51
|
Kiyanmehr K, Moussavi G, Mohammadi S, Naddafi K, Giannakis S. The efficacy of the VUV/O 3 process run in a continuous-flow fluidized bed reactor for simultaneous elimination of favipiravir and bacteria in aqueous matrices. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 304:135307. [PMID: 35716652 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of the Vacuum UV/Ozonation (VUV/O3) process was evaluated for the degradation of favipiravir (FAV). It was found that coupling O3 and VUV resulted in a considerable synergistic catalytic effect on FAV removal. The VUV/O3 process performed better in moderately alkaline conditions than in acidic ones; complete FAV degradation and 99.4% TOC removal were achieved within 10 and 60 min, respectively. HO• played the dominant role in FAV degradation, with a second-order reaction rate constant with HO• at 1.05 × 1010 M-1 s-1. The VUV/O3 process could effectively treat tap water spiked with FAV. Efficient FAV and TOC removal, as well as total bacterial inactivation, was attained when treating municipal secondary effluent by the VUV/O3 process. Finally, the VUV/O3 process was operated in a continuous-flow mode in a fluidized-bed (FBR) reactor for treating FAV-spiked tap water. Complete degradation and 75.1% mineralization of 10 mg/L FAV were obtained at a hydraulic retention time of 1 and 8 min, respectively. The findings clearly suggest that the VUV/O3 process operated in a continuous-flow FBR is a promising, efficient technology for the removal of novel and emerging contaminants, such as the antiviral FAV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyan Kiyanmehr
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Moussavi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Samira Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Stefanos Giannakis
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S. Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Departamento de Ingeniería Civil: Hidráulica, Energía y Medio Ambiente, Unidad docente Ingeniería Sanitaria, c/ Profesor Aranguren, s/n, ES-28040, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Meng C, Zhuo Q, Wang A, Liu J, Yang Z, Niu J. Efficient electrochemical oxidation of COVID-19 treatment drugs favipiravir by a novel flow-through Ti/TiO2-NTA/Ti4O7 anode. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
53
|
Degradation of the antiviral remdesivir by a novel, continuous-flow, helical-baffle incorporating VUV/UVC photoreactor: Performance assessment and enhancement by inorganic peroxides. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
54
|
Eryildiz B, Ozgun H, Ersahin ME, Koyuncu I. Antiviral drugs against influenza: Treatment methods, environmental risk assessment and analytical determination. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 318:115523. [PMID: 35779301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, antiviral drugs against influenza are considered emerging contaminants since they cause environmental toxicity even at low concentrations. They have been found in environmental matrices all around the world, showing that conventional treatment methods fail to remove them from water and wastewater. In addition, the metabolites and transformation products of these drugs can be more persistent than original in the environment. Several techniques to degrade/remove antiviral drugs against influenza have been investigated to prevent this contamination. In this study, the characteristics of antiviral drugs against influenza, their measurement by analytical methods, and their removal in both water and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were presented. Different treatment methods, such as traditional procedures (biological processes, filtration, coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation), advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), adsorption and combined methods, were assessed. Ecotoxicological effects of both the antiviral drug and its metabolites as well as the transformation products formed as a result of treatment were evaluated. In addition, future perspectives for improving the removal of antiviral drugs against influenza, their metabolites and transformation products were further discussed. The research indicated that the main tested techniques in this study were ozonation, photolysis and photocatalysis. Combined methods, particularly those that use renewable energy and waste materials, appear to be the optimum approach for the treatment of effluents containing antiviral drugs against influenza. In light of high concentrations or probable antiviral resistance, this comprehensive assessment suggests that antiviral drug monitoring is required, and some of those substances may cause toxicological effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahriye Eryildiz
- Istanbul Technical University, Environmental Engineering Department, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey; National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hale Ozgun
- Istanbul Technical University, Environmental Engineering Department, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey; National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Evren Ersahin
- Istanbul Technical University, Environmental Engineering Department, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey; National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ismail Koyuncu
- Istanbul Technical University, Environmental Engineering Department, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey; National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Huang T, Guo J, Lu G. Ultraviolet-coupled advanced oxidation processes for anti-COVID-19 drugs treatment: Degradation mechanisms, transformation products and toxicity evolution. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:134968. [PMID: 35580642 PMCID: PMC9107282 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Remdesivir (RDV), dexamethasone (DEX) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) were widely used in the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia, possibly causing environmental risks and drug-resistance viruses. This study elucidated the degradation mechanisms and potential toxicity risks of the three anti-COVID-19 drugs by UV and ultraviolet-coupled advanced oxidation processes (UV/AOPs). All the drugs could be degraded by more than 98% within 3 min under the following optimal conditions: pH of 5.0 and drug-to-oxidant (H2O2) molar ratio of 1:200. Combined with density functional theory (DFT) analysis and high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-QTOF-MS), twenty-four transformation products (TPs) were detected and the main degradation pathways were investigated. Based on bacterial luminescence inhibition test and the peak-area evolution of TPs, RDV and HCQ showed an obvious toxicity-increase region when TPs were generated in large quantities, while the toxicity of DEX continued to decline during degradation processes. By QSAR predictions, the main contributors to the toxicity evolution during the UV/AOPs were predicted. Halogen-containing TPs showed significantly higher toxicity than other TPs, and thus the chlorine-containing structure in HCQ presented the potential toxicity. Appropriate reaction parameters and adequate reaction time for the UV/AOPs could eliminate the toxicity of TPs and ensure environmental safety. This study could play a positive role in the treatment of anti-COVID-19 drugs and their environmental hazard assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tenghao Huang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Junjie Guo
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Gang Lu
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Han J, He S, Lichtfouse E. Waves of pharmaceutical waste. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2022; 21:1251-1255. [PMID: 35975196 PMCID: PMC9372935 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-022-01491-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Han
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanshan He
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Eric Lichtfouse
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, CEREGE, 13100 Aix-en-Provence, France
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Pal S, Ahamed Z, Pal P. Removal of antibiotics and pharmaceutically active compounds from water Environment: Experiments towards industrial scale up. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
58
|
Rebolledo UA, Rico-Martínez R, Fernández R, Páez-Osuna F. Synergistic effect of chloroquine and copper to the euryhaline rotifer Proales similis. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:1035-1043. [PMID: 35831720 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) has been widely used for many years against malaria and various viral diseases. Its important use and high potential to being persistent make it of particular concern for ecotoxicological studies. Here, we evaluated the toxicity of CQ alone and in combination with copper (Cu) to the euryhaline rotifer Proales similis. All experiments were carried out using chronic toxicity reproductive five-day tests and an application factor (AF) of 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 by multiplying the 24-h LC50 values of CQ (4250 µg/L) and Cu (68 µg/L), which were administered in solution. The rate of population increase (r, d-1) ranged from 0.50 to 52 (controls); 0.20 to 0.40 (CQ); 0.09 to 0.43 (Cu); and -0.03 to 0.30 (CQ-Cu) and showed significant decrease as the concentration of both chemicals in the medium increased. Almost all tested mixtures induced synergistic effects, mainly as the AF increased. We found that the presence of Cu intensifies the vulnerability of organisms to CQ and vice versa. These results stress the potential hazard that these combined chemicals may have on the aquatic systems. This research suggests that P. similis is sensitive to CQ as other standardized zooplankton species and may serve as a potential test species in the risk assessment of emerging pollutants in marine environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uriel Arreguin Rebolledo
- Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Avenida Universidad 940, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P., Aguascalientes, 20131, Ags., Mexico
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, P.O. Box 811, C.P, 82000, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México
| | - Roberto Rico-Martínez
- Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Avenida Universidad 940, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P., Aguascalientes, 20131, Ags., Mexico
| | - Rocío Fernández
- Grupo de Investigación en Limnología Tropical, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Federico Páez-Osuna
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, P.O. Box 811, C.P, 82000, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Liu Q, Feng X, Chen N, Shen F, Zhang H, Wang S, Sheng Z, Li J. Occurrence and risk assessment of typical PPCPs and biodegradation pathway of ribavirin in wastewater treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 11:100184. [PMID: 36158755 PMCID: PMC9488096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2022.100184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A large number of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) persist in wastewater, and the consumption of PPCPs for COVID-19 control and prevention has sharply increased during the pandemic. This study investigated the occurrence, removal efficiency, and risk assessment of six typical PPCPs commonly used in China in two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Ribavirin (RBV) is an effective pharmaceutical for severely ill patients with COVID-19, and the possible biodegradation pathway of RBV by activated sludge was discovered. The experimental results showed that PPCPs were detected in two WWTPs with a detection rate of 100% and concentrations ranging between 612 and 2323 ng L-1. The detection frequency and concentrations of RBV were substantially higher, with a maximum concentration of 314 ng L-1. Relatively high pollution loads were found for the following PPCPs from influent: ibuprofen > ranitidine hydrochloride > RBV > ampicillin sodium > clozapine > sulfamethoxazole. The removal efficiency of PPCPs was closely related to adsorption and biodegradation in activated sludge, and the moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) had a higher removal capacity than the anoxic-anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (AAAO) process. The removal efficiencies of sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin sodium, ibuprofen, and clozapine ranged from 92.21% to 97.86% in MBBR process and were relatively low, from 61.82% to 97.62% in AAAO process, and the removal of RBV and ranitidine hydrochloride were lower than 42.96% in both MBBR and AAAO processes. The discrepancy in removal efficiency is caused by temperature, hydrophilicity, and hydrophobicity of the compound, and acidity and alkalinity. The transformation products of RBV in activated sludge were detected and identified, and the biodegradation process of RBV could be speculated as follows: first breaks into TCONH2 and an oxygen-containing five-membered heterocyclic ring under the nucleosidase reaction, and then TCONH2 is finally formed into TCOOH through amide hydrolysis. Aquatic ecological risks based on risk quotient (RQ) assessment showed that PPCPs had high and medium risks in the influent, and the RQ values were all reduced after MBBR and AAAO treatment. Ranitidine hydrochloride and clozapine still showed high and medium risks in the effluent, respectively, and thus presented potential risks to the aquatic ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qixin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xuan Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Fei Shen
- Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis, Jiangsu Wuxi Environmental Monitoring Center, Wuxi, 214121, China
| | - Haichuan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Jiangsu College of Water Treatment Technology and Material Collaborative Innovation Center, Suzhou, 215009, China
- Corresponding author. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Zhiya Sheng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2W2, Canada
| | - Ji Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Jiangsu College of Water Treatment Technology and Material Collaborative Innovation Center, Suzhou, 215009, China
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Mohamed BA, Fattah IMR, Yousaf B, Periyasamy S. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment, waste management, and energy sectors: a deeper look into the long-term impacts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:46438-46457. [PMID: 35499739 PMCID: PMC9059688 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20259-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic not only has caused a global health crisis but also has significant environmental consequences. Although many studies are confirming the short-term improvements in air quality in several countries across the world, the long-term negative consequences outweigh all the claimed positive impacts. As a result, this review highlights the positive and the long-term negative environmental effects of the COVID-19 pandemic by evaluating the scientific literature. Remarkable reduction in the levels of CO (3 - 65%), NO2 (17 - 83%), NOx (24 - 47%), PM2.5 (22 - 78%), PM10 (23 - 80%), and VOCs (25 - 57%) was observed during the lockdown across the world. However, according to this review, the pandemic put enormous strain on the present waste collection and treatment system, resulting in ineffective waste management practices, damaging the environment. The extensive usage of face masks increased the release of microplastics/nanoplastics (183 to 1247 particles piece-1) and organic pollutants in land and water bodies. Furthermore, the significant usages of anti-bacterial hand sanitizers, disinfectants, and pharmaceuticals have increased the accumulation of various toxic emerging contaminants (e.g., triclocarban, triclosan, bisphenol-A, hydroxychloroquine) in the treated sludge/biosolids and discharged wastewater effluent, posing great threats to the ecosystems. This review also suggests strategies to create long-term environmental advantages. Thermochemical conversions of solid wastes including medical wastes and for treated wastewater sludge/biosolids offer several advantages through recovering the resources and energy and stabilizing/destructing the toxins/contaminants and microplastics in the precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Badr A Mohamed
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
| | - I M Rizwanul Fattah
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater (CTWW), Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007 NSW, Australia
| | - Balal Yousaf
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Selvakumar Periyasamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, 1888, Adama, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Degradations of Analgesic, Mucolytic and Anti-Biotic/Viral/Inflammatory Drugs Widely Used in Controlling SARS-CoV-2. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12060667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has been transformed into one of the main worldwide challenges, in recent years. For controlling symptoms that are caused by this disease (e.g., chills or fever, shortness of breath and/or difficulty in breathing, cough, sore throat, fatigue, headache, muscle aches, the new loss of tastes and/or smells, congestion or runny nose, nausea, vomiting and/or diarrhea), lots of medicines including analgesics, mucolytics, and anti-biotic/viral/inflammatory drugs have been frequently prescribed. As these medicines finally contaminate terrestrial and aquatic habitats by entering surface waterways through pharmaceutical production and excreting trace amounts of waste after human usage, they have negative impacts on wildlife’s health and ecosystem. Residual drugs in water have the potential to harm aquatic creatures and disrupt their food chain as well as the breeding cycle. Therefore, proper degradation of these broadly used medicines is highly crucial. In this work, the use of nanomaterials applicable in photocatalytic degradations of analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen), mucolytics (e.g., ambroxol), antibiotics (e.g., azithromycin and quinolones including hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine phosphate), anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids (e.g., dexamethasone and cortisone acetate), antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine), H2 blockers (e.g., famotidine), anthelmintics (e.g., praziquantel), and finally antivirals (e.g., ivermectin, acyclovir, lopinavir/ritonavir, favipiravir, nitazoxanide, and remdesivir) which widely used in controlling/treating the coronavirus have been reviewed and discussed.
