51
|
Bansal M, Acharya S, Sharma S, Phutela R, Rauthan R, Maiti S, Chakraborty D. CRISPR Cas9 based genome editing in inherited retinal dystrophies. Ophthalmic Genet 2021; 42:365-374. [PMID: 33821751 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2021.1904421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Precision genome engineering, with targeted therapy towards patient-specific mutations is predicted to be the future of personalized medicine. Ophthalmology is in the frontiers of development of targeted therapy since the eye is an accessible organ and has the ease of both delivery as well as monitoring effects of therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed literature using keywords CRISPR, precision medicine, genomic editing, retinal dystrophies, retinitis pigmentosa, Usher syndrome, Stargardt's Disease. Further, we collated data on current clinical trials. RESULTS There is growing evidence on the role of genomic editing in retinal dystrophies, the various methods used, and stage of development of different therapies have been summarized in this paper. CONCLUSIONS The CRISPR-Cas9 system has revolutionized genome editing, and opened avenues in drug discovery. It is important to understand the role of this system along with its applicability in the field of ophthalmology. In this review article, we briefly describe its methodology, the strategies of employing it for making genetic perturbations, and explore its applications in inherited retinal dystrophies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Bansal
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sundaram Acharya
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Saumya Sharma
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Rhythm Phutela
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Riya Rauthan
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Souvik Maiti
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Debojyoti Chakraborty
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Quinn J, Musa A, Kantor A, McClements ME, Cehajic-Kapetanovic J, MacLaren RE, Xue K. Genome-Editing Strategies for Treating Human Retinal Degenerations. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:247-259. [PMID: 32993386 PMCID: PMC7987357 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs) are a leading cause of blindness. Although gene-supplementation therapies have been developed, they are only available for a small proportion of recessive IRD mutations. In contrast, genome editing using clustered-regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems could provide alternative therapeutic avenues for treating a wide range of genetic retinal diseases through targeted knockdown or correction of mutant alleles. Progress in this rapidly evolving field has been highlighted by recent Food and Drug Administration clinical trial approval for EDIT-101 (Editas Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, MA), which has demonstrated efficacious genome editing in a mouse model of CEP290-associated Leber congenital amaurosis and safety in nonhuman primates. Nonetheless, there remains a significant number of challenges to developing clinically viable retinal genome-editing therapies. In particular, IRD-causing mutations occur in more than 200 known genes, with considerable heterogeneity in mutation type and position within each gene. Additionally, there are remaining safety concerns over long-term expression of Cas9 in vivo. This review highlights (i) the technological advances in gene-editing technology, (ii) major safety concerns associated with retinal genome editing, and (iii) potential strategies for overcoming these challenges to develop clinical therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Quinn
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ayesha Musa
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ariel Kantor
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle E. McClements
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jasmina Cehajic-Kapetanovic
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert E. MacLaren
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kanmin Xue
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Correspondence: Dr. Kanmin Xue, Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Ballios BG, Pierce EA, Huckfeldt RM. Gene editing technology: Towards precision medicine in inherited retinal diseases. Semin Ophthalmol 2021; 36:176-184. [PMID: 33621144 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2021.1887903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To review preclinical and clinical advances in gene therapy, with a focus on gene editing technologies, and application to inherited retinal disease.Methods: A narrative overview of the literature, summarizing the state-of-the-art in clinical gene therapy for inherited retinal disease, as well as the science and application of new gene editing technology.Results: The last three years has seen the first FDA approval of an in vivo gene replacement therapy for a hereditary blinding eye disease and, recently, the first clinical application of an in vivo gene editing technique. Limitations and challenges in this evolving field are highlighted, as well as new technologies developed to address the multitude of molecular mechanisms of disease.Conclusion: Genetic therapy for the treatment of inherited retinal disease is a rapidly expanding area of ophthalmology. New technologies have revolutionized the field of genome engineering and rekindled an interest in precision medicines for these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Ballios
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric A Pierce
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachel M Huckfeldt
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Patrizi C, Llado M, Benati D, Iodice C, Marrocco E, Guarascio R, Surace EM, Cheetham ME, Auricchio A, Recchia A. Allele-specific editing ameliorates dominant retinitis pigmentosa in a transgenic mouse model. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:295-308. [PMID: 33508235 PMCID: PMC7896132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of progressive retinal degenerations of mostly monogenic inheritance, which cause blindness in about 1:3,500 individuals worldwide. Heterozygous variants in the rhodopsin (RHO) gene are the most common cause of autosomal dominant RP (adRP). Among these, missense variants at C-terminal proline 347, such as p.Pro347Ser, cause severe adRP recurrently in European affected individuals. Here, for the first time, we use CRISPR/Cas9 to selectively target the p.Pro347Ser variant while preserving the wild-type RHO allele in vitro and in a mouse model of adRP. Detailed in vitro, genomic, and biochemical characterization of the rhodopsin C-terminal editing demonstrates a safe downregulation of p.Pro347Ser expression leading to partial recovery of photoreceptor function in a transgenic mouse model treated with adeno-associated viral vectors. This study supports the safety and efficacy of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated allele-specific editing and paves the way for a permanent and precise correction of heterozygous variants in dominantly inherited retinal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Patrizi
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Manel Llado
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Daniela Benati
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Carolina Iodice
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Elena Marrocco
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | | | - Enrico M Surace
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; Medical Genetics, Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Auricchio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; Medical Genetics, Department of Advanced Biomedicine, Federico II University, 80125 Naples, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Recchia
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
A hypomorphic variant in EYS detected by genome-wide association study contributes toward retinitis pigmentosa. Commun Biol 2021; 4:140. [PMID: 33514863 PMCID: PMC7846782 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01662-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of Japanese autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (ARRP) remains largely unknown. Herein, we applied a 2-step genome-wide association study (GWAS) in 640 Japanese patients. Meta-GWAS identified three independent peaks at P < 5.0 × 10−8, all within the major ARRP gene EYS. Two of the three were each in linkage disequilibrium with a different low frequency variant (allele frequency < 0.05); a known founder Mendelian mutation (c.4957dupA, p.S1653Kfs*2) and a non-synonymous variant (c.2528 G > A, p.G843E) of unknown significance. mRNA harboring c.2528 G > A failed to restore rhodopsin mislocalization induced by morpholino-mediated knockdown of eys in zebrafish, consistent with the variant being pathogenic. c.2528 G > A solved an additional 7.0% of Japanese ARRP cases. The third peak was in linkage disequilibrium with a common non-synonymous variant (c.7666 A > T, p.S2556C), possibly representing an unreported disease-susceptibility signal. GWAS successfully unraveled genetic causes of a rare monogenic disorder and identified a high frequency variant potentially linked to development of local genome therapeutics. Koji Nishiguchi et al. identify three genetic variants within the EYS gene that are associated with retinitis pigmentosa using a genome-wide association study. They demonstrate that one of these variants (G843E) causes retinal dysfunction in zebrafish, suggesting a causal role for EYS in retinitis pigmentosa.
