51
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Anderson CE, Holstein CA, Strauch EM, Bennett S, Chevalier A, Nelson J, Fu E, Baker D, Yager P. Rapid Diagnostic Assay for Intact Influenza Virus Using a High Affinity Hemagglutinin Binding Protein. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6608-6615. [PMID: 28499086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Influenza is a ubiquitous and recurring infection that results in approximately 500 000 deaths globally each year. Commercially available rapid diagnostic tests are based upon detection of the influenza nucleoprotein, which are limited in that they are unable to differentiate by species and require an additional viral lysis step. Sample preprocessing can be minimized or eliminated by targeting the intact influenza virus, thereby reducing assay complexity and leveraging the large number of hemagglutinin proteins on the surface of each virus. Here, we report the development of a paper-based influenza assay that targets the hemagglutinin protein; the assay employs a combination of antibodies and novel computationally designed, recombinant affinity proteins as the capture and detection agents. This system leverages the customizability of recombinant protein design to target the conserved receptor-binding pocket of the hemagglutinin protein and to match the trimeric nature of hemagglutinin for improved avidity. Using this assay, we demonstrate the first instance of intact influenza virus detection using a combination of antibody and affinity proteins within a porous network. The recombinant head region binder based assays yield superior analytical sensitivity as compared to the antibody based assay, with lower limits of detection of 3.54 × 107 and 1.34 × 107 CEID50/mL for the mixed and all binder stacks, respectively. Not only does this work describe the development of a novel influenza assay, it also demonstrates the power of recombinant affinity proteins for use in rapid diagnostic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Anderson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195-5061, United States
| | - Carly A Holstein
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195-5061, United States
| | - Eva-Maria Strauch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195-7350, United States
| | - Steven Bennett
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195-5061, United States
| | - Aaron Chevalier
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195-5061, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195-7350, United States
| | - Jorgen Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195-7350, United States
| | - Elain Fu
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195-7350, United States
| | - Paul Yager
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195-5061, United States
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52
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Yamada K, Shibata H, Suzuki K, Citterio D. Toward practical application of paper-based microfluidics for medical diagnostics: state-of-the-art and challenges. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1206-1249. [PMID: 28251200 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01577h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) have emerged as a promising diagnostic platform a decade ago. In contrast to highly active academic developments, their entry into real-life applications is still very limited. This discrepancy is attributed to the gap between research developments and their practical utility, particularly in the aspects of operational simplicity, long-term stability of devices, and associated equipment. On the basis of these backgrounds, this review attempts to: 1) identify the reasons for success of paper-based devices already in the market, 2) describe the current status and remaining issues of μPADs in terms of operational complexity, signal interpretation approaches, and storage stability, and 3) discuss the possibility of mass production based on established manufacturing technologies. Finally, the state-of-the-art in commercialisation of μPADs is discussed, and the "upgrades" required from a laboratory-based prototype to an end user device are demonstrated on a specific example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Shibata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Koji Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Daniel Citterio
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
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53
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Anderson CE, Shah KG, Yager P. Sensitive Protein Detection and Quantification in Paper-Based Microfluidics for the Point of Care. Methods Enzymol 2017; 589:383-411. [PMID: 28336071 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The design of appropriate diagnostic assays for the point of care requires development of suitable biosensors, detection methods, and diagnostic platforms for sensitive, quantitative detection of biological analytes. Protein targets in particular are especially challenging to detect quantitatively and sensitively due to the lack of amplification strategies akin to nucleic acid amplification. However, recent advances in transducer and biosensor design, new detection labels, and paper-based microfluidics may realize the