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Rajasagi NK, Rouse BT. Application of our understanding of pathogenesis of herpetic stromal keratitis for novel therapy. Microbes Infect 2018; 20:526-530. [PMID: 29329934 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
HSV-1 ocular infection can cause herpes stromal keratitis (SK), an immunopathological lesion. Frequent recurrences can lead to progressive corneal scaring which can result in vision impairment if left untreated. Currently, the acute and epithelial forms of SK are usually controlled using anti-viral drugs. However, chronic forms of SK which are inflammatory in nature, require the addition of a topical corticosteroid to the anti-viral treatment regimen. In this review, we highlight the essential events involved in SK pathogenesis which can be targeted for improved therapy. We also examine some approaches which can be combined with the current treatments to effectively control SK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen K Rajasagi
- Biomedical & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0845, United States
| | - Barry T Rouse
- Biomedical & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0845, United States.
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Zhang X, Di G, Dong M, Qu M, Zhao X, Duan H, Hu X, Liu T, Zhou Q, Shi W. Epithelium-derived miR-204 inhibits corneal neovascularization. Exp Eye Res 2017; 167:122-127. [PMID: 29246498 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA-204 (miR-204) is highly expressed in cornea, here we explored the role and mechanism of miR-204 in corneal neovascularization (CNV). Mouse CNV was induced by intrastromal placement of suture in BALB/c mice with the subconjunctival injection of miR-204 agomir or negative control. Human primary limbal epithelial cells (LECs) and immortalized microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs) were used to evaluate the expression changes and anti-angiogenic effects of miR-204 under biomechanical stress (BS). The expression and localization of miR-204, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and their receptors were detected by quantitative real-time PCR, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The results showed that miR-204 expression was mainly localized in epithelium and down-expressed in vascularized cornea. Subconjunctival injection of miR-204 agomir inhibited CNV and reduced the expression of VEGF and VEGF receptor 2. Similarly, miR-204 overexpression attenuated the increased expression of VEGF by biomechanical stress in LECs, and suppressed the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of HMECs. These novel findings indicate that epithelium-derived miR-204 inhibits suture-induced CNV through regulating VEGF and VEGF receptor 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Guohu Di
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Muchen Dong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China; School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mingli Qu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Haoyun Duan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Qingjun Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Weiyun Shi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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Pennington MR, Ledbetter EC, Van de Walle GR. New Paradigms for the Study of Ocular Alphaherpesvirus Infections: Insights into the Use of Non-Traditional Host Model Systems. Viruses 2017; 9:E349. [PMID: 29156583 PMCID: PMC5707556 DOI: 10.3390/v9110349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular herpesviruses, most notably human alphaherpesvirus 1 (HSV-1), canid alphaherpesvirus 1 (CHV-1) and felid alphaherpesvirus 1 (FHV-1), infect and cause severe disease that may lead to blindness. CHV-1 and FHV-1 have a pathogenesis and induce clinical disease in their hosts that is similar to HSV-1 ocular infections in humans, suggesting that infection of dogs and cats with CHV-1 and FHV-1, respectively, can be used as a comparative natural host model of herpesvirus-induced ocular disease. In this review, we discuss both strengths and limitations of the various available model systems to study ocular herpesvirus infection, with a focus on the use of these non-traditional virus-natural host models. Recent work has demonstrated the robustness and reproducibility of experimental ocular herpesvirus infections in dogs and cats, and, therefore, these non-traditional models can provide additional insights into the pathogenesis of ocular herpesvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Pennington
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Eric C Ledbetter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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54
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Edwards RG, Longnecker R. Herpesvirus Entry Mediator and Ocular Herpesvirus Infection: More than Meets the Eye. J Virol 2017; 91:e00115-17. [PMID: 28404853 PMCID: PMC5469272 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00115-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As its name suggests, the host receptor herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) facilitates herpes simplex virus (HSV) entry through interactions with a viral envelope glycoprotein. HVEM also bridges several signaling networks, binding ligands from both tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamilies with diverse, and often opposing, outcomes. While HVEM was first identified as a viral entry receptor for HSV, it is only recently that HVEM has emerged as an important host factor in immunopathogenesis of ocular HSV type 1 (HSV-1) infection. Surprisingly, HVEM exacerbates disease development in the eye independently of entry. HVEM signaling has been shown to play a variety of roles in modulating immune responses to HSV and other pathogens, and there is increasing evidence that these effects are responsible for HVEM-mediated pathogenesis in the eye. Here, we review the dual branches of HVEM function during HSV infection: entry and immunomodulation. HVEM is broadly expressed; intersects two important immunologic signaling networks; and impacts autoimmunity, infection, and inflammation. We hope that by understanding the complex range of effects mediated by this receptor, we can offer insights applicable to a wide variety of disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G Edwards
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Richard Longnecker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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55
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Edwards RG, Kopp SJ, Ifergan I, Shui JW, Kronenberg M, Miller SD, Longnecker R. Murine Corneal Inflammation and Nerve Damage After Infection With HSV-1 Are Promoted by HVEM and Ameliorated by Immune-Modifying Nanoparticle Therapy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:282-291. [PMID: 28114589 PMCID: PMC5256684 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine cellular and temporal expression patterns of herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM, Tnfrsf14) in the murine cornea during the course of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection, the impact of this expression on pathogenesis, and whether alterations in HVEM or downstream HVEM-mediated effects ameliorate corneal disease. Methods Corneal HVEM levels were assessed in C57BL/6 mice after infection with HSV-1(17). Leukocytic infiltrates and corneal sensitivity loss were measured in the presence, global absence (HVEM knockout [KO] mice; Tnfrsf14-/-), or partial absence of HVEM (HVEM conditional KO). Effects of immune-modifying nanoparticles (IMPs) on viral replication, corneal sensitivity, and corneal infiltrates were measured. Results Corneal HVEM+ populations, particularly monocytes/macrophages during acute infection (3 days post infection [dpi]) and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) during the chronic inflammatory phase (14 dpi), increased after HSV-1 infection. Herpes virus entry mediator increased leukocytes in the cornea and corneal sensitivity loss. Ablation of HVEM from CD45+ cells, or intravenous IMP therapy, reduced infiltrates in the chronic phase and maintained corneal sensitivity. Conclusions Herpes virus entry mediator was expressed on two key populations: corneal monocytes/macrophages and PMNs. Herpes virus entry mediator promoted the recruitment of myeloid cells to the cornea in the chronic phase. Herpes virus entry mediator-associated corneal sensitivity loss preceded leukocytic infiltration, suggesting it may play an active role in recruitment. We propose that HVEM on resident corneal macrophages increases nerve damage and immune cell invasion, and we showed that prevention of late-phase infiltration of PMN and CD4+ T cells by IMP therapy improved clinical symptoms and mortality and reduced corneal sensitivity loss caused by HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G Edwards
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Sarah J Kopp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Igal Ifergan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States 2Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Jr-Wen Shui
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States 2Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Richard Longnecker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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56