Collapse
|
56
|
Xu D, Khan MA, Ho AC. Creating an Ocular Biofactory: Surgical Approaches in Gene Therapy for Acquired Retinal Diseases. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2021; 10:5-11. [PMID: 33399391 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Gene therapy offers the potential to treat inherited retinal disorders and deliver sustained therapy for acquired retinal diseases. In the latter case, host cells can be harnessed to produce non-native proteins that have beneficial properties, such as antivascular endothelial growth factor activity, transforming the eye into an ocular "biofactory." Several gene therapy programs have entered clinical testing for delivery to the vitreous, subretinal, and suprachoroidal space. Improved viral vectors and refined surgical techniques are critical to successful delivery of therapeutic products to the target tissue. In this review, we discuss the development of gene therapy products aimed at acquired retinal diseases and the surgical techniques utilized to achieve targeted delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Xu
- Retina Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Kantor A, McClements ME, Peddle CF, Fry LE, Salman A, Cehajic-Kapetanovic J, Xue K, MacLaren RE. CRISPR genome engineering for retinal diseases. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 182:29-79. [PMID: 34175046 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Novel gene therapy treatments for inherited retinal diseases have been at the forefront of translational medicine over the past couple of decades. Since the discovery of CRISPR mechanisms and their potential application for the treatment of inherited human conditions, it seemed inevitable that advances would soon be made using retinal models of disease. The development of CRISPR technology for gene therapy and its increasing potential to selectively target disease-causing nucleotide changes has been rapid. In this chapter, we discuss the currently available CRISPR toolkit and how it has been and can be applied in the future for the treatment of inherited retinal diseases. These blinding conditions have until now had limited opportunity for successful therapeutic intervention, but the discovery of CRISPR has created new hope of achieving such, as we discuss within this chapter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Kantor
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences & NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Michelle E McClements
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences & NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline F Peddle
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences & NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis E Fry
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences & NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Salman
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences & NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jasmina Cehajic-Kapetanovic
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences & NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kanmin Xue
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences & NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert E MacLaren
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences & NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Ocular delivery of CRISPR/Cas genome editing components for treatment of eye diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 168:181-195. [PMID: 32603815 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A variety of inherited or multifactorial ocular diseases call for novel treatment paradigms. The newly developed genome editing technology, CRISPR, has shown great promise in treating these diseases, but delivery of the CRISPR/Cas components to target ocular tissues and cells requires appropriate use of vectors and routes of administration to ensure safety, efficacy and specificity. Although adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors are thus far the most commonly used tool for ocular gene delivery, sustained expression of CRISPR/Cas components may cause immune reactions and an increased risk of off-target editing. In this review, we summarize the ocular administration routes and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of viral and non-viral vectors for delivery of CRISPR/Cas components to the eye. We review the existing studies of CRISPR/Cas genome editing for ocular diseases and discuss the major challenges of the technology in ocular applications. We also discuss the most recently developed CRISPR tools such as base editing and prime editing which may be used for future ocular applications.
Collapse
|
59
|
Chung SH, Sin TN, Ngo T, Yiu G. CRISPR Technology for Ocular Angiogenesis. Front Genome Ed 2020; 2:594984. [PMID: 34713223 PMCID: PMC8525361 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2020.594984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Among genome engineering tools, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-based approaches have been widely adopted for translational studies due to their robustness, precision, and ease of use. When delivered to diseased tissues with a viral vector such as adeno-associated virus, direct genome editing can be efficiently achieved in vivo to treat different ophthalmic conditions. While CRISPR has been actively explored as a strategy for treating inherited retinal diseases, with the first human trial recently initiated, its applications for complex, multifactorial conditions such as ocular angiogenesis has been relatively limited. Currently, neovascular retinal diseases such as retinopathy of prematurity, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and neovascular age-related macular degeneration, which together constitute the majority of blindness in developed countries, are managed with frequent and costly injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents that are short-lived and burdensome for patients. By contrast, CRISPR technology has the potential to suppress angiogenesis permanently, with the added benefit of targeting intracellular signals or regulatory elements, cell-specific delivery, and multiplexing to disrupt different pro-angiogenic factors simultaneously. However, the prospect of permanently suppressing physiologic pathways, the unpredictability of gene editing efficacy, and concerns for off-target effects have limited enthusiasm for these approaches. Here, we review the evolution of gene therapy and advances in adapting CRISPR platforms to suppress retinal angiogenesis. We discuss different Cas9 orthologs, delivery strategies, and different genomic targets including VEGF, VEGF receptor, and HIF-1α, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of genome editing vs. conventional gene therapies for multifactorial disease processes as compared to inherited monogenic retinal disorders. Lastly, we describe barriers that must be overcome to enable effective adoption of CRISPR-based strategies for the management of ocular angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Glenn Yiu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Manafi N, Shokri F, Achberger K, Hirayama M, Mohammadi MH, Noorizadeh F, Hong J, Liebau S, Tsuji T, Quinn PMJ, Mashaghi A. Organoids and organ chips in ophthalmology. Ocul Surf 2020; 19:1-15. [PMID: 33220469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances have driven the development of stem cell-derived, self-organizing, three-dimensional miniature organs, termed organoids, which mimic different eye tissues including the retina, cornea, and lens. Organoids and engineered microfluidic organ-on-chips (organ chips) are transformative technologies that show promise in simulating the architectural and functional complexity of native organs. Accordingly, they enable exploration of facets of human disease and development not accurately recapitulated by animal models. Together, these technologies will increase our understanding of the basic physiology of different eye structures, enable us to interrogate unknown aspects of ophthalmic disease pathogenesis, and serve as clinically-relevant surrogates for the evaluation of ocular therapeutics. Both the burden and prevalence of monogenic and multifactorial ophthalmic diseases, which can cause visual impairment or blindness, in the human population warrants a paradigm shift towards organoids and organ chips that can provide sensitive, quantitative, and scalable phenotypic assays. In this article, we review the current situation of organoids and organ chips in ophthalmology and discuss how they can be leveraged for translational applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navid Manafi
- Medical Systems Biophysics and Bioengineering, The Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2333CC, Leiden, the Netherlands; Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Fereshteh Shokri
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kevin Achberger
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Österbergstrasse 3, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Masatoshi Hirayama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Chiba, 272-8513, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Melika Haji Mohammadi
- Medical Systems Biophysics and Bioengineering, The Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2333CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jiaxu Hong
