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Fiedler S, Wünnemann H, Hofmann I, Theobalt N, Feuchtinger A, Walch A, Schwaiger J, Wanke R, Blutke A. A practical guide to unbiased quantitative morphological analyses of the gills of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in ecotoxicological studies. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243462. [PMID: 33296424 PMCID: PMC7725368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are frequently used as experimental animals in ecotoxicological studies, in which they are experimentally exposed to defined concentrations of test substances, such as heavy metals, pesticides, or pharmaceuticals. Following exposure to a broad variety of aquatic pollutants, early morphologically detectable toxic effects often manifest in alterations of the gills. Suitable methods for an accurate and unbiased quantitative characterization of the type and the extent of morphological gill alterations are therefore essential prerequisites for recognition, objective evaluation and comparison of the severity of gill lesions. The aim of the present guidelines is to provide practicable, standardized and detailed protocols for the application of unbiased quantitative stereological analyses of relevant morphological parameters of the gills of rainbow trout. These gill parameters inter alia include the total volume of the primary and secondary gill lamellae, the surface area of the secondary gill lamellae epithelium (i.e., the respiratory surface) and the thickness of the diffusion barrier. The featured protocols are adapted to fish of frequently used body size classes (300-2000 g). They include well-established, conventional sampling methods, probes and test systems for unbiased quantitative stereological analyses of light- and electron microscopic 2-D gill sections, as well as the application of modern 3-D light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) of optically cleared gill samples as an innovative, fast and efficient quantitative morphological analysis approach. The methods shown here provide a basis for standardized and representative state-of-the-art quantitative morphological analyses of trout gills, ensuring the unbiasedness and reproducibility, as well as the intra- and inter-study comparability of analyses results. Their broad implementation will therefore significantly contribute to the reliable identification of no observed effect concentration (NOEC) limits in ecotoxicological studies and, moreover, to limit the number of experimental animals by reduction of unnecessary repetition of experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Fiedler
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hannah Wünnemann
- Unit 73 Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Microbial Ecology, Bavarian Environment Agency, Wielenbach, Germany
| | - Isabel Hofmann
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Natalie Theobalt
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Feuchtinger
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Axel Walch
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Julia Schwaiger
- Unit 73 Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Microbial Ecology, Bavarian Environment Agency, Wielenbach, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Wanke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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52
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Ali F, Baringer SL, Neal A, Choi EY, Kwan AC. Parvalbumin-Positive Neuron Loss and Amyloid-β Deposits in the Frontal Cortex of Alzheimer's Disease-Related Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 72:1323-1339. [PMID: 31743995 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has several hallmark features including amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque deposits and neuronal loss. Here, we characterized Aβ plaque aggregation and parvalbumin-positive (PV) GABAergic neurons in 6-9-month-old 5xFAD mice harboring mutations associated with familial AD. We used immunofluorescence staining to compare three regions in the frontal cortex-prelimbic (PrL), cingulate (Cg, including Cg1 and Cg2), and secondary motor (M2) cortices-along with primary somatosensory (S1) cortex. We quantified the density of Aβ plaques, which showed significant laminar and regional vulnerability. There were more plaques of larger sizes in deep layers compared to superficial layers. Total plaque burden was higher in frontal regions compared to S1. We also found layer- and region-specific differences across genotype in the density of PV interneurons. PV neuron density was lower in 5xFAD mice than wild-type, particularly in deep layers of frontal regions, with Cg (-50%) and M2 (-39%) exhibiting the largest reduction. Using in vivo two-photon imaging, we longitudinally visualized the loss of frontal cortical PV neurons across four weeks in the AD mouse model. Overall, these results provide information about Aβ deposits and PV neuron density in a widely used mouse model for AD, implicating deep layers of frontal cortical regions as being especially vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Ali
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Arianna Neal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Esther Y Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alex C Kwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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53
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Srivastava A, Hanig JP. Quantitative neurotoxicology: Potential role of artificial intelligence/deep learning approach. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:996-1006. [PMID: 33140470 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurotoxicity studies are important in the preclinical stages of drug development process, because exposure to certain compounds that may enter the brain across a permeable blood brain barrier damages neurons and other supporting cells such as astrocytes. This could, in turn, lead to various neurological disorders such as Parkinson's or Huntington's disease as well as various dementias. Toxicity assessment is often done by pathologists after these exposures by qualitatively or semiquantitatively grading the severity of neurotoxicity in histopathology slides. Quantification of the extent of neurotoxicity supports qualitative histopathological analysis and provides a better understanding of the global extent of brain damage. Stereological techniques such as the utilization of an optical fractionator provide an unbiased quantification of the neuronal damage; however, the process is time-consuming. Advent of whole slide imaging (WSI) introduced digital image analysis which made quantification of neurotoxicity automated, faster and with reduced bias, making statistical comparisons possible. Although automated to a certain level, simple digital image analysis requires manual efforts of experts which is time-consuming and limits analysis of large datasets. Digital image analysis coupled with a deep learning artificial intelligence model provides a good alternative solution to time-consuming stereological and simple digital analysis. Deep learning models could be trained to identify damaged or dead neurons in an automated fashion. This review has focused on and discusses studies demonstrating the role of deep learning in segmentation of brain regions, toxicity detection and quantification of degenerated neurons as well as the estimation of area/volume of degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Srivastava
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph P Hanig
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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54
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Belliveau S, Kang W, Bovaird S, Hamadjida A, Bédard D, Dancause N, Stroh T, Huot P. Stereological investigation of 5-HT 3 receptors in the substantia nigra and dorsal raphe nucleus in the rat. J Chem Neuroanat 2020; 111:101881. [PMID: 33160048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is a common neurotransmitter in mammals, playing a central role in the regulation of various processes such as sleep, perception, cognitive and autonomic functions in the nervous system. Previous studies have demonstrated that 5-HT type 3 (5-HT3) receptors are expressed in either or both the substantia nigra (SN) and the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) in humans, marmosets, rats and Syrian hamsters. Here, we quantify the distribution of 5-HT3 receptors across these regions in the adult rat. Fluorescent immunohistochemistry was performed on sections of rat brain covering the entire rostro-caudal extent of the SN and DRN with antibodies specific to the 5-HT3A receptor subunit, as well as others targeting the monoaminergic markers tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and the 5-HT transporter (SERT). The number of 5-HT3A receptor-positive, TH-positive (n = 28,428 ± 888, Gundersen's m = 1 coefficient of error [CE] = 0.05) and SERT-positive (n = 12,852 ± 462, CE = 0.06) cells were estimated in both the SN and the DRN using stereology. We found that 5-HT3A receptor-positive cells are present in the SNr (n = 1250 ± 64, CE = 0.24), but they did not co-localise with TH-positive cells, nor were they present in the SNc. In contrast, no 5-HT3A receptor-positive cells were found in the DRN. These results support the presence of 5-HT3 receptors in the SN, but not in the DRN, and do not support their expression on monoaminergic cells within these two brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Woojin Kang
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Samantha Bovaird
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Adjia Hamadjida
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dominique Bédard
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Numa Dancause
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas Stroh
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Huot
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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55
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Vázquez-Borsetti P, Acuña A, Soliño M, López-Costa JJ, Kargieman L, Loidl FC. Deep hypothermia prevents striatal alterations produced by perinatal asphyxia: Implications for the prevention of dyskinesia and psychosis. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:2679-2694. [PMID: 32301107 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
GABAergic medium spiny neurons are the main neuronal population in the striatum. Calbindin is preferentially expressed in medium spiny neurons involved in the indirect pathway. The aim of the present work is to analyze the effect of perinatal asphyxia on different subpopulations of GABAergic neurons in the striatum and to assess the outcome of deep therapeutic hypothermia. The uterus of pregnant rats was removed by cesarean section and the fetuses were exposed to hypoxia by immersion in water (19 min) at 37°C (perinatal asphyxia). The hypothermic group was exposed to 10°C during 30 min after perinatal asphyxia. The rats were euthanized at the age of one month (adolescent/adult rats), their brains were dissected out and coronal sections were immunolabeled for calbindin, calretinin, NeuN, and reelin. Reelin+ cells showed no staining in the striatum besides subventricular zone. The perinatal asphyxia (PA) group showed a significant decrease in calbindin neurons and a paradoxical increase in neurons estimated by NeuN staining. Moreover, calretinin+ cells, a specific subpopulation of GABAergic neurons, showed an increase caused by PA. Deep hypothermia reversed most of these alterations probably by protecting calbindin neurons. Similarly, there was a reduction of the diameter of the anterior commissure produced by the asphyxia that was prevented by hypothermic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Vázquez-Borsetti
- Laboratorio de Neuropatología Experimental, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis", UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés Acuña
- Laboratorio de Neuropatología Experimental, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis", UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Manuel Soliño
- Laboratorio de Neuropatología Experimental, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis", UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan José López-Costa
- Laboratorio de Neuropatología Experimental, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis", UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucila Kargieman
- IFIBYNE (UBA-CONICET) Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabián César Loidl
- Laboratorio de Neuropatología Experimental, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis", UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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56
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Prasad JA, Balwani AH, Johnson EC, Miano JD, Sampathkumar V, De Andrade V, Fezzaa K, Du M, Vescovi R, Jacobsen C, Kording KP, Gürsoy D, Gray Roncal W, Kasthuri N, Dyer EL. A three-dimensional thalamocortical dataset for characterizing brain heterogeneity. Sci Data 2020; 7:358. [PMID: 33082340 PMCID: PMC7576781 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-00692-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural microarchitecture is heterogeneous, varying both across and within brain regions. The consistent identification of regions of interest is one of the most critical aspects in examining neurocircuitry, as these structures serve as the vital landmarks with which to map brain pathways. Access to continuous, three-dimensional volumes that span multiple brain areas not only provides richer context for identifying such landmarks, but also enables a deeper probing of the microstructures within. Here, we describe a three-dimensional X-ray microtomography imaging dataset of a well-known and validated thalamocortical sample, encompassing a range of cortical and subcortical structures from the mouse brain . In doing so, we provide the field with access to a micron-scale anatomical imaging dataset ideal for studying heterogeneity of neural structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy A Prasad
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aishwarya H Balwani
- School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erik C Johnson
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Joseph D Miano
- College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Kamel Fezzaa
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Ming Du
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Rafael Vescovi
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Chris Jacobsen
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Konrad P Kording
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelpha, PA, USA
| | - Doga Gürsoy
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Eva L Dyer
- School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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57
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Fougère M, van der Zouwen CI, Boutin J, Ryczko D. Heterogeneous expression of dopaminergic markers and Vglut2 in mouse mesodiencephalic dopaminergic nuclei A8-A13. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:1273-1292. [PMID: 32869307 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Co-transmission of glutamate by brain dopaminergic (DA) neurons was recently proposed as a potential factor influencing cell survival in models of Parkinson's disease. Intriguingly, brain DA nuclei are differentially affected in Parkinson's disease. Whether this is associated with different patterns of co-expression of the glutamatergic phenotype along the rostrocaudal brain axis is unknown in mammals. We hypothesized that, as in zebrafish, the glutamatergic phenotype is present preferentially in the caudal mesodiencephalic DA nuclei. Here, we used in mice a cell fate mapping strategy based on reporter protein expression (ZsGreen) consecutive to previous expression of the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (Vglut2) gene, coupled with immunofluorescence experiments against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or dopamine transporter (DAT). We found three expression patterns in DA cells, organized along the rostrocaudal brain axis. The first pattern (TH-positive, DAT-positive, ZsGreen-positive) was found in A8-A10. The second pattern (TH-positive, DAT-negative, ZsGreen-positive) was found in A11. The third pattern (TH-positive, DAT-negative, ZsGreen-negative) was found in A12-A13. These patterns should help to refine the establishment of the homology of DA nuclei between vertebrate species. Our results also uncover that Vglut2 is expressed at some point during cell lifetime in DA nuclei known to degenerate in Parkinson's disease and largely absent from those that are preserved, suggesting that co-expression of the glutamatergic phenotype in DA cells influences their survival in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Fougère