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Gao N, Liu X, Wu J, Li J, Dong C, Wu X, Xiao X, Yu FSX. CXCL10 suppression of hem- and lymph-angiogenesis in inflamed corneas through MMP13. Angiogenesis 2017. [PMID: 28623423 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-017-9561-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Though not present in the normal adult cornea, both hem- and lymph-angiogenesis can be induced in this tissue after an inflammatory, infectious, or traumatic insult. We previously showed that the chemokine CXCL10 plays a key role in eradicating invading Candida (C.) albicans in C57BL6 mouse corneas. However, even after the clearance of pathogens, infection-induced inflammation and angiogenesis continue to progress in the cornea. The aim of this study is define the role of CXCL10 as a major angiostatic factor in modulating cornea angiogenesis in B6 mouse corneas under pathogenic conditions. We showed that epithelial expression of CXCL10, driven by AAV9 vector, suppressed both infection- and inflammation-induced hem and lymph angiogenesis, whereas the neutralization of CXCL10 as well as its receptor CXCR3 greatly promoted these processes. The inhibitory effect of CXCL10 was unrelated to its antimicrobial activity, but through the suppression of the expression of many angiogenic factors, including VEGFa and c, and MMP-13 in vivo. Inhibition of MMP13 but not TIMPs, attenuated suture-induced neovascularization but had no effects on CXCL10 expression. Strikingly, topical application of CXCL10 post-C. albicans infection effectively blocked both hem- and lymph-angiogenesis and preserved the integrity of sensory nerves in the cornea. Taken together, CXCL10 has strong inhibitory effects on neovascularization, whereas MMP13 is required for neovascularization in C. albicans-infected corneas and the local application of CXCL10 or MMP13 inhibitors, alone or as adjuvant therapy, may target hem- and lymph-angiogenesis in the inflamed corneas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology/Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4717 St. Antoine Blvd, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.,Department of Anatomy/Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayin Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Juan Li
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Chen Dong
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450051, Henan, China
| | - Xinyi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Fu-Shin X Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology/Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4717 St. Antoine Blvd, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. .,Department of Anatomy/Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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57
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Rajasagi NK, Bhela S, Varanasi SK, Rouse BT. Frontline Science: Aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 controls herpes simplex virus-induced corneal immunopathology. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:1159-1171. [PMID: 28584076 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3hi1216-511rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal keratitis (SK) is a chronic immunopathological lesion of the eye, caused by HSV-1 infection, and a common cause of vision impairment in humans. The inflammatory lesions in the cornea are primarily caused by neutrophils with the active participation of CD4+ T cells. Therefore, the targeting of these immune cell types and their products represents a potentially valuable form of therapy to reduce the severity of disease. Resolvin D1 (RvD1) and its epimer aspirin-triggered RvD1 (AT-RvD1) are lipid mediators derived from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and were shown to promote resolution in several inflammatory disease models. In this report, we examined whether AT-RvD1 administration, begun before infection or at a later stage after ocular infection of mice with HSV-1, could control the severity of SK lesions. Treatment with AT-RvD1 significantly diminished the extent of corneal neovascularization and the severity of SK lesions. AT-RvD1-treated mice had fewer numbers of inflammatory cells that included neutrophils as well as Th1 and Th17 cells in the infected cornea. The mechanisms by which AT-RvD1 acts appear to be multiple. These include inhibitory effects on proinflammatory mediators, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, CXCL1, MCP-1, MIP-2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), and proinflammatory miRNA, such as miR-155, miR-132, and miR-223, which are involved in SK pathogenesis and corneal neovascularization. In addition, AT-RvD1 attenuated STAT1, which plays an important role in Th1 cell differentiation and IFN-γ expression. These findings demonstrate that AT-RvD1 treatment could represent a useful strategy for the management of virus-induced immunopathological lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen K Rajasagi
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA; and
| | - Siddheshvar Bhela
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA; and
| | - Siva Karthik Varanasi
- Department of Genome Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Barry T Rouse
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA; and
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58
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Cultured corneas show dendritic spread and restrict herpes simplex virus infection that is not observed with cultured corneal cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42559. [PMID: 28198435 PMCID: PMC5309814 DOI: 10.1038/srep42559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) causes life-long morbidities in humans. While fever blisters are more common, occasionally the cornea is infected resulting in vision loss. A very intriguing aspect of HSV-1 corneal infection is that the virus spread is normally restricted to only a small fraction of cells on the corneal surface that connect with each other in a dendritic fashion. Here, to develop a comprehensive understanding of the susceptibility of human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells to HSV-1 infection, we infected HCE cells at three different dosages of HSV-1 and measured the outcomes in terms of viral entry, gene and protein expression, viral replication and cytokine induction. In cultured cells, infectivity and cytokine induction were observed even at the minimum viral dosage tested, while a more pronounced dose-restricted infectivity was seen in ex vivo cultures of porcine corneas. Use of fluorescent HSV-1 virions demonstrated a pattern of viral spread ex vivo that mimics clinical findings. We conclude that HCE cell cultures are highly susceptible to infection whereas the cultured corneas demonstrate a higher ability to restrict the infection even in the absence of systemic immune system. The restriction is helped in part by local interferon response and the unique cellular architecture of the cornea.
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59
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Rowe AM, Yun H, Treat BR, Kinchington PR, Hendricks RL. Subclinical Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infections Provide Site-Specific Resistance to an Unrelated Pathogen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1706-1717. [PMID: 28062697 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HSV-1 infections of the cornea range in severity from minor transient discomfort to the blinding disease herpes stromal keratitis, yet most patients experience a single episode of epithelial keratitis followed by re-establishment of a clear cornea. We asked whether a single transient episode of HSV-1 epithelial keratitis causes long-term changes in the corneal microenvironment that influence immune responses to subsequent corneal infection or trauma. We showed that C57BL/6 mouse corneas infected with HSV-1 KOS, which induces transient herpes epithelial keratitis without herpes stromal keratitis sequelae, possessed a significant leukocytic infiltrate composed primarily of CD4+ T cells and macrophages along with elevated chemokines and cytokines that persisted without loss of corneal clarity (subclinical inflammation). Chemokine and cytokine expression was CD4+ T cell dependent, in that their production was significantly reduced by systemic CD4+ T cell depletion starting before infection, although short-term (3-d) local CD4+ T cell depletion postinfection did not influence chemokine levels in cornea. Corneas with subclinical inflammation developed significantly greater trauma-induced inflammation when they were recipients of syngeneic corneal transplants but also exhibited significantly increased resistance to infections by unrelated pathogens, such as pseudorabies virus. The resistance to pseudorabies virus was CD4+ T cell dependent, because it was eliminated by local CD4+ T cell depletion from the cornea. We conclude that transient HSV-1 corneal infections cause long-term alterations of the corneal microenvironment that provide CD4-dependent innate resistance to subsequent infections by antigenically unrelated pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Rowe
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201;
| | - Hongming Yun
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201
| | - Benjamin R Treat
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201
| | - Paul R Kinchington
