networks by increased alpha activity in sub-regions of modality-specific pathways. Pathways of competing modalities showed opposing alpha changes. State- and trait-dependent alpha were associated with inhibitory and automated processing, respectively. Antagonistic alpha modulations in areas of competing modalities likely prevent intruding effects of modality-irrelevant processing. Considerable research suggested alpha modulations related to modality-specific states and traits. This study identified the distinct electrophysiological cortical frequency-dependent networks within which they operate.
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95
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Levine SC, Foley A, Lourenco S, Ehrlich S, Ratliff K. Sex differences in spatial cognition: advancing the conversation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2016; 7:127-55. [DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan C. Levine
- Department of Psychology University of Chicago Chicago IL USA
| | - Alana Foley
- Department of Psychology University of Chicago Chicago IL USA
| | - Stella Lourenco
- Department of Psychology University of Chicago Chicago IL USA
| | - Stacy Ehrlich
- Department of Psychology University of Chicago Chicago IL USA
| | - Kristin Ratliff
- Department of Psychology University of Chicago Chicago IL USA
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96
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Tomasino B, Gremese M. Effects of Stimulus Type and Strategy on Mental Rotation Network: An Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 9:693. [PMID: 26779003 PMCID: PMC4704562 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We can predict how an object would look like if we were to see it from different viewpoints. The brain network governing mental rotation (MR) has been studied using a variety of stimuli and tasks instructions. By using activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis we tested whether different MR networks can be modulated by the type of stimulus (body vs. non-body parts) or by the type of tasks instructions (motor imagery-based vs. non-motor imagery-based MR instructions). Testing for the bodily and non-bodily stimulus axis revealed a bilateral sensorimotor activation for bodily-related as compared to non-bodily-related stimuli and a posterior right lateralized activation for non-bodily-related as compared to bodily-related stimuli. A top-down modulation of the network was exerted by the MR tasks instructions with a bilateral (preferentially sensorimotor left) network for motor imagery- vs. non-motor imagery-based MR instructions and the latter activating a preferentially posterior right occipito-temporal-parietal network. The present quantitative meta-analysis summarizes and amends previous descriptions of the brain network related to MR and shows how it is modulated by top-down and bottom-up experimental factors.
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97
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Mendrek A, Mancini-Marïe A. Sex/gender differences in the brain and cognition in schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 67:57-78. [PMID: 26743859 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The early conceptualizations of schizophrenia have noted some sex/gender differences in epidemiology and clinical expression of the disorder. Over the past few decades, the interest in differences between male and female patients has expanded to encompass brain morphology and neurocognitive function. Despite some variability and methodological shortcomings, a few patterns emerge from the available literature. Most studies of gross neuroanatomy show more enlarged ventricles and smaller frontal lobes in men than in women with schizophrenia; finding reflecting normal sexual dimorphism. In comparison, studies of brain asymmetry and specific corticolimbic structures, suggest a disturbance in normal sexual dimorphism. The neurocognitive findings are somewhat consistent with this picture. Studies of cognitive functions mediated by the lateral frontal network tend to show sex differences in patients which are in the same direction as those observed in the general population, whereas studies of processes mediated by the corticolimbic system more frequently reveal reversal of normal sexual dimorphisms. These trends are faint and future research would need to delineate neurocognitive differences between men and women with various subtypes of schizophrenia (e.g., early versus late onset), while taking into consideration hormonal status and gender of tested participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Mendrek
- Department of Psychology, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Adham Mancini-Marïe
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Centre neuchâtelois de psychiatrie, Neuchâtel, Suisse
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98
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Piper BJ, Mueller ST, Geerken AR, Dixon KL, Kroliczak G, Olsen RHJ, Miller JK. Reliability and validity of neurobehavioral function on the Psychology Experimental Building Language test battery in young adults. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1460. [PMID: 26713233 PMCID: PMC4690381 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The Psychology Experiment Building Language (PEBL) software consists of over one-hundred computerized tests based on classic and novel cognitive neuropsychology and behavioral neurology measures. Although the PEBL tests are becoming more widely utilized, there is currently very limited information about the psychometric properties of these measures. Methods. Study I examined inter-relationships among nine PEBL tests including indices of motor-function (Pursuit Rotor and Dexterity), attention (Test of Attentional Vigilance and Time-Wall), working memory (Digit Span Forward), and executive-function (PEBL Trail Making Test, Berg/Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Iowa Gambling Test, and Mental Rotation) in a normative sample (N = 189, ages 18–22). Study II evaluated test–retest reliability with a two-week interest interval between administrations in a separate sample (N = 79, ages 18–22). Results. Moderate intra-test, but low inter-test, correlations were observed and ceiling/floor effects were uncommon. Sex differences were identified on the Pursuit Rotor (Cohen’s d = 0.89) and Mental Rotation (d = 0.31) tests. The correlation between the test and retest was high for tests of motor learning (Pursuit Rotor time on target r = .86) and attention (Test of Attentional Vigilance response time r = .79), intermediate for memory (digit span r = .63) but lower for the executive function indices (Wisconsin/Berg Card Sorting Test perseverative errors = .45, Tower of London moves = .15). Significant practice effects were identified on several indices of executive function. Conclusions. These results are broadly supportive of the reliability and validity of individual PEBL tests in this sample. These findings indicate that the freely downloadable, open-source PEBL battery (http://pebl.sourceforge.net) is a versatile research tool to study individual differences in neurocognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Piper