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de La Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cornelis Immanuel van der Zouwen
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de La Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joël Boutin
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de La Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dimitri Ryczko
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de La Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Centre d'Excellence en Neurosciences de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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58
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Rogers Flattery CN, Rosen RF, Farberg AS, Dooyema JM, Hof PR, Sherwood CC, Walker LC, Preuss TM. Quantification of neurons in the hippocampal formation of chimpanzees: comparison to rhesus monkeys and humans. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:2521-2531. [PMID: 32909100 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampal formation is important for higher brain functions such as spatial navigation and the consolidation of memory, and it contributes to abilities thought to be uniquely human, yet little is known about how the human hippocampal formation compares to that of our closest living relatives, the chimpanzees. To gain insight into the comparative organization of the hippocampal formation in catarrhine primates, we quantified neurons stereologically in its major subdivisions-the granular layer of the dentate gyrus, CA4, CA2-3, CA1, and the subiculum-in archival brain tissue from six chimpanzees ranging from 29 to 43 years of age. We also sought evidence of Aβ deposition and hyperphosphorylated tau in the hippocampus and adjacent neocortex. A 42-year-old animal had moderate cerebral Aβ-amyloid angiopathy and tauopathy, but Aβ was absent and tauopathy was minimal in the others. Quantitatively, granule cells of the dentate gyrus were most numerous, followed by CA1, subiculum, CA4, and CA2-3. In the context of prior investigations of rhesus monkeys and humans, our findings indicate that, in the hippocampal formation as a whole, the proportions of neurons in CA1 and the subiculum progressively increase, and the proportion of dentate granule cells decreases, from rhesus monkeys to chimpanzees to humans. Because CA1 and the subiculum engender key hippocampal projection pathways to the neocortex, and because the neocortex varies in volume and anatomical organization among these species, these findings suggest that differences in the proportions of neurons in hippocampal subregions of catarrhine primates may be linked to neocortical evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca F Rosen
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Aaron S Farberg
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Jeromy M Dooyema
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Lary C Walker
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Todd M Preuss
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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59
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Landeck N, Strathearn KE, Ysselstein D, Buck K, Dutta S, Banerjee S, Lv Z, Hulleman JD, Hindupur J, Lin LK, Padalkar S, Stanciu LA, Lyubchenko YL, Kirik D, Rochet JC. Two C-terminal sequence variations determine differential neurotoxicity between human and mouse α-synuclein. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:49. [PMID: 32900375 PMCID: PMC7487555 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00380-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND α-Synuclein (aSyn) aggregation is thought to play a central role in neurodegenerative disorders termed synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Mouse aSyn contains a threonine residue at position 53 that mimics the human familial PD substitution A53T, yet in contrast to A53T patients, mice show no evidence of aSyn neuropathology even after aging. Here, we studied the neurotoxicity of human A53T, mouse aSyn, and various human-mouse chimeras in cellular and in vivo models, as well as their biochemical properties relevant to aSyn pathobiology. METHODS Primary midbrain cultures transduced with aSyn-encoding adenoviruses were analyzed immunocytochemically to determine relative dopaminergic neuron viability. Brain sections prepared from rats injected intranigrally with aSyn-encoding adeno-associated viruses were analyzed immunohistochemically to determine nigral dopaminergic neuron viability and striatal dopaminergic terminal density. Recombinant aSyn variants were characterized in terms of fibrillization rates by measuring thioflavin T fluorescence, fibril morphologies via electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, and protein-lipid interactions by monitoring membrane-induced aSyn aggregation and aSyn-mediated vesicle disruption. Statistical tests consisted of ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons post hoc test and the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by a Dunn's multiple comparisons test or a two-tailed Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS Mouse aSyn was less neurotoxic than human aSyn A53T in cell culture and in rat midbrain, and data obtained for the chimeric variants indicated that the human-to-mouse substitutions D121G and N122S were at least partially responsible for this decrease in neurotoxicity. Human aSyn A53T and a chimeric variant with the human residues D and N at positions 121 and 122 (respectively) showed a greater propensity to undergo membrane-induced aggregation and to elicit vesicle disruption. Differences in neurotoxicity among the human, mouse, and chimeric aSyn variants correlated weakly with differences in fibrillization rate or fibril morphology. CONCLUSIONS Mouse aSyn is less neurotoxic than the human A53T variant as a result of inhibitory effects of two C-terminal amino acid substitutions on membrane-induced aSyn aggregation and aSyn-mediated vesicle permeabilization. Our findings highlight the importance of membrane-induced self-assembly in aSyn neurotoxicity and suggest that inhibiting this process by targeting the C-terminal domain could slow neurodegeneration in PD and other synucleinopathy disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Landeck
- Brain Repair and Imaging in Neural Systems, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Katherine E. Strathearn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
- Present address: Fujifilm Irvine Scientific, Santa Ana, CA USA
| | - Daniel Ysselstein
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
- Present address: Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Kerstin Buck
- Brain Repair and Imaging in Neural Systems, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Present address: AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Sayan Dutta
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Siddhartha Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE USA
| | - Zhengjian Lv
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE USA
- Present address: Bruker Nanosurfaces Division, Goleta, Santa Barbara, CA USA
| | - John D. Hulleman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
- Present address: Departments of Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Jagadish Hindupur
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
- Present address: Liveon Biolabs Pvt. Ltd., Tumakuru, Karnataka India
| | - Li-Kai Lin
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Sonal Padalkar
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
- Present address: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
| | - Lia A. Stanciu
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Yuri L. Lyubchenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE USA
| | - Deniz Kirik
- Brain Repair and Imaging in Neural Systems, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jean-Christophe Rochet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
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60
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Zhao X, van Praag H. Steps towards standardized quantification of adult neurogenesis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4275. [PMID: 32848155 PMCID: PMC7450090 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18046-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
New neurons are generated in adult mammals. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is considered to play an important role in cognition and mental health. The number and properties of newly born neurons are regulatable by a broad range of physiological and pathological conditions. To begin to understand the underlying cellular mechanisms and functional relevance of adult neurogenesis, many studies rely on quantification of adult-born neurons. However, lack of standardized methods to quantify new neurons is impeding research reproducibility across laboratories. Here, we review the importance of stereology, and propose why and how it should be applied to the study of adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhao
- Waisman Center and University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Henriette van Praag
- Brain Institute and Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.
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El-Andari R, Cunha F, Tschirren B, Iwaniuk AN. Selection for Divergent Reproductive Investment Affects Neuron Size and Foliation in the Cerebellum. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2020; 95:69-77. [PMID: 32784306 DOI: 10.1159/000509068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum has a highly conserved internal circuitry, but varies greatly in size and morphology within and across species. Despite this variation, the underlying volumetric changes among the layers of the cerebellar cortex or their association with Purkinje cell numbers and sizes is poorly understood. Here, we examine intraspecific scaling relationships and variation in the quantitative neuroanatomy of the cerebellum in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) selected for high or low reproductive investment. As predicted by the circuitry of the cerebellum, the volumes of the constituent layers of the cerebellar cortex were strongly and positively correlated with one another and with total cerebellar volume. The number of Purkinje cells also significantly and positively co-varied with total cerebellar volume and the molecular layer, but not the granule cell layer or white matter volumes. Purkinje cell size and cerebellar foliation did not significantly covary with any cerebellar measures, but differed significantly between the selection lines. Males and females from the high-investment lines had smaller Purkinje cells than males and females from the low-investment lines and males from the high-investment lines had less folded cerebella than quail from the low-investment lines. These results suggest that within species, the layers of the cerebellum increase in a coordinated fashion, but Purkinje cell size and cerebellar foliation do not increase proportionally with overall cerebellum size. In contrast, selection for differential reproductive investment affects Purkinje cell size and cerebellar foliation, but not other quantitative measures of cerebellar anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryaan El-Andari
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Felipe Cunha
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Barbara Tschirren
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew N Iwaniuk
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada,
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62
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Slomianka L. Basic quantitative morphological methods applied to the central nervous system. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:694-756. [PMID: 32639600 PMCID: PMC7818269 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Generating numbers has become an almost inevitable task associated with studies of the morphology of the nervous system. Numbers serve a desire for clarity and objectivity in the presentation of results and are a prerequisite for the statistical evaluation of experimental outcomes. Clarity, objectivity, and statistics make demands on the quality of the numbers that are not met by many methods. This review provides a refresher of problems associated with generating numbers that describe the nervous system in terms of the volumes, surfaces, lengths, and numbers of its components. An important aim is to provide comprehensible descriptions of the methods that address these problems. Collectively known as design‐based stereology, these methods share two features critical to their application. First, they are firmly based in mathematics and its proofs. Second and critically underemphasized, an understanding of their mathematical background is not necessary for their informed and productive application. Understanding and applying estimators of volume, surface, length or number does not require more of an organizational mastermind than an immunohistochemical protocol. And when it comes to calculations, square roots are the gravest challenges to overcome. Sampling strategies that are combined with stereological probes are efficient and allow a rational assessment if the numbers that have been generated are “good enough.” Much may be unfamiliar, but very little is difficult. These methods can no longer be scapegoats for discrepant results but faithfully produce numbers on the material that is assessed. They also faithfully reflect problems that associated with the histological material and the anatomically informed decisions needed to generate numbers that are not only valid in theory. It is within reach to generate practically useful numbers that must integrate with qualitative knowledge to understand the function of neural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Slomianka
- University of Zürich, Institute of Anatomy, Zürich, Switzerland
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63
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Sieveritz B, Arbuthnott GW. Prelimbic cortical targets of ventromedial thalamic projections include inhibitory interneurons and corticostriatal pyramidal neurons in the rat. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:2057-2076. [PMID: 32661702 PMCID: PMC7473973 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02109-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ventromedial thalamic axons innervate cortical layer I and make contacts onto the apical dendritic tuft of pyramidal neurons. Optical stimulation of ventromedial thalamic axon terminals in prefrontal cortical areas in mouse brain slices evokes responses in corticocortical, corticothalamic and layer I inhibitory interneurons. Using anterograde tracing techniques and immunohistochemistry in male Sprague–Dawley rats, we provide anatomical evidence that ventromedial thalamic axon terminals in prelimbic cortex make contacts onto pyramidal neurons and, in particular, onto corticostriatal neurons as well as layer I inhibitory interneurons. Using stereology, we made quantitative estimates of contacts in uppermost prelimbic layer I onto dendrites of pyramidal neurons, corticostriatal neurons and layer I inhibitory interneurons. Prefrontal cortex has long been associated with decision making. Specifically, corticostriatal neurons in rat prelimbic cortex play an important role in cost–benefit decision making. Although recent experiments have detailed the physiology of this area in thalamocortical circuits, the extent of the impact of ventromedial thalamic input on corticostriatal neurons or layer I inhibitory interneurons has not been explored. Our quantitative anatomical results provide evidence that most ventromedial thalamic input to pyramidal neurons is provided to corticostriatal neurons and that overall more contacts are made onto the population of excitatory than onto the population of inhibitory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Sieveritz
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
| | - Gordon W Arbuthnott
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
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64