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201; and
| | - Robert L Hendricks
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201; and.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201
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Michelini FM, Lombardi MG, Bueno CA, Berra A, Sales ME, Alché LE. Synthetic stigmasterol derivatives inhibit capillary tube formation, herpetic corneal neovascularization and tumor induced angiogenesis: Antiangiogenic stigmasterol derivatives. Steroids 2016; 115:160-168. [PMID: 27623061 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays a critical role in initiating and promoting several diseases, such as cancer and herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK). Herein, we studied the inhibitory effect of two synthetic stigmasterol derivatives on capillary tube-like structures and on cell migration in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC): (22S,23S)-22,23-dihydroxystigmast-4-en-3-one (compound 1) and (22S,23S)-3β-bromo-5α,22,23-trihydroxystigmastan-6-one (compound 2). We also studied their effect on VEGF expression in IL-6 stimulated macrophages and in LMM3 breast cancer cells. Furthermore, we investigated the antiangiogenic activity of the compounds on corneal neovascularization in the murine model of HSK and in an experimental model of tumor-induced angiogenesis in mice. Both compounds inhibited capillary tube-like formation, but only compound 1 restrained cell migration. Compound 1, unlike compound 2, was able to reduce VEGF expression. Only compound 1 not only reduced the incidence and severity of corneal neovascularization, when administered at the onset of HSK, but it also restrained the development of neovascular response induced by tumor cells in mice skin. Our results show that compound 1 inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, compound 1 would be a promising drug in the treatment of those diseases where angiogenesis represents one of the main pathogenic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia M Michelini
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Virología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Pabellón 2, 4to. piso, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Gabriela Lombardi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Segunda Cátedra de Farmacología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Paraguay 2155 Piso 16°, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Bueno
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Virología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Pabellón 2, 4to. piso, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Berra
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Patología, Laboratorio de Investigaciones Oculares, J. E. Uriburu 950, EP, C1114AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Elena Sales
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Segunda Cátedra de Farmacología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Paraguay 2155 Piso 16°, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura E Alché
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Virología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Pabellón 2, 4to. piso, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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61
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Kuffova L, Knickelbein JE, Yu T, Medina C, Amescua G, Rowe AM, Hendricks RL, Forrester JV. High-Risk Corneal Graft Rejection in the Setting of Previous Corneal Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)-1 Infection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:1578-87. [PMID: 27050878 PMCID: PMC4824377 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The “high-risk phenotype” of corneal graft recipients is considered to be related to preexisting vascularization such as that associated with herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) keratitis (HSK). The purpose of this study was to investigate the immunologic mechanisms underlying accelerated corneal graft rejection using a mouse model of HSK. Methods Herpes simplex virus type 1 keratitis was induced in BALB/c mice. Syngeneic and allogeneic (C57BL/6 mice) corneal grafts were performed in mice with HSK at different times after infection. Some grafts were performed on HSV-infected CD4 T cell–deficient BALB/c mice. Clinical, histologic, immunologic, and virus detection studies were performed on samples of cornea, draining lymph node (LN), and trigeminal ganglion (TG) cells. Results Corneal grafts in mice with HSK rejected with higher frequency and more rapid tempo compared with grafts in uninfected mice. In corneas with HSK and vascularization at the time of grafting, both syngeneic and allogeneic corneal grafts failed with similar frequency and tempo. However, in the absence of preexisting inflammation and vascularization, syngeneic grafts were accepted when the grafts were performed at a late time point after HSV infection (42 days), whereas allografts were rejected at this time. In contrast, syngeneic grafts in nonvascularized HSV-infected recipients failed if they were performed within 10 days of HSV infection, an effect that was dependent on CD4 T cells, as demonstrated using CD4 deficient mice. Importantly, a variably sustained but strongly positive anti-HSV T-cell response was detected in allografted HSK recipients with a similar but lesser response in syngeneic hosts. Conclusions A previous HSV-1 corneal infection predisposes donor grafts to a high risk of failure by both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms in which an anti-HSV CD4 T-cell response plays a prominent role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Kuffova
- Division of Applied Medicine, Section of Immunity, Infection and Inflammation (Ocular Immunology), Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jared E Knickelbein
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Tian Yu
- Division of Applied Medicine, Section of Immunity, Infection and Inflammation (Ocular Immunology), Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Medina
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Guillermo Amescua
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Alexander M Rowe
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Robert L Hendricks
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 3Departments of Immunology, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Unite
| | - John V Forrester
- Division of Applied Medicine, Section of Immunity, Infection and Inflammation (Ocular Immunology), Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom 4Ocular Immunology
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Both CD8+ and CD4+ T Cells Contribute to Corneal Clouding and Viral Clearance following Vaccinia Virus Infection in C57BL/6 Mice. J Virol 2016; 90:6557-6572. [PMID: 27170749 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00570-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Vaccinia virus (VACV) keratitis is a serious complication following smallpox vaccination and can lead to blindness. The pathological mechanisms involved in ocular VACV infection are poorly understood. Previous studies have used rabbits, but the lack of immune reagents and transgenic or knockout animals makes them less suitable for mechanistic studies. We report that infection of C57BL/6 mice with 1 × 10(7) PFU of vaccinia virus strain WR results in blepharitis, corneal neovascularization, and stromal keratitis. The DryVax strain of VACV was completely attenuated. Infection required corneal scarification and replication-competent virus, and the severity of ocular disease was similar in 4- to 6-week-old and 1-year-old mice. Viral titers peaked at approximately 1 × 10(6) PFU on day 5 postinfection, and virus had not cleared by day 13 postinfection. Neutrophils were found in the peripheral cornea on day 1 after infection and then declined, followed by infiltration of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, which remained peripheral throughout the infection. Blood vessel growth extended 2 to 5 mm into the cornea from the limbus. Infection of CD4(-/-), CD8(-/-), or antibody-depleted mice resulted in similar disease severity and corneal clouding, indicating that both T-cell subsets were involved in the immunopathological response. Depletion of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells resulted in significantly more severe disease and failure to clear the virus. On the basis of our results, the pathology of VACV keratitis is significantly different from that of herpes simplex virus keratitis. Further studies are likely to reveal novel information regarding virulence and immune responses to viral ocular infection. IMPORTANCE Potentially blinding eye infections can occur after vaccination for smallpox. Very little is known about the pathological mechanisms that are involved, and the information that is available was generated using rabbit models. The lack of immunological reagents for rabbits makes such studies difficult. We characterized a mouse model of vaccinia virus ocular disease using C57BL/6 mice and strain WR and show that both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subsets play a role in the blinding eye disease and in controlling virus replication. On the basis of these results, vaccinia virus keratitis is significantly different from herpes simplex virus keratitis, and further studies using this model should generate novel insights into immunopathological responses to viral ocular infection.
