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Schroeder HW, Imboden JB, Torres RM. Antigen receptor genes, gene products, and co-receptors. Clin Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7234-3691-1.00028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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52
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Rogosch T, Kerzel S, Hoss K, Hoersch G, Zemlin C, Heckmann M, Berek C, Schroeder HW, Maier RF, Zemlin M. IgA response in preterm neonates shows little evidence of antigen-driven selection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5449-56. [PMID: 23105134 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
After birth, contact to environmental Ags induces the production of IgA, which represents a first line of defense for the neonate. We sought to characterize the maturation of the repertoire of IgA H chain transcripts in circulating blood B cells during human ontogeny. We found that IgA H chain transcripts were present in cord blood as early as 27 wk of gestation and that the restrictions of the primary Ab repertoire (IgM) persisted in the IgA repertoire. Thus, B cells harboring more "mature" V(H) regions were not preferred for class switch to IgA. Preterm and term neonates expressed a unique IgA repertoire, which was characterized by short CDR-H3 regions, preference of the J(H) proximal D(H)7-27 gene segment, and very few somatic mutations. During the first postnatal months, these restrictions were slowly released. Preterm birth did not measurably accelerate the maturation of the IgA repertoire. At a postconceptional age of 60 wk, somatic mutation frequency of IgA H chain transcripts reached 25% of the adult values but still showed little evidence of Ag-driven selection. These results indicate that similar to IgG, the IgA repertoire expands in a controlled manner after birth. Thus, the IgA repertoire of the newborn has distinctive characteristics that differ from the adult IgA repertoire. These observations might explain the lower affinity and specificity of neonatal IgA Abs, which could contribute to a higher susceptibility to infections and altered responses to vaccinations, but might also prevent the development of autoimmune and allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Rogosch
- Department of Pediatrics, Philipps University Marburg, 35033 Marburg, Germany
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53
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Cieza RJ, Cao AT, Cong Y, Torres AG. Immunomodulation for gastrointestinal infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2012; 10:391-400. [PMID: 22397571 DOI: 10.1586/eri.11.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium provides a barrier between a variety of luminal antigens and provides the components of intestinal innate and adaptive immunity. It is crucial that at this interface, the epithelial cell layer and the components of the intestinal immunity interact with dietary and bacterial antigens in a regulated way to maintain homeostasis. Failure to tightly control immune reactions can be detrimental and result in inflammation. In the current review, we described the regulatory mechanisms controlling host-immune homeostasis and the role of regulatory CD4(+) T cells, with a special emphasis in the regulatory T-cell subsets (Tregs). Furthermore, the participation of innate cell cross-talk in the polarization of intestinal immune responses is also evaluated. Finally, the recent characterization of host responses to normal commensal flora, the role of bacteria and bacterial factors in the maintenance of immunomodulation, and the disruption of this balance by bacterial enteric pathogens is also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto J Cieza
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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54
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Allenspach K. Clinical immunology and immunopathology of the canine and feline intestine. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2011; 41:345-60. [PMID: 21486640 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal immune system is at the forefront of defense against invading pathogens, but at the same time, it must maintain tolerance toward commensals and food antigens in the intestinal lumen. The interplay between the innate immune response and commensal microorganisms is essential to maintaining this balance. Great progress has been made in identifying some of the genetic predispositions underlying inflammatory bowel disease in certain breeds, such as the German shepherd dog. Several immunologic markers are discussed with respect to their clinical usefulness in the diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Allenspach
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms AL9 7PT, UK.