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Bjerke IE, Puchades MA, Bjaalie JG, Leergaard TB. Database of literature derived cellular measurements from the murine basal ganglia. Sci Data 2020; 7:211. [PMID: 32632099 PMCID: PMC7338524 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-0550-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative measurements and descriptive statistics of different cellular elements in the brain are typically published in journal articles as text, tables, and example figures, and represent an important basis for the creation of biologically constrained computational models, design of intervention studies, and comparison of subject groups. Such data can be challenging to extract from publications and difficult to normalise and compare across studies, and few studies have so far attempted to integrate quantitative information available in journal articles. We here present a database of quantitative information about cellular parameters in the frequently studied murine basal ganglia. The database holds a curated and normalised selection of currently available data collected from the literature and public repositories, providing the most comprehensive collection of quantitative neuroanatomical data from the basal ganglia to date. The database is shared as a downloadable resource from the EBRAINS Knowledge Graph (https://kg.ebrains.eu), together with a workflow that allows interested researchers to update and expand the database with data from future reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild E Bjerke
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maja A Puchades
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan G Bjaalie
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trygve B Leergaard
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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65
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Fernandes-Junior SA, Oliveira LM, Czeisler CM, Mo X, Roy S, Somogyi A, Zhang L, Moreira TS, Otero JJ, Takakura AC. Stimulation of retrotrapezoid nucleus Phox2b-expressing neurons rescues breathing dysfunction in an experimental Parkinson's disease rat model. Brain Pathol 2020; 30:926-944. [PMID: 32497400 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence from multiple studies indicates that Parkinson's disease (PD) patients suffer from a spectrum of autonomic and respiratory motor deficiencies in addition to the classical motor symptoms attributed to substantia nigra degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Animal models of PD show a decrease in the resting respiratory rate as well as a decrease in the number of Phox2b-expressing retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) neurons. The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which substantia nigra pars compact (SNc) degeneration induced RTN biomolecular changes and to identify the extent to which RTN pharmacological or optogenetic stimulations rescue respiratory function following PD-induction. SNc degeneration was achieved in adult male Wistar rats by bilateral striatal 6-hydroxydopamine injection. For proteomic analysis, laser capture microdissection and pressure catapulting were used to isolate the RTN for subsequent comparative proteomic analysis and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). The respiratory parameters were evaluated by whole-body plethysmography and electromyographic analysis of respiratory muscles. The results confirmed reduction in the number of dopaminergic neurons of SNc and respiratory rate in the PD-animals. Our proteomic data suggested extensive RTN remodeling, and that pharmacological or optogenetic stimulations of the diseased RTN neurons promoted rescued the respiratory deficiency. Our data indicate that despite neuroanatomical and biomolecular RTN pathologies, that RTN-directed interventions can rescue respiratory control dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio A Fernandes-Junior
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, OH
| | - Luiz M Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Catherine M Czeisler
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, OH
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, OH
| | - Sashwati Roy
- Departments of Surgery and Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, OH
| | - Arpad Somogyi
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, OH
| | - Liewn Zhang
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, OH
| | - Thiago S Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José J Otero
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, OH
| | - Ana C Takakura
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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66
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Kim HN, Langley MR, Simon WL, Yoon H, Kleppe L, Lanza IR, LeBrasseur NK, Matveyenko A, Scarisbrick IA. A Western diet impairs CNS energy homeostasis and recovery after spinal cord injury: Link to astrocyte metabolism. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 141:104934. [PMID: 32376475 PMCID: PMC7982964 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A diet high in fat and sucrose (HFHS), the so-called Western diet promotes metabolic syndrome, a significant co-morbidity for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Here we demonstrate that the spinal cord of mice consuming HFHS expresses reduced insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and its receptor and shows impaired tricarboxylic acid cycle function, reductions in PLP and increases in astrogliosis, all prior to SCI. After SCI, Western diet impaired sensorimotor and bladder recovery, increased microgliosis, exacerbated oligodendrocyte loss and reduced axon sprouting. Direct and indirect neural injury mechanisms are suggested since HFHS culture conditions drove parallel injury responses directly and indirectly after culture with conditioned media from HFHS-treated astrocytes. In each case, injury mechanisms included reductions in IGF-1R, SIRT1 and PGC-1α and were prevented by metformin. Results highlight the potential for a Western diet to evoke signs of neural insulin resistance and injury and metformin as a strategy to improve mechanisms of neural neuroprotection and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Neui Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America; Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Monica R Langley
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America; Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Whitney L Simon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Hyesook Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America; Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Laurel Kleppe
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Ian R Lanza
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Nathan K LeBrasseur
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America; Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Aleksey Matveyenko
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Isobel A Scarisbrick
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America; Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America; Neurosciuence Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America.
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67
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Pereira PDC, Henrique EP, Porfírio DM, Crispim CCDS, Campos MTB, de Oliveira RM, Silva IMS, Guerreiro LCF, da Silva TWP, da Silva ADJF, Rosa JBDS, de Azevedo DLF, Lima CGC, Castro de Abreu C, Filho CS, Diniz DLWP, Magalhães NGDM, Guerreiro-Diniz C, Diniz CWP, Diniz DG. Environmental Enrichment Improved Learning and Memory, Increased Telencephalic Cell Proliferation, and Induced Differential Gene Expression in Colossoma macropomum. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:840. [PMID: 32595498 PMCID: PMC7303308 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish use spatial cognition based on allocentric cues to navigate, but little is known about how environmental enrichment (EE) affects learning and memory in correlation with hematological changes or gene expression in the fish brain. Here we investigated these questions in Colossoma macropomum (Teleostei). Fish were housed for 192 days in either EE or in an impoverished environment (IE) aquarium. EE contained toys, natural plants, and a 12-h/day water stream for voluntary exercise, whereas IE had no toys, plants, or water stream. A third plus maze aquarium was used for spatial and object recognition tests. Compared with IE, the EE fish showed greater learning rates, body length, and body weight. After behavioral tests, whole brain tissue was taken, stored in RNA-later, and then homogenized for DNA sequencing after conversion of isolated RNA. To compare read mapping and gene expression profiles across libraries for neurotranscriptome differential expression, we mapped back RNA-seq reads to the C. macropomum de novo assembled transcriptome. The results showed significant differential behavior, cell counts and gene expression in EE and IE individuals. As compared with IE, we found a greater number of cells in the telencephalon of individuals maintained in EE but no significant difference in the tectum opticum, suggesting differential plasticity in these areas. A total of 107,669 transcripts were found that ultimately yielded 64 differentially expressed transcripts between IE and EE brains. Another group of adult fish growing in aquaculture conditions were either subjected to exercise using running water flow or maintained sedentary. Flow cytometry analysis of peripheral blood showed a significantly higher density of lymphocytes, and platelets but no significant differences in erythrocytes and granulocytes. Thus, under the influence of contrasting environments, our findings showed differential changes at the behavioral, cellular, and molecular levels. We propose that the differential expression of selected transcripts, number of telencephalic cell counts, learning and memory performance, and selective hematological cell changes may be part of Teleostei adaptive physiological responses triggered by EE visuospatial and somatomotor stimulation. Our findings suggest abundant differential gene expression changes depending on environment and provide a basis for exploring gene regulation mechanisms under EE in C. macropomum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Douglas Corrêa Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Bragança, Brazil
| | - Ediely Pereira Henrique
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Bragança, Brazil
| | - Danillo Monteiro Porfírio
- Laboratório de Investigação em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Maitê Thaís Barros Campos
- Laboratório de Investigação em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Renata Melo de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Investigação em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Isabella Mesquita Sfair Silva
- Laboratório de Investigação em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Luma Cristina Ferreira Guerreiro
- Laboratório de Investigação em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Tiago Werley Pires da Silva
- Laboratório de Investigação em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - João Batista da Silva Rosa
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Bragança, Brazil
| | | | - Cecília Gabriella Coutinho Lima
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Bragança, Brazil
| | - Cintya Castro de Abreu
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Bragança, Brazil
| | - Carlos Santos Filho
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Bragança, Brazil
| | | | - Nara Gyzely de Morais Magalhães
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Bragança, Brazil
| | - Cristovam Guerreiro-Diniz
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Bragança, Brazil
| | - Cristovam Wanderley Picanço Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigação em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Daniel Guerreiro Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigação em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, Brazil
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68
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Barbone GE, Bravin A, Mittone A, Kraiger MJ, Hrabě de Angelis M, Bossi M, Ballarini E, Rodriguez-Menendez V, Ceresa C, Cavaletti G, Coan P. Establishing sample-preparation protocols for X-ray phase-contrast CT of rodent spinal cords: Aldehyde fixations and osmium impregnation. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 339:108744. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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69
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The structural differences between patient-derived α-synuclein strains dictate characteristics of Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy and dementia with Lewy bodies. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 139:977-1000. [PMID: 32356200 PMCID: PMC7244622 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), are defined by the presence of α-synuclein (αSYN) aggregates throughout the nervous system but diverge from one another with regard to their clinical and pathological phenotype. The recent generation of pure fibrillar αSYN polymorphs with noticeable differences in structural and phenotypic traits has led to the hypothesis that different αSYN strains may be in part responsible for the heterogeneous nature of synucleinopathies. To further characterize distinct αSYN strains in the human brain, and establish a structure-pathology relationship, we pursued a detailed comparison of αSYN assemblies derived from well-stratified patients with distinct synucleinopathies. We exploited the capacity of αSYN aggregates found in the brain of patients suffering from PD, MSA or DLB to seed and template monomeric human αSYN in vitro via a protein misfolding cyclic amplification assay. A careful comparison of the properties of total brain homogenates and pure in vitro amplified αSYN fibrillar assemblies upon inoculation in cells and in the rat brain demonstrates that the intrinsic structure of αSYN fibrils dictates synucleinopathies characteristics. We report that MSA strains show several similarities with PD strains, but are significantly more potent in inducing motor deficits, nigrostriatal neurodegeneration, αSYN pathology, spreading, and inflammation, reflecting the aggressive nature of this disease. In contrast, DLB strains display no or only very modest neuropathological features under our experimental conditions. Collectively, our data demonstrate a specific signature for PD, MSA, and DLB-derived strains that differs from previously described recombinant strains, with MSA strains provoking the most aggressive phenotype and more similarities with PD compared to DLB strains.
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70
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Association between altered hippocampal oligodendrocyte number and neuronal circuit structures in schizophrenia: a postmortem analysis. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 270:413-424. [PMID: 31552495 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-019-01067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In schizophrenia, decreased hippocampal volume, reduced oligodendrocyte numbers in hippocampal cornu ammonis (CA) subregions and reduced neuron number in the dentate gyrus have been reported; reduced oligodendrocyte numbers were significantly related to cognitive deficits. The hippocampus is involved in cognitive functions and connected to the hypothalamus, anterior thalamus, and cingulate cortex, forming the Papez circuit, and to the mediodorsal thalamus. The relationship between the volume of these interconnected regions and oligodendrocyte and neuron numbers in schizophrenia is unknown. Therefore, we used stepwise logistic regression with subsequent multivariate stepwise linear regression and bivariate correlation to analyze oligodendrocyte and neuron numbers in the posterior hippocampal subregions CA1, CA2/3, CA4, dentate gyrus, and subiculum and volumes of the hippocampal CA region, cingulum, anterior and mediodorsal thalamus and hypothalamus in postmortem brains of 10 schizophrenia patients and 11 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Stepwise logistic regression identified the following predictors for diagnosis, in order of inclusion: (1) oligodendrocyte number in CA4, (2) hypothalamus volume, (3) oligodendrocyte number in CA2/3, and (4) mediodorsal thalamus volume. Subsequent stepwise linear regression analyses identified the following predictors: (1) for oligodendrocyte number in CA4: (a) oligodendrocyte number in CA2/3, (b) diagnostic group, (c) hypothalamus volume, and (d) neurons in posterior subiculum; (2) for hypothalamus volume: (a) mediodorsal thalamus volume; (3) for oligodendrocyte number in CA2/3: oligodendrocyte number (a) in posterior CA4 and (b) in posterior subiculum; (4) for mediodorsal thalamus volume: volumes of (a) anterior thalamus and (b) hippocampal CA. In conclusion, we found a positive relationship between hippocampal oligodendrocyte number and the volume of the hypothalamus, a brain region connected to the hippocampus, which is important for cognition.