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Liu Y, Kan M, Li A, Hou L, Jia H, Xin Y, Liu Y. Inhibitory Effects of Tranilast on Cytokine, Chemokine, Adhesion Molecule, and Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression in Human Corneal Fibroblasts Exposed to Poly(I:C). Curr Eye Res 2016; 41:1400-1407. [PMID: 27115203 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1127389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose/Aim: Viral infection of the cornea can result in inflammation and scarring and eventually cause blindness. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], an analog of viral double-stranded RNA, induces the synthesis of various cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in corneal fibroblasts. The effects of tranilast on the expression of these molecules in human corneal fibroblasts were examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human corneal fibroblasts were cultured with or without poly(I:C) or tranilast. The release of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 and of the chemokines IL-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), MMP-1, and MMP-3 was evaluated by immunoblot or immunofluorescence analysis. The phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), c-Jun (a component of the transcription factor AP-1), and IκB-α (an endogenous inhibitor of the transcription factor NF-κB) was examined by immunoblot analysis. RESULTS Tranilast inhibited in a concentration- and time-dependent manner the production of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, MMP-1, and MMP-3 by corneal fibroblasts exposed to poly(I:C). It also inhibited the poly(I:C)-induced phosphorylation of c-Jun and the MAPK JNK without affecting that of IκB-α or the MAPKs ERK and p38. CONCLUSIONS Tranilast inhibited proinflammatory cytokine, chemokine, adhesion molecule, and MMP expression in human corneal fibroblasts exposed to poly(I:C), with these effects likely being mediated by attenuation of JNK-AP-1 signaling. Tranilast might therefore be expected to limit immune cell infiltration and stromal degradation associated with viral infection of the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- a Department of Pathology , First Hospital of Jilin University , Jilin , PR , China
| | - Mujie Kan
- b Department of Biochemistry , College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University , Jilin , PR China
| | - Aipeng Li
- c Department of Ophthalmology , First Hospital of Jilin University , Jilin , PR China
| | - Lulu Hou
- c Department of Ophthalmology , First Hospital of Jilin University , Jilin , PR China
| | - Hui Jia
- c Department of Ophthalmology , First Hospital of Jilin University , Jilin , PR China
| | - Ying Xin
- d Key Laboratory of Pathology, Ministry of Education , Jilin University , Jilin , PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- c Department of Ophthalmology , First Hospital of Jilin University , Jilin , PR China
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Bone marrow-derived cells in ocular neovascularization: contribution and mechanisms. Angiogenesis 2016; 19:107-18. [PMID: 26880135 PMCID: PMC4819501 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-016-9497-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ocular neovascularization often leads to severe vision loss. The role of bone marrow-derived cells (BMCs) in the development of ocular neovascularization, and its significance, is increasingly being recognized. In this review, we discuss their contribution and the potential mechanisms that mediate the effect of BMCs on the progression of ocular neovascularization. The sequence of events by which BMCs participate in ocular neovascularization can be roughly divided into four phases, i.e., mobilization, migration, adhesion and differentiation. This process is delicately regulated and liable to be affected by multiple factors. Cytokines such as vascular endothelial growth factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and erythropoietin are involved in the mobilization of BMCs. Studies have also demonstrated a key role of cytokines such as stromal cell-derived factor-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, as well as vascular endothelial growth factor, in regulating the migration of BMCs. The adhesion of BMCs is mainly regulated by vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular endothelial cadherin. However, the mechanisms regulating the differentiation of BMCs are largely unknown at present. In addition, BMCs secrete cytokines that interact with the microenvironment of ocular neovascularization; their contribution to ocular neovascularization, especially choroidal neovascularization, can be aggravated by several risk factors. An extensive regulatory network is thought to modulate the role of BMCs in the development of ocular neovascularization. A comprehensive understanding of the involved mechanisms will help in the development of novel therapeutic strategies related to BMCs. In this review, we have limited the discussion to the recent progress in this field, especially the research conducted at our laboratory.
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Gimenez F, Mulik S, Veiga-Parga T, Bhela S, Rouse BT. Robo 4 Counteracts Angiogenesis in Herpetic Stromal Keratitis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141925. [PMID: 26720197 PMCID: PMC4697792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The cornea is a complex tissue that must preserve its transparency to maintain optimal vision. However, in some circumstances, damage to the eye can result in neovascularization that impairs vision. This outcome can occur when herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) causes the immunoinflammatory lesion stromal keratitis (SK). Potentially useful measures to control the severity of SK are to target angiogenesis which with herpetic SK invariably involves VEGF. One such way to control angiogenesis involves the endothelial receptor Robo4 (R4), which upon interaction with another protein activates an antiangiogenic pathway that counteracts VEGF downstream signaling. In this study we show that mice unable to produce R4 because of gene knockout developed significantly higher angiogenesis after HSV-1 ocular infection than did infected wild type (WT) controls. Moreover, providing additional soluble R4 (sR4) protein by subconjunctival administration to R4 KO HSV-1 infected mice substantially rescued the WT phenotype. Finally, administration of sR4 to WT HSV-1 infected mice diminished the extent of corneal angiogenesis compared to WT control animals. Our results indicate that sR4 could represent a useful therapeutic tool to counteract corneal angiogenesis and help control the severity of SK.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Corneal Neovascularization/drug therapy
- Corneal Neovascularization/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Herpesvirus 1, Human
- Keratitis, Herpetic/drug therapy
- Keratitis, Herpetic/genetics
- Keratitis, Herpetic/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/pharmacology
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Gimenez
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States of America
| | - Sachin Mulik
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States of America
- Immune Disease Institute and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Tamara Veiga-Parga
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States of America
| | - Siddheshvar Bhela
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States of America
| | - Barry T. Rouse
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Herpesvirus entry mediator on radiation-resistant cell lineages promotes ocular herpes simplex virus 1 pathogenesis in an entry-independent manner. mBio 2015; 6:e01532-15. [PMID: 26489863 PMCID: PMC4620471 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01532-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection leads to a potentially blinding immunoinflammatory syndrome, herpes stromal keratitis (HSK). Herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), a widely expressed tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily member with diverse roles in immune signaling, facilitates viral entry through interactions with viral glycoprotein D (gD) and is important for HSV-1 pathogenesis. We subjected mice to corneal infection with an HSV-1 mutant in which HVEM-mediated entry was specifically abolished and found that the HVEM-entry mutant produced clinical disease comparable to that produced by the control virus. HVEM-mediated induction of corneal cytokines, which correlated with an HVEM-dependent increase in levels of corneal immune cell infiltrates, was also gD independent. Given the complexity of HVEM immune signaling, we used hematopoietic chimeric mice to determine which HVEM-expressing cells mediate HSV-1 pathogenesis in the eye. Regardless of whether the donor was a wild-type (WT) or HVEM knockout (KO) strain, HVEM KO recipients were protected from ocular HSV-1, suggesting that HVEM on radiation-resistant cell types, likely resident cells of the cornea, confers wild-type-like susceptibility to disease. Together, these data indicate that HVEM contributes to ocular pathogenesis independently of entry and point to an immunomodulatory role for this protein specifically on radiation-resistant cells. Immune privilege is maintained in the eye in order to protect specialized ocular tissues, such as the translucent cornea, from vision-reducing damage. Ocular herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection can disrupt this immune privilege, provoking a host response that ultimately brings about the majority of the damage seen with the immunoinflammatory syndrome herpes stromal keratitis (HSK). Our previous work has shown that HVEM, a host TNF receptor superfamily member that also serves as a viral entry receptor, is a critical component contributing to ocular HSV-1 pathogenesis, although its precise role in this process remains unclear. We hypothesized that HVEM promotes an inflammatory microenvironment in the eye through immunomodulatory actions, enhancing disease after ocular inoculation of HSV-1. Investigating the mechanisms responsible for orchestrating this aberrant immune response shed light on the initiation and maintenance of HSK, one of the leading causes of infectious blindness in the developed world.