- Medical Systems Biophysics and Bioengineering, The Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2333CC, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, China; Key NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Myopia, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Österbergstrasse 3, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Takashi Tsuji
- Laboratory for Organ Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan; Organ Technologies Inc., Minato, Tokyo, 105-0001, Japan
| | - Peter M J Quinn
- Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology & Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University. New York, NY, USA; Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center - New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Alireza Mashaghi
- Medical Systems Biophysics and Bioengineering, The Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2333CC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Abstract
Numerous rhodopsin mutations have been implicated in night blindness and retinal degeneration, often with unclear etiology. D190N-rhodopsin (D190N-Rho) is a well-known inherited human mutation causing retinitis pigmentosa. Both higher-than-normal spontaneous-isomerization activity and misfolding/mistargeting of the mutant protein have been proposed as causes of the disease, but neither explanation has been thoroughly examined. We replaced wild-type rhodopsin (WT-Rho) in RhoD190N/WT mouse rods with a largely "functionally silenced" rhodopsin mutant to isolate electrical responses triggered by D190N-Rho activity, and found that D190N-Rho at the single-molecule level indeed isomerizes more frequently than WT-Rho by over an order of magnitude. Importantly, however, this higher molecular dark activity does not translate into an overall higher cellular dark noise, owing to diminished D190N-Rho content in the rod outer segment. Separately, we found that much of the degeneration and shortened outer-segment length of RhoD190N/WT mouse rods was not averted by ablating rod transducin in phototransduction-also consistent with D190N-Rho's higher isomerization activity not being the primary cause of disease. Instead, the low pigment content, shortened outer-segment length, and a moderate unfolded protein response implicate protein misfolding as the major pathogenic problem. Finally, D190N-Rho also provided some insight into the mechanism of spontaneous pigment excitation.
Collapse
|
62
|
Li F, Wing K, Wang JH, Luu CD, Bender JA, Chen J, Wang Q, Lu Q, Nguyen Tran MT, Young KM, Wong RCB, Pébay A, Cook AL, Hung SSC, Liu GS, Hewitt AW. Comparison of CRISPR/Cas Endonucleases for in vivo Retinal Gene Editing. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:570917. [PMID: 33132845 PMCID: PMC7511709 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.570917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas has opened the prospect of direct gene correction therapy for some inherited retinal diseases. Previous work has demonstrated the utility of adeno-associated virus (AAV) mediated delivery to retinal cells in vivo; however, with the expanding repertoire of CRISPR/Cas endonucleases, it is not clear which of these are most efficacious for retinal editing in vivo. We sought to compare CRISPR/Cas endonuclease activity using both single and dual AAV delivery strategies for gene editing in retinal cells. Plasmids of a dual vector system with SpCas9, SaCas9, Cas12a, CjCas9 and a sgRNA targeting YFP, as well as a single vector system with SaCas9/YFP sgRNA were generated and validated in YFP-expressing HEK293A cell by flow cytometry and the T7E1 assay. Paired CRISPR/Cas endonuclease and its best performing sgRNA was then packaged into an AAV2 capsid derivative, AAV7m8, and injected intravitreally into CMV-Cre:Rosa26-YFP mice. SpCas9 and Cas12a achieved better knockout efficiency than SaCas9 and CjCas9. Moreover, no significant difference in YFP gene editing was found between single and dual CRISPR/SaCas9 vector systems. With a marked reduction of YFP-positive retinal cells, AAV7m8 delivered SpCas9 was found to have the highest knockout efficacy among all investigated endonucleases. We demonstrate that the AAV7m8-mediated delivery of CRISPR/SpCas9 construct achieves the most efficient gene modification in neurosensory retinal cells in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kristof Wing
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Jiang-Hui Wang
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Chi D Luu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - James A Bender
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Jinying Chen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Qinyi Lu
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | | | - Kaylene M Young
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Raymond C B Wong
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alice Pébay
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony L Cook
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Sandy S C Hung
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Guei-Sheung Liu
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.,Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Xu Y, Li Z. CRISPR-Cas systems: Overview, innovations and applications in human disease research and gene therapy. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:2401-2415. [PMID: 33005303 PMCID: PMC7508700 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome editing is the modification of genomic DNA at a specific target site in a wide variety of cell types and organisms, including insertion, deletion and replacement of DNA, resulting in inactivation of target genes, acquisition of novel genetic traits and correction of pathogenic gene mutations. Due to the advantages of simple design, low cost, high efficiency, good repeatability and short-cycle, CRISPR-Cas systems have become the most widely used genome editing technology in molecular biology laboratories all around the world. In this review, an overview of the CRISPR-Cas systems will be introduced, including the innovations, the applications in human disease research and gene therapy, as well as the challenges and opportunities that will be faced in the practical application of CRISPR-Cas systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zhanjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
De Silva SR, Arno G, Robson AG, Fakin A, Pontikos N, Mohamed MD, Bird AC, Moore AT, Michaelides M, Webster AR, Mahroo OA. The X-linked retinopathies: Physiological insights, pathogenic mechanisms, phenotypic features and novel therapies. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 82:100898. [PMID: 32860923 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
X-linked retinopathies represent a significant proportion of monogenic retinal disease. They include progressive and stationary conditions, with and without syndromic features. Many are X-linked recessive, but several exhibit a phenotype in female carriers, which can help establish diagnosis and yield insights into disease mechanisms. The presence of affected carriers can misleadingly suggest autosomal dominant inheritance. Some disorders (such as RPGR-associated retinopathy) show diverse phenotypes from variants in the same gene and also highlight limitations of current genetic sequencing methods. X-linked disease frequently arises from loss of function, implying potential for benefit from gene replacement strategies. We review X-inactivation and X-linked inheritance, and explore burden of disease attributable to X-linked genes in our clinically and genetically characterised retinal disease cohort, finding correlation between gene transcript length and numbers of families. We list relevant genes and discuss key clinical features, disease mechanisms, carrier phenotypes and novel experimental therapies. We consider in detail the following: RPGR (associated with retinitis pigmentosa, cone and cone-rod dystrophy), RP2 (retinitis pigmentosa), CHM (choroideremia), RS1 (X-linked retinoschisis), NYX (complete congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB)), CACNA1F (incomplete CSNB), OPN1LW/OPN1MW (blue cone monochromacy, Bornholm eye disease, cone dystrophy), GPR143 (ocular albinism), COL4A5 (Alport syndrome), and NDP (Norrie disease and X-linked familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR)). We use a recently published transcriptome analysis to explore expression by cell-type and discuss insights from electrophysiology. In the final section, we present an algorithm for genes to consider in diagnosing males with non-syndromic X-linked retinopathy, summarise current experimental therapeutic approaches, and consider questions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R De Silva
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gavin Arno
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Anthony G Robson
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ana Fakin
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Ljubljana University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nikolas Pontikos
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Moin D Mohamed
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alan C Bird
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Anthony T Moore
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michel Michaelides
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Andrew R Webster
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Omar A Mahroo