Collapse
|
62
|
Cappelli F, Longoni O, Rigato J, Rusconi M, Sala A, Fochi I, Palumbo MT, Polesello S, Roscioli C, Salerno F, Stefani F, Bettinetti R, Valsecchi S. Suspect screening of wastewaters to trace anti-COVID-19 drugs: Potential adverse effects on aquatic environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153756. [PMID: 35151733 PMCID: PMC8830926 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
During the first period of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the lack of specific therapeutic treatments led to the provisional use of a number of drugs, with a continuous review of health protocols when new scientific evidence emerged. The management of this emergency sanitary situation could not take care of the possible indirect adverse effects on the environment, such as the release of a large amount of pharmaceuticals from wastewater treatment plants. The massive use of drugs, which were never used so widely until then, implied new risks for the aquatic environment. In this study, a suspect screening approach using Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry techniques, allowed us to survey the presence of pharmaceuticals used for COVID-19 treatment in three WWTPs of Lombardy region, where the first European cluster of SARS-CoV-2 cases was detected. Starting from a list of sixty-three suspect compounds used against COVID-19 (including some metabolites and transformation products), six compounds were fully identified and monitored together with other target analytes, mainly pharmaceuticals of common use. A monthly monitoring campaign was conducted in a WWTP from April to December 2020 and the temporal trends of some anti-COVID-19 drugs were positively correlated with those of COVID-19 cases and deaths. The comparison of the average emission loads among the three WWTPs evidenced that the highest loads of hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin and ciprofloxacin were measured in the WWTP which received the sewages from a hospital specializing in the treatment of COVID-19 patients. The monitoring of the receiving water bodies evidenced the presence of eight compounds of high ecological concern, whose risk was assessed in terms of toxicity and the possibility of inducing antibiotic and viral resistance. The results clearly showed that the enhanced, but not completely justified, use of ciprofloxacin and azithromycin represented a risk for antibiotic resistance in the aquatic ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cappelli
- Water Research Institute-National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy; University of Insubria, Department of Human Science of the Innovation for the Territory, 22100 Como, CO, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | - Igor Fochi
- Thermo Fisher Scientific s.p.a., 20090 Rodano, MI, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Palumbo
- Water Research Institute-National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - Stefano Polesello
- Water Research Institute-National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - Claudio Roscioli
- Water Research Institute-National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - Franco Salerno
- Water Research Institute-National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Stefani
- Water Research Institute-National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - Roberta Bettinetti
- University of Insubria, Department of Human Science of the Innovation for the Territory, 22100 Como, CO, Italy
| | - Sara Valsecchi
- Water Research Institute-National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Czech B, Krzyszczak A, Boguszewska-Czubara A, Opielak G, Jośko I, Hojamberdiev M. Revealing the toxicity of lopinavir- and ritonavir-containing water and wastewater treated by photo-induced processes to Danio rerio and Allivibrio fischeri. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153967. [PMID: 35182634 PMCID: PMC8849850 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), among many protocols, lopinavir and ritonavir in individual or combined forms with other drugs have been used, causing an increase in the concentration of antiviral drugs in the wastewater and hospital effluents. In conventional wastewater treatment plants, the removal efficiency of various antiviral drugs is estimated to be low (<20%). The high values of predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) for lopinavir and ritonavir (in ng∙L-1) reveal their high chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms. This indicates that lopinavir and ritonavir are current priority antiviral drugs that need to be thoroughly monitored and effectively removed from any water and wastewater samples. In this study, we attempt to explore the impacts of two photo-induced processes (photolysis and photocatalysis) on the toxicity of treated water and wastewater samples containing lopinavir and ritonavir to zebrafish (Danio rerio) and marine bacteria (Allivibrio fischeri). The obtained results reveal that traces of lopinavir in water under photo-induced processes may cause severe problems for Danio rerio, including pericardial edema and shortening of the tail, affecting its behavior, and for Allivibrio fischeri as a result of the oxygen-depleted environment, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Hence, lopinavir must be removed from water and wastewater before being in contact with light. In contrast, the photo-induced processes of ritonavir-containing water and wastewater reduce the toxicity significantly. This shows that even if the physicochemical parameters of water and wastewater are within the standard requirements/limits, the presence of traces of antiviral drugs and their intermediates can affect the survival and behavior of Danio rerio and Allivibrio fischeri. Therefore, the photo-induced processes and additional treatment of water and wastewater containing ritonavir can minimize its toxic effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Czech
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, 3 Maria Curie-Skłodowska Sq., 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Krzyszczak
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, 3 Maria Curie-Skłodowska Sq., 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Boguszewska-Czubara
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Opielak
- Chair and Department of Human Physiology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Radziwillowska 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Izabela Jośko
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka Street 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mirabbos Hojamberdiev
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Domingo-Echaburu S, Irazola M, Prieto A, Rocano B, Lopez de Torre-Querejazu A, Quintana A, Orive G, Lertxundi U. Drugs used during the COVID-19 first wave in Vitoria-Gasteiz (Spain) and their presence in the environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153122. [PMID: 35063509 PMCID: PMC8767721 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The city of Vitoria-Gasteiz was one of the probable first entrances of the SARS-CoV2 in Spain, one of the worst affected countries in the world during the first COVID 19 wave. Driven by the urgency of the situation, multiple drugs with antiviral activity were used off label. Sadly, most of these treatments were of little or no benefit and thus, the number of patients suffering from COVID-19 attended in intensive care units (ICUs) multiplied. After being administered to patients, a variable proportion of these drugs reach the environment where they may have detrimental effects, although this aspect is usually ignored by healthcare professionals. In this study we measured the patterns of hospital drug use in the city of Vitoria-Gasteiz (Spain) during the first COVID-19 wave pandemic, focusing on those with antiviral activity and those used in the ICUs. Subsequently, we measured concentrations of selected drugs in the city's wastewater treatment plant influent and effluent and estimated the potential risk for the environment. The hospital use of certain antivirals and drugs used for sedo-analgesia were dramatically increased during the first wave (cisatracurium was multiplied by 25 and lopinavir/ritonavir by 20). A mean of 1.632 daily defined doses of hydroxychloroquine were used during the period of February-May 2020. In this study we report the first positive detection of hydroxychloroquine ever in the environment. We also show the second positive report of lopinavir. Low risk was estimated for hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir and ritonavir (Risk quotients (RQ) <1), and medium risk for azithromycin (RQ 0f 0.146).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Domingo-Echaburu
- Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Debagoiena Integrated Health Organisation, Pharmacy Service, Nafarroa Hiribidea, 16, 20500 Arrasate, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - M Irazola
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, ES48903 Barakaldo, Biscay, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, ES48940 Leioa, Biscay, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology & Biotechnology, ES48620 Plentzia, Biscay, Spain
| | - A Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (PiE-UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country 48620, Spain
| | - B Rocano
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - A Lopez de Torre-Querejazu
- Pharmacy Service, Araba-Integrated Health Care Organization, Santiago Hospital, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Alava, Spain
| | - A Quintana
- Pharmacy Service, Araba Integrated Health Care Organization, Txagorritxu Hospital, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Alava, Spain
| | - G Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain; Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore; Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
| | - U Lertxundi