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Eriş E, Yüksel N, Pirhan D, Karadenizli A, Aslan M, Gacar G, Erman G, Subaş C, Uzuner H, Yldz DK, Karaöz E. Evaluation of Effect of Topical Tacrolimus Treatment on Herpetic Stromal Keratitis in a Rat Model. Eye Contact Lens 2015; 42:163-70. [PMID: 25996419 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effectiveness of topical tacrolimus treatment on herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK) in a rat model. METHODS The development of HSK was monitored for 14 days after the inoculation of rats with herpes simplex type 1 virus. Rats that developed HSK were divided into four groups as follows: (1) topical antiviral treatment (control), (2) topical antiviral and 1% prednisolone acetate, (3) topical antiviral and 0.03% tacrolimus ointment, and (4) topical antiviral plus 0.1% tacrolimus ointment. After 14 days of treatment, the severity levels of HSK were scored and compared with the levels before the treatment. The expression of CD3, CD4, and CD8 was evaluated by flow cytometry. The development of the disease was evaluated clinically and histologically. RESULTS Significant improvement in vascularization was observed in the groups with the drug treatment in addition to the antiviral agent (P<0.05), but there was no obvious difference within groups 2, 3, and 4 in the vascularization severity. The regression of corneal edema was 8.05%±6% in group 1, 25.17%±14.55% in group 2 (P=0.01), 36.40%±21.69% in group 3 (P=0.03), and 46.39%±14.96% in group 4 (P=0.00). A significant decrease in the number of inflammatory cells in the groups with the drug treatment was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining and confirmed by flow cytometry analysis. CONCLUSIONS Topical tacrolimus treatment caused a significant decrease in corneal vascularization accompanied by a lower number of inflammatory cells in the experimental HSK corneal edema model. Therefore, topical tacrolimus has the potential to be used in the treatment of HSK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Eriş
- Departments of Ophthalmology (E.E., N.Y., D.P., M.A.), Medical Microbiology (A.K., H.U.), Stem Cell (G.G., G.E., C.S., E.K.), and Pathology (D.K.Y.), Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Huang J, Li YJ, Liu JY, Zhang YY, Li XM, Wang LN, Yao J, Jiang Q, Yan B. Identification of Corneal Neovascularization–Related Long Noncoding RNAs Through Microarray Analysis. Cornea 2015; 34:580-7. [DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000000389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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69
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Heparanase is a host enzyme required for herpes simplex virus-1 release from cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6985. [PMID: 25912399 PMCID: PMC4413471 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses exemplified by herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) attach to cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) for entry into host cells. However, during a productive infection the HS moieties on parent cells can trap newly exiting viral progenies and inhibit their release. Here, we demonstrate that a HS-degrading enzyme of the host, heparanase (HPSE), is upregulated through NF-kB and translocated to the cell surface upon HSV-1 infection for the removal of HS to facilitate viral release. We also find a significant increase in HPSE release in vivo during infection of murine corneas and that knockdown of HPSE in vivo inhibits virus shedding. Overall, we propose that HPSE acts as a molecular switch for turning a virus-permissive “attachment mode” of host cells to a virus-deterring “detachment mode”. Since many human viruses use HS as an attachment receptor, the HPSE-HS interplay may delineate a common mechanism for virus release.
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Bhela S, Mulik S, Gimenez F, Reddy PBJ, Richardson RL, Varanasi SK, Jaggi U, Xu J, Lu PY, Rouse BT. Role of miR-155 in the pathogenesis of herpetic stromal keratitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1073-84. [PMID: 25700796 PMCID: PMC4380872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ocular infection with herpes simplex virus 1 can result in a chronic immunoinflammatory stromal keratitis (SK) lesion that is a significant cause of human blindness. A key to controlling SK lesion severity is to identify cellular and molecular events responsible for tissue damage and to manipulate them therapeutically. Potential targets for therapy are miRNAs, but these are minimally explored especially in responses to infection. Here, we demonstrated that Mir155 expression was up-regulated after ocular herpes simplex virus 1 infection, with the increased Mir155 expression occurring mainly in macrophages and CD4(+) T cells and to a lesser extent in neutrophils. In vivo studies indicated that Mir155 knockout mice were more resistant to herpes SK with marked suppression of T helper cells type 1 and 17 responses both in the ocular lesions and the lymphoid organs. The reduced SK lesion severity was reflected by increased phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 1 and interferon-γ receptor α-chain levels in activated CD4(+) T cells in the lymph nodes. Finally, in vivo silencing of miR-155 by the provision of antagomir-155 nanoparticles to herpes simplex virus 1-infected mice led to diminished SK lesions and corneal vascularization. In conclusion, our results indicate that miR-155 contributes to the pathogenesis of SK and represents a promising target to control SK severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddheshvar Bhela
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Sachin Mulik
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee; Immune Disease Institute and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fernanda Gimenez
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Pradeep B J Reddy
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Raphael L Richardson
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Siva Karthik Varanasi
- Department of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Ujjaldeep Jaggi
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - John Xu
- Sirnaomics, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | | | - Barry T Rouse
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee.
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Tiwari V, Tarbutton MS, Shukla D. Diversity of heparan sulfate and HSV entry: basic understanding and treatment strategies. Molecules 2015; 20:2707-27. [PMID: 25665065 PMCID: PMC6272628 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20022707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A modified form of heparan sulfate (HS) known as 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate (3-OS HS) generates fusion receptor for herpes simplex virus (HSV) entry and spread. Primary cultures of corneal fibroblasts derived from human eye donors have shown the clinical significance of this receptor during HSV corneal infection. 3-OS HS- is a product of a rare enzymatic modification at C3 position of glucosamine residue which is catalyzed by 3-O-sulfotransferases (3-OSTs) enzymes. From humans to zebrafish, the 3-OST enzymes are highly conserved and widely expressed in cells and tissues. There are multiple forms of 3-OSTs each producing unique subset of sulfated HS making it chemically diverse and heterogeneous. HSV infection of cells or zebrafish can be used as a unique tool to understand the structural-functional activities of HS and 3-OS HS and likewise, the infection can be used as a functional assay to screen phage display libraries for identifying HS and 3-OS HS binding peptides or small molecule inhibitors. Using this approach over 200 unique 12-mer HS and 3-OS HS recognizing peptides were isolated and characterized against HSV corneal infection where 3-OS HS is known to be a key receptor. In this review we discuss emerging role of 3-OS HS based therapeutic strategies in preventing viral infection and tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Morgan S Tarbutton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Suryawanshi A, Cao Z, Sampson JF, Panjwani N. IL-17A-mediated protection against Acanthamoeba keratitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 194:650-63. [PMID: 25505284 PMCID: PMC4282964 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a very painful and vision-impairing infection of the cornea that is difficult to treat. Although past studies have indicated a critical role of neutrophils and macrophages in AK, the relative contribution of the proinflammatory cytokine, IL-17A, that is essential for migration, activation, and function of these cells into the cornea is poorly defined. Moreover, the role of the adaptive immune response, particularly the contribution of CD4(+) T cell subsets, Th17 and regulatory T cells , in AK is yet to be understood. In this report, using a mouse corneal intrastromal injection-induced AK model, we show that Acanthamoeba infection induces a strong CD4(+) T effector and regulatory T cell response in the cornea and local draining lymph nodes. We also demonstrate that corneal Acanthamoeba infection induces IL-17A expression and that IL-17A is critical for host protection against severe AK pathology. Accordingly, IL-17A neutralization in Acanthamoeba-infected wild-type mice or Acanthamoeba infection of mice lacking IL-17A resulted in a significantly increased corneal AK pathology, increased migration of inflammatory cells at the site of inflammation, and a significant increase in the effector CD4(+) T cell response in draining lymph nodes. Thus, in sharp contrast with other corneal infections such as herpes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis where IL-17A exacerbates corneal pathology and inflammation, the findings presented in this article suggest that IL-17A production after Acanthamoeba infection plays an important role in host protection against invading parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Suryawanshi