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55
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Fujimoto K, Karuppuchamy T, Takemura N, Shimohigoshi M, Machida T, Haseda Y, Aoshi T, Ishii KJ, Akira S, Uematsu S. A new subset of CD103+CD8alpha+ dendritic cells in the small intestine expresses TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9 and induces Th1 response and CTL activity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:6287-95. [PMID: 21525388 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1004036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD103(+) dendritic cells (DCs) are the major conventional DC population in the intestinal lamina propria (LP). Our previous report showed that a small number of cells in the LP could be classified into four subsets based on the difference in CD11c/CD11b expression patterns: CD11c(hi)CD11b(lo) DCs, CD11c(hi)CD11b(hi) DCs, CD11c(int)CD11b(int) macrophages, and CD11c(int)CD11b(hi) eosinophils. The CD11c(hi)CD11b(hi) DCs, which are CD103(+), specifically express TLR5 and induce the differentiation of naive B cells into IgA(+) plasma cells. These DCs also mediate the differentiation of Ag-specific Th17 and Th1 cells in response to flagellin. We found that small intestine CD103(+) DCs of the LP (LPDCs) could be divided into a small subset of CD8α(+) cells and a larger subset of CD8α(-) cells. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that CD103(+)CD8α(+) and CD103(+)CD8α(-) LPDCs were equivalent to CD11c(hi)CD11b(lo) and CD11c(hi)CD11b(hi) subsets, respectively. We analyzed a novel subset of CD8α(+) LPDCs to elucidate their immunological function. CD103(+)CD8α(+) LPDCs expressed TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9 and produced IL-6 and IL-12p40, but not TNF-α, IL-10, or IL-23, following TLR ligand stimulation. CD103(+)CD8α(+) LPDCs did not express the gene encoding retinoic acid-converting enzyme Raldh2 and were not involved in T cell-independent IgA synthesis or Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell induction. Furthermore, CD103(+)CD8α(+) LPDCs induced Ag-specific IgG in serum, a Th1 response, and CTL activity in vivo. Accordingly, CD103(+)CD8α(+) LPDCs exhibit a different function from CD103(+)CD8α(-) LPDCs in active immunity. This is the first analysis, to our knowledge, of CD8α(+) DCs in the LP of the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Host Defense, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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56
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Pérez-Berezo T, Franch A, Ramos-Romero S, Castellote C, Pérez-Cano FJ, Castell M. Cocoa-enriched diets modulate intestinal and systemic humoral immune response in young adult rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55 Suppl 1:S56-66. [PMID: 21462334 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Previous studies have shown that a highly enriched cocoa diet affects both intestinal and systemic immune function in young rats. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether diets containing lower amounts of cocoa could also influence the systemic and intestinal humoral immune response. METHODS AND RESULTS Fecal and serum samples were collected during the study and, at the end, intestinal washes were obtained and mesenteric lymph nodes and small-intestine walls were excised for gene expression assessment. IgA, IgM, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG2c concentrations were quantified in serum whereas S-IgA and S-IgM were determined in feces and intestinal washes. Animals receiving 5 and 10% cocoa for 3 wk showed no age-related increase in serum IgG1 and IgG2a concentrations, and IgG2a values were significantly lower than those in reference animals. Serum IgM was also decreased by the 10% cocoa diet. The 5 and 10% cocoa diets dramatically reduced intestinal S-IgA concentration and modified the expression of several genes involved in IgA synthesis. A diet containing 2% cocoa had no effect on most of the studied variables. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate the downregulatory effect of a 5% or higher cocoa diet on the systemic and intestinal humoral immune response in adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Pérez-Berezo
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avenida Joan XXIII s/n, Barcelona, Spain
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57
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Thomas AD, Parker W. Cultivation of epithelial-associated microbiota by the immune system. Future Microbiol 2011; 5:1483-92. [PMID: 21073309 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence supports the intuitive idea that many of the factors produced in defense of the epithelial surface, including mucin and secretory IgA, promote the growth of the commensal microbial flora, much the same as plant-derived mucoid substances support the growth of symbiotic microbes in the rhizosphere associated with roots. Thus, the 'defense' of the host epithelial surface often involves support and maintenance of microbial growth, despite an unfortunate tendency to view the immune system as an antagonist to the microbial flora. The perspective that the immune system supports the growth of a symbiotic microbiota has the potential to push forward our understanding of host-microbe interactions and to facilitate the development of new treatments for diseases associated with the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitra D Thomas