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Araba Mental Health Network, Araba Psychiatric Hospital, Pharmacy Service, c/Alava 43, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Alava, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Hojamberdiev M, Czech B, Wasilewska A, Boguszewska-Czubara A, Yubuta K, Wagata H, Daminova SS, Kadirova ZC, Vargas R. Detoxifying SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drugs from model and real wastewaters by industrial waste-derived multiphase photocatalysts. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 429:128300. [PMID: 35077970 PMCID: PMC8767938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of antiviral drugs has surged as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in higher concentrations of these pharmaceuticals in wastewater. The degradation efficiency of antiviral drugs in wastewater treatment plants has been reported to be too low due to their hydrophilic nature, and an additional procedure is usually necessary to degrade them completely. Photocatalysis is regarded as one of the most effective processes to degrade antiviral drugs. The present study aims at synthesizing multiphase photocatalysts by a simple calcination of industrial waste from ammonium molybdate production (WU photocatalysts) and its combination with WO3 (WW photocatalysts). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirm that the presence of multiple crystalline phases in the synthesized photocatalysts. UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra reveal that the synthesized multiphase photocatalysts absorb visible light up to 620 nm. Effects of calcination temperature of industrial waste (550-950 °C) and WO3 content (0-100%) on photocatalytic activity of multiphase photocatalysts (WU and WW) for efficient removal of SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drugs (lopinavir and ritonavir) in model and real wastewaters are studied. The highest k1 value is observed for the photocatalytic removal of ritonavir from model wastewater using WW4 (35.64 ×10-2 min-1). The multiphase photocatalysts exhibit 95% efficiency in the photocatalytic removal of ritonavir within 15 of visible light irradiation. In contrast, 60 min of visible light irradiation is necessary to achieve 95% efficiency in the photocatalytic removal of lopinavir. The ecotoxicity test using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos shows no toxicity for photocatalytically treated ritonavir-containing wastewater, and the contrary trend is observed for photocatalytically treated lopinavir-containing wastewater. The synthesized multiphase photocatalysts can be tested and applied for efficient degradation of other SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drugs in wastewater in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirabbos Hojamberdiev
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bożena Czech
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Pl. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Anna Wasilewska
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Pl. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Boguszewska-Czubara
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, Lublin 20-093, Poland
| | - Kunio Yubuta
- Department of Applied Quantum Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hajime Wagata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Shahlo S Daminova
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan; Uzbekistan-Japan Innovation Center of Youth, University Str. 2B, Tashkent 100095, Uzbekistan
| | - Zukhra C Kadirova
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan; Uzbekistan-Japan Innovation Center of Youth, University Str. 2B, Tashkent 100095, Uzbekistan
| | - Ronald Vargas
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) / Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Avenida Intendente Marino, Km 8,2, B7130IWA Chascomús, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Nason SL, Lin E, Eitzer B, Koelmel J, Peccia J. Changes in Sewage Sludge Chemical Signatures During a COVID-19 Community Lockdown, Part 1: Traffic, Drugs, Mental Health, and Disinfectants. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:1179-1192. [PMID: 34668219 DOI: 10.26434/chemrxiv.13562525.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The early months of the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated shutdowns disrupted many aspects of daily life and thus caused changes in the use and disposal of many types of chemicals. While records of sales, prescriptions, drug overdoses, and so forth provide data about specific chemical uses during this time, wastewater and sewage sludge analysis can provide a more comprehensive overview of chemical changes within a region. We analyzed primary sludge from a wastewater-treatment plant in Connecticut, USA, collected March 19 to June 30, 2020. This time period encompassed the first wave of the pandemic, the initial statewide stay at home order, and the first phase of reopening. We used liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry and targeted and suspect screening strategies to identify 78 chemicals of interest, which included pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, disinfectants, ultraviolet (UV) filters, and others. We analyzed trends over time for the identified chemicals using linear trend analyses and multivariate comparisons (p < 0.05). We found trends related directly to the pandemic (e.g., hydroxychloroquine, a drug publicized for its potential to treat COVID-19, had elevated concentrations in the week following the implementation of the US Emergency Use Authorization), as well as evidence for seasonal changes in chemical use (e.g., increases for three UV-filter compounds). Though wastewater surveillance during the pandemic has largely focused on measuring severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 RNA concentrations, chemical analysis can also show trends that are important for revealing the public and environmental health effects of the pandemic. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1179-1192. © 2021 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Nason
- Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Elizabeth Lin
- Department of Environmental Health, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Brian Eitzer
- Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jeremy Koelmel
- Department of Environmental Health, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jordan Peccia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Nason SL, Lin E, Eitzer B, Koelmel J, Peccia J. Changes in Sewage Sludge Chemical Signatures During a COVID-19 Community Lockdown, Part 1: Traffic, Drugs, Mental Health, and Disinfectants. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:1179-1192. [PMID: 34668219 PMCID: PMC8653241 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The early months of the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated shutdowns disrupted many aspects of daily life and thus caused changes in the use and disposal of many types of chemicals. While records of sales, prescriptions, drug overdoses, and so forth provide data about specific chemical uses during this time, wastewater and sewage sludge analysis can provide a more comprehensive overview of chemical changes within a region. We analyzed primary sludge from a wastewater-treatment plant in Connecticut, USA, collected March 19 to June 30, 2020. This time period encompassed the first wave of the pandemic, the initial statewide stay at home order, and the first phase of reopening. We used liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry and targeted and suspect screening strategies to identify 78 chemicals of interest, which included pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, disinfectants, ultraviolet (UV) filters, and others. We analyzed trends over time for the identified chemicals using linear trend analyses and multivariate comparisons (p < 0.05). We found trends related directly to the pandemic (e.g., hydroxychloroquine, a drug publicized for its potential to treat COVID-19, had elevated concentrations in the week following the implementation of the US Emergency Use Authorization), as well as evidence for seasonal changes in chemical use (e.g., increases for three UV-filter compounds). Though wastewater surveillance during the pandemic has largely focused on measuring severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 RNA concentrations, chemical analysis can also show trends that are important for revealing the public and environmental health effects of the pandemic. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1179-1192. © 2021 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara L. Nason
- Connecticut Agricultural Experiment StationNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Elizabeth Lin
- Department of Environmental HealthYale School of Public HealthNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Brian Eitzer
- Connecticut Agricultural Experiment StationNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Jeremy Koelmel
- Department of Environmental HealthYale School of Public HealthNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Jordan Peccia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Azuma T, Nakano T, Koizumi R, Matsunaga N, Ohmagari N, Hayashi T. Evaluation of the Correspondence between the Concentration of Antimicrobials Entering Sewage Treatment Plant Influent and the Predicted Concentration of Antimicrobials Using Annual Sales, Shipping, and Prescriptions Data. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:472. [PMID: 35453223 PMCID: PMC9027251 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The accuracy and correspondence between the measured concentrations from the survey and predicted concentrations on the basis of the three types of statistical antimicrobial use in Japan was evaluated. A monitoring survey of ten representative antimicrobials: ampicillin (APL), cefdinir (CDN), cefpodoxime proxetil (CPXP), ciprofloxacin (CFX), clarithromycin (CTM), doxycycline (DCL), levofloxacin (LFX), minocycline (MCL), tetracycline (TCL), and vancomycin (VMC), in the influent of sewage treatment plant (STP) located in urban areas of Japan, was conducted. Then, the measured values were verified in comparison with the predicted values estimated from the shipping volumes, sales volumes, and prescription volumes based on the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan (NDB). The results indicate that the correspondence ratios between the predicted concentrations calculated on the basis of shipping and NDB volumes and the measured concentrations (predicted concentration/measured concentration) generally agreed for the detected concentration of antimicrobials in the STP influent. The correspondence ratio on the basis of shipping volume was, for CFX, 0.1; CTM, 2.9; LFX, 0.5; MCL, 1.9; and VMC, 1.7, and on the basis of NDB volume the measured concentration was CFX, 0.1; CTM, 3.7; DCL, 0.4; LFX, 0.7; MCL, 1.9; TCL, 0.6; and VMC, 1.6. To our knowledge, this is the first report to evaluate the accuracy of predicted concentrations based on sales, shipping, NDB statistics and measured concentrations for antimicrobials in the STP influent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Azuma
- Department of Environment and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-1094, Japan;
| | - Takashi Nakano
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan;
| | - Ryuji Koizumi
- AMR Clinical Reference Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; (R.K.); (N.M.); (N.O.)
| | - Nobuaki Matsunaga
- AMR Clinical Reference Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; (R.K.); (N.M.); (N.O.)
| | - Norio Ohmagari
- AMR Clinical Reference Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; (R.K.); (N.M.); (N.O.)