- New England Eye Center, Boston, MA 02111; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111; and
| | - Zhiyi Cao
- New England Eye Center, Boston, MA 02111; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111; and
| | - James F Sampson
- New England Eye Center, Boston, MA 02111; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111; and
| | - Noorjahan Panjwani
- New England Eye Center, Boston, MA 02111; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111; and Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
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Sun YZ, Guo L, Zhang FS. Curative effect assessment of bandage contact lens in neurogenic keratitis. Int J Ophthalmol 2014; 7:980-3. [PMID: 25540750 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.06.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To observe the curative effect of bandage contact lens in neurogenic keratitis. METHODS Twenty cases of neurogenic keratitis were studied at the Department of Ophthalmology, the first Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, between October 2012 and June 2013. These included 13 males and 7 females, aged from 35 to 88y. Patients were voluntarily divided into an experimental group (lens wearing group, n=10) and control group (drug therapy, n=10). In experimental group patients wore silicone hydrogel bandage soft contact lens. Both groups used the following eyedrops: 0.5% levofloxacin TID; 0.5% Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose QID; fibroblast growth factor BID; ganciclovir BID [cases complicated with herpes simplex virus (HSV)]; compound tropicamide BID (cases concurrent hypopyon). The healing time of corneal ulcer and complication rates were observed in the two groups. RESULTS The healing time of corneal ulcer in the experimental group was 10.80±4.44d versus 46.70±13.88d in the control group (P<0.05). No complications occurred in the experimental group, except for the lens falling off twice in one case, the patient recovered eight days after rewearing the lens. While in the control group, all cases vascularized, 2 cases were complicated with descemetocele that recovered with amniotic membrane transplantation and 1 case was complicated with corneal perforation that recovered by autologous conjunctival flap covering. CONCLUSION Bandage contact lens is a safe and effective method of treating neurogenic keratitis and significantly shortened the healing time of corneal ulcer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhao Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Optometry Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Zhang
- Optometry Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
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Ocular herpes: the pathophysiology, management and treatment of herpetic eye diseases. Virol Sin 2014; 29:327-42. [PMID: 25547680 PMCID: PMC8206444 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-014-3539-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are a prominent cause of human viral disease, second only to the cold and influenza viruses. Most herpesvirus infections are mild or asymptomatic. However, when the virus invades the eye, a number of pathologies can develop and its associated sequelae have become a considerable source of ocular morbidity. The most common culprits of herpetic eye disease are the herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV). While primary infection can produce ocular disease, the most destructive manifestations tend to arise from recurrent infection. These recurrent infections can wreck devastating effects and lead to irreversible vision loss accompanied by a decreased quality of life, increased healthcare usage, and significant cost burden. Unfortunately, no method currently exists to eradicate herpesviruses from the body after infection. Treatment and management of herpes-related eye conditions continue to revolve around antiviral drugs, although corticosteroids, interferons, and other newer therapies may also be appropriate depending on the disease presentation. Ultimately, the advent of effective vaccines will be crucial to preventing herpesvirus diseases altogether and cutting the incidence of ocular complications.
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Park PJ, Chang M, Garg N, Zhu J, Chang JH, Shukla D. Corneal lymphangiogenesis in herpetic stromal keratitis. Surv Ophthalmol 2014; 60:60-71. [PMID: 25444520 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Corneal lymphangiogenesis is the extension of lymphatic vessels into the normally alymphatic cornea, a process that compromises the cornea's immune-privileged state and facilitates herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK). HSK results most commonly from infection by herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and is characterized by immune- and inflammation-mediated damage to the deep layers of the cornea. Current research demonstrates the potential of anti-lymphangiogenic therapy to decrease and prevent herpes-induced lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nitin Garg
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jimmy Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jin-Hong Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Cursiefen C, Viaud E, Bock F, Geudelin B, Ferry A, Kadlecová P, Lévy M, Al Mahmood S, Colin S, Thorin E, Majo F, Frueh B, Wilhelm F, Meyer-Ter-Vehn T, Geerling G, Böhringer D, Reinhard T, Meller D, Pleyer U, Bachmann B, Seitz B. Aganirsen antisense oligonucleotide eye drops inhibit keratitis-induced corneal neovascularization and reduce need for transplantation: the I-CAN study. Ophthalmology 2014; 121:1683-92. [PMID: 24811963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Eye drops of aganirsen, an antisense oligonucleotide preventing insulin receptor substrate-1 expression, inhibited corneal neovascularization in a previous dose-finding phase II study. We aimed to confirm these results in a phase III study and investigated a potential clinical benefit on visual acuity (VA), quality of life (QoL), and need for transplantation. DESIGN Multicenter, double-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled phase III study. PARTICIPANTS Analysis of 69 patients with keratitis-related progressive corneal neovascularization randomized to aganirsen (34 patients) or placebo (35 patients). Patients applied aganirsen eye drops (86 μg/day/eye) or placebo twice daily for 90 days and were followed up to day 180. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary end point was VA. Secondary end points included area of pathologic corneal neovascularization, need for transplantation, risk of graft rejection, and QoL. RESULTS Although no significant differences in VA scores between groups were observed, aganirsen significantly reduced the relative corneal neovascularization area after 90 days by 26.20% (P = 0.014). This improvement persisted after 180 days (26.67%, P = 0.012). Aganirsen tended to lower the transplantation need in the intent-to-treat (ITT) population at day 180 (P = 0.087). In patients with viral keratitis and central neovascularization, a significant reduction in transplantation need was achieved (P = 0.048). No significant differences between groups were observed in the risk of graft rejection. However, aganirsen tended to decrease this risk in patients with traumatic/viral keratitis (P = 0.162) at day 90. The QoL analyses revealed a significant improvement with aganirsen in composite and near activity subscores (P = 0.039 and 0.026, respectively) at day 90 in the per protocol population. Ocular and treatment-related treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were reported in a lower percentage with aganirsen compared with placebo. Only 3 serious TEAEs (2 with aganirsen and 1 with placebo) were considered treatment-related. CONCLUSIONS This first phase III study on a topical inhibitor of corneal angiogenesis showed that aganirsen eye drops significantly inhibited corneal neovascularization in patients with keratitis. The need for transplantation was significantly reduced in patients with viral keratitis and central neovascularization. Topical application of aganirsen was safe and well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Cursiefen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Eric Viaud
- Gene Signal International SA, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Felix Bock
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Pavla Kadlecová
- Advanced Drug & Device Services SAS, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Michel Lévy
- Advanced Drug & Device Services SAS, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | | | - Sylvie Colin
- Gene Signal International SA, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Eric Thorin
- Gene Signal International SA, Montreal, Canada
| | - François Majo
- Hôpital Ophtalmique Jules-Gonin, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Frueh
- Universitätsklinik für Augenheilkunde, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Gerd Geerling
- Universitätsaugenklinik Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Daniel Meller
- Universitätsaugenklinik Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Uwe Pleyer
- University Eye Clinic, CVK, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Berthold Seitz