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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58
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Lammers A, Wieland WH, Kruijt L, Jansma A, Straetemans T, Schots A, den Hartog G, Parmentier HK. Successive immunoglobulin and cytokine expression in the small intestine of juvenile chicken. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:1254-1262. [PMID: 20621117 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa is of major importance for immune development. To further study the ontogeny of avian mucosal immunity, mRNA levels of IgM, IgY and IgA, the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) and a number of cytokines were determined at different ages in jejunum and ileum of non-immunized healthy juvenile layer chickens. Immunoglobulin genes were successively expressed in jejunum and ileum. IgM expression was maximal in week 1, IgY expression peaked in week 5, and IgA expression was most dominant after week 7 post hatch. PIgR gene expression was relatively low in the first 2 weeks post hatch, but increased thereafter. Generally, increased expression levels of IL-1, IL-10, IL-12p40, iNOS and interferon-γ mRNA levels were found between days 14-42 as compared to days 3 and 49-70 post hatch (p<0.05). Correlation was found between IgA and IL-10, TGF-β and IFN-γ expression levels on days 21, 28 and 35. Cytokine mRNA expression levels decreased to basal levels between 49 and 70 days post hatch, whereas IgA reached its maximum levels in this period. Based on the current results, we hypothesize that chicken sIgA, as mammalian sIgA, may contribute to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chickens
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Genes, Immunoglobulin
- Ileum/immunology
- Ileum/metabolism
- Immunity, Mucosal/genetics
- Immunoglobulin A/genetics
- Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/genetics
- Immunoglobulin M/genetics
- Immunoglobulins/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulins/genetics
- Immunoglobulins/metabolism
- Interferons/genetics
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Jejunum/immunology
- Jejunum/metabolism
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Polymeric Immunoglobulin/genetics
- Receptors, Polymeric Immunoglobulin/immunology
- Receptors, Polymeric Immunoglobulin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Aart Lammers
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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59
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Jin H, Higashikawa F, Noda M, Zhao X, Matoba Y, Kumagai T, Sugiyama M. Establishment of an in vitro Peyer's patch cell culture system correlative to in vivo study using intestine and screening of lactic acid bacteria enhancing intestinal immunity. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:289-93. [PMID: 20118555 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Some lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are known as representative of probiotics. To screen LAB effective to enhance intestinal immunity, in the present study, we developed an accurate and convenient in vitro evaluation system using Peyer's patch cells (PP-cells) isolated from the mice intestine. We observed that the amount of immunoglobulin A (IgA) produced by PP-cells co-cultured with LAB was well correlative to that in PP-cells, intestine and feces isolated from live mice after oral administration of LAB [correlation coefficient (r)=0.888, 0.883, and 0.920, respectively]. In addition, using this in vitro system, we suggest that the IgA level of PP-cells co-culturing with plant-derived LAB might be more enhanced than with animal-derived LAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hekui Jin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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60
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Shimo S, Saitoh S, Terada N, Ohno N, Saitoh Y, Ohno S. Immunohistochemical detection of soluble immunoglobulins in living mouse small intestines using an in vivo cryotechnique. J Immunol Methods 2010; 361:64-74. [PMID: 20691695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Some morphological changes are inevitable during immersion- or perfusion-fixation and following alcohol-dehydration for tissue preparations. Common immunostaining techniques for these specimens have some limitations to capture accurate localizations of soluble proteins in cells and tissues. In this study, to examine in situ distributions of immunoglobulins (Igs), small intestinal tissues of living mice were prepared with our "in vivo cryotechnique" (IVCT). Thin sections were first stained with hematoxylin-eosin for morphology, and then some immunostainings were performed on serial sections for IgA, Ig kappa light chain, IgG1 heavy chain (IgG1), and IgM. Living morphological states of small intestinal tissues, including flowing erythrocytes and opening blood vessels, were observed on paraffin sections prepared with IVCT. IgA was immunolocalized in many plasma cells of the lamina mucosa propria, intestinal matrices, and also in epithelial cells of the intestinal villi and crypts. Both IgG1 and IgM immunoreactivities were mainly detected in blood vessels, whereas only IgG1 was also immunolocalized in interstitial matrices of mucous membranes. By perfusion-fixation and alcohol-dehydration, however, IgA immunoreactivity was observed in plasma cells, but not in epithelial cells or the lamina mucosa propria. Thus, IVCT was more useful to examine in vivo immunolocalizations of soluble Igs in small intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Shimo