- Department of Psychology, Willamette University , Salem, OR , United States ; Department of Psychology, Bowdoin College , Bowdoin, ME , United States ; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health Sciences University , Portland, OR , United States
| | - Shane T Mueller
- Department of Cognitive and Learning Sciences, Michigan Technological University , Houghton, MI , United States
| | | | - Kyle L Dixon
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, NM , United States
| | - Gregory Kroliczak
- Action and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan , Poznan , Poland
| | - Reid H J Olsen
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health Sciences University , Portland, OR , United States
| | - Jeremy K Miller
- Department of Psychology, Willamette University , Salem, OR , United States
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Guerrieri GM, Wakim PG, Keenan PA, Schenkel LA, Berlin K, Gibson CJ, Rubinow DR, Schmidt PJ. Sex differences in visuospatial abilities persist during induced hypogonadism. Neuropsychologia 2015; 81:219-229. [PMID: 26719236 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite well-established sex differences in the performance on tests of several cognitive domains (e.g., visuospatial ability), few studies in humans have evaluated if these sex differences are evident both in the presence of circulating sex hormones and during sex steroid hormonal suppression. Sex differences identified in the relative absence of circulating levels of estradiol and testosterone suggest that differences in brain structure or function exist independent of current hormonal environment and are more likely a reflection of differing developmental exposures and/or genetic substrates. OBJECTIVE To evaluate cognitive performance in healthy eugonadal men and women before and again during GnRH agonist-induced hypogonadism. METHODS Men (n=16) and women (n=15) without medical or psychiatric illness were matched for IQ. Cognitive tests were performed at baseline (when eugonadal) and after 6-8 weeks of GnRH agonist-induced gonadal suppression. The test batteries included measures of verbal and spatial memory, spatial ability, verbal fluency, motor speed/dexterity, and attention/concentration. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures models. RESULTS During both eugonadism and hypogonadism, men performed significantly better than women on several measures of visuospatial performance including mental rotation, line orientation, Money Road Map, Porteus maze, and complex figure drawing. Although some test performances showed an effect of hormone treatment, the majority of these differences reflected an improved performance during hypogonadism compared with baseline (and probably reflected practice effects). CONCLUSION The well-documented male advantage in visuospatial performance, which we observed during eugonadal conditions, was maintained in the context of short-term suppression of gonadal function in both men and women. These findings suggest that, in humans, sex differences in visuospatial performance are not merely dependent on differences in the current circulating sex steroid environment. Thus sex differences in visuospatial performance in adulthood could reflect early developmental effects of sex steroid exposure or other environmental exposures differing across the sexes as our data confirm that these differences are independent of circulating estradiol or testosterone levels in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioia M Guerrieri
- Section on Behavioral Endocrinology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health & Human Services, Bldg. 10-CRC, Room 25330, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1277, Bethesda, MD 20892-1277, United States
| | - Paul G Wakim
- Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - P A Keenan
- Cronos Clinical Consulting (formerly Wayne State University), 22 Tanglewood Drive, Titusville, NJ 08560, United States
| | - Linda A Schenkel
- Section on Behavioral Endocrinology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health & Human Services, Bldg. 10-CRC, Room 25330, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1277, Bethesda, MD 20892-1277, United States
| | - Kate Berlin
- Section on Behavioral Endocrinology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health & Human Services, Bldg. 10-CRC, Room 25330, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1277, Bethesda, MD 20892-1277, United States
| | - Carolyn J Gibson
- Section on Behavioral Endocrinology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health & Human Services, Bldg. 10-CRC, Room 25330, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1277, Bethesda, MD 20892-1277, United States
| | - David R Rubinow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Peter J Schmidt
- Section on Behavioral Endocrinology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health & Human Services, Bldg. 10-CRC, Room 25330, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1277, Bethesda, MD 20892-1277, United States.
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100
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Rajagopalan J, Modi S, Kumar P, Khushu S, Mandal MK. Differential neural activation for camouflage detection task in Field-Independent and Field-Dependent individuals: Evidence from fMRI. J Biosci 2015; 40:909-19. [PMID: 26648036 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-015-9568-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is not clearly known as to why some people identify camouflaged objects with ease compared with others. The literature suggests that Field-Independent individuals detect camouflaged object better than their Field-Dependent counterparts, without having evidence at the neural activation level. A paradigm was designed to obtain neural correlates of camouflage detection, with real-life photographs, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Twenty-three healthy human subjects were stratified as Field-Independent (FI) and Field-Dependent (FD), with Witkin's Embedded Figure Test. FIs performed better than FDs (marginal significance; p=0.054) during camouflage detection task. fMRI revealed differential activation pattern between FI and FD subjects for this task. One sample T-test showed greater activation in terms of cluster size in FDs, whereas FIs showed additional areas for the same task. On direct comparison of the two groups, FI subjects showed additional activation in parts of primary visual cortex, thalamus, cerebellum, inferior and middle frontal gyrus. Conversely, FDs showed greater activation in inferior frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, putamen, caudate nucleus and superior parietal lobule as compared to FIs. The results give preliminary evidence to the differential neural activation underlying the variances in cognitive styles of the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Rajagopalan
- Defence Institute of Psychological Research (DIPR), Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, India
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