goal of sensitive, fast, portable, and low-cost protein detection. In this review, we discuss the biochemistry, optics, and engineering advances that may be leveraged to design such a sensitive protein diagnostic assay. The binding kinetics, mechanisms of binding in porous networks, and potential transducers are explained in detail. We discuss the relative merits of various optical detection strategies, potential detection labels, optical readout approaches, and image-processing techniques that are amenable to point-of-care use. To conclude, we present a systematic analysis of potential approaches to enhance the sensitivity of paper-based assays. The assay development framework presented here provides bioassay developers a strategy to methodically enhance the sensitivity and point-of-care suitability of protein diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kamal G Shah
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Paul Yager
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
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54
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Jahanshahi-Anbuhi S, Kannan B, Pennings K, Monsur Ali M, Leung V, Giang K, Wang J, White D, Li Y, Pelton RH, Brennan JD, Filipe CDM. Automating multi-step paper-based assays using integrated layering of reagents. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:943-950. [PMID: 28197602 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01485b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe a versatile and simple method to perform sequential reactions on paper analytical devices by stacking dry pullulan films on paper, where each film contains one or more reagents or acts as a delay layer. Exposing the films to an aqueous solution of the analyte leads to sequential dissolution of the films in a temporally controlled manner followed by diffusive mixing of the reagents, so that sequential reactions can be performed. The films can be easily arranged for lateral flow assays or for spot tests (reactions take place sequentially in the z-direction). We have tested the general feasibility of the approach using three different model systems to demonstrate different capabilities: 1) pH ramping from low to high and high to low to demonstrate timing control; 2) rapid ready-to-use two-step Simon's assays on paper for detection of drugs of abuse utilizing a 2-layer stack containing two different reagents to demonstrate the ability to perform assays in the z-direction; and 3) sequential cell lysing and colorimetric detection of an intracellular bacterial enzyme, to demonstrate the ability of the method to perform sample preparation and analysis in the form of a spot assay. Overall, these studies demonstrate the potential of stacked pullulan films as useful components to enable multi-step assays on simple paper-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Jahanshahi-Anbuhi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada.
| | - Balamurali Kannan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada.
| | - Kevin Pennings
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada.
| | - M Monsur Ali
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada.
| | - Vincent Leung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada.
| | - Karen Giang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada.
| | - Jingyun Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada.
| | - Dawn White
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada.
| | - Yingfu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Robert H Pelton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada.
| | - John D Brennan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada.
| | - Carlos D M Filipe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada.
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55
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Fu E, Downs C. Progress in the development and integration of fluid flow control tools in paper microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:614-628. [PMID: 28119982 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01451h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Paper microfluidics is a rapidly growing subfield of microfluidics in which paper-like porous materials are used to create analytical devices. There is a need for higher performance field-use tests for many application domains including human disease diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and veterinary medicine. A key factor in creating high performance paper-based devices is the ability to manipulate fluid flow within the devices. This critical review is focused on the progress that has been made in (i) the development of fluid flow control tools and (ii) the integration of those tools into paper microfluidic devices. Further, we strive to be comprehensive in our presentation and provide historical context through discussion and performance comparisons, when possible, of both relevant earlier work and recent work. Finally, we discuss the major areas of focus for fluid flow methods development to advance the potential of paper microfluidics for high-performance field applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elain Fu
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, USA.
| | - Corey Downs
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, USA.