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Section of Ophthalmology, King's College London, UK; Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Meng D, Ragi SD, Tsang SH. Therapy in Rhodopsin-Mediated Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa. Mol Ther 2020; 28:2139-2149. [PMID: 32882181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodopsin-mediated autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (RHO-adRP) is a hereditary degenerative disorder in which mutations in the gene encoding RHO, the light-sensitive G protein-coupled receptor involved in phototransduction in rods, lead to progressive loss of rods and subsequently cones in the retina. Clinical phenotypes are diverse, ranging from mild night blindness to severe visual impairments. There is currently no cure for RHO-adRP. Although there have been significant advances in gene therapy for inherited retinal diseases, treating RHO-adRP presents a unique challenge since it is an autosomal dominant disease caused by more than 150 gain-of-function mutations in the RHO gene, rendering the established gene supplementation strategy inadequate. This review provides an update on RNA therapeutics and therapeutic editing genome surgery strategies and ongoing clinical trials for RHO-adRP, discussing mechanisms of action, preclinical data, current state of development, as well as risk and benefit considerations. Potential outcome measures useful for future clinical trials are also addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da Meng
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sara D Ragi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology & Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Sinha D, Steyer B, Shahi PK, Mueller KP, Valiauga R, Edwards KL, Bacig C, Steltzer SS, Srinivasan S, Abdeen A, Cory E, Periyasamy V, Siahpirani AF, Stone EM, Tucker BA, Roy S, Pattnaik BR, Saha K, Gamm DM. Human iPSC Modeling Reveals Mutation-Specific Responses to Gene Therapy in a Genotypically Diverse Dominant Maculopathy. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 107:278-292. [PMID: 32707085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dominantly inherited disorders are not typically considered to be therapeutic candidates for gene augmentation. Here, we utilized induced pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium (iPSC-RPE) to test the potential of gene augmentation to treat Best disease, a dominant macular dystrophy caused by over 200 missense mutations in BEST1. Gene augmentation in iPSC-RPE fully restored BEST1 calcium-activated chloride channel activity and improved rhodopsin degradation in an iPSC-RPE model of recessive bestrophinopathy as well as in two models of dominant Best disease caused by different mutations in regions encoding ion-binding domains. A third dominant Best disease iPSC-RPE model did not respond to gene augmentation, but showed normalization of BEST1 channel activity following CRISPR-Cas9 editing of the mutant allele. We then subjected all three dominant Best disease iPSC-RPE models to gene editing, which produced premature stop codons specifically within the mutant BEST1 alleles. Single-cell profiling demonstrated no adverse perturbation of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) transcriptional programs in any model, although off-target analysis detected a silent genomic alteration in one model. These results suggest that gene augmentation is a viable first-line approach for some individuals with dominant Best disease and that non-responders are candidates for alternate approaches such as gene editing. However, testing gene editing strategies for on-target efficiency and off-target events using personalized iPSC-RPE model systems is warranted. In summary, personalized iPSC-RPE models can be used to select among a growing list of gene therapy options to maximize safety and efficacy while minimizing time and cost. Similar scenarios likely exist for other genotypically diverse channelopathies, expanding the therapeutic landscape for affected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Sinha
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Benjamin Steyer
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Pawan K Shahi
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Katherine P Mueller
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Rasa Valiauga
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | | | - Cole Bacig
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Stephanie S Steltzer
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Sandhya Srinivasan
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Amr Abdeen
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Evan Cory
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Viswesh Periyasamy
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | | | - Edwin M Stone
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Budd A Tucker
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Sushmita Roy
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Bikash R Pattnaik
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Krishanu Saha
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - David M Gamm
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Fry LE, Peddle CF, Stevanovic M, Barnard AR, McClements ME, MacLaren RE. Promoter Orientation within an AAV-CRISPR Vector Affects Cas9 Expression and Gene Editing Efficiency. CRISPR J 2020; 3:276-283. [PMID: 32833533 PMCID: PMC7469699 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2020.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have been widely adopted for delivery of CRISPR-Cas components, especially for therapeutic gene editing. For a single vector system, both the Cas9 and guide RNA (gRNA) are encoded within a single transgene, usually from separate promoters. Careful design of this bi-cistronic construct is required due to the minimal packaging capacity of AAV. We investigated how placement of the U6 promoter expressing the gRNA on the reverse strand to SaCas9 driven by a cytomegalovirus promoter affected gene editing rates compared to placement on the forward strand. We show that orientation in the reverse direction reduces editing rates from an AAV vector due to reduced transcription of both SaCas9 and guide RNA. This effect was observed only following AAV transduction; it was not seen following plasmid transfection. These results have implications for the design of AAV-CRISPR vectors, and suggest that results from optimizing plasmid transgenes may not translate when delivered via AAV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis E. Fry
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline F. Peddle
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Stevanovic
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alun R. Barnard
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle E. McClements
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert E. MacLaren
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Orlans HO, Barnard AR, Patrício MI, McClements ME, MacLaren RE. Effect of AAV-Mediated Rhodopsin Gene Augmentation on Retinal Degeneration Caused by the Dominant P23H Rhodopsin Mutation in a Knock-In Murine Model. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 31:730-742. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Harry O. Orlans
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alun R. Barnard
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maria I. Patrício
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert E. MacLaren
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Buck TM, Wijnholds J. Recombinant Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors (rAAV)-Vector Elements in Ocular Gene Therapy Clinical Trials and Transgene Expression and Bioactivity Assays. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4197. [PMID: 32545533 PMCID: PMC7352801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies and optic neuropathies cause chronic disabling loss of visual function. The development of recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAV) gene therapies in all disease fields have been promising, but the translation to the clinic has been slow. The safety and efficacy profiles of rAAV are linked to the dose of applied vectors. DNA changes in the rAAV gene cassette affect potency, the expression pattern (cell-specificity), and the production yield. Here, we present a library of rAAV vectors and elements that provide a workflow to design novel vectors. We first performed a meta-analysis on recombinant rAAV elements in clinical trials (2007-2020) for ocular gene therapies. We analyzed 33 unique rAAV gene cassettes used in 57 ocular clinical trials. The rAAV gene therapy vectors used six unique capsid variants, 16 different promoters, and six unique polyadenylation sequences. Further, we compiled a list of promoters, enhancers, and other sequences used in current rAAV gene cassettes in preclinical studies. Then, we give an update on pro-viral plasmid backbones used to produce the gene therapy vectors, inverted terminal repeats, production yield, and rAAV safety considerations. Finally, we assess rAAV transgene and bioactivity assays applied to cells or organoids in vitro, explants ex vivo, and clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thilo M. Buck
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Jan Wijnholds