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hayashi
- Department of Environment and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-1094, Japan;
- Department of Food and Nutrition Management Studies, Faculty of Human Development, Soai University, Osaka 559-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Morales-Paredes CA, Rodríguez-Díaz JM, Boluda-Botella N. Pharmaceutical compounds used in the COVID-19 pandemic: A review of their presence in water and treatment techniques for their elimination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 814:152691. [PMID: 34974020 PMCID: PMC8717703 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, high consumption of antivirals, antibiotics, antiparasitics, antiprotozoals, and glucocorticoids used in the treatment of this virus has been reported. Conventional treatment systems fail to efficiently remove these contaminants from water, becoming an emerging concern from the environmental field. Therefore, the objective of the present work is to address the current state of the literature on the presence and removal processes of these drugs from water bodies. It was found that the concentration of most of the drugs used in the treatment of COVID-19 increased during the pandemic in water bodies. Before the pandemic, Azithromycin concentrations in surface waters were reported to be in the order of 4.3 ng L-1, and during the pandemic, they increased up to 935 ng L-1. Laboratory scale studies conclude that adsorption and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) can be effective in the removal of these drugs. Up to more than 80% removal of Azithromycin, Chloroquine, Ivermectin, and Dexamethasone in aqueous solutions have been reported using these processes. Pilot-scale tests achieved 100% removal of Azithromycin from hospital wastewater by adsorption with powdered activated carbon. At full scale, treatment plants supplemented with ozonation and artificial wetlands removed all Favipiravir and Azithromycin, respectively. It should be noted that hybrid technologies can improve removal rates, process kinetics, and treatment cost. Consequently, the development of new materials that can act synergistically in technically and economically sustainable treatments is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Augusto Morales-Paredes
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante E-03080, Spain; Editorial Universitaria, Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí, Manta 130802, Ecuador.
| | - Joan Manuel Rodríguez-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Análisis Químicos y Biotecnológicos, Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo 130104, Ecuador; Departamento de Procesos Químicos, Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas, Físicas y Químicas, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo 130104, Ecuador
| | - Nuria Boluda-Botella
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante E-03080, Spain; Instituto Universitario del Agua y las Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante E-03080, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Guo Z, Zhang Y, Gan S, He H, Cai N, Xu J, Guo P, Chen B, Pan X. Effective degradation of COVID-19 related drugs by biochar-supported red mud catalyst activated persulfate process: Mechanism and pathway. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2022; 340:130753. [PMID: 36032562 PMCID: PMC9396784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
With the global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, the water pollution caused by extensive production and application of COVID-19 related drugs has aroused growing attention. Herein, a novel biochar-supported red mud catalyst (RM-BC) containing abundant free hydroxyl groups was synthesized. The RM-BC activated persulfate process was firstly put forward to degrade COVID-19 related drugs, including arbidol (ARB), chloroquine phosphate, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and acyclovir. Highly effective removal of these pharmaceuticals was achieved and even 100% of ARB was removed within 12 min at optimum conditions. Mechanism study indicated that SO4 •- and HO• were the predominant radicals, and these radicals were responsible for the formation of DMPOX in electron spin resonance experiments. Fe species (Fe0 and Fe3O4) and oxygen-containing functional groups in RM-BC played crucial roles in the elimination of ARB. Effects of degradation conditions and several common water matrices were also investigated. Finally, the degradation products of ARB were identified by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) and possible degradation pathways were proposed. This study demonstrated that RM-BC/PS system would have great potential for the removal of COVID-19 related drug residues in water by the catalyst synthesized from the solid waste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 51000, China
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 51000, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Shuchai Gan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 51000, China
| | - Huan He
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Nan Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 51000, China
| | - Jingwei Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 51000, China
| | - Pengran Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 51000, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Kumari M, Kumar A. Environmental and human health risk assessment of mixture of Covid-19 treating pharmaceutical drugs in environmental waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:152485. [PMID: 34942257 PMCID: PMC8686450 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
This study identified ecological and human health risks exposure of COVID-19 pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in environmental waters. Environmental concentrations in aquatic species were predicted using surface water concentrations of pharmaceutical compounds. Predicted No-Effect Concentrations (PNEC) in aquatic organisms (green algae, daphnia, and fish) was estimated using EC50/LC50 values of pharmaceutical compounds taken from USEPA ECOSAR database. PNEC for human health risks was calculated using the acceptable daily intake values of drugs. Ecological PNEC revealed comparatively high values in algae (Chronic toxicity PNEC values, high to low: ribavirin (2.65 × 105 μg/L) to ritonavir (2.3 × 10-1 μg/L)) than daphnia and fish. Risk quotient (RQ) analysis revealed that algae (Avg. = 2.81 × 104) appeared to be the most sensitive species to pharmaceutical drugs followed by daphnia (Avg.: 1.28 × 104) and fish (Avg.: 1.028 × 103). Amongst the COVID-19 metabolites, lopinavir metabolites posed major risk to aquatic species. Ritonavir (RQ = 6.55) is the major drug responsible for human health risk through consumption of food (in the form fish) grown in pharmaceutically contaminated waters. Mixture toxicity analysis of drugs revealed that algae are the most vulnerable species amongst the three trophic levels. Maximum allowable concentration level for mixture of pharmaceuticals was found to be 0.53 mg/L.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minashree Kumari
- Environment Engineering Section, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, Delhi, 110017, India.
| | - Arun Kumar
- Environment Engineering Section, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, Delhi, 110017, India.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Zhang Z, Zhou Y, Han L, Guo X, Wu Z, Fang J, Hou B, Cai Y, Jiang J, Yang Z. Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on the aquatic environment associated with disinfection byproducts and pharmaceuticals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:151409. [PMID: 34742986 PMCID: PMC8568319 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, concentrations of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and COVID-19 related pharmaceuticals in wastewater effluents and surface water were measured two weeks, three months and eight months after the lockdown in Wuhan. Little temporal variation in DBP concentrations suggested intensified disinfection during the COVID-19 pandemic had limited impacts on the occurrence of DBPs in the aquatic environment. In contrast, the pandemic led to a significant increase in concentrations of lopinavir and ritonavir in wastewater effluents and surface water. The high detection frequency of these pharmaceuticals in surface water after the lockdown highlighted their mobility and persistence in the aquatic environment. The initial ecological risk assessment indicated moderate risks associated with these pharmaceuticals in surface water. As the global situation is still rapidly evolving with a continuous surge in the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases, our results suggest a pressing need for monitoring COVID-19 related pharmaceuticals as well as a systematic evaluation of their ecotoxicities in the aquatic environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China.