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56
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Wendenburg S, Nachbar ML, Biesalski M. Tailoring the Retention of Charged Model Compounds in Polymer Functionalized Paper-Based Microfluidic Devices. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201600408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Wendenburg
- Technische Universität Darmstadt; Makromolekulare Chemie und Papierchemie; Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Michelle-Lisa Nachbar
- Technische Universität Darmstadt; Makromolekulare Chemie und Papierchemie; Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Markus Biesalski
- Technische Universität Darmstadt; Makromolekulare Chemie und Papierchemie; Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8 64287 Darmstadt Germany
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57
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Phillips EA, Shen R, Zhao S, Linnes JC. Thermally actuated wax valves for paper-fluidic diagnostics. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:4230-4236. [PMID: 27722697 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00945j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of current paper-fluidic diagnostic devices is limited by their imperfect control of reagent incubation and delivery. Valves providing complete fluid obstruction and multiple actuation steps within a single paper-fluidic diagnostic would increase the range of diagnostic bioassays in these porous membranes. Here, we report the rapid fabrication of tunable wax-ink valves that are thermally actuated within porous membranes. Varying width bands of wax-ink were printed onto strips of nitrocellulose and cellulose membranes and characterized by their triggered obstruction and release of fluid wicking through the membranes. To demonstrate the utility of these wax-ink valves, we have transformed a traditional lateral flow immunoassay into a multi-step, semi-autonomous assay that enhances bacterial detection signal intensity 6-fold. The wax-ink valves are applicable to other paper fluidic assays by fully obstructing fluid flow for a sustained reaction time and are able to be actuated multiple times for sequential fluid delivery with minimal user involvement. These easily fabricated wax-ink valves are a versatile addition to the toolkit of fluidic control mechanisms required to develop more sensitive paper-based diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rui Shen
- Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
| | - Siyu Zhao
- Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
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58
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Lafleur LK, Bishop JD, Heiniger EK, Gallagher RP, Wheeler MD, Kauffman P, Zhang X, Kline EC, Buser JR, Kumar S, Byrnes SA, Vermeulen NMJ, Scarr NK, Belousov Y, Mahoney W, Toley BJ, Ladd PD, Lutz BR, Yager P. A rapid, instrument-free, sample-to-result nucleic acid amplification test. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3777-87. [PMID: 27549897 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00677a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The prototype demonstrated here is the first fully integrated sample-to-result diagnostic platform for performing nucleic acid amplification tests that requires no permanent instrument or manual sample processing. The multiplexable autonomous disposable nucleic acid amplification test (MAD NAAT) is based on two-dimensional paper networks, which enable sensitive chemical detection normally reserved for laboratories to be carried out anywhere by untrained users. All reagents are stored dry in the disposable test device and are rehydrated by stored buffer. The paper network is physically multiplexed to allow independent isothermal amplification of multiple targets; each amplification reaction is also chemically multiplexed with an internal amplification control. The total test time is less than one hour. The MAD NAAT prototype was used to characterize a set of human nasal swab specimens pre-screened for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria. With qPCR as the quantitative reference method, the lowest input copy number in the range where the MAD NAAT prototype consistently detected MRSA in these specimens was ∼5 × 10(3) genomic copies (∼600 genomic copies per biplexed amplification reaction).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Lafleur
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
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59
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Li J, Macdonald J. Multiplexed lateral flow biosensors: Technological advances for radically improving point-of-care diagnoses. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 83:177-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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60
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López-Marzo AM, Merkoçi A. Paper-based sensors and assays: a success of the engineering design and the convergence of knowledge areas. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3150-76. [PMID: 27412239 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00737f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This review shows the recent advances and state of the art in paper-based analytical devices (PADs) through the analysis of their integration with microfluidics and LOC micro- and nanotechnologies, electrochemical/optical detection and electronic devices as the convergence of various knowledge areas. The important role of the paper design/architecture in the improvement of the performance of sensor devices is discussed. The discussion is fundamentally based on μPADs as the new generation of paper-based (bio)sensors. Data about the scientific publication ranking of PADs, illustrating their increase as an experimental research topic in the past years, are supplied. In addition, an analysis of the simultaneous evolution of PADs in academic lab research and industrial commercialization highlighting the parallelism of the technological transfer from academia to industry is displayed. A general overview of the market behaviour, the leading industries in the sector and their commercialized devices is given. Finally, personal opinions of the authors about future perspectives and tendencies in the design and fabrication technology of PADs are disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adaris M López-Marzo
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain.