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Histology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo-city, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
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61
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IgT, a primitive immunoglobulin class specialized in mucosal immunity. Nat Immunol 2010; 11:827-35. [PMID: 20676094 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Teleost fish are the most primitive bony vertebrates that contain immunoglobulins. In contrast to mammals and birds, these species are devoid of immunoglobulin A (IgA) or a functional equivalent. This observation suggests that specialization of immunoglobulin isotypes into mucosal and systemic responses took place during tetrapod evolution. Challenging that paradigm, here we show that IgT, an immunoglobulin isotype of unknown function, acts like a mucosal antibody. We detected responses of rainbow trout IgT to an intestinal parasite only in the gut, whereas IgM responses were confined to the serum. IgT coated most intestinal bacteria. As IgT and IgA are phylogenetically distant immunoglobulins, their specialization into mucosal responses probably occurred independently by a process of convergent evolution.
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Wade WF, O’Toole GA. Antibodies and immune effectors: shaping Gram-negative bacterial phenotypes. Trends Microbiol 2010; 18:234-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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63
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Ohland CL, Macnaughton WK. Probiotic bacteria and intestinal epithelial barrier function. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 298:G807-19. [PMID: 20299599 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00243.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal tract is a diverse microenvironment where more than 500 species of bacteria thrive. A single layer of epithelium is all that separates these commensal microorganisms and pathogens from the underlying immune cells, and thus epithelial barrier function is a key component in the arsenal of defense mechanisms required to prevent infection and inflammation. The epithelial barrier consists of a dense mucous layer containing secretory IgA and antimicrobial peptides as well as dynamic junctional complexes that regulate permeability between cells. Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer benefit to the host and that have been suggested to ameliorate or prevent diseases including antibiotic-associated diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease. Probiotics likely function through enhancement of barrier function, immunomodulation, and competitive adherence to the mucus and epithelium. This review summarizes the evidence about effects of the many available probiotics with an emphasis on intestinal barrier function and the mechanisms affected by probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Ohland
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Univ. of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
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64
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Willing BP, Gill N, Finlay BB. The role of the immune system in regulating the microbiota. Gut Microbes 2010; 1:213-223. [PMID: 21327028 PMCID: PMC3023603 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.1.4.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A diverse population of bacteria, archaea and fungi, collectively known as the microbiota, abounds within the gastrointestinal tract of the mammalian host. This microbial population makes many important contributions to host physiology through inter-kingdom signalling and by providing nutrients that have both local and systemic effects. In a healthy state the overall host-microbial interaction is symbiotic; however, a growing number of diseases have been associated with a dysregulated microbiota. To avoid these consequences, the host exerts substantial effort to maintain proper regulation of the microbiota with respect to localization and composition. Although important to maintaining microbial balance, the host immune response can also be the cause of a disrupted microbiota, contributing to disease severity. Here, we discuss the role of the host in both maintaining and disrupting a balanced gastrointestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Willing
- Michael Smith Laboratories; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Navkiran Gill
- Michael Smith Laboratories; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - B Brett Finlay
- Michael Smith Laboratories; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada,Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