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China.
| | - Lanfang Han
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China.
| | - Zihao Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Banglei Hou
- Wuhan Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Wuhan 430015, China.
| | - Yanpeng Cai
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China.
| | - Jin Jiang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China.
| | - Zhifeng Yang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Di Marcantonio C, Chiavola A, Gioia V, Frugis A, Cecchini G, Ceci C, Spizzirri M, Boni MR. Impact of COVID19 restrictions on organic micropollutants in wastewater treatment plants and human consumption rates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:152327. [PMID: 34915015 PMCID: PMC8668233 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
COVID19 pandemic and the consequent restrictions to constrain SARS-CoV-2 spreading produced several impacts on the worldwide population. The present study focused on 10 Organic Micropollutants (illicit drugs, pharmaceuticals including some antibiotics and caffeine) and aimed to assess: (1) if COVID19 pandemic restrictions affected the load of those contaminants released into the sewage network and consequently the removal achieved by the Wastewater Treatment Plants; (2) if pursuant to the COVID19 pandemic, there was a change in population consumption rates of the same compounds through the wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) approach. Two full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in Central Italy were chosen as case studies, which are distinguished by different characteristics of the catchment area and water treatment layouts. The study was based on a 2-years monitoring activity of the concentration of the above organic micropollutants, traditional water quality parameters (COD, TSS, nitrogen compounds, total phosphorous) and flow rate in the influent and effluent. The statistical analysis of the monitoring data showed an increase of the influent load of most of the organic micropollutants. A decrease from 22% to -18% of the median removal efficiency was observed for carbamazepine in the WWTP with the lower treatment capacity only. The other compounds were removed roughly at the same rate. The application of the WBE approach demonstrated an increase in the consumption rate of cocaine, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, carbamazepine and above all caffeine during the COVID19 restrictions period. These results highlight that COVID19 pandemic affected people's lifestyle and habits also as far as drugs consumption is concerned, which in turn might have an impact on the treatment efficacy of plants and finally on the receiving water body quality. Therefore, it is mandatory to keep monitoring to improve knowledge and eventually to implement the required measures to address this new problem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Di Marcantonio
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Civil, Constructional and Environmental Engineering (DICEA), Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Agostina Chiavola
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Civil, Constructional and Environmental Engineering (DICEA), Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Claudia Ceci
- ACEA ATO 2 SpA, Viale di Porta Ardeatina 129, 00154 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria Rosaria Boni
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Civil, Constructional and Environmental Engineering (DICEA), Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Vadiati M, Beynaghi A, Bhattacharya P, Bandala ER, Mozafari M. Indirect effects of COVID-19 on the environment: How deep and how long? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 810:152255. [PMID: 34896489 PMCID: PMC8660132 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Although the World Health Organization (WHO) announcement released in early March 2020 stated there is no proven evidence that the COVID-19 virus can survive in drinking water or sewage, there has been some recent evidence that coronaviruses can survive in low-temperature environments and in groundwater for more than a week. Some studies have also found SARS-CoV-2 genetic materials in raw municipal wastewater, which highlights a potential avenue for viral spread. A lack of information about the presence and spread of COVID-19 in the environment may lead to decisions based on local concerns and prevent the integration of the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 into the global water cycle. Several studies have optimistically assumed that coronavirus has not yet affected water ecosystems, but this assumption may increase the possibility of subsequent global water issues. More studies are needed to provide a comprehensive picture of COVID-19 occurrence and outbreak in aquatic environments and more specifically in water resources. As scientific efforts to report reliable news, conduct rapid and precise research on COVID-19, and advocate for scientists worldwide to overcome this crisis increase, more information is required to assess the extent of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment. The goals of this study are to estimate the extent of the environmental effects of the pandemic, as well as identify related knowledge gaps and avenues for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Vadiati
- Hubert H. Humphrey Fellowship Program, Global Affairs, University of California, Davis, 10 College Park, 95616 Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ali Beynaghi
- Office of Sustainability, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Prosun Bhattacharya
- COVID-19 Research @KTH, Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 10B, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erick R Bandala
- Division of Hydrological Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 755 E. Flamingo Road, 89119 Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Masoud Mozafari
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Patrício Silva AL, Tubić A, Vujić M, Soares AMVM, Duarte AC, Barcelò D, Rocha-Santos T. Implications of COVID-19 pandemic on environmental compartments: Is plastic pollution a major issue? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 5:100041. [PMID: 36743854 PMCID: PMC8702633 DOI: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2021.100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 anthropause has impacted human activities and behaviour, resulting in substantial environmental and ecological changes. It has assisted in restoring the ecological systems by improving, for instance, air and water quality and decreasing the anthropogenic pressure on wildlife and natural environments. Notwithstanding, such improvements recessed back, even to a greater extent, when considering increased medical waste, hazardous disinfectants and other chemical compounds, and plastic waste disposal or mismanagement. This work critically reviews the short- and long-term implications of measures against COVID-19 spreading, namely on human activities and different environmental compartments. Furthermore, this paper highlights strategies towards environmental restoration, as the recovery of the lost environment during COVID-19 lockdown suggests that the environmental degradation caused by humans can be reversible. Thus, we can no longer delay concerted international actions to address biodiversity, sustainable development, and health emergencies to ensure environmental resilience and equitable recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Patrício Silva
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Aleksandra Tubić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Maja Vujić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Armando C Duarte
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Damià Barcelò
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, Emili Grahit 101, Girona 17003, Spain
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Teresa Rocha-Santos
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Ul'yanovskii NV, Kosyakov DS, Sypalov SA, Varsegov IS, Shavrina IS, Lebedev AT. Antiviral drug Umifenovir (Arbidol) in municipal wastewater during the COVID-19 pandemic: Estimated levels and transformation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150380. [PMID: 34818770 PMCID: PMC8451976 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
An indole derivative umifenovir (Arbidol) is one of the most widely used antiviral drugs for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 and some other viral infections. The purpose of the present study was to shed light on the transformation processes of umifenovir in municipal wastewater, including disinfection with active chlorine, as well as to assess the levels of the antiviral drug and its metabolites entering and accumulating in natural reservoirs under conditions of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The combination of high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization high-resolution mass-spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used for tentative identification and quantification of umifenovir and its transformation products in model reaction mixtures and real samples of wastewater, river water, biological sludge and bottom sediments taken at the wastewater treatment plant in Arkhangelsk, a large cultural and industrial center at the Russian North. Laboratory experiments allowed identifying fifteen bromine-containing transformation products, forming at the initial stages of the chlorination and fourteen classic volatile and semi volatile disinfection by-products with bromoform as the dominant one. Chlorinated derivatives are only the minor disinfection by-products forming by substitution of alkylamine group in the aromatic ring. The schemes of umifenovir transformation in reactions with dissolved oxygen and sodium hypochlorite are proposed. Two established primary transformation products formed by oxidation of the thioether group to sulfoxide and elimination of thiophenol were detected in noticeable concentrations in the wastewater together with their precursor. The level of umifenovir reached 1.3 mg kg-1 in the sludge and municipal wastewater treat contained 1 μg L-1 of that drug, while its removal during biological wastewater treatment was about 40%. Pronounced accumulation of umifenovir and its transformation products in biological sludge and bottom sediments of natural reservoirs may be a source of the future secondary pollution of the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay V Ul'yanovskii
- Core Facility Center 'Arktika', Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk 163002, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry S Kosyakov
- Core Facility Center 'Arktika', Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk 163002, Russian Federation.