| | - Arben Merkoçi
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain. and Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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61
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Mosley GL, Nguyen P, Wu BM, Kamei DT. Development of quantitative radioactive methodologies on paper to determine important lateral-flow immunoassay parameters. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2871-81. [PMID: 27364421 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00518g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The lateral-flow immunoassay (LFA) is a well-established diagnostic technology that has recently seen significant advancements due in part to the rapidly expanding fields of paper diagnostics and paper-fluidics. As LFA-based diagnostics become more complex, it becomes increasingly important to quantitatively determine important parameters during the design and evaluation process. However, current experimental methods for determining these parameters have certain limitations when applied to LFA systems. In this work, we describe our novel methods of combining paper and radioactive measurements to determine nanoprobe molarity, the number of antibodies per nanoprobe, and the forward and reverse rate constants for nanoprobe binding to immobilized target on the LFA test line. Using a model LFA system that detects for the presence of the protein transferrin (Tf), we demonstrate the application of our methods, which involve quantitative experimentation and mathematical modeling. We also compare the results of our rate constant experiments with traditional experiments to demonstrate how our methods more appropriately capture the influence of the LFA environment on the binding interaction. Our novel experimental approaches can therefore more efficiently guide the research process for LFA design, leading to more rapid advancement of the field of paper-based diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett L Mosley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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62
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Flow control in paper-based microfluidic device for automatic multistep assays: A focused minireview. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-016-0161-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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63
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Cunningham JC, DeGregory PR, Crooks RM. New Functionalities for Paper-Based Sensors Lead to Simplified User Operation, Lower Limits of Detection, and New Applications. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2016; 9:183-202. [PMID: 27049635 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071015-041605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, paper analytical devices (PADs) have evolved into sophisticated yet simple sensors with biological and environmental applications in the developed and developing world. The focus of this review is the technological improvements that have over the past five years increased the applicability of PADs to real-world problems. Specifically, this review reports on advances in sample processing, fluid flow control, signal amplification, and component integration. Throughout, we have sought to emphasize advances that retain the main virtues of PADs: low cost, portability, and simplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul R DeGregory
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224;
| | - Richard M Crooks
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224;
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64
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Disposable microfluidic sensor arrays for discrimination of antioxidants. Talanta 2016; 153:163-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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65
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Kuan CM, Lin ST, Yen TH, Wang YL, Cheng CM. Paper-based diagnostic devices for clinical paraquat poisoning diagnosis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:034118. [PMID: 27462379 PMCID: PMC4920809 DOI: 10.1063/1.4953257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This article unveils the development of a paper-based analytical device designed to rapidly detect and clinically diagnose paraquat (PQ) poisoning. Using wax printing technology, we fabricated a PQ detection device by pattering hydrophobic boundaries on paper. This PQ detection device employs a colorimetric sodium dithionite assay or an ascorbic acid assay to indicate the PQ level in a buffer system or in a human serum system in 10 min. In this test, colorimetric changes, blue in color, were observable with the naked eye. By curve fitting models of sodium dithionite and ascorbic acid assays in normal human serum, we evaluated serum PQ levels for five PQ-poisoned patients before hemoperfusion (HP) treatment and one PQ-poisoned patient after HP treatment. As evidenced by similar detection outcomes, the analytical performance of our device can compete with that of the highest clinical standard, i.e., spectrophotometry, with less complicated sample preparation and with more rapid results. Accordingly, we believe that our rapid PQ detection can benefit physicians determining timely treatment strategies for PQ-poisoned patients once they are taken to hospitals, and that this approach will increase survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Meng Kuan
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Ting Lin
- Department of Nephrology and Division of Clinical Toxicology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University and School of Medicine , Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Hai Yen
- Department of Nephrology and Division of Clinical Toxicology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University and School of Medicine , Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Wang
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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66
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Park J, Shin JH, Park JK. Pressed Paper-Based Dipstick for Detection of Foodborne Pathogens with Multistep Reactions. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3781-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juhwan Park
- Department of Bio and Brain
Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Ho Shin
- Department of Bio and Brain
Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Kyun Park
- Department of Bio and Brain
Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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67