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71
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Antunes MS, Cattelan Souza L, Ladd FVL, Ladd AABL, Moreira AL, Bortolotto VC, Silva MRP, Araújo SM, Prigol M, Nogueira CW, Boeira SP. Hesperidin Ameliorates Anxiety-Depressive-Like Behavior in 6-OHDA Model of Parkinson's Disease by Regulating Striatal Cytokine and Neurotrophic Factors Levels and Dopaminergic Innervation Loss in the Striatum of Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3027-3041. [PMID: 32458386 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01940-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of hesperidin in a murine model of PD are not fully elucidated. The current study was carried out to investigate the ability of hesperidin in modulating proinflammatory cytokines, neurotrophic factors, and neuronal recovery in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced nigral dopaminergic neuronal loss. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned into four groups: (I) sham/vehicle, (II) sham/hesperidin, (III) 6-OHDA/vehicle, and (IV) 6-OHDA/hesperidin. Mice received a unilateral intrastriatal injection of 6-OHDA and treated with hesperidin (50 mg/kg; per oral) for 28 days. After hesperidin treatment, mice were submitted to behavioral tests and had the striatum removed for neurochemical assays. Our results demonstrated that oral treatment with hesperidin ameliorated the anxiety-related and depressive-like behaviors in 6-OHDA-lesioned mice (p < 0.05). It also attenuated the striatal levels of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-gamma, interleukin-1β, interleukin-2, and interleukin-6 and increased the levels of neurotrophic factors, including neurotrophin-3, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and nerve growth factor in the striatum of 6-OHDA mice (p < 0.05). Hesperidin treatment was also capable to increase striatal levels of dopamine and its metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and protects against the impairment of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study indicated that hesperidin exerts anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like effect against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity through the modulation of cytokine production, neurotrophic factors levels, and dopaminergic innervation in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Antunes
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules, Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui, RS, 97650-000, Brazil
| | - Leandro Cattelan Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules, Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui, RS, 97650-000, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Synthesis, Reactivity, Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Organochalcogen Compounds, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Fernando Vagner Lobo Ladd
- Department of Morphology/Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Aliny Antunes Barbosa Lobo Ladd
- Laboratory of Stochastic Stereology and Chemical Anatomy, Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Lopez Moreira
- Laboratory of Stochastic Stereology and Chemical Anatomy, Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vandreza Cardoso Bortolotto
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules, Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui, RS, 97650-000, Brazil
| | - Márcia Rósula Poetini Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules, Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui, RS, 97650-000, Brazil
| | - Stífani Machado Araújo
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules, Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui, RS, 97650-000, Brazil
| | - Marina Prigol
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules, Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui, RS, 97650-000, Brazil
| | - Cristina Wayne Nogueira
- Laboratory of Synthesis, Reactivity, Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Organochalcogen Compounds, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Silvana Peterini Boeira
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules, Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui, RS, 97650-000, Brazil
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72
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Preziosa P, Kiljan S, Steenwijk MD, Meani A, van de Berg WDJ, Schenk GJ, Rocca MA, Filippi M, Geurts JJG, Jonkman LE. Axonal degeneration as substrate of fractional anisotropy abnormalities in multiple sclerosis cortex. Brain 2020; 142:1921-1937. [PMID: 31168614 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical microstructural abnormalities are associated with clinical and cognitive deterioration in multiple sclerosis. Using diffusion tensor MRI, a higher fractional anisotropy has been found in cortical lesions versus normal-appearing cortex in multiple sclerosis. The pathological substrates of this finding have yet to be definitively elucidated. By performing a combined post-mortem diffusion tensor MRI and histopathology study, we aimed to define the histopathological substrates of diffusivity abnormalities in multiple sclerosis cortex. Sixteen subjects with multiple sclerosis and 10 age- and sex-matched non-neurological control donors underwent post-mortem in situ at 3 T MRI, followed by brain dissection. One hundred and ten paraffin-embedded tissue blocks (54 from multiple sclerosis patients, 56 from non-neurological controls) were matched to the diffusion tensor sequence to obtain regional diffusivity measures. Using immunohistochemistry and silver staining, cortical density of myelin, microglia, astrocytes and axons, and density and volume of neurons and glial cells were evaluated. Correlates of diffusivity abnormalities with histological markers were assessed through linear mixed-effects models. Cortical lesions (77% subpial) were found in 27/54 (50%) multiple sclerosis cortical regions. Multiple sclerosis normal-appearing cortex had a significantly lower fractional anisotropy compared to cortex from non-neurological controls (P = 0.047), whereas fractional anisotropy in demyelinated cortex was significantly higher than in multiple sclerosis normal-appearing cortex (P = 0.012) but not different from non-neurological control cortex (P = 0.420). Compared to non-neurological control cortex, both multiple sclerosis normal-appearing and demyelinated cortices showed a lower density of axons perpendicular to the cortical surface (P = 0.012 for both) and of total axons (parallel and perpendicular to cortical surface) (P = 0.028 and 0.012). In multiple sclerosis, demyelinated cortex had a lower density of myelin (P = 0.004), parallel (P = 0.018) and total axons (P = 0.029) versus normal-appearing cortex. Regarding the pathological substrate, in non-neurological controls, cortical fractional anisotropy was positively associated with density of perpendicular, parallel, and total axons (P = 0.031 for all). In multiple sclerosis, normal-appearing cortex fractional anisotropy was positively associated with perpendicular and total axon density (P = 0.031 for both), while associations with myelin, glial and total cells and parallel axons did not survive multiple comparison correction. Demyelinated cortex fractional anisotropy was positively associated with density of neurons, and total cells and negatively with microglia density, without surviving multiple comparison correction. Our results suggest that a reduction of perpendicular axons in normal-appearing cortex and of both perpendicular and parallel axons in demyelinated cortex may underlie the substrate influencing cortical microstructural coherence and being responsible for the different patterns of fractional anisotropy changes occurring in multiple sclerosis cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Preziosa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Svenja Kiljan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn D Steenwijk
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Meani
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Wilma D J van de Berg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert J Schenk
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Jeroen J G Geurts
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura E Jonkman
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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73
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Ueda HR, Dodt HU, Osten P, Economo MN, Chandrashekar J, Keller PJ. Whole-Brain Profiling of Cells and Circuits in Mammals by Tissue Clearing and Light-Sheet Microscopy. Neuron 2020; 106:369-387. [PMID: 32380050 PMCID: PMC7213014 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tissue clearing and light-sheet microscopy have a 100-year-plus history, yet these fields have been combined only recently to facilitate novel experiments and measurements in neuroscience. Since tissue-clearing methods were first combined with modernized light-sheet microscopy a decade ago, the performance of both technologies has rapidly improved, broadening their applications. Here, we review the state of the art of tissue-clearing methods and light-sheet microscopy and discuss applications of these techniques in profiling cells and circuits in mice. We examine outstanding challenges and future opportunities for expanding these techniques to achieve brain-wide profiling of cells and circuits in primates and humans. Such integration will help provide a systems-level understanding of the physiology and pathology of our central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki R Ueda
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN BDR, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Hans-Ulrich Dodt
- Department of Bioelectronics, FKE, Vienna University of Technology-TU Wien, Vienna, Austria; Section of Bioelectronics, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pavel Osten
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Michael N Economo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Philipp J Keller
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
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74
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Szőnyi A, Zichó K, Barth AM, Gönczi RT, Schlingloff D, Török B, Sipos E, Major A, Bardóczi Z, Sos KE, Gulyás AI, Varga V, Zelena D, Freund TF, Nyiri G. Median raphe controls acquisition of negative experience in the mouse. Science 2020; 366:366/6469/eaay8746. [PMID: 31780530 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay8746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adverse events need to be quickly evaluated and memorized, yet how these processes are coordinated is poorly understood. We discovered a large population of excitatory neurons in mouse median raphe region (MRR) expressing vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vGluT2) that received inputs from several negative experience-related brain centers, projected to the main aversion centers, and activated the septohippocampal system pivotal for learning of adverse events. These neurons were selectively activated by aversive but not rewarding stimuli. Their stimulation induced place aversion, aggression, depression-related anhedonia, and suppression of reward-seeking behavior and memory acquisition-promoting hippocampal theta oscillations. By contrast, their suppression impaired both contextual and cued fear memory formation. These results suggest that MRR vGluT2 neurons are crucial for the acquisition of negative experiences and may play a central role in depression-related mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Szőnyi
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Zichó
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Albert M Barth
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Roland T Gönczi
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel Schlingloff
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bibiána Török
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Laboratory of Behavioral and Stress Studies, Department of Behavioral Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Sipos
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Stress Studies, Department of Behavioral Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Abel Major
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Bardóczi
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin E Sos
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila I Gulyás
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Varga
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Zelena
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Stress Studies, Department of Behavioral Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás F Freund
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nyiri
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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75
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Design-Based stereology and binary image histomorphometry in nerve assessment. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 336:108635. [PMID: 32070676 PMCID: PMC8045463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stereology and histomorphometry are widely used by investigators to quantify nerve characteristics in normal and pathological states, including nerve injury and regeneration. While these methods of analysis are complementary, no study to date has systematically compared both approaches in peripheral nerve. This study investigated the reliability of design-based stereology versus semi-automated binary imaging histomorphometry for assessing healthy peripheral nerve characteristics. NEW METHOD Stereological analysis was compared to histomorphometry with binary image analysis on uninjured sciatic nerves to determine nerve fiber number, nerve area, neural density, and fiber distribution. RESULTS Sciatic nerves were harvested from 6 male Lewis rats, aged 8-12 weeks for comprehensive analysis of 6 nerve specimens. From each animal, sciatic nerve specimens were fixed, stained, and sectioned for analysis by light and electron microscopy. Both histomorphometry and stereological peripheral nerve analyses were performed on all specimens by two blinded and independent investigators who quantified nerve fiber count, fiber width, density, and related distribution parameters. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Histomorphometry and stereological analysis provided similar outcomes in nerve fiber number and total nerve area. However, the light microscopy, but not electron microscopy, stereological analysis yielded higher nerve fiber area compared to histomorphometry or manual measurement. CONCLUSION Both methods measure similar fiber number and overall nerve fiber area; however, stereology with light microscopy quantified higher fiber area. Histomorphometry optimizes throughput and comprehensive analysis but requires user thresholding.