| | - Sergey A Sypalov
- Core Facility Center 'Arktika', Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk 163002, Russian Federation
| | - Ilya S Varsegov
- Core Facility Center 'Arktika', Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk 163002, Russian Federation
| | - Irina S Shavrina
- Core Facility Center 'Arktika', Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk 163002, Russian Federation
| | - Albert T Lebedev
- Core Facility Center 'Arktika', Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk 163002, Russian Federation; Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Yang Y, Zhang X, Jiang J, Han J, Li W, Li X, Yee Leung KM, Snyder SA, Alvarez PJJ. Which Micropollutants in Water Environments Deserve More Attention Globally? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13-29. [PMID: 34932308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Increasing chemical pollution of aquatic environments is a growing concern with global relevance. A large number of organic chemicals are termed as "micropollutants" due to their low concentrations, and long-term exposure to micropollutants may pose considerable risks to aquatic organisms and human health. In recent decades, numerous treatment methods and technologies have been proposed to remove micropollutants in water, and typically several micropollutants were chosen as target pollutants to evaluate removal efficiencies. However, it is often unclear whether their toxicity and occurrence levels and frequencies enable them to contribute significantly to the overall chemical pollution in global aquatic environments. This review intends to answer an important lingering question: Which micropollutants or class of micropollutants deserve more attention globally and should be removed with higher priority? Different risk-based prioritization approaches were used to address this question. The risk quotient (RQ) method was found to be a feasible approach to prioritize micropollutants in a large scale due to its relatively simple assessment procedure and extensive use. A total of 83 prioritization case studies using the RQ method in the past decade were compiled, and 473 compounds that were selected by screening 3466 compounds of three broad classes (pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), pesticides, and industrial chemicals) were found to have risks (RQ > 0.01). To determine the micropollutants of global importance, we propose an overall risk surrogate, that is, the weighted average risk quotient (WARQ). The WARQ integrates the risk intensity and frequency of micropollutants in global aquatic environments to achieve a more comprehensive priority determination. Through metadata analysis, we recommend a ranked list of 53 micropollutants, including 36 PPCPs (e.g., sulfamethoxazole and ibuprofen), seven pesticides (e.g., heptachlor and diazinon), and 10 industrial chemicals (e.g., perfluorooctanesulfonic acid and 4-nonylphenol) for risk management and remediation efforts. One caveat is that the ranked list of global importance does not consider transformation products of micropollutants (including disinfection byproducts) and new forms of pollutants (including antibiotic resistance genes and microplastics), and this list of global importance may not be directly applicable to a specific region or country. Also, it needs mentioning that there might be no best answer toward this question, and hopefully this review can act as a small step toward a better answer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jingyi Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jiarui Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Wanxin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Kenneth Mei Yee Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong China
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, #06-08, 637141, Singapore
| | - Pedro J J Alvarez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Anand U, Li X, Sunita K, Lokhandwala S, Gautam P, Suresh S, Sarma H, Vellingiri B, Dey A, Bontempi E, Jiang G. SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens in municipal wastewater, landfill leachate, and solid waste: A review about virus surveillance, infectivity, and inactivation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 203:111839. [PMID: 34358502 PMCID: PMC8332740 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the techniques available for detecting and inactivating of pathogens in municipal wastewater, landfill leachate, and solid waste. In view of the current COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 is being given special attention, with a thorough examination of all possible transmission pathways linked to the selected waste matrices. Despite the lack of works focused on landfill leachate, a systematic review method, based on cluster analysis, allows to analyze the available papers devoted to sewage sludge and wastewater, allowing to focalize the work on technologies able to detect and treat pathogens. In this work, great attention is also devoted to infectivity and transmission mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, the literature analysis shows that sewage sludge and landfill leachate seem to have a remote chance to act as a virus transmission route (pollution-to-human transmission) due to improper collection and treatment of municipal wastewater and solid waste. However due to the incertitude about virus infectivity, these possibilities cannot be excluded and need further investigation. As a conclusion, this paper shows that additional research is required not only on the coronavirus-specific disinfection, but also the regular surveillance or monitoring of viral loads in sewage sludge, wastewater, and landfill leachate. The disinfection strategies need to be optimized in terms of dosage and potential adverse impacts like antimicrobial resistance, among many other factors. Finally, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogenic microorganisms in sewage sludge, wastewater, and landfill leachate can hamper the possibility to ensure safe water and public health in economically marginalized countries and hinder the realization of the United Nations' sustainable development goals (SDGs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uttpal Anand
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Xuan Li
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Kumari Sunita
- Department of Botany, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, 273009, India
| | - Snehal Lokhandwala
- Department of Environmental Science & Technology, Shroff S.R. Rotary Institute of Chemical Technology, UPL University of Sustainable Technology, Ankleshwar, Gujarat, 393135, India
| | - Pratibha Gautam
- Department of Environmental Science & Technology, Shroff S.R. Rotary Institute of Chemical Technology, UPL University of Sustainable Technology, Ankleshwar, Gujarat, 393135, India
| | - S Suresh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, 462 003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Hemen Sarma
- Department of Botany, Nanda Nath Saikia College, Dhodar Ali, Titabar, 785630, Assam, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641-046, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Elza Bontempi
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Guangming Jiang
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Gwenzi W, Selvasembian R, Offiong NAO, Mahmoud AED, Sanganyado E, Mal J. COVID-19 drugs in aquatic systems: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2022; 20:1275-1294. [PMID: 35069060 PMCID: PMC8760103 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01356-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the human coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has induced an unprecedented increase in the use of several old and repurposed therapeutic drugs such as veterinary medicines, e.g. ivermectin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, protein and peptide therapeutics, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and antimalarial drugs, antiretrovirals, analgesics, and supporting agents, e.g. azithromycin and corticosteroids. Excretion of drugs and their metabolites in stools and urine release these drugs into wastewater, and ultimately into surface waters and groundwater systems. Here, we review the sources, behaviour, environmental fate, risks, and remediation of those drugs. We discuss drug transformation in aquatic environments and in wastewater treatment systems. Degradation mechanisms and metabolite toxicity are poorly known. Potential risks include endocrine disruption, acute and chronic toxicity, disruption of ecosystem functions and trophic interactions in aquatic organisms, and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willis Gwenzi
- Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Environment and Food Systems, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Rangabhashiyam Selvasembian
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu 613401 India
| | - Nnanake-Abasi O. Offiong
- International Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability Research (ICEESR), University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Computing and Applied Sciences, Topfaith University, Mkpatak, Nigeria
| | - Alaa El Din Mahmoud
- Environmental Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511 Egypt
- Green Technology Group, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511 Egypt
| | - Edmond Sanganyado
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 China
| | - Joyabrata Mal
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh India