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes UKS, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Thompson RL, Williams RW, Kotb M, Sawtell NM. A forward phenotypically driven unbiased genetic analysis of host genes that moderate herpes simplex virus virulence and stromal keratitis in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92342. [PMID: 24651695 PMCID: PMC3961320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Both viral and host genetics affect the outcome of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in humans and experimental models. Little is known about specific host gene variants and molecular networks that influence herpetic disease progression, severity, and episodic reactivation. To identify such host gene variants we have initiated a forward genetic analysis using the expanded family of BXD strains, all derived from crosses between C57BL/6J and DBA/2J strains of mice. One parent is highly resistant and one highly susceptible to HSV-1. Both strains have also been fully sequenced, greatly facilitating the search for genetic modifiers that contribute to differences in HSV-1 infection. We monitored diverse disease phenotypes following infection with HSV-1 strain 17syn+ including percent mortality (herpes simplex encephalitis, HSE), body weight loss, severity of herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK), spleen weight, serum neutralizing antibody titers, and viral titers in tear films in BXD strains. A significant quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome (Chr) 16 was found to associate with both percent mortality and HSK severity. Importantly, this QTL maps close to a human QTL and the gene proposed to be associated with the frequency of recurrent herpetic labialis (cold sores). This suggests that a single host locus may influence these seemingly diverse HSV-1 pathogenic phenotypes by as yet unknown mechanisms. Additional suggestive QTLs for percent mortality were identified—one on Chr X that is epistatically associated with that on Chr 16. As would be anticipated the Chr 16 QTL also modulated weight loss, reaching significance in females. A second significant QTL for maximum weight loss in male and female mice was mapped to Chr 12. To our knowledge this is the first report of a host genetic locus that modulates the severity of both herpetic disease in the nervous system and herpetic stromal keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L. Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology, and Biochemistry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RLT); (NMS)
| | - Robert W. Williams
- Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Malak Kotb
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology, and Biochemistry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nancy M. Sawtell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RLT); (NMS)
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Trikha S, Parikh S, Osmond C, Anderson DF, Hossain PN. Long-term outcomes of Fine Needle Diathermy for established corneal neovascularisation. Br J Ophthalmol 2014; 98:454-8. [PMID: 24457357 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-303729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Corneal neovascularisation (CoNV) can lead to significant ocular comorbidity with reduction in vision and cosmesis. A number of techniques have been described to reduce CoNV, but these can be expensive. Our study aimed to determine the safety, efficacy and long-term outcomes of fine needle diathermy (FND) for CoNV. METHODS A 5-year retrospective study identified all cases of FND. Indications, intraoperative complications, and postoperative visual acuity, after treatment and retreatments, were documented, along with the procedure time. Evidence of regression and number of retreatments were identified. RESULTS 56 eyes from 52 patients underwent FND for CoNV. The main indications included herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) (53%, n=25) and microbial keratitis/peripheral ulcerative keratitis (13%, n=6). Pretreatment acuity was significantly correlated with extent of CoNV (p=0.044). One complication was noted during the procedure-an intrastromal and subconjunctival haemorrhage (rate 2%). 68.1% of patients demonstrated regression at first follow-up (mean 6.9 weeks), and 89.3% (n=42) showed regression with two or less treatments. Mean post-FND acuity was 0.72 (range -0.2-3.0) vs 0.82 (-0.2-3.0) preprocedure (p=0.08). VA improved in the HSK subgroup (p=0.012). Mean follow-up was 18.9 months (range 1-56 months). CONCLUSIONS In the largest case series reported, FND appears to be a safe and effective technique in the long term to induce regression of CoNV, with significant improvement in the VA of patients with HSK.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trikha
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Southampton, , Southampton, UK
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79
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Rolfsen ML, Frisard NE, Stern EM, Foster TP, Bhattacharjee PS, McFerrin Jr HE, Clement C, Rodriguez PC, Lukiw WJ, Bergsma DR, Ochoa AC, Hill JM. Corneal neovascularization: a review of the molecular biology and current therapies. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.13.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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80
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Current Concepts in the Management of Herpes Simplex Anterior Segment Eye Disease. CURRENT OPHTHALMOLOGY REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40135-013-0024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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81
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Rajasagi NK, Reddy PBJ, Mulik S, Gjorstrup P, Rouse BT. Neuroprotectin D1 reduces the severity of herpes simplex virus-induced corneal immunopathology. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:6269-79. [PMID: 23942967 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1) is an anti-inflammatory and proresolving lipid mediator biosynthesized from the omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The purpose of this study is to test the therapeutic potential of NPD1 for the treatment of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-induced stromal keratitis (SK) using a mouse model. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were infected ocularly with HSV-1 strain RE. Infected animals were treated topically with methyl ester prodrug NPD1 (300 ng/eye, 5-μL drop). Development of SK lesions, infiltration of inflammatory cells into the cornea, and production of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and angiogenic factors were compared to untreated animals using slit-lamp biomicroscopy, flow cytometry, ELISA, and quantitative PCR (qPCR). RESULTS Topical administration of NPD1 resulted in a significant reduction in the severity and incidence of SK, as well as the extent of corneal neovascularization in the NPD1-treated animals compared to their untreated counterparts. Infiltration of fewer neutrophils and pathogenic CD4⁺ T cells into the cornea, along with a lower number of cells that could be induced ex vivo to produce IFN-γ and IL-17, occurred with NPD1 treatment. Additionally, treatment with NPD1 diminished the production of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and angiogenic factors, such as IL-6, CXCL1, CXCL-10, CCL-20, VEGF-A, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in the corneas of infected animals. Importantly, treatment with NPD1 increased the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10. CONCLUSIONS Our novel findings demonstrate that NPD1 treatment could represent a valuable therapeutic approach to control SK lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen K Rajasagi
- Biomedical & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
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82
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Bryant-Hudson K, Conrady CD, Carr DJJ. Type I interferon and lymphangiogenesis in the HSV-1 infected cornea - are they beneficial to the host? Prog Retin Eye Res 2013; 36:281-91. [PMID: 23876483 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a highly successful pathogen that can result in significant human morbidity. Within the cornea, it was thought the initial recognition of the pathogen was through Toll-like receptors expressed on/in resident cells that then elicit pro-inflammatory cytokine production, activation of anti-viral pathways, and recruitment of leukocytes. However, our lab has uncovered a novel, TLR-independent innate sensor that supersedes TLR induction of anti-viral pathways following HSV-1 infection. In addition, we have also found HSV-1 induces the genesis of lymphatic vessels into the cornea proper by a mechanism independent of TLRs and unique in the field of neovascularization. This review will focus on these two innate immune events during acute HSV-1 infection of the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Bryant-Hudson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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83
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Pearlman E, Sun Y, Roy S, Karmakar M, Hise AG, Szczotka-Flynn L, Ghannoum M, Chinnery HR, McMenamin PG, Rietsch A. Host defense at the ocular surface. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 32:4-18. [PMID: 23360155 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2012.749400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Microbial infections of the cornea frequently cause painful, blinding and debilitating disease that is often difficult to treat and may require corneal transplantation. In addition, sterile corneal infiltrates that are associated with contact lens wear cause pain, visual impairment and photophobia. In this article, we review the role of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) in bacterial keratitis and sterile corneal infiltrates, and describe the role of MD-2 regulation in LPS responsiveness by corneal epithelial cells. We conclude that both live bacteria and bacterial products activate Toll-Like Receptors in the cornea, which leads to chemokine production and neutrophil recruitment to the corneal stroma. While neutrophils are essential for bacterial killing, they also cause tissue damage that results in loss of corneal clarity. These disparate outcomes, therefore, represent a spectrum of disease severity based on this pathway, and further indicate that targeting the TLR pathway is a feasible approach to treating inflammation caused by live bacteria and microbial products. Further, as the P. aeruginosa type III secretion system (T3SS) also plays a critical role in disease pathogenesis by inducing neutrophil apoptosis and facilitating bacterial growth in the cornea, T3SS exotoxins are additional targets for therapy for P. aeruginosa keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Pearlman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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84