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76
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Olanow CW, Savolainen M, Chu Y, Halliday GM, Kordower JH. Temporal evolution of microglia and α-synuclein accumulation following foetal grafting in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2020; 142:1690-1700. [PMID: 31056668 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We observed Lewy pathology in healthy embryonic dopamine neurons implanted into the striatum of patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. In the present study we examined the temporal relationship between the presence of inflammation with activated microglia and the emergence of α-synuclein pathology. Inflammation with activated microglia was observed in all grafts and at all time points examined between 18 months and 16 years as determined by both CD45 and TMEM119 staining. In contrast, α-synuclein was not detected at 18 months, only diffuse monomeric α-synuclein staining was observed at 4 years, and α-synuclein aggregates were not observed until 14-16 years after transplantation. Thus, there is evidence of inflammation and microglial activation in graft deposits long before the accumulation of α-synuclein pathology in implanted dopamine neurons. These observations raise the possibility that microglial activation contributes to the development of α-synuclein pathology, and supports the concept that microglia play an integral role in the propagation and spread of α-synuclein pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Warren Olanow
- Department of Neurology and Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Clintrex Research Inc, Sarasota, Florida, USA
| | - Mari Savolainen
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois, USA
| | - Yaping Chu
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois, USA
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Neuroscience Research Australia and Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeffrey H Kordower
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois, USA
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77
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Vuokila N, Das Gupta S, Huusko R, Tohka J, Puhakka N, Pitkänen A. Elevated Acute Plasma miR-124-3p Level Relates to Evolution of Larger Cortical Lesion Area after Traumatic Brain Injury. Neuroscience 2020; 433:21-35. [PMID: 32142864 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms initiated by traumatic brain injury (TBI), leading to the development of progressive secondary injury are poorly understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have a proposed role in orchestrating the post-injury aftermath as a single miRNA can control the expression of several genes. We hypothesized that the post-injury level of circulating brain-enriched miR-124-3p explains the extent of post-TBI cortical lesion. Three separate cohorts of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (total n = 57) were injured with lateral fluid-percussion-induced TBI. The miR-124-3p levels were measured in whole blood and/or plasma in cohorts 1 and 2 before TBI as well as at 2 d, 7 d, 2 months or 3 months post-TBI. The third cohort (22/57) was imaged with T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 2 months post-TBI to quantify cortical lesion area and perilesional T2-enhancement volume. Our data shows that miR-124-3p levels were elevated at 2 d post-TBI in both blood (FC 4.63, p < 0.01) and plasma (FC 1.39, p < 0.05) as compared to controls. Receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis indicated that plasma miR-124-3p level of 34 copies/µl or higher differentiated TBI animals from controls [area under curve (AUC) 0.815, p < 0.05]. The data was validated in the third cohort (FC 1.68, p < 0.05). T2-weighted MRI revealed inter-animal differences in cortical lesion area. Linear regression analysis revealed that higher the plasma miR-124-3p level at 2 d post-TBI, larger the lesion area at chronic time point (R2 = 0.327, p < 0.01). Our findings indicate that the extent of lateral fluid-percussion injury-induced chronic cortical pathology associated with the acutely elevated plasma miR-124-3p level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Vuokila
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Shalini Das Gupta
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riina Huusko
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), PO Box 413, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Jussi Tohka
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Noora Puhakka
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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78
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Effects of perirhinal cortex and hippocampal lesions on rats' performance on two object-recognition tasks. Behav Brain Res 2019; 381:112450. [PMID: 31877339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of hippocampal (HPC) damage on rats' novel object preference (NOP) performance have been rather consistent, in that HPC lesions do not disrupt novelty preferences on the test. Conversely, there have been inconsistent findings regarding the effects of perirhinal cortex (PRh) lesions on rats' novel-object preferences. Given the concerns that have been raised regarding the internal validity of the NOP test, viz. that the magnitude of the novel-object preference does not necessarily reflect the strength in memory for an object, it could explain the discrepant findings. The goal of the present experiment was to examine the effects of PRh and HPC lesions on rats' object-recognition memory using a new modified delayed nonmatching-to-sample (mDNMS) task, as it circumvents the interpretational problems associated with the NOP test. Rats received PRh, HPC, or Sham lesions and were trained on the mDNMS task using a short delay (∼30 s). Both PRh and HPC rats acquired the task at the same rate as Sham rats, and reached a similar level of accuracy, indicating intact object-recognition. Thereafter, rats were tested on the NOP test using a 180-s delay. Rats with HPC lesions exhibited significant novel-object preferences, however, both the PRh and Sham rats failed to show a novelty preference. The discrepancy in both the PRh and Sham rats' performance on the mDNMS task and NOP test raises concerns regarding the internal validity of the NOP test, in that the magnitude of a rat's novel-object preference does not accurately reflect the persistence or accuracy of a rat's memory for the sample object.
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79
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Yates SC, Groeneboom NE, Coello C, Lichtenthaler SF, Kuhn PH, Demuth HU, Hartlage-Rübsamen M, Roßner S, Leergaard T, Kreshuk A, Puchades MA, Bjaalie JG. QUINT: Workflow for Quantification and Spatial Analysis of Features in Histological Images From Rodent Brain. Front Neuroinform 2019; 13:75. [PMID: 31849633 PMCID: PMC6901597 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2019.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic animal models are invaluable research tools for elucidating the pathways and mechanisms involved in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Mechanistic clues can be revealed by applying labelling techniques such as immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridisation to brain tissue sections. Precision in both assigning anatomical location to the sections and quantifying labelled features is crucial for output validity, with a stereological approach or image-based feature extraction typically used. However, both approaches are restricted by the need to manually delineate anatomical regions. To circumvent this limitation, we present the QUINT workflow for quantification and spatial analysis of labelling in series of rodent brain section images based on available 3D reference atlases. The workflow is semi-automated, combining three open source software that can be operated without scripting knowledge, making it accessible to most researchers. As an example, a brain region-specific quantification of amyloid plaques across whole transgenic Tg2576 mouse brain series, immunohistochemically labelled for three amyloid-related antigens is demonstrated. First, the whole brain image series were registered to the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas to produce customised atlas maps adapted to match the cutting plan and proportions of the sections (QuickNII software). Second, the labelling was segmented from the original images by the Random Forest Algorithm for supervised classification (ilastik software). Finally, the segmented images and atlas maps were used to generate plaque quantifications for each region in the reference atlas (Nutil software). The method yielded comparable results to manual delineations and to the output of a stereological method. While the use case demonstrates the QUINT workflow for quantification of amyloid plaques only, the workflow is suited to all mouse or rat brain series with labelling that is visually distinct from the background, for example for the quantification of cells or labelled proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon C Yates
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicolaas E Groeneboom
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christopher Coello
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Peer-Hendrik Kuhn
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Department of Molecular Drug Design and Target Validation Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Steffen Roßner
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Trygve Leergaard
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Kreshuk
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maja A Puchades
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan G Bjaalie
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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80
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Villalba RM, Pare JF, Lee S, Lee S, Smith Y. Thalamic degeneration in MPTP-treated Parkinsonian monkeys: impact upon glutamatergic innervation of striatal cholinergic interneurons. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:3321-3338. [PMID: 31679085 PMCID: PMC6878768 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01967-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In both Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and MPTP-treated non-human primates, there is a profound neuronal degeneration of the intralaminar centromedian/parafascicular (CM/Pf) thalamic complex. Although this thalamic pathology has long been established in PD (and other neurodegenerative disorders), the impact of CM/Pf cell loss on the integrity of the thalamo-striatal glutamatergic system and its regulatory functions upon striatal neurons remain unknown. In the striatum, cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) are important constituents of the striatal microcircuitry and represent one of the main targets of CM/Pf-striatal projections. Using light and electron microscopy approaches, we have analyzed the potential impact of CM/Pf neuronal loss on the anatomy of the synaptic connections between thalamic terminals (vGluT2-positive) and ChIs neurons in the striatum of parkinsonian monkeys treated chronically with MPTP. The following conclusions can be drawn from our observations: (1) as reported in PD patients, and in our previous monkey study, CM/Pf neurons undergo profound degeneration in monkeys chronically treated with low doses of MPTP. (2) In the caudate (head and body) nucleus of parkinsonian monkeys, there is an increased density of ChIs. (3) Despite the robust loss of CM/Pf neurons, no significant change was found in the density of thalamostriatal (vGluT2-positive) terminals, and in the prevalence of vGluT2-positive terminals in contact with ChIs in parkinsonian monkeys. These findings provide new information about the state of thalamic innervation of the striatum in parkinsonian monkeys with CM/Pf degeneration, and bring up an additional level of intricacy to the consequences of thalamic pathology upon the functional microcircuitry of the thalamostriatal system in parkinsonism. Future studies are needed to assess the importance of CM/Pf neuronal loss, and its potential consequences on the neuroplastic changes induced in the synaptic organization of the thalamostriatal system, in the development of early cognitive impairments in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Villalba
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurological Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 303, USA.
- UDALL Center for Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Jean-Francois Pare
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurological Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 303, USA
- UDALL Center for Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Solah Lee
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurological Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 303, USA
- UDALL Center for Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sol Lee
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurological Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 303, USA
- UDALL Center for Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yoland Smith
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurological Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 303, USA
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- UDALL Center for Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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81
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Activation of the G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor (GPER) Increases Neurogenesis and Ameliorates Neuroinflammation in the Hippocampus of Male Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:711-723. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00766-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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82
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Raabe FJ, Slapakova L, Rossner MJ, Cantuti-Castelvetri L, Simons M, Falkai PG, Schmitt A. Oligodendrocytes as A New Therapeutic Target in Schizophrenia: From Histopathological Findings to Neuron-Oligodendrocyte Interaction. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121496. [PMID: 31771166 PMCID: PMC6952785 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging and postmortem studies have revealed disturbed oligodendroglia-related processes in patients with schizophrenia and provided much evidence for disturbed myelination, irregular gene expression, and altered numbers of oligodendrocytes in the brains of schizophrenia patients. Oligodendrocyte deficits in schizophrenia might be a result of failed maturation and disturbed regeneration and may underlie the cognitive deficits of the disease, which are strongly associated with impaired long-term outcome. Cognition depends on the coordinated activity of neurons and interneurons and intact connectivity. Oligodendrocyte precursors form a synaptic network with parvalbuminergic interneurons, and disturbed crosstalk between these cells may be a cellular basis of pathology in schizophrenia. However, very little is known about the exact axon-glial cellular and molecular processes that may be disturbed in schizophrenia. Until now, investigations were restricted to peripheral tissues, such as blood, correlative imaging studies, genetics, and molecular and histological analyses of postmortem brain samples. The advent of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) will enable functional analysis in patient-derived living cells and holds great potential for understanding the molecular mechanisms of disturbed oligodendroglial function in schizophrenia. Targeting such mechanisms may contribute to new treatment strategies for previously treatment-resistant cognitive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian J. Raabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany; (F.J.R.); (L.S.); (P.G.F.)
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Kraepelinstr, 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
- Molecular and Behavioural Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany;
| | - Lenka Slapakova
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany; (F.J.R.); (L.S.); (P.G.F.)
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Kraepelinstr, 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz J. Rossner
- Molecular and Behavioural Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany;
| | - Ludovico Cantuti-Castelvetri
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany; (L.C.-C.); (M.S.)
| | - Mikael Simons
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany; (L.C.-C.); (M.S.)
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, 80805 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter G. Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany; (F.J.R.); (L.S.); (P.G.F.)
| | - Andrea Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany; (F.J.R.); (L.S.); (P.G.F.)