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Kumar M, Kuroda K, Joshi M, Bhattacharya P, Barcelo D. First comparison of conventional activated sludge versus root-zone treatment for SARS-CoV-2 RNA removal from wastewaters: Statistical and temporal significance. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2021; 425:130635. [PMID: 34149304 PMCID: PMC8200644 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.130635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In the initial pandemic phase, effluents from wastewater treatment facilities were reported mostly free from Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA, and thus conventional wastewater treatments were generally considered effective. However, there is a lack of first-hand data on i) comparative efficacy of various treatment processes for SARS-CoV-2 RNA removal; and ii) temporal variations in the removal efficacy of a given treatment process in the backdrop of active COVID-19 cases. This work provides a comparative account of the removal efficacy of conventional activated sludge (CAS) and root zone treatments (RZT) based on weekly wastewater surveillance data, consisting of forty-four samples, during a two-month period. The average genome concentration was higher in the inlets of CAS-based wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in the Sargasan ward (1.25 × 103 copies/ L), than that of RZT-based WWTP (7.07 × 102 copies/ L) in an academic institution campus of Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. ORF 1ab and S genes appeared to be more sensitive to treatment i.e., significantly reduced (p < 0.05) than N genes (p > 0.05). CAS treatment exhibited better RNA removal efficacy (p = 0.014) than RZT (p = 0.032). Multivariate analyses suggested that the effective genome concentration should be calculated based on the presence/absence of multiple genes. The present study stresses that treated effluents are not always free from SARS-CoV-2 RNA, and the removal efficacy of a given WWTP is prone to exhibit temporal variability owing to variations in active COVID-19 cases in the vicinity and genetic material accumulation over the time. Disinfection seems less effective than the adsorption and coagulation processes for SARS-CoV-2 removal. Results stress the need for further research on mechanistic insight on SARS-CoV-2 removal through various treatment processes taking solid-liquid partitioning into account.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India
- Kiran C Patel Centre for Sustainable Development, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Keisuke Kuroda
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu 939 0398, Japan
| | - Madhvi Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Sector- 11, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 011, India
| | - Prosun Bhattacharya
- Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Damia Barcelo
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, and Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA)-CERCA, Girona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Galani A, Alygizakis N, Aalizadeh R, Kastritis E, Dimopoulos MA, Thomaidis NS. Patterns of pharmaceuticals use during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Athens, Greece as revealed by wastewater-based epidemiology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149014. [PMID: 34325143 PMCID: PMC8294694 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Since 2019, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), impaired public health with considerable morbidity and mortality due to the lack of vaccines and effective treatment. The severe disease mainly harmed adults with predisposing medical comorbidities (such as heart disease, hypertension, chronic lung disease), while it can occur in healthy individuals that may be asymptomatic. Wastewater-based Epidemiology (WBE), a non-invasive, objective, chemical tool was used to monitor and estimate the changes in drug's consumption and prescription patterns under normal conditions (2019) and under COVID-19 pandemic conditions (2020). NSAIDs, antihypertensives, diuretics, antiepileptics, antilipidemics, antibiotics, analgesics, antivirals, anticancer drugs, contrast iodinated drugs, antidiabetics, antiallergic drugs, antiulcers and other pharmaceuticals were studied in wastewater and revealed the application of various treatments during the first wave of the pandemic in Athens, Greece. Data were correlated with COVID-19 infection therapeutical plans. The result of the analysis revealed a remarkable increase for antiviral drugs (170%), hydroxychloroquine (387%), and antibiotics (57%), which were the most applied treatments against COVID-19 during the first wave in Greece. In agreement with related authorities urge, NSAIDs presented decrease (27%) during the first lockdown, while paracetamol demonstrated a remarkable increase (198%). The use levels for Angiotensin II receptor blockers such as valsartan, and co-administrated diuretics, such as hydrochlorothiazide, were reduced during 2020, by 32% and 26% respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Galani
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikiforos Alygizakis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Reza Aalizadeh
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathios Kastritis
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15528 Athens, Greece
| | - Meletios-Athanasios Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15528 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Biswas P, Hasan MM, Dey D, Dos Santos Costa AC, Polash SA, Bibi S, Ferdous N, Kaium MA, Rahman MDH, Jeet FK, Papadakos S, Islam K, Uddin MS. Candidate antiviral drugs for COVID-19 and their environmental implications: a comprehensive analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59570-59593. [PMID: 34510341 PMCID: PMC8435122 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16096-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Emerging from Wuhan, China, SARS-CoV-2 is the new global threat that killed millions of people, and many are still suffering. This pandemic has not only affected people but also caused economic crisis throughout the world. Researchers have shown good progress in revealing the molecular insights of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and developing vaccines, but effective treatment against SARS-CoV-2-infected patients are yet to be found. Several vaccines are available and used in many countries, while many others are still in clinical or preclinical studies. However, this involves a long-term process, considering the safety procedures and requirements and their long-term protection capacity and in different age groups are still questionable. Therefore, at present, the drug repurposing of the existing therapeutics previously designed against other viral diseases seems to be the only practical approach to mitigate the current situation. The safety of most of these therapeutic agents has already been tested. Recent clinical reports revealed promising therapeutic efficiency of several drugs such as remdesivir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, azithromycin, lopinavir/ritonavir, chloroquine, baricitinib, and cepharanthine. Besides, plasma therapies were used to treat patients and prevent fatal outcomes. Thus, in this article, we have summarized the epidemiological and clinical data from several clinical trials conducted since the beginning of the pandemic, emphasizing the efficiency of the known agents against SARS-CoV-2 and their harmful side effects on the human body as well as their environmental implications. This review shows a clear overview of the current pharmaceutical perspective on COVID-19 treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Partha Biswas
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mehedi Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Dipta Dey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Shabana Bibi
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Nadim Ferdous
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abu Kaium
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - M D Hasanur Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Fardin Kamal Jeet
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Stavros Papadakos
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Khairul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Kumar M, Dhangar K, Thakur AK, Ram B, Chaminda T, Sharma P, Kumar A, Raval N, Srivastava V, Rinklebe J, Kuroda K, Sonne C, Barcelo D. Antidrug resistance in the Indian ambient waters of Ahmedabad during the COVID-19 pandemic. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:126125. [PMID: 34492919 PMCID: PMC8142275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic increases the consumption of antimicrobial substances (ABS) due to the unavailability of approved vaccine(s). To assess the effect of imprudent consumption of ABS during the COVID-19 pandemic, we compare the 2020 prevalence of antidrug resistance (ADR) of Escherichia coli (E. coli) with a similar survey carried out in 2018 in Ahmedabad, India using SARS-CoV-2 gene detection as a marker of ABS usage. We found a significant ADR increase in 2020 compared to 2018 in ambient water bodies, harbouring a higher incidence of ADR E.coli towards non-fluoroquinolone drugs. Effective SARS-CoV-2 genome copies were found to be associated with the ADR prevalence. The prevalence of ADR depends on the efficiency of WWTPs (Wastewater Treatment Plants) and the catchment area in its vicinity. In the year 2018 study, prevalence of ADR was discretely distributed, and the maximum ADR prevalence recorded was ~60%; against the current homogenous ADR increase, and up to 85% of maximum ADR among the incubated E.coli isolated from the river (Sabarmati) and lake (Chandola and Kankaria) samples. Furthermore, wastewater treatment plants showed less increase in comparison to the ambient waters, which eventually imply that although SARS-CoV-2 genes and faecal pollution may be diluted in the ambient waters, as indicated by low Ct-value and E.coli count, the danger of related aftermath like ADR increase cannot be nullified. Also, Non-fluoroquinolone drugs exhibited overall more resistance than quinolone drugs. Overall, this is probably the first-ever study that traces the COVID-19 pandemic imprints on the prevalence of antidrug resistance (ADR) through wastewater surveillance and hints at monitoring escalation of other environmental health parameters. This study will make the public and policyholders concerned about the optimum use of antibiotics during any kind of treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India.
| | - Kiran Dhangar
- Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Alok Kumar Thakur
- Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Bhagwana Ram
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Tushara Chaminda
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka
| | - Pradeep Sharma
- Department of Environmental Science, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Abhay Kumar
- NCERT, Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi- 110016, India
| | - Nirav Raval
- Encore Insoltech Pvt. Ltd., Randesan, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382007, India
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Encore Insoltech Pvt. Ltd., Randesan, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382007, India
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water and Waste Management, Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, University of Sejong, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keisuke Kuroda
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu 939-9308, Japan
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Damia Barcelo
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research, ICRA-CERCA, Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|