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Veiga-Parga T, Giménez F, Mulik S, Chiang EY, Grogan JL, Rouse BT. Controlling herpetic stromal keratitis by modulating lymphotoxin-alpha-mediated inflammatory pathways. Microbes Infect 2013; 15:677-87. [PMID: 23850656 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 infection of the eye can result in stromal keratitis, a chronic immunoinflammatory lesion that is a significant cause of human blindness. A key to controlling the severity of lesions is to identify cellular and molecular events responsible for tissue damage. This report evaluates the role of lymphotoxin-α, a proinflammatory cytokine that could be involved during stromal keratitis. We demonstrate that after infection, both lymphotoxin-α and lymphotoxin-β transcripts are detectable at high levels 48 h postinfection, suggesting roles for the secreted homotrimer lymphotoxin-α3 and the membrane-bound lymphotoxin-α1β2 heterotrimer in stromal keratitis. Using a corneal stromal fibroblast cell line, lymphotoxin-α3 and lymphotoxin-α1β2 were found to have proinflammatory roles by stimulating production of chemokines. Treatment of mice with a depleting anti-lymphotoxin-α mAb during the clinical phase of the disease significantly attenuated stromal keratitis lesions. In treated mice, expression of proinflammatory molecules and chemokines was reduced, as were numbers of cornea-infiltrating proinflammatory cells, particularly Th1 cells. The protective effect of anti-lymphotoxin-α mAb was highly reduced with a mutant version of the mAb that lacks Fc receptor binding activity, indicating that depletion of lymphotoxin-expressing cells was mainly responsible for efficacy, with LT-α3 contributing minimally to inflammation. These data demonstrate that lymphotoxin-expressing cells, such as Th1 cells, mediate stromal keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Veiga-Parga
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Rm. F403, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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85
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Suryawanshi A, Cao Z, Thitiprasert T, Zaidi TS, Panjwani N. Galectin-1-mediated suppression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced corneal immunopathology. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 190:6397-409. [PMID: 23686486 PMCID: PMC3689592 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Corneal infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa leads to a severe immunoinflammatory lesion, often causing vision impairment and blindness. Although past studies have indicated a critical role for CD4(+) T cells, particularly Th1 cells, in corneal immunopathology, the relative contribution of recently discovered Th17 and regulatory T cells is undefined. In this study, we demonstrate that after corneal P. aeruginosa infection, both Th1 and Th17 cells infiltrate the cornea with increased representation of Th17 cells. In addition to Th1 and Th17 cells, regulatory T cells also migrate into the cornea during early as well as late stages of corneal pathology. Moreover, using galectin-1 (Gal-1), an immunomodulatory carbohydrate-binding molecule, we investigated whether shifting the balance among various CD4(+) T cell subsets can modulate P. aeruginosa-induced corneal immunopathology. We demonstrate in this study that local recombinant Gal-1 (rGal-1) treatment by subconjunctival injections significantly diminishes P. aeruginosa-mediated corneal inflammation through multiple mechanisms. Specifically, in our study, rGal-1 treatment significantly diminished corneal infiltration of total CD45(+) T cells, neutrophils, and CD4(+) T cells. Furthermore, rGal-1 treatment significantly reduced proinflammatory Th17 cell response in the cornea as well as local draining lymph nodes. Also, rGal-1 therapy promoted anti-inflammatory Th2 and IL-10 response in secondary lymphoid organs. Collectively, our results indicate that corneal P. aeruginosa infection induces a strong Th17-mediated corneal pathology, and treatment with endogenously derived protein such as Gal-1 may be of therapeutic value for the management of bacterial keratitis, a prevalent cause of vision loss and blindness in humans worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Suryawanshi
- New England Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Zhiyi Cao
- New England Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Thananya Thitiprasert
- New England Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Tanveer S. Zaidi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Noorjahan Panjwani
- New England Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
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86
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J. Zeiss
- Section of Comparative Medicine; Yale University School of Medicine; 375 Congress Ave New Haven CT 06520 USA
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87
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Mulik S, Bhela S, Rouse BT. Potential function of miRNAs in herpetic stromal keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:563-73. [PMID: 23329734 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-11094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), the newly discovered regulators of gene expression, act by promoting degradation of mRNA and/or by inhibiting protein expression. Dysregulation of miRNA expression has been noted in an expanding number of diseases; and in some instances, manipulating miRNA expression holds promise as a new form of therapy. Herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK) is an important vision-impairing lesion and currently any role that miRNA dysregulation plays during its pathogenesis is only just beginning to be investigated. In this review, we discuss the likely participation of specific miRNAs during HSK and discuss the prospect of modulating their expression as a means of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Mulik
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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88
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Xia L, Zhang S, Cao Z, Hu Y, Yang H, Wang D. Interleukin-17 enhanced immunoinflammatory lesions in a mouse model of recurrent herpetic keratitis. Microbes Infect 2012; 15:126-39. [PMID: 23159245 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-17 (IL-17), mainly produced by activated (memory) T cells, has been found in the corneas from herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK) patients. To better understand the role of IL-17 and to optimize fidelity to human recurrent HSK, in this study, we utilized a mouse model of recurrent HSK, examined the expression of IL-17 and Th17 cells, and determine the alterability of virus-induced corneal inflammation after anti-IL-17 antibody treatment during murine recurrent HSK. We found that Th17 cells were obviously up-regulated in both cornea and DLNs of recurrent mice. Peak IL-17 protein present in recurrent cornea in conjunction with peak opacity mediated by CD4(+) T cells. Systemic administration of anti-IL-17 antibody resulted in a diminished severity of corneal opacity, neovascularization, and CD4(+) T cells infiltration compared to control. Anti-IL-17 treatment down-regulated the mRNA and protein levels of TNF-α expression in recurrent corneas, and decreased HSV-specific DTH responses. Our results indicate that elevated IL-17 expression may be involved in the development of recurrent HSK. The likely mechanisms of action for IL-17 are through up-regulating TNF-α expression and promoting HSV-specific DTH responses. Thus, IL-17 might constitute a useful target for therapeutic intervention in recurrent HSK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likun Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
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Veiga-Parga T, Suryawanshi A, Mulik S, Giménez F, Sharma S, Sparwasser T, Rouse BT. On the role of regulatory T cells during viral-induced inflammatory lesions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5924-33. [PMID: 23129753 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ocular HSV-1 infection can result in stromal keratitis, a blinding immunoinflammatory lesion that represents an immunopathological response to the infection. CD4(+) T cells are the main orchestrators, and lesions are more severe if the regulatory T cell (Treg) response is compromised from the onset of infection. Little is known about the role of Foxp3(+)CD4(+) Tregs during ongoing inflammatory reactions, which is the topic of this article. We used DEREG mice and depleted Tregs at different times postinfection. We show that lesions became more severe even when depletion was begun in the clinical phase of the disease. This outcome was explained both by Tregs' influence on the activity of inflammatory effector T cells at the lesion site and by an effect in lymphoid tissues that led to reduced numbers of effectors and less trafficking of T cells and neutrophils to the eye. Our results demonstrate that Tregs can beneficially influence the impact of ongoing tissue-damaging responses to a viral infection and imply that therapies boosting Treg function in the clinical phase hold promise for controlling a lesion that is an important cause of human blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Veiga-Parga
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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