- Molecular and Behavioural Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany;
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27), Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, 05453-010 São Paulo, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)89-4400-52761; Fax: +49-(0)89-4400-55530
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83
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Roostalu U, Salinas CBG, Thorbek DD, Skytte JL, Fabricius K, Barkholt P, John LM, Jurtz VI, Knudsen LB, Jelsing J, Vrang N, Hansen HH, Hecksher-Sørensen J. Quantitative whole-brain 3D imaging of tyrosine hydroxylase-labeled neuron architecture in the mouse MPTP model of Parkinson's disease. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm.042200. [PMID: 31704726 PMCID: PMC6899010 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.042200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a basal ganglia movement disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. Immunohistochemical methods have been widely used for characterization of dopaminergic neuronal injury in animal models of PD, including the MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) mouse model. However, conventional immunohistochemical techniques applied to tissue sections have inherent limitations with respect to loss of 3D resolution, yielding insufficient information on the architecture of the dopaminergic system. To provide a more comprehensive and non-biased map of MPTP-induced changes in central dopaminergic pathways, we used iDISCO immunolabeling, light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) and deep-learning computational methods for whole-brain three-dimensional visualization and automated quantitation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons in the adult mouse brain. Mice terminated 7 days after acute MPTP administration demonstrated widespread alterations in TH expression. Compared to vehicle controls, MPTP-dosed mice showed a significant loss of TH-positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area. Also, MPTP dosing reduced overall TH signal intensity in basal ganglia nuclei, i.e. the substantia nigra, caudate-putamen, globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus. In contrast, increased TH signal intensity was predominantly observed in limbic regions, including several subdivisions of the amygdala and hypothalamus. In conclusion, mouse whole-brain 3D imaging is ideal for unbiased automated counting and densitometric analysis of TH-positive cells. The LSFM–deep learning pipeline tracked brain-wide changes in catecholaminergic pathways in the MPTP mouse model of PD, and may be applied for preclinical characterization of compounds targeting dopaminergic neurotransmission. Summary: Whole-brain immunolabeling, mapping and absolute quantification of tyrosine hydroxylase neurons in the adult mouse brain provides a useful tool for studying changes in dopaminergic signaling in a mouse model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Linu M John
- Department of Obesity Research, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | | | - Lotte Bjerre Knudsen
- Department of Diabetes Research, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | | | - Niels Vrang
- Gubra, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, 2970 Hørholm, Denmark
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84
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Courson JA, Smith I, Do T, Landry PT, Hargrave A, Behzad AR, Hanlon SD, Rumbaut RE, Smith CW, Burns AR. Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy reveals neuronal-epithelial cell fusion in the mouse cornea. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224434. [PMID: 31721785 PMCID: PMC6853292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cornea is the most highly innervated tissue in the body. It is generally accepted that corneal stromal nerves penetrate the epithelial basal lamina giving rise to intra-epithelial nerves. During the course of a study wherein we imaged corneal nerves in mice, we observed a novel neuronal-epithelial cell interaction whereby nerves approaching the epithelium in the cornea fused with basal epithelial cells, such that their plasma membranes were continuous and the neuronal axoplasm freely abutted the epithelial cytoplasm. In this study we sought to determine the frequency, distribution, and morphological profile of neuronal-epithelial cell fusion events within the cornea. Serial electron microscopy images were obtained from the anterior stroma in the paralimbus and central cornea of 8–10 week old C57BL/6J mice. We found evidence of a novel alternative behavior involving a neuronal-epithelial interaction whereby 42.8% of central corneal nerve bundles approaching the epithelium contain axons that fuse with basal epithelial cells. The average surface-to-volume ratio of a penetrating nerve was 3.32, while the average fusing nerve was smaller at 1.39 (p ≤ 0.0001). Despite this, both neuronal-epithelial cell interactions involve similarly sized discontinuities in the basal lamina. In order to verify the plasma membrane continuity between fused neurons and epithelial cells we used the lipophilic membrane tracer DiI. The majority of corneal nerves were labeled with DiI after application to the trigeminal ganglion and, consistent with our ultrastructural observations, fusion sites recognized as DiI-labeled basal epithelial cells were located at points of stromal nerve termination. These studies provide evidence that neuronal-epithelial cell fusion is a cell-cell interaction that occurs primarily in the central cornea, and fusing nerve bundles are morphologically distinct from penetrating nerve bundles. This is, to our knowledge, the first description of neuronal-epithelial cell fusion in the literature adding a new level of complexity to the current understanding of corneal innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A. Courson
- University of Houston, College of Optometry, Houston, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ian Smith
- University of Houston, College of Optometry, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Thao Do
- University of Houston, College of Optometry, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Paul T. Landry
- University of Houston, College of Optometry, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Aubrey Hargrave
- University of Houston, College of Optometry, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Ali R. Behzad
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Core Labs, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sam D. Hanlon
- University of Houston, College of Optometry, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Rolando E. Rumbaut
- Baylor College of Medicine, Children’s Nutrition Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - C. Wayne Smith
- Baylor College of Medicine, Children’s Nutrition Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Alan R. Burns
- University of Houston, College of Optometry, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Baylor College of Medicine, Children’s Nutrition Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
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85
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van Zwieten G, Jahanshahi A, van Erp ML, Temel Y, Stokroos RJ, Janssen MLF, Smit JV. Alleviation of Tinnitus With High-Frequency Stimulation of the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus: A Rodent Study. Trends Hear 2019; 23:2331216519835080. [PMID: 30868944 PMCID: PMC6419256 DOI: 10.1177/2331216519835080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation of the central auditory pathway is emerging as a promising treatment modality for tinnitus. Within this pathway, the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) plays a key role in the pathophysiology of tinnitus and is believed to be a tinnitus generator. We hypothesized that high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of the DCN would influence tinnitus-related abnormal neuronal activity within the auditory pathway and hereby suppress tinnitus. To this end, we assessed the effect of HFS of the DCN in a noise-induced rat model of tinnitus. The presence of tinnitus was verified using the gap prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response paradigm. Hearing thresholds were determined before and after noise trauma by measuring the auditory brainstem responses. In addition, changes in neuronal activity induced by noise trauma and HFS were assessed using c-Fos immunohistochemistry in related structures. Results showed tinnitus development after noise trauma and hearing loss ipsilateral to the side exposed to noise trauma. During HFS of the DCN, tinnitus was suppressed. There was no change in c-Fos expression within the central auditory pathway after HFS. These findings suggest that DCN-HFS changes patterns of activity and results in information lesioning within the network and hereby blocking the relay of abnormal tinnitus-related neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gusta van Zwieten
- 1 Department of Ear Nose and Throat/Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,2 School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Jahanshahi
- 3 Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marlieke L van Erp
- 2 School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yasin Temel
- 2 School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,3 Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J Stokroos
- 4 Department of Ear Nose Throat/Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus L F Janssen
- 2 School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,5 Department of Neurophysiology and Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper V Smit
- 1 Department of Ear Nose and Throat/Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,2 School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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86
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Augustine F, Rajendran S, Singer HS. Cortical endogenous opioids and their role in facilitating repetitive behaviors in deer mice. Behav Brain Res 2019; 379:112317. [PMID: 31676208 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Deer mice provide a non-pharmacologically induced model for the study of repetitive behaviors. In captivity, these animals develop frequent jumping and rearing that resemble clinical symptoms of obsessive-compulsive behavior (OCB), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), complex motor stereotypies (CMS), and Tourette's syndrome (TS). In this study, we pursue the mechanism of repetitive behaviors by performing stereological analyses and liquid chromatography/ mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) measurements of glutamate (Glut), GABA, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), dopamine (DA), leu-enkephalin (leu-enk), and dynorphin-A (dyn-A) in frontal cortex (FC), prefrontal cortex (PFC), and basal ganglia. The only significant stereological alteration was a negative correlation between repetitive behaviors and the cell count in the ventromedial striatum (VMS). Neurochemical analyses demonstrated a significant negative correlation between repetitive behaviors and endogenous opioids (leu-enk and dyn-A) in the FC - the site of origin of habitual behaviors and cortical projections to striatal MSNs participating in direct and indirect pathways. The precise neurochemical process by which endogenous opioids influence synaptic neurotransmission is unknown. One postulated cortical mechanism, supported by our findings, is an opioid effect on cortical interneuron GABA release and a consequent effect on glutamatergic cortical pyramidal cells. Anatomical changes in the VMS could have a role in repetitive behaviors, recognizing that this region influences goal-directed and habitual behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Augustine
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
| | | | - Harvey S Singer
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA.
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87
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Haenel A, Ghosn M, Karimi T, Vykoukal J, Shah D, Valderrabano M, Schulz DG, Raizner A, Schmitz C, Alt EU. Unmodified autologous stem cells at point of care for chronic myocardial infarction. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:831-858. [PMID: 31692971 PMCID: PMC6828597 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i10.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies investigated cell-based therapies for myocardial infarction (MI). The conflicting results of these studies have established the need for developing innovative approaches for applying cell-based therapy for MI. Experimental studies on animal models demonstrated the potential of fresh, uncultured, unmodified, autologous adipose-derived regenerative cells (UA-ADRCs) for treating acute MI. In contrast, studies on the treatment of chronic MI (CMI; > 4 wk post-MI) with UA-ADRCs have not been published so far. Among several methods for delivering cells to the myocardium, retrograde delivery into a temporarily blocked coronary vein has recently been demonstrated as an effective option.
AIM To test the hypothesis that in experimentally-induced chronic myocardial infarction (CMI; > 4 wk post-MI) in pigs, retrograde delivery of fresh, uncultured, unmodified, autologous adipose-derived regenerative cells (UA-ADRCs) into a temporarily blocked coronary vein improves cardiac function and structure.
METHODS The left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery of pigs was blocked for 180 min at time point T0. Then, either 18 × 106 UA-ADRCs prepared at “point of care” or saline as control were retrogradely delivered via an over-the-wire balloon catheter placed in the temporarily blocked LAD vein 4 wk after T0 (T1). Effects of cells or saline were assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging, late gadolinium enhancement CMR imaging, and post mortem histologic analysis 10 wk after T0 (T2).
RESULTS Unlike the delivery of saline, delivery of UA-ADRCs demonstrated statistically significant improvements in cardiac function and structure at T2 compared to T1 (all values given as mean ± SE): Increased mean LVEF (UA-ADRCs group: 34.3% ± 2.9% at T1 vs 40.4 ± 2.6% at T2, P = 0.037; saline group: 37.8% ± 2.6% at T1 vs 36.2% ± 2.4% at T2, P > 0.999), increased mean cardiac output (UA-ADRCs group: 2.7 ± 0.2 L/min at T1 vs 3.8 ± 0.2 L/min at T2, P = 0.002; saline group: 3.4 ± 0.3 L/min at T1 vs 3.6 ± 0.3 L/min at T2, P = 0.798), increased mean mass of the left ventricle (UA-ADRCs group: 55.3 ± 5.0 g at T1 vs 71.3 ± 4.5 g at T2, P < 0.001; saline group: 63.2 ± 3.4 g at T1 vs 68.4 ± 4.0 g at T2, P = 0.321) and reduced mean relative amount of scar volume of the left ventricular wall (UA-ADRCs group: 20.9% ± 2.3% at T1 vs 16.6% ± 1.2% at T2, P = 0.042; saline group: 17.6% ± 1.4% at T1 vs 22.7% ± 1.8% at T2, P = 0.022).