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Netherlands Institute of Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Chung SH, Mollhoff IN, Nguyen U, Nguyen A, Stucka N, Tieu E, Manna S, Meleppat RK, Zhang P, Nguyen EL, Fong J, Zawadzki R, Yiu G. Factors Impacting Efficacy of AAV-Mediated CRISPR-Based Genome Editing for Treatment of Choroidal Neovascularization. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 17:409-417. [PMID: 32128346 PMCID: PMC7044682 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Frequent injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents are a clinical burden for patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Genomic disruption of VEGF-A using adeno-associated viral (AAV) delivery of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 has the potential to permanently suppress aberrant angiogenesis, but the factors that determine the optimal efficacy are unknown. Here, we investigate two widely used Cas9 endonucleases, SpCas9 and SaCas9, and evaluate the relative contribution of AAV-delivery efficiency and genome-editing rates in vivo to determine the mechanisms that drive successful CRISPR-based suppression of VEGF-A, using a mouse model of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV). We found that SpCas9 demonstrated higher genome-editing rates, greater VEGF reduction, and more effective CNV suppression than SaCas9, despite similar AAV transduction efficiency between a dual-vector approach for SpCas9 and single-vector system for SaCas9 to deliver the Cas9 orthologs and single guide RNAs (gRNAs). Our results suggest that successful VEGF knockdown using AAV-mediated CRISPR systems may be determined more by the efficiency of genome editing rather than viral transduction and that SpCas9 may be more effective than SaCas9 as a potential therapeutic strategy for CRISPR-based treatment of CNV in neovascular AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sook Hyun Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Iris Natalie Mollhoff
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Uyen Nguyen
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Amy Nguyen
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Natalie Stucka
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eric Tieu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Suman Manna
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ratheesh Kumar Meleppat
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Emerald Lovece Nguyen
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jared Fong
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert Zawadzki
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Glenn Yiu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Zhang L, Cui X, Han Y, Park KS, Gao X, Zhang X, Yuan Z, Hu Y, Hsu CW, Li X, Bassuk AG, Mahajan VB, Wang NK, Tsang SH. Hypoxic drive caused type 3 neovascularization in a preclinical model of exudative age-related macular degeneration. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:3475-3485. [PMID: 31518400 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia associated with the high metabolic demand of rods has been implicated in the pathology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common cause of adult blindness in the developed world. The majority of AMD-associated severe vision loss cases are due to exudative AMD, characterized by neovascularization. To further investigate the causes and histopathology of exudative AMD, we conditionally induced hypoxia in a novel preclinical AMD model (Pde6gcreERT2/+;Vhl-/-) by targeting Vhl and used multimodal imaging and immunohistochemistry to track the development of hypoxia-induced neovascularization. In addition to developing a preclinical model that phenocopies exudative AMD, our studies revealed that the photoreceptor hypoxic response initiates and drives type 3 neovascularization, mainly in the outer retina. Activation of the VHL-HIF1a-VEGF-EPO pathway in the adult retina led to long-term neovascularization, retinal hemorrhages and compromised retinal layers. Our novel preclinical model would accelerate the testing of therapies that use metabolomic approaches to ameliorate AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhang
- Shanxi Eye Hospital, affiliated with Shanxi Medical University. Fudong St. 100, Xinghualing, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030002, China
| | - Xuan Cui
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Eye Institute & Tianjin Medical University School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin 300384, China, New York, NY10032, USA.,Jonas Children's Vision Care and the Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yangjun Han
- Shanxi Cardiovascular Disease Hospital, Yifen street 18, Wanbailin, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
| | - Karen Sophia Park
- Jonas Children's Vision Care and the Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xiaohong Gao
- Shanxi Eye Hospital, affiliated with Shanxi Medical University. Fudong St. 100, Xinghualing, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030002, China
| | - Ximei Zhang
- Shanxi Eye Hospital, affiliated with Shanxi Medical University. Fudong St. 100, Xinghualing, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030002, China
| | - Zhigang Yuan
- Shanxi Eye Hospital, affiliated with Shanxi Medical University. Fudong St. 100, Xinghualing, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030002, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chun-Wei Hsu
- Jonas Children's Vision Care and the Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Eye Institute & Tianjin Medical University School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin 300384, China, New York, NY10032, USA
| | | | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Byers Eye Institute, Omics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Nan-Kai Wang
- Jonas Children's Vision Care and the Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Jonas Children's Vision Care and the Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Stem Cell Initiative (CSCI), Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Talib M, Boon CJF. Retinal Dystrophies and the Road to Treatment: Clinical Requirements and Considerations. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2020; 9:159-179. [PMID: 32511120 PMCID: PMC7299224 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
: Retinal dystrophies (RDs) comprise relatively rare but devastating causes of progressive vision loss. They represent a spectrum of diseases with marked genetic and clinical heterogeneity. Mutations in the same gene may lead to different diagnoses, for example, retinitis pigmentosa or cone dystrophy. Conversely, mutations in different genes may lead to the same phenotype. The age at symptom onset, and the rate and characteristics of peripheral and central vision decline, may vary widely per disease group and even within families. For most RD cases, no effective treatment is currently available. However, preclinical studies and phase I/II/III gene therapy trials are ongoing for several RD subtypes, and recently the first retinal gene therapy has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for RPE65-associated RDs: voretigene neparvovec-rzyl (Luxturna). With the rapid advances in gene therapy studies, insight into the phenotypic spectrum and long-term disease course is crucial information for several RD types. The vast clinical heterogeneity presents another important challenge in the evaluation of potential efficacy in future treatment trials, and in establishing treatment candidacy criteria. This perspective describes these challenges, providing detailed clinical descriptions of several forms of RD that are caused by genes of interest for ongoing and future gene or cell-based therapy trials. Several ongoing and future treatment options will be described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mays Talib
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Camiel J F Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam. Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Application of CRISPR Tools for Variant Interpretation and Disease Modeling in Inherited Retinal Dystrophies. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11050473. [PMID: 32349249 PMCID: PMC7290804 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies are an assorted group of rare diseases that collectively account for the major cause of visual impairment of genetic origin worldwide. Besides clinically, these vision loss disorders present a high genetic and allelic heterogeneity. To date, over 250 genes have been associated to retinal dystrophies with reported causative variants of every nature (nonsense, missense, frameshift, splice-site, large rearrangements, and so forth). Except for a fistful of mutations, most of them are private and affect one or few families, making it a challenge to ratify the newly identified candidate genes or the pathogenicity of dubious variants in disease-associated loci. A recurrent option involves altering the gene in in vitro or in vivo systems to contrast the resulting phenotype and molecular imprint. To validate specific mutations, the process must rely on simulating the precise genetic change, which, until recently, proved to be a difficult endeavor. The rise of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology and its adaptation for genetic engineering now offers a resourceful suite of tools to alleviate the process of functional studies. Here we review the implementation of these RNA-programmable Cas9 nucleases in culture-based and animal models to elucidate the role of novel genes and variants in retinal dystrophies.