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65
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Hahn A, Thiessen N, Pabst R, Buettner M, Bode U. Mesenteric lymph nodes are not required for an intestinal immunoglobulin A response to oral cholera toxin. Immunology 2009; 129:427-36. [PMID: 19922419 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of the adaptive immune system in the gut is thought to be mainly initiated in the Peyer's patches as well as in the mesenteric lymph nodes (mLNs) and results in immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretion by plasma cells in the lamina propria. However, the precise role of the mLNs in the development of IgA immune responses is poorly understood. Thus, cholera toxin (CT) was administered to mLN-resected and mLN-bearing animals and the IgA response to CT in the intestine and serum was examined. Levels of CT-specific IgA antibodies and the numbers of cells producing these antibodies in the intestine were increased in mLN-resected rats. Particularly in the distal parts of the intestine, the jejunum and the ileum, IgA responses to orally administered antigens developed were stronger in the intestine after removal of the mLNs. This strongly indicates that the mLNs play a critical role in modulating the expansion of specific IgA responses. After removal of the mLNs, the lymph from the gut flows directly into the blood. It was investigated whether the spleen is involved in the initiation of an immune response to orally administered CT after removal of the mLNs. In the spleens of mLN-resected animals, proliferation was up-regulated, and germinal centres were formed in the follicles. However, CT-specific IgM(+) cells, but no IgA(+) cells, developed. Additionally, an increase of CT-specific IgM in the serum was found in mLN-resected animals. Thus, the data indicate that the spleen is involved in the immune response to CT after mLN resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Hahn
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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66
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Uematsu S, Akira S. Immune responses of TLR5(+) lamina propria dendritic cells in enterobacterial infection. J Gastroenterol 2009; 44:803-11. [PMID: 19547909 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-009-0094-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize distinct microbial components and induce innate immune responses. TLR5 has been shown to recognize bacterial flagellin. Unlike other TLRs, TLR5 is not expressed on conventional dendritic cells or macrophages. By contrast, TLR5 is mainly expressed on intestinal CD11c(+) lamina propria cells (LPCs), which do not express TLR4. These cells detect pathogenic bacteria and secreted proinflammatory cytokines, mainly in a TLR5-dependent manner. Notably, transport of pathogenic Salmonella typhimurium from the intestinal tract to mesenteric lymph nodes was impaired in Tlr5 (-/-) mice, suggesting that CD11c(+) LPCs expressing TLR5 are used by S. typhimurium for systemic infection. CD11c(+) LPCs consist of four subsets distinguished by differential expression patterns of CD11c and CD11b. CD11c(hi)CD11b(hi) LPDCs have been identified as TLR5-expressing cells. In response to flagellin, these LPDCs induce the differentiation of naive B cells into IgA(+) plasma cells via a mechanism independent of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), and trigger the differentiation of antigen-specific Th17 and Th1 cells. These LPDCs have unique properties in that they can induce acquired immunity as well as innate immunity via TLR5 in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Uematsu
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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67
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Sira MM, Yoshida T, Takeuchi M, Kashiwayama Y, Futatani T, Kanegane H, Sasahara A, Ito Y, Mizuguchi M, Imanaka T, Miyawaki T. A novel immunoregulatory protein in human colostrum, syntenin-1, for promoting the development of IgA-producing cells from cord blood B cells. Int Immunol 2009; 21:1013-23. [PMID: 19592421 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxp067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human colostrum contains many bioactive factors that must promote the development of intestinal mucosal immunity in infants. Especially, the presence of certain cytokines such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta or IL-10 has been of great interest for IgA production as a function of mucosal immune response. In the present study, we attempted to investigate whether unidentified factors inducing generation of IgA-producing cells from naive B cells might exist in colostrum. For this purpose, colostrum samples were directly added to a culture consisting of naive B cells and dendritic cells from cord blood and CD40 ligand-transfected L cells, comparing with recombinant IL-10 (rIL-10) and/or rTGF-beta. It was noted that most colostrum samples alone were able to induce IgA-secreting cells at higher levels than rIL-10 and/or rTGF-beta. IgA-inducing activity of colostrum was abolished by neither anti-neutralizing mAbs against IL-10 nor TGF-beta, though partially by anti-IL-6 mAb. We prepared partially purified fractions from both pooled colostrums with and without IgA-inducing activity and comparatively performed quantitative proteomic analysis by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. As a result, syntenin-1 was identified as a candidate for IgA-inducing protein in colostrum. Western blot analysis indicated that levels of syntenin-1 in colostrum samples were correlated with their IgA-inducing activities. Moreover, we demonstrated that recombinant syntenin-1 could induce preferentially IgA production from naive B cells. These results suggest that syntenin-1 serves as one of IgA-inducing factors for B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa M Sira