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Yeh SH, Chou KH, Yang RJ. Sample pre-concentration with high enrichment factors at a fixed location in paper-based microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:925-31. [PMID: 26876347 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01365h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The lack of sensitivity is a major problem among microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) for early disease detection and diagnosis. Accordingly, the present study presents a method for improving the enrichment factor of low-concentration biomarkers by using shallow paper-based channels realized through a double-sided wax-printing process. In addition, the enrichment factor is further enhanced by exploiting the ion concentration polarization (ICP) effect on the cathodic side of the nanoporous membrane, in which a stationary sample plug is obtained. The occurrence of ICP on the shallow-channel μPAD is confirmed by measuring the current-voltage response as the external voltage is increased from 0 to 210 V (or the field strength from 0 to 1.05 × 10(4) V m(-1)) over 600 s. In addition, to the best of our knowledge, the electroosmotic flow (EOF) speed on the μPAD fabricated with a wax-channel is measured for the first time using a current monitoring method. The experimental results show that for a fluorescein sample, the concentration factor is increased from 130-fold in a conventional full-thickness paper channel to 944-fold in the proposed shallow channel. Furthermore, for a fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) sample, the proposed shallow-channel μPAD achieves an 835-fold improvement in the concentration factor. The concentration technique presented here provides a novel strategy for enhancing the detection sensitivity of μPAD applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hao Yeh
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Kuang-Hua Chou
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Ruey-Jen Yang
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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68
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Grant BD, Smith CA, Karvonen K, Richards-Kortum R. Highly Sensitive Two-Dimensional Paper Network Incorporating Biotin-Streptavidin for the Detection of Malaria. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2553-7. [PMID: 26824718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently, two-dimensional paper networks have been developed to enable multistep assays to be performed in a lateral flow format. These devices have been used to perform simple enzyme linked immunoassays on paper. However, these devices have yet to incorporate more complex immunoassays, including the use of streptavidin-biotin detection strategies. Here we present a modified two-dimensional paper network capable of consecutively delivering six reagents. The device requires only a single user step and delivers (i) the sample, (ii) the biotinylated detection antibody, (iii) streptavidin horseradish peroxidase, (iv) a wash buffer, (v) a colorimetric substrate, and (vi) a final wash buffer. To demonstrate the utility of this approach we designed an assay to detect the malaria protein Pf HRP2. Using this platform, we were able to achieve a limit-of-detection equivalent to that of a traditional 96-well plate sandwich ELISA. In addition to improvements in the limit-of-detection, the inclusion of streptavidin-biotin simplifies the development of similar tests for other targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Grant
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University , MS-142, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Chelsey A Smith
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University , MS-142, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Kristine Karvonen
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University , MS-142, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.,University of Virginia School of Medicine , Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Rebecca Richards-Kortum
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University , MS-142, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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69
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Liang T, Robinson R, Houghtaling J, Fridley G, Ramsey SA, Fu E. Investigation of Reagent Delivery Formats in a Multivalent Malaria Sandwich Immunoassay and Implications for Assay Performance. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2311-20. [PMID: 26835721 PMCID: PMC6387624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Conventional lateral flow tests (LFTs), the current standard bioassay format used in low-resource point-of-care (POC) settings, have limitations that have held back their application in the testing of low concentration analytes requiring high sensitivity and low limits of detection. LFTs use a premix format for a rapid one-step delivery of premixed sample and labeled antibody to the detection region. We have compared the signal characteristics of two types of reagent delivery formats in a model system of a sandwich immunoassay for malarial protein detection. The premix format produced a uniform binding profile within the detection region. In contrast, decoupling the delivery of sample and labeled antibody to the detection region in a sequential format produced a nonuniform binding profile in which the majority of the signal was localized to the upstream edge of the detection region. The assay response was characterized in both the sequential and premix formats. The sequential format had a 4- to 10-fold lower limit of detection than the premix format, depending on assay conjugate concentration. A mathematical model of the assay quantitatively reproduced the experimental binding profiles for a set of rate constants that were consistent with surface plasmon resonance measurements and absorbance measurements of the experimental multivalent malaria system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinny Liang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , N107 Foege Building, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Robert Robinson
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University , 102 Gleeson Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Jared Houghtaling
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , N107 Foege Building, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Gina Fridley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , N107 Foege Building, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Stephen A Ramsey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University , 106 Dryden Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Elain Fu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , N107 Foege Building, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University , 102 Gleeson Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University , 106 Dryden Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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70
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Wang X, Deng W, Shen L, Yan M, Yu J. A 3D electrochemical immunodevice based on an Au paper electrode and using Au nanoflowers for amplification. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj03222a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive electrochemical immunosensor combined with a 3D origami device for detection of cancer antigen was developed based on a novel Au nanoparticle-modified paper working electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- P. R. China
| | - Wenping