Collapse
|
74
|
|
75
|
Mutation-Dependent Pathomechanisms Determine the Phenotype in the Bestrophinopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051597. [PMID: 32111077 PMCID: PMC7084480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Best vitelliform macular dystrophy (BD), autosomal dominant vitreoretinochoroidopathy (ADVIRC), and the autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy (ARB), together known as the bestrophinopathies, are caused by mutations in the bestrophin-1 (BEST1) gene affecting anion transport through the plasma membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). To date, while no treatment exists a better understanding of BEST1-related pathogenesis may help to define therapeutic targets. Here, we systematically characterize functional consequences of mutant BEST1 in thirteen RPE patient cell lines differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Both BD and ARB hiPSC-RPEs display a strong reduction of BEST1-mediated anion transport function compared to control, while ADVIRC mutations trigger an increased anion permeability suggesting a stabilized open state condition of channel gating. Furthermore, BD and ARB hiPSC-RPEs differ by the degree of mutant protein turnover and by the site of subcellular protein quality control with adverse effects on lysosomal pH only in the BD-related cell lines. The latter finding is consistent with an altered processing of catalytic enzymes in the lysosomes. The present study provides a deeper insight into distinct molecular mechanisms of the three bestrophinopathies facilitating functional categorization of the more than 300 known BEST1 mutations that result into the distinct retinal phenotypes.
Collapse
|
76
|
Fry LE, Peddle CF, Barnard AR, McClements ME, MacLaren RE. RNA editing as a therapeutic approach for retinal gene therapy requiring long coding sequences. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030777. [PMID: 31991730 PMCID: PMC7037314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA editing aims to treat genetic disease through altering gene expression at the transcript level. Pairing site-directed RNA-targeting mechanisms with engineered deaminase enzymes allows for the programmable correction of G>A and T>C mutations in RNA. This offers a promising therapeutic approach for a range of genetic diseases. For inherited retinal degenerations caused by point mutations in large genes not amenable to single-adeno-associated viral (AAV) gene therapy such as USH2A and ABCA4, correcting RNA offers an alternative to gene replacement. Genome editing of RNA rather than DNA may offer an improved safety profile, due to the transient and potentially reversible nature of edits made to RNA. This review considers the current site-directing RNA editing systems, and the potential to translate these to the clinic for the treatment of inherited retinal degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis E. Fry
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences & NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Caroline F. Peddle
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences & NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Alun R. Barnard
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences & NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Michelle E. McClements
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences & NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Robert E. MacLaren
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences & NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Nishiguchi KM, Fujita K, Miya F, Katayama S, Nakazawa T. Single AAV-mediated mutation replacement genome editing in limited number of photoreceptors restores vision in mice. Nat Commun 2020; 11:482. [PMID: 31980606 PMCID: PMC6981188 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementing wildtype copies of functionally defective genes with adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a strategy being explored clinically for various retinal dystrophies. However, the low cargo limit of this vector allows its use in only a fraction of patients with mutations in relatively small pathogenic genes. To overcome this issue, we developed a single AAV platform that allows local replacement of a mutated sequence with its wildtype counterpart, based on combined CRISPR-Cas9 and micro-homology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ). In blind mice, the mutation replacement rescued approximately 10% of photoreceptors, resulting in an improvement in light sensitivity and an increase in visual acuity. These effects were comparable to restoration mediated by gene supplementation, which targets a greater number of photoreceptors. This strategy may be applied for the treatment of inherited disorders caused by mutations in larger genes, for which conventional gene supplementation therapy is not currently feasible. Replacing mutant genes with wildtype copies using adeno-associated virus (AAV) has been explored for the treatment of inherited retinopathies, but the low cargo limit restricts its use. Here the authors describe a single AAV platform that allows local replacement of a mutated sequence with its wildtype counterpart, based on combined CRISPR-Cas9 and micro-homology-mediated end joining.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji M Nishiguchi
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Fujita
- Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Miya
- Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Shota Katayama
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan. .,Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Benati D, Patrizi C, Recchia A. Gene editing prospects for treating inherited retinal diseases. J Med Genet 2019; 57:437-444. [PMID: 31857428 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Retinal diseases (RD) include inherited retinal dystrophy (IRD), for example, retinitis pigmentosa and Leber's congenital amaurosis, or multifactorial forms, for example, age-related macular degeneration (AMD). IRDs are clinically and genetically heterogeneous in nature. To date, more than 200 genes are known to cause IRDs, which perturb the development, function and survival of rod and cone photoreceptors or retinal pigment epithelial cells. Conversely, AMD, the most common cause of blindness in the developed world, is an acquired disease of the macula characterised by progressive visual impairment. To date, available therapeutic approaches for RD include nutritional supplements, neurotrophic factors, antiangiogenic drugs for wet AMD and gene augmentation/interference strategy for IRDs. However, these therapies do not aim at correcting the genetic defect and result in inefficient and expensive treatments. The genome editing technology based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated protein (Cas) and an RNA that guides the Cas protein to a predetermined region of the genome, represents an attractive strategy to tackle IRDs without available cure. Indeed, CRISPR/Cas system can permanently and precisely replace or remove genetic mutations causative of a disease, representing a molecular tool to cure a genetic disorder. In this review, we will introduce the mechanism of CRISPR/Cas system, presenting an updated panel of Cas variants and delivery systems, then we will focus on applications of CRISPR/Cas genome editing in the retina, and, as emerging treatment options, in patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells followed by transplantation of retinal progenitor cells into the eye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Benati
- Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Clarissa Patrizi
- Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Ahmed CM, Dwyer BT, Romashko A, Van Adestine S, Park EH, Lou Z, Welty D, Josiah S, Savinainen A, Zhang B, Lewin AS. SRD005825 Acts as a Pharmacologic Chaperone of Opsin and Promotes Survival of Photoreceptors in an Animal Model of Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2019; 8:30. [PMID: 31857914 PMCID: PMC6910612 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.8.6.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Mutations in RHO, the gene for a rhodopsin, are a leading cause of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. The objective of this study was to determine if a synthetic retinal analogue (SRD005825) serves as a pharmacologic chaperone to promote appropriate membrane trafficking of a mutant version of human rhodopsin. Methods A tetracycline-inducible cell line was used to produce human wild-type and T17M opsin. A cell-free assay was used to study the impact of SRD005825 on binding of 9-cis-retinal to wild-type opsin. A cell-based assay was used to measure the effect of SRD005825 on the generation of rhodopsin by spectroscopy and Western blot and the transport of rhodopsin to the cell membrane by confocal microscopy. Mice bearing T17M RHO were treated with daily oral doses of SRD005825, and retinal degeneration was measured by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and, at the conclusion of the experiment, by electroretinography and morphometry. Results SRD005825 competed with 9-cis-retinal for binding to wild-type opsin but promoted the formation of rhodopsin in HEK293 cells and the trafficking of T17M rhodopsin to the plasma membrane of these cells. T17M transgenic mice exhibited rapid retinal degeneration, but thinning of the outer nuclear layer representative of photoreceptor cell bodies was delayed by treatment with SRD005825. Electroretinography a-wave and b-wave amplitudes were significantly improved by drug treatment. Conclusions SRD005825 promoted the reconstitution of mutant rhodopsin and its membrane localization. Because it delayed retinal degeneration in the mouse model, it has potential as a therapeutic for autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Translational Relevance SRD005825 may be useful as a treatment to delay retinal degeneration in retinitis pigmentosa patients with rhodopsin mutations causing misfolding of the protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chulbul M Ahmed
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brian T Dwyer
- Shire HGT Inc., a member of the Takeda group of companies, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - All Romashko
- Shire HGT Inc., a member of the Takeda group of companies, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Eun-He Park
- Shire HGT Inc., a member of the Takeda group of companies, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zhe Lou
- Shire HGT Inc., a member of the Takeda group of companies, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Devi Welty
- Shire HGT Inc., a member of the Takeda group of companies, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Seren Josiah
- Shire HGT Inc., a member of the Takeda group of companies, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Annel Savinainen
- Shire HGT Inc., a member of the Takeda group of companies, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bohon Zhang
- Shire HGT Inc., a member of the Takeda group of companies, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alfred S Lewin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Sancho-Pelluz J, Cui X, Lee W, Tsai YT, Wu WH, Justus S, Washington I, Hsu CW, Park KS, Koch S, Velez G, Bassuk AG, Mahajan VB, Lin CS, Tsang SH. Mechanisms of neurodegeneration in a preclinical autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa knock-in model with a Rho D190N mutation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3657-3665. [PMID: 30976840 PMCID: PMC7144803 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
D190N, a missense mutation in rhodopsin, causes photoreceptor degeneration in patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP). Two competing hypotheses have been developed to explain why D190N rod photoreceptors degenerate: (a) defective rhodopsin trafficking prevents proteins from correctly exiting the endoplasmic reticulum, leading to their accumulation, with deleterious effects or (b) elevated mutant rhodopsin expression and unabated signaling causes excitotoxicity. A knock-in D190N mouse model was engineered to delineate the mechanism of pathogenesis. Wild type (wt) and mutant rhodopsin appeared correctly localized in rod outer segments of D190N heterozygotes. Moreover, the rhodopsin glycosylation state in the mutants appeared similar to that in wt mice. Thus, it seems plausible that the injurious effect of the heterozygous mutation is not related to mistrafficking of the protein, but rather from constitutive rhodopsin activity and a greater propensity for chromophore isomerization even in the absence of light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sancho-Pelluz
- Neurobiología y Neurofisiología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
- Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology, and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 635 West 165th St, Box 212, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Xuan Cui
- Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology, and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 635 West 165th St, Box 212, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, The College of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Winston Lee
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 635 West 165th St, Box 212, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Yi-Ting Tsai
- Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology, and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 635 West 165th St, Box 212, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wen-Hsuan Wu
- Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology, and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 635 West 165th St, Box 212, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sally Justus
- Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology, and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 635 West 165th St, Box 212, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ilyas Washington
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 635 West 165th St, Box 212, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Chun-Wei Hsu
- Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology, and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 635 West 165th St, Box 212, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Karen Sophia Park
- Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology, and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 635 West 165th St, Box 212, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Susanne Koch
- Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology, and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 635 West 165th St, Box 212, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabriel Velez
- Omics Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Chyuan-Sheng Lin
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology, and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 635 West 165th St, Box 212, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Genome Editing as a Treatment for the Most Prevalent Causative Genes of Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102542. [PMID: 31126147 PMCID: PMC6567127 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
: Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of diseases with more than 250 causative genes. The most common form is retinitis pigmentosa. IRDs lead to vision impairment for which there is no universal cure. Encouragingly, a first gene supplementation therapy has been approved for an autosomal recessive IRD. However, for autosomal dominant IRDs, gene supplementation therapy is not always pertinent because haploinsufficiency is not the only cause. Disease-causing mechanisms are often gain-of-function or dominant-negative, which usually require alternative therapeutic approaches. In such cases, genome-editing technology has raised hopes for treatment. Genome editing could be used to i) invalidate both alleles, followed by supplementation of the wild type gene, ii) specifically invalidate the mutant allele, with or without gene supplementation, or iii) to correct the mutant allele. We review here the most prevalent genes causing autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa and the most appropriate genome-editing strategy that could be used to target their different causative mutations.