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Blaas SH, Stieber-Gunckel M, Falk W, Obermeier F, Rogler G. CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides stimulate immunoglobulin A secretion in intestinal mucosal B cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 155:534-40. [PMID: 19220839 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial DNA motifs (such as CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides: CpG-ODN) induce innate immune responses via binding to Toll-like-receptor-9 (TLR-9). In murine intestinal mucosa treatment with CpG-ODN worsens chronic intestinal inflammation, whereas it prevents or ameliorates colitis when given in a prophylactic setting. In tonsils B cells have been reported to express TLR-9, especially after activation. Whether B cells in the human intestinal mucosa also express TLR-9 and whether their function can be influenced by CpG-ODN is, so far, unknown. Mucosal B cells were isolated according to a new protocol from surgical specimens of patients with inflammatory bowel disease and from controls by collagenase digestion followed by magnetic cell sorting using anti-CD19 antibody armed magnetic beads. TLR-9 mRNA and protein expression were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot, respectively. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretion was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after stimulation of isolated B cells with CpG-ODN, control GpC-ODN or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Flow cytometric analysis of the isolated lamina propria mononuclear cells showed a purification of 73% (+/-22%) CD19(+) cells. By quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and by Western blot TLR-9 expression in this cell population was evident. IgA secretion was increased significantly by CpG-ODN incubation compared with GpC-ODN and LPS. Compared with unstimulated controls, CpG-ODN up-regulated IgA secretion to 139% (+/-21%). These data demonstrate that CD19(+) mucosal B cells express TLR-9 and secrete increased levels of IgA upon stimulation with CpG-ODN, indicating an additional link between adaptive and innate intestinal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Blaas
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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69
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Chen CC, Chiu CH, Lin TY, Shi HN, Walker WA. Effect of probiotics Lactobacillus acidophilus on Citrobacter rodentium colitis: the role of dendritic cells. Pediatr Res 2009; 65:169-75. [PMID: 19262293 PMCID: PMC3206789 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e31818d5a06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of the intestinal immune response early in life by administration of probiotic bacteria may be an effective strategy for preventing or attenuating infectious diarrhea. We preinoculated the mice early in life with the probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM (La) at age 2 wk. Dendritic cells (DCs) were collected and purified from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and spleens of the BalbC/ByJ mice. DC isolation and adoptive transfer was used to examine the function of probiotics. We demonstrated that when mice were adoptively transferred with La-primed DCs (t-LaDC) instead of oral consumption with La, there was a similar effect on fecal bacteria counts, IgA levels, and colonic histopathology, as well as cytokine levels in MLN when there was intestinal bacterial infection. The above findings suggest that DCs play a key role in probiotics attenuating Citrobacter rodentium (Cr) colitis. Moreover, the location of La-primed DC hints that there is interaction of DCs and T cells in the digestive system of the host. Up-regulated expression of a surface marker on DCs indicated that inoculation with probiotics will stimulate the function of DCs, thereby further increasing immune response triggered by DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
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70
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Uematsu
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University
- Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University
- Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University
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71