CONCLUSION Retrograde cell delivery of UA-ADRCs in a porcine model for the study of CMI significantly improved myocardial function, increased myocardial mass and reduced the formation of scar tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Haenel
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
- The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, United States
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck D-23562, Germany
| | - Mohamad Ghosn
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Tahereh Karimi
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Jody Vykoukal
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Dipan Shah
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Miguel Valderrabano
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Daryl G Schulz
- The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Albert Raizner
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Christoph Schmitz
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich D-80336, Germany
| | - Eckhard U Alt
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
- The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, United States
- Isar Klinikum Munich, Munich D-80331, Germany
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88
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Sosthenes MCK, Diniz DG, Roodselaar J, Abadie-Guedes R, de Siqueira Mendes FDCC, Fernandes TN, Bittencourt JC, Diniz CWP, Anthony DC, Guedes RCA. Stereological Analysis of Early Gene Expression Using Egr-1 Immunolabeling After Spreading Depression in the Rat Somatosensory Cortex. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1020. [PMID: 31607855 PMCID: PMC6774394 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Early growth response-1 (Egr-1), defined as a zinc finger transcription factor, is an upstream master switch of the inflammatory response, and its expression can be used to investigate the spatial and temporal extent of inflammatory changes in the brain. Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is characterized as a slowly propagating (2-5 mm/min) depolarization wave through neurons and astrocytes in humans that contributes to migraines and possibly to other brain pathologies. In rodents, CSD can be induced experimentally, which involves unilateral depolarization that is associated with microglial and astrocyte responses. The impact of CSD on structures beyond the affected hemisphere has not been explored. Here, we used an optical fractionator method to investigate potential correlations between the number of and period of the eletrophysiologic record of CSD phenomena and Egr-1 expression in ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres. CSD was elicited by the restricted application of a 2% KCl solution over the left premotor cortex. Electrophysiological events were recorded using a pair of Ag/AgCl agar-Ringer electrodes for 2 or 6 h. An optical fractionator was applied to count the Egr-1 positive cells. We found that CSD increased Egr-1 expression in a time- and event-dependent manner in the ipsilateral/left hemisphere. Although CSD did not cross the midline, multiple CSD inductions were associated with an increased number of Egr-1 positive cells in the contralateral/right hemisphere. Thus, repeated CSD waves may have far reaching effects that are more global than previously considered possible. The mechanism of contralateral expression is unknown, but we speculate that callosal projections from the depolarized hemisphere may be related to this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Consentino Kronka Sosthenes
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Laboratório de Neuroanatomia Química, Departamento de Anatomia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Guerreiro Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Jay Roodselaar
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo Abadie-Guedes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia da Nutrição Naíde Teodósio, Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Fabíola de Carvalho Chaves de Siqueira Mendes
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Curso de Medicina, Centro Universitário do Estado do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Taiany Nogueira Fernandes
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Jackson Cioni Bittencourt
- Laboratório de Neuroanatomia Química, Departamento de Anatomia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Núcleo de Neurociências e Comportamento, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristovam Wanderley Picanço Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Daniel Clive Anthony
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rubem Carlos Araújo Guedes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia da Nutrição Naíde Teodósio, Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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89
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Saini S, Kaur C, Pal I, Kumar P, Jacob TG, Thakar A, Roy KK, Roy TS. Morphological development of the human cochlear nucleus. Hear Res 2019; 382:107784. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2019.107784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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90
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DeNeRD: high-throughput detection of neurons for brain-wide analysis with deep learning. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13828. [PMID: 31554830 PMCID: PMC6761257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mapping the structure of the mammalian brain at cellular resolution is a challenging task and one that requires capturing key anatomical features at the appropriate level of analysis. Although neuroscientific methods have managed to provide significant insights at the micro and macro level, in order to obtain a whole-brain analysis at a cellular resolution requires a meso-scopic approach. A number of methods can be currently used to detect and count cells, with, nevertheless, significant limitations when analyzing data of high complexity. To overcome some of these constraints, we introduce a fully automated Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based method for whole-brain image processing to Detect Neurons in different brain Regions during Development (DeNeRD). We demonstrate a high performance of our deep neural network in detecting neurons labeled with different genetic markers in a range of imaging planes and imaging modalities.
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91
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Ohm DT, Fought AJ, Rademaker A, Kim G, Sridhar J, Coventry C, Gefen T, Weintraub S, Bigio E, Mesulam MM, Rogalski E, Geula C. Neuropathologic basis of in vivo cortical atrophy in the aphasic variant of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Pathol 2019; 30:332-344. [PMID: 31446630 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropathologic basis of in vivo cortical atrophy in clinical dementia syndromes remains poorly understood. This includes primary progressive aphasia (PPA), a language-based dementia syndrome characterized by asymmetric cortical atrophy. The neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and amyloid-ß plaques (APs) of Alzheimer's disease (AD) can cause PPA, but a quantitative investigation of the relationships between NFTs, APs and in vivo cortical atrophy in PPA-AD is lacking. The present study measured cortical atrophy from corresponding bilateral regions in five PPA-AD participants with in vivo magnetic resonance imaging scans 7-30 months before death and acquired stereologic estimates of NFTs and dense-core APs visualized with the Thioflavin-S stain. Linear mixed models accounting for repeated measures and stratified by hemisphere and region (language vs. non-language) were used to determine the relationships between cortical atrophy and AD neuropathology and their regional selectivity. Consistent with the aphasic profile of PPA, left language regions displayed more cortical atrophy (P = 0.01) and NFT densities (P = 0.02) compared to right language homologues. Left language regions also showed more cortical atrophy (P < 0.01) and NFT densities (P = 0.02) than left non-language regions. A subset of data was analyzed to determine the predilection of AD neuropathology for neocortical regions compared to entorhinal cortex in the left hemisphere, which showed that the three most atrophied language regions had greater NFT (P = 0.04) and AP densities (P < 0.01) than the entorhinal cortex. These results provide quantitative evidence that NFT accumulation in PPA selectively targets the language network and may not follow the Braak staging of neurofibrillary degeneration characteristic of amnestic AD. Only NFT densities, not AP densities, were positively associated with cortical atrophy within left language regions (P < 0.01) and right language homologues (P < 0.01). Given previous findings from amnestic AD, the current study of PPA-AD provides converging evidence that NFTs are the principal determinants of atrophy and clinical phenotypes associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Ohm
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Angela J Fought
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Alfred Rademaker
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Garam Kim
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Jaiashre Sridhar
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Christina Coventry
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Tamar Gefen
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Sandra Weintraub
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Eileen Bigio
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611.,Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Marek Marsel Mesulam
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611.,Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Emily Rogalski
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Changiz Geula
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611
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92
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Stereological Investigation of Regional Brain Volumes after Acute and Chronic Cuprizone-Induced Demyelination. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091024. [PMID: 31484353 PMCID: PMC6770802 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain volume measurement is one of the most frequently used biomarkers to establish neuroprotective effects during pre-clinical multiple sclerosis (MS) studies. Furthermore, whole-brain atrophy estimates in MS correlate more robustly with clinical disability than traditional, lesion-based metrics. However, the underlying mechanisms leading to brain atrophy are poorly understood, partly due to the lack of appropriate animal models to study this aspect of the disease. The purpose of this study was to assess brain volumes and neuro-axonal degeneration after acute and chronic cuprizone-induced demyelination. C57BL/6 male mice were intoxicated with cuprizone for up to 12 weeks. Brain volume, as well as total numbers and densities of neurons, were determined using design-based stereology. After five weeks of cuprizone intoxication, despite severe demyelination, brain volumes were not altered at this time point. After 12 weeks of cuprizone intoxication, a significant volume reduction was found in the corpus callosum and diverse subcortical areas, particularly the internal capsule and the thalamus. Thalamic volume loss was accompanied by glucose hypermetabolism, analyzed by [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (18F-FDG) positron-emission tomography. This study demonstrates region-specific brain atrophy of different subcortical brain regions after chronic cuprizone-induced demyelination. The chronic cuprizone demyelination model in male mice is, thus, a useful tool to study the underlying mechanisms of subcortical brain atrophy and to investigate the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions.
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93
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Cell numbers, distribution, shape, and regional variation throughout the murine hippocampal formation from the adult brain Allen Reference Atlas. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:2883-2897. [PMID: 31444616 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01940-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the distribution of cells in every brain region is fundamental to attaining a comprehensive census of distinct neuronal and glial types. Until recently, estimating neuron numbers involved time-consuming procedures that were practically limited to stereological sampling. Progress in open-source image recognition software, growth in computing power, and unprecedented neuroinformatics developments now offer the potentially paradigm-shifting alternative of comprehensive cell-by-cell analysis in an entire brain region. The Allen Brain Atlas provides free digital access to complete series of raw Nissl-stained histological section images along with regional delineations. Automated cell segmentation of these data enables reliable and reproducible high-throughput quantification of regional variations in cell count, density, size, and shape at whole-system scale. While this strategy is directly applicable to any regions of the mouse brain, we first deploy it here on the closed-loop circuit of the hippocampal formation: the medial and lateral entorhinal cortices; dentate gyrus (DG); areas Cornu Ammonis 3 (CA3), CA2, and CA1; and dorsal and ventral subiculum. Using two independent image processing pipelines and the adult mouse reference atlas, we report the first cellular-level soma segmentation in every sub-region and non-principal layer of the left hippocampal formation through the full rostral-caudal extent. It is important to note that our techniques excluded the layers with the largest number of cells, DG granular and CA pyramidal, due to dense packing. The numerical estimates for the remaining layers are corroborated by traditional stereological sampling on a data subset and well match sparse published reports.
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94
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The volume of villi with γ-sm-actin positive perivascular cells correlates with placental weight and thickness. Placenta 2019; 85:24-31. [PMID: 31434032 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2019.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The classification of histologically stained villous cross sections in villous types (terminal, intermediate and stem villi) by stromal peculiarities is known to be observer predicated. Therefore, quantitative histology of villous trees has not become a routine endpoint of studies on the role of the placenta in prenatal programming, as opposed to the gross placental parameters weight and thickness. The classification of villous cross sections in central (stem) and peripheral (terminal) parts based on the presence or absence, respectively, of immunohistochemical detection of myofibroblasts in perivascular position is less observer dependent. We hypothesized that it will, possibly, identify microscopic correlates of placental weight and thickness within the villous tree. METHODS 50 placentas from clinically normal pregnancies were processed for the present study. Thin villous cross sections, obtained in a systematic random manner, were stained immunohistochemically to detect γ-smooth muscle (sm) actin and to classify them subsequently as part of central or peripheral villous tree. The volume fractions of histological structures visible in villous cross sections (stroma, lumen, endothelium and syncytium) were estimated by design-based stereology. RESULTS The present study reveals a significant correlation of placental weight and thickness with the volume estimate of stroma that have myofibroblasts in perivascular position. DISCUSSION The positive linear correlation between the volume of central parts of villous trees and the placental weight and thickness is new. Surprisingly, the volume of more peripheral parts of villous trees, which is the main site of materno-fetal exchange does not correlate with placental weight and thickness.
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95
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The reliability of the isotropic fractionator method for counting total cells and neurons. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 326:108392. [PMID: 31394117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Isotropic Fractionator (IF) is a method to determine the cellular composition of nervous tissue. It has been mostly applied to assess variation across species, where differences are expected to be large enough not to be masked by methodological error. However, understanding the sources of variation in the method is important if the goal is to detect smaller differences, for example, in same-species comparisons. Comparisons between different mice strains suggest that the IF is consistent enough to detect these differences. Nevertheless, the reliability of the method has not yet been examined directly. METHOD In this study, we evaluate the reliability of the method for the determination of cellular and neuronal numbers of Swiss mice. We performed repeated cell counts of the same material by different experimenters to quantify different sources of variation. RESULTS In total cell counts, we observed that for the cerebral cortex most of the variance was at the counter level. For the cerebellum, most of the variance is attributed to the sample itself. As for neurons, random error along with the immunostaining correspond to most of the variation, both in the cerebral cortex and in the cerebellum. Test-retest reliability coefficients were relatively high, especially for cell counts. CONCLUSIONS Although biases between counters and random variation in staining could be problematic when aggregating data from different sources, we offer practical suggestions to improve the reliability of the method. While small, this study is a most needed step towards more precise measurement of the brain's cellular composition.
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96
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Lee JQ, McDonald RJ, Sutherland RJ. Hippocampal Damage Causes Retrograde Amnesia and Slower Acquisition of a Cue-Place Discrimination in a Concurrent Cue-Place Water Task in Rats. Neuroscience 2019; 412:131-143. [PMID: 31195054 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Explanations of memory-guided navigation in rodents typically suggest that cue- and place-based navigations are independent aspects of behavior and neurobiology. The results of many experiments show that hippocampal damage causes both anterograde and retrograde amnesia (AA; RA) for place memory, but only RA for cue memory. In the present experiments, we used a concurrent cue-place water task (CWT) to study the effects of hippocampal damage before or after training on cue- and place-guided navigation, and how cue and place memory interact in damaged and control rats. We found that damaging the hippocampus before training caused a delay in the expression of cue-place navigation strategies relative to intact control animals; surprisingly, place navigation strategies emerged following pre-training hippocampal damage. With additional training, both control and damaged rats used local cues to navigate in the CWT. Damaged animals also show minor impairments in latency to navigate to the correct cue following a cue contingency reversal. By contrast to these anterograde effects, damage made after training causes RA for cue choice accuracy and latency to navigate to the correct cue. In addition, the extent of hippocampal damage predicted impairments in choice accuracy when lesions were made after training. These data extend previous work on the role of the hippocampus in cue and place memory-guided navigation, and show that the hippocampus plays an important role in both aspects of memory and navigation when present during the learning experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Quinn Lee
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada; University of Lethbridge 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Robert J McDonald
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Robert J Sutherland
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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97
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Mangus LM, Rao DB, Ebenezer GJ. Intraepidermal Nerve Fiber Analysis in Human Patients and Animal Models of Peripheral Neuropathy: A Comparative Review. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 48:59-70. [PMID: 31221022 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319855969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of intraepidermal nerve fibers (IENFs) in skin biopsy samples has become a standard clinical tool for diagnosing peripheral neuropathies in human patients. Compared to sural nerve biopsy, skin biopsy is safer, less invasive, and can be performed repeatedly to facilitate longitudinal assessment. Intraepidermal nerve fiber analysis is also more sensitive than conventional nerve histology or electrophysiological tests for detecting damage to small-diameter sensory nerve fibers. The techniques used for IENF analysis in humans have been adapted for large and small animal models and successfully used in studies of diabetic neuropathy, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, HIV-associated sensory neuropathy, among others. Although IENF analysis has yet to become a routine end point in nonclinical safety testing, it has the potential to serve as a highly relevant indicator of sensory nerve fiber status in neurotoxicity studies, as well as development of neuroprotective and neuroregenerative therapies. Recently, there is also interest in the evaluation of IENF via skin biopsy as a biomarker of small fiber neuropathy in the regulatory setting. This article provides an overview of the anatomic and pathophysiologic principles behind IENF analysis, its use as a diagnostic tool in humans, and applications in animal models with focus on comparative methodology and considerations for study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Mangus
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Deepa B Rao
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Gigi J Ebenezer
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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98
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d'Orange M, Aurégan G, Cheramy D, Gaudin-Guérif M, Lieger S, Guillermier M, Stimmer L, Joséphine C, Hérard AS, Gaillard MC, Petit F, Kiessling MC, Schmitz C, Colin M, Buée L, Panayi F, Diguet E, Brouillet E, Hantraye P, Bemelmans AP, Cambon K. Potentiating tangle formation reduces acute toxicity of soluble tau species in the rat. Brain 2019; 141:535-549. [PMID: 29253129 PMCID: PMC5837551 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tauopathies are neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the aggregation of tau protein. These pathologies exhibit a wide variety of clinical and anatomo-pathological presentations, which may result from different pathological mechanisms. Although tau inclusions are a common feature in all these diseases, recent evidence instead implicates small oligomeric aggregates as drivers of tau-induced toxicity. Hence in vivo model systems displaying either soluble or fibrillary forms of wild-type or mutant tau are needed to better identify their respective pathological pathways. Here we used adeno-associated viruses to mediate gene transfer of human tau to the rat brain to develop models of pure tauopathies. Two different constructs were used, each giving rise to a specific phenotype developing in less than 3 months. First, hTAUWT overexpression led to a strong hyperphosphorylation of the protein, which was associated with neurotoxicity in the absence of any significant aggregation. In sharp contrast, its co-expression with the pro-aggregation peptide TauRD-ΔK280 in the hTAUProAggr group strongly promoted its aggregation into Gallyas-positive neurofibrillary tangles, while preserving neuronal survival. Our results support the hypothesis that soluble tau species are key players of tau-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie d'Orange
- CEA, DRF, Institut François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud Univ., Univ. Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), F-92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Gwénaelle Aurégan
- CEA, DRF, Institut François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud Univ., Univ. Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), F-92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Dimitri Cheramy
- Institut de Recherches Servier, DRD-RDNPS, 125 chemin de ronde, 78 290 Croissy sur Seine, France
| | - Mylène Gaudin-Guérif
- Institut de Recherches Servier, DRD-RDNPS, 125 chemin de ronde, 78 290 Croissy sur Seine, France
| | - Sarah Lieger
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Lille, France.,Université Lille 2, Faculté de Médecine, IMPRT, JPARC, Lille, France.,CMRR, CHR, Lille, France
| | - Martine Guillermier
- CEA, DRF, Institut François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud Univ., Univ. Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), F-92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Lev Stimmer
- MIRCen, INSERM-CEA, Platform for experimental pathology, U1169 and US27, F- 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Charlène Joséphine
- CEA, DRF, Institut François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud Univ., Univ. Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), F-92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Hérard
- CEA, DRF, Institut François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud Univ., Univ. Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), F-92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Marie-Claude Gaillard
- CEA, DRF, Institut François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud Univ., Univ. Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), F-92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Fanny Petit
- CEA, DRF, Institut François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud Univ., Univ. Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), F-92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | - Christoph Schmitz
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Morvane Colin
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Lille, France.,Université Lille 2, Faculté de Médecine, IMPRT, JPARC, Lille, France.,CMRR, CHR, Lille, France
| | - Luc Buée
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Lille, France.,Université Lille 2, Faculté de Médecine, IMPRT, JPARC, Lille, France.,CMRR, CHR, Lille, France
| | - Fany Panayi
- Institut de Recherches Servier, DRD-RDNPS, 125 chemin de ronde, 78 290 Croissy sur Seine, France
| | - Elsa Diguet
- Institut de Recherches Servier, DRD-RDNPS, 125 chemin de ronde, 78 290 Croissy sur Seine, France
| | - Emmanuel Brouillet
- CEA, DRF, Institut François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud Univ., Univ. Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), F-92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Philippe Hantraye
- CEA, DRF, Institut François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud Univ., Univ. Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), F-92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Alexis-Pierre Bemelmans
- CEA, DRF, Institut François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud Univ., Univ. Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), F-92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Karine Cambon
- CEA, DRF, Institut François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud Univ., Univ. Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), F-92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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99
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Timothy M, Forlano PM. A versatile macro-based neurohistological image analysis suite for ImageJ focused on automated and standardized user interaction and reproducible data output. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 324:108286. [PMID: 31063801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development and increasing adoption of advanced microscopy imaging technologies, including high resolution, multi-dimensional digital photography and multiple fluorescence channel acquisition, as well as the availability of inexpensive terabyte-capacity storage, have enabled research laboratories to pursue neurohistological imaging experiments involving multiple neurochemical probes and experimental conditions covering a variety of brain regions. Analyzing and processing the resulting datasets, composed of hundreds of micrographs, presents challenges in ensuring accuracy and reproducibility under demanding time and training constraints. NEW METHOD The 'Custom Macros' plugin suite for ImageJ automates and systematizes user interaction in neurohistological image analysis tasks, including region selection and thresholding, point/object counts, area measurement, batch filter processing, and data review. Written in the accessible ImageJ macro language, the plugin implements a user login-based data storage framework and facilitates inter-laboratory collaboration over cloud file server clients. RESULTS A macro-based interface approach integrates dozens of novel operations, software interactions, algorithm calls, and background tasks into individual shortcut commands. Every completed procedure generates image, region, and calibrated measurement records that are saved in a standardized folder structure. COMPARISONS WITH EXISTING METHODS Plugin installation adds startup access to a persistent interface layer of extensive and streamlined functionality that is generalizable to a variety of neurohistological contexts, thus providing an efficient and reliable alternative to the use of analysis software in an unstructured, provisional manner that necessitates repeated menu and plugin interaction. CONCLUSIONS Our free/open-source software provides researchers a straightforward solution to addressing daunting usability and data oversight issues, ultimately making efficient, accessible, and reproducible image analysis methodology attainable for many laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miky Timothy
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, United States.
| | - Paul M Forlano
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, United States; Doctoral Subprogram in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States; Doctoral Subprogram in Neuroscience, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States; Doctoral Subprogram in Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States; Aquatic Research and Environmental Assessment Center (AREAC), Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY, United States
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100
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Abreu CC, Fernandes TN, Henrique EP, Pereira PDC, Marques SB, Herdeiro SLS, Oliveira FRR, Magalhães NGM, Anthony DC, Melo MAD, Guerreiro-Diniz C, Diniz DG, Picanço-Diniz CW. Small-scale environmental enrichment and exercise enhance learning and spatial memory of Carassius auratus, and increase cell proliferation in the telencephalon: an exploratory study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 52:e8026. [PMID: 31038577 PMCID: PMC6487742 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20198026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Carassius auratus is a teleost fish that has been largely used in behavioral studies. However, little is known about potential environmental influences on its performance of learning and memory tasks. Here, we investigated this question in C. auratus, and searched for potential correlation between exercise and visuospatial enrichment with the total number of telencephalic glia and neurons. To that end, males and females were housed for 183 days in either an enriched (EE) or impoverished environment (IE) aquarium. EE contained toys, natural plants, and a 12-hour/day water stream for voluntary exercise, whereas the IE had none of the above. A third plus-maze aquarium was used for spatial and object recognition tests. Different visual clues in 2 of its 4 arms were used to guide fish to reach the criteria to complete the task. The test consisted of 30 sessions and was concluded when each animal performed three consecutive correct choices or seven alternated, each ten trials. Learning rates revealed significant differences between EE and IE fish. The optical fractionator was used to estimate the total number of telencephalic cells that were stained with cresyl violet. On average, the total number of cells in the subjects from EE was higher than those from subjects maintained in IE (P=0.0202). We suggest that environmental enrichment significantly influenced goldfish spatial learning and memory abilities, and this may be associated with an increase in the total number of telencephalic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Abreu
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - T N Fernandes
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - E P Henrique
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Bragança, PA, Brasil
| | - P D C Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Bragança, PA, Brasil
| | - S B Marques
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - S L S Herdeiro
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - F R R Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - N G M Magalhães
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Bragança, PA, Brasil
| | - D C Anthony
- University of Oxford, Department of Pharmacology, Mansfield Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - M A D Melo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Bragança, PA, Brasil
| | - C Guerreiro-Diniz
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Bragança, PA, Brasil
| | - D G Diniz
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - C W Picanço-Diniz
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
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