Collapse
|
82
|
Patel S, Ryals RC, Weller KK, Pennesi ME, Sahay G. Lipid nanoparticles for delivery of messenger RNA to the back of the eye. J Control Release 2019; 303:91-100. [PMID: 30986436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Retinal gene therapy has had unprecedented success in generating treatments that can halt vision loss. However, immunogenic response and long-term toxicity with the use of viral vectors remain a concern. Non-viral vectors are relatively non-immunogenic, scalable platforms that have had limited success with DNA delivery to the eye. Messenger RNA (mRNA) therapeutics has expanded the ability to achieve high gene expression while eliminating unintended genomic integration or the need to cross the restrictive nuclear barrier. Lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs) remain at the forefront of potent delivery vectors for nucleic acids. Herein, we tested eleven different LNP variants for their ability to deliver mRNA to the back of the eye. LNPs that contained ionizable lipids with low pKa and unsaturated hydrocarbon chains showed the highest amount of reporter gene transfection in the retina. The kinetics of gene expression showed a rapid onset (within 4 h) that persisted for 96 h. The gene delivery was cell-type specific with majority of the expression in the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) and limited expression in the Müller glia. LNP-delivered mRNA can be used to treat monogenic retinal degenerative disorders of the RPE. The transient nature of mRNA-based therapeutics makes it desirable for applications that are directed towards retinal reprogramming or genome editing. Overall, non-viral delivery of RNA therapeutics to diverse cell types within the retina can provide transformative new approaches to prevent blindness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Renee C Ryals
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kyle K Weller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Mark E Pennesi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Gaurav Sahay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Abstract
Inherited retinal degeneration (IRD), a group of rare retinal diseases that primarily lead to the progressive loss of retinal photoreceptor cells, can be inherited in all modes of inheritance: autosomal dominant (AD), autosomal recessive (AR), X-linked (XL), and mitochondrial. Based on the pattern of inheritance of the dystrophy, retinal gene therapy has 2 main strategies. AR, XL, and AD IRDs with haploinsufficiency can be treated by inserting a functional copy of the gene using either viral or nonviral vectors (gene augmentation). Different types of viral vectors and nonviral vectors are used to transfer plasmid DNA both in vitro and in vivo. AD IRDs with gain-of-function mutations or dominant-negative mutations can be treated by disrupting the mutant allele with (and occasionally without) gene augmentation. This review article aims to provide an overview of ocular gene therapy for treating IRDs using gene augmentation with viral or nonviral vectors or gene disruption through different gene-editing tools, especially with the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amirmohsen Arbabi
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Amelia Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hossein Ameri
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Fundus autofluorescence and ellipsoid zone (EZ) line width can be an outcome measurement in RHO-associated autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 257:725-731. [PMID: 30635721 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-018-04234-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the progression of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) due to mutations in rhodopsin (RHO) by measuring the short-wavelength autofluorescence (SW-AF) increased autofluorescence ring and ellipsoid zone (EZ)-line width. METHODS Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images were obtained from 10 patients with autosomal dominant RP due to mutations in the RHO gene. Measurements of ring area on FAF images, as well as the EZ line width on SD-OCT images and horizontal, vertical diameter, were performed by two independent masked graders. RESULTS The ring area decreased by a rate of 0.6 ± 0.2 mm2 per year. We observed that the EZ line width decreased by an average of 152 ± 37 μm per year, while the horizontal and vertical diameters decreased by 106 ± 35 μm and 125 ± 29 μm per year, respectively. Progression rates were similar between eyes. CONCLUSIONS We observed SW-AF ring constriction and a progressive loss of EZ line width over time.
Collapse
|
85
|
Prospects and modalities for the treatment of genetic ocular anomalies. Hum Genet 2019; 138:1019-1026. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-01968-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
86
|
|
87
|
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Recchia
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Jiang DJ, Xu CL, Tsang SH. Revolution in Gene Medicine Therapy and Genome Surgery. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E575. [PMID: 30486314 PMCID: PMC6315778 DOI: 10.3390/genes9120575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there have been revolutions in the development of both gene medicine therapy and genome surgical treatments for inherited disorders. Much of this progress has been centered on hereditary retinal dystrophies, because the eye is an immune-privileged and anatomically ideal target. Gene therapy treatments, already demonstrated to be safe and efficacious in numerous clinical trials, are benefitting from the development of new viral vectors, such as dual and triple adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. CRISPR/Cas9, which revolutionized the field of gene editing, is being adapted into more precise "high fidelity" and catalytically dead variants. Newer CRISPR endonucleases, such as CjCas9 and Cas12a, are generating excitement in the field as well. Stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising alternative, allowing human embryo-derived stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells to be edited precisely in vitro and then reintroduced into the body. This article highlights recent progress made in gene therapy and genome surgery for retinal disorders, and it provides an update on precision medicine Food and Drug Administration (FDA) treatment trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Jiang
- Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Christine L Xu
- Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Stem Cell Initiative (CSCI), Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Abstract
Recently, there have been revolutions in the development of both gene medicine therapy and genome surgical treatments for inherited disorders. Much of this progress has been centered on hereditary retinal dystrophies, because the eye is an immune-privileged and anatomically ideal target. Gene therapy treatments, already demonstrated to be safe and efficacious in numerous clinical trials, are benefitting from the development of new viral vectors, such as dual and triple adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. CRISPR/Cas9, which revolutionized the field of gene editing, is being adapted into more precise "high fidelity" and catalytically dead variants. Newer CRISPR endonucleases, such as CjCas9 and Cas12a, are generating excitement in the field as well. Stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising alternative, allowing human embryo-derived stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells to be edited precisely in vitro and then reintroduced into the body. This article highlights recent progress made in gene therapy and genome surgery for retinal disorders, and it provides an update on precision medicine Food and Drug Administration (FDA) treatment trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Jiang
- Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Christine L Xu
- Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Stem Cell Initiative (CSCI), Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Pierce E. Genome Editing for Inherited Retinal Degenerations. Ophthalmology 2018; 125:1431-1432. [PMID: 30143094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
91
|
Xu CL, Cho GY, Sengillo JD, Park KS, Mahajan VB, Tsang SH. Translation of CRISPR Genome Surgery to the Bedside for Retinal Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:46. [PMID: 29876348 PMCID: PMC5974543 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been accelerated growth of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) genome surgery techniques. Genome surgery holds promise for diseases for which a cure currently does not exist. In the field of ophthalmology, CRISPR offers possibilities for treating inherited retinal dystrophies. The retina has little regenerative potential, which makes treatment particularly difficult. For such conditions, CRISPR genome surgery methods have shown great potential for therapeutic applications in animal models of retinal dystrophies. Much anticipation surrounds the potential for CRISPR as a therapeutic, as clinical trials of ophthalmic genome surgery are expected to begin as early as 2018. This mini-review summarizes preclinical CRISPR applications in the retina and current CRISPR clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Xu
- Jonas Children's Vision Care, Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Galaxy Y Cho
- Jonas Children's Vision Care, Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Frank. H. Netter MD School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, North Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jesse D Sengillo
- Jonas Children's Vision Care, Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Karen S Park
- Jonas Children's Vision Care, Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Omics Lab, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Palo Alto Veterans Administration, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Jonas Children's Vision Care, Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|