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Ostrowski SR, Katzenstein TL, Pedersen BK, Gerstoft J, Ullum H. Residual viraemia in HIV-1-infected patients with plasma viral load <or=20 copies/ml is associated with increased blood levels of soluble immune activation markers. Scand J Immunol 2008; 68:652-60. [PMID: 19055701 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite undetectable viral load in conventional assays, probably all human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infected patients have residual viraemia (RV) detectable by ultra-sensitive assays. To study this issue, this study investigated virologic and immunologic consequences of RV in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-treated HIV-1-infected patients with plasma HIV-1 RNA <or=20 copies/ml. The study included 32 HAART-treated HIV-1-infected patients with HIV-1 RNA <or=20 copies/ml followed prospectively 6-monthly for 24 months. RV was detected by transcription-mediated amplification (TMA-RV) technique (Procleix HIV-1 Discriminatory Assay; Chiron) and by PCR (PCR-RV, Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor Assay; Roche Diagnostics). The association between RV and proviral-HIV-1-DNA, CD4-count, CD8-count, soluble [soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFr)-II, beta(2)-microglobulin, immunoglobulins] and cellular (HLA-DR, CD38, CD45RO, CD45RA, CD62L) T-cell markers of immune activation was investigated. In the 24-months study-period, 23 patients had >or=1 episode with TMA-RV whereas 9 patients had undetectable TMA-RV throughout the study-period. Time-points with TMA-RV and PCR-RV were associated with higher circulating sTNFrII (+0.234 ng/ml, P = 0.030) and beta(2)-microglobulin (+22 nmol/l, P = 0.016) and time-points with PCR-RV were also associated with higher IgA (+0.82 micromol/l, P = 0.035) and CD8-count (+1.18-fold, P = 0.001). Patients with TMA-RV in the study-period had higher HIV-1 RNA pre-HAART (P = 0.032). RV was not associated with proviral-HIV-1-DNA, CD4-count, CD4+HLA-DR+, CD8+HLA-DR+CD38+, CD4+CD45RA-CD45RO+, CD8+CD45RA-CD45RO+, CD4+CD45RA+CD62L+, CD8+CD45RA+CD62L+ T cells, IgG or IgM. In conclusion, RV was associated with increased blood levels of soluble immune activation markers in HAART-treated HIV-1-infected patients. The finding that RV was associated with higher pre-HAART plasma viral load suggests that RV is linked to pre-HAART disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Ostrowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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72
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Kelsall B. Recent progress in understanding the phenotype and function of intestinal dendritic cells and macrophages. Mucosal Immunol 2008; 1:460-9. [PMID: 19079213 PMCID: PMC4780321 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2008.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal immune responses must be tightly controlled, particularly in the intestine. As members of the mononuclear phagocyte family, dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages are well represented in intestinal tissues and have developed unique functional niches. This review will focus on recent findings on antigen uptake and processing in the intestine and the role of DCs in the imprinting of homing receptors on T and B cells, the induction of immunoglobulin A B-cell responses, and the differentiation of regulatory T cells. It will also address the unique phenotype of intestinal macrophages and briefly what is known regarding the relationships between these cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Kelsall
- Mucosal Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, 10/11N111, 10 Center Drive, NIAID NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892,
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Mora JR, von Andrian UH. Role of retinoic acid in the imprinting of gut-homing IgA-secreting cells. Semin Immunol 2008; 21:28-35. [PMID: 18804386 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) lodging in the mucosa of the small intestine are derived from activated B cells that are thought to arise in gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT). Upon leaving the GALT, B cells return to the blood where they must express the gut-homing receptors alpha4beta7 and CCR9 in order to emigrate into the small bowel. Recent evidence indicates that gut-associated dendritic cells (DCs) in GALT induce gut-homing receptors on B cells via a mechanism that depends on the vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid (RA). In addition, although ASC associated with other mucosal tissues secrete IgA in an RA-independent fashion, the presence of high levels of RA in intestine and GALT can promote B cell class switching to IgA and thus, boost the production of IgA in the intestinal mucosa. Here, we discuss the role of RA in the imprinting of gut-homing ASC and the evidence linking RA with the generation of intestinal IgA-ASCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rodrigo Mora
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, GRJ-815, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Manukyan GP, Ghazaryan KA, Ktsoyan ZA, Khachatryan ZA, Arakelova KA, Kelly D, Grant G, Aminov RI. Elevated systemic antibodies towards commensal gut microbiota in autoinflammatory condition. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3172. [PMID: 18779861 PMCID: PMC2525839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an autoinflammatory condition, which is characterized by acute, self-limiting episodes of fever and serositis and chronic subclinical inflammation in remission. Here we investigated the consequence of this condition on the level of systemic antibodies directed towards common intestinal bacteria. Methodology/Principal Findings The level of systemic antibodies towards the antigens of Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Escherichia, Enteroccocus and Lactobaccilus was measured by ELISA in FMF patients at various stages of the disease and in healthy controls. The difference between remission and attack was not significant. IgG antibodies against the antigens of Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Escherichia and Enteroccocus were significantly increased in FMF compared to control while IgA levels were not significantly affected. Western blot analyses demonstrated the IgG reactivity against multiple antigens of commensal bacteria in FMF. Serological expression cloning was performed to identify these antigens. No single dominant antigen was identified; the response was generalized and directed against a variety of proteins from Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Escherichia, and other gut commensals. Conclusions/Significance This autoinflammatory syndrome is characterized by the increased systemic reactivity against commensal gut microbiota. This is probably the consequence of hypersensitivity of the inflammasome in FMF that triggers the inflammation and contributes to the excessive translocation of bacteria and bacterial antigens through the gut barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayane P. Manukyan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Karine A. Ghazaryan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Zhanna A. Ktsoyan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | - Karine A. Arakelova
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Denise Kelly
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - George Grant
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Rustam I. Aminov
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Regulation of humoral and cellular gut immunity by lamina propria dendritic cells expressing Toll-like receptor 5. Nat Immunol 2008; 9:769-76. [PMID: 18516037 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 586] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal cell types responsible for defense against pathogenic organisms remain incompletely characterized. Here we identify a subset of CD11c(hi)CD11b(hi) lamina propria dendritic cells (LPDCs) that expressed Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) in the small intestine. When stimulated by the TLR5 ligand flagellin, TLR5(+) LPDCs induced the differentiation of naive B cells into immunoglobulin A-producing plasma cells by a mechanism independent of gut-associated lymphoid tissue. In addition, by a mechanism dependent on TLR5 stimulation, these LPDCs promoted the differentiation of antigen-specific interleukin 17-producing T helper cells and type 1 T helper cells. Unlike spleen DCs, the LPDCs specifically produced retinoic acid, which, in a dose-dependent way, supported the generation and retention of immunoglobulin A-producing cells in the lamina propria and positively regulated the differentiation interleukin 17-producing T helper cells. Our findings demonstrate unique properties of LPDCs and the importance of TLR5 for adaptive immunity in the intestine.
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Abstract
Most antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) in mucosal tissues produce immunoglobulin A (IgA), the most abundant immunoglobulin in the body and the main class of antibody found in secretions. IgA-ASCs differentiate in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues and are usually considered as a homogeneous population of cells. However, IgA-ASCs that travel to the small intestine have unique characteristics in terms of their migratory requirements. These IgA-ASCs require the homing molecules alpha4beta7 and CCR9 to interact with their ligands, mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 and CCL25, which are constitutively expressed in the small intestine. Indeed, recent work has shown that IgA-ASCs specific for the small bowel are generated under different conditions as compared with IgA-ASCs in other mucosal compartments. Moreover, the mechanisms inducing IgA class switching may also vary according to the tissue where IgA-ASCs differentiate. Here we describe the mechanisms involved in the differentiation of IgA-ASCs in mucosal compartments, in particular those involved in the generation of gut-homing IgA-ASCs.
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Abstract
The intestinal immune system includes an immunoglobulin (Ig)A-inductive site represented by Peyer's patches (PPs) and an IgA effector site represented by the lamina propria (LP). This canonical map of intestinal IgA production has been blurred recently by studies showing the presence of active IgA class switching in the LP. Here we discuss the functional implications and controversial nature of these findings.
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Macpherson AJ, Hapfelmeier S, McCoy KD. The armed truce between the intestinal microflora and host mucosal immunity. Semin Immunol 2007; 19:57-8. [PMID: 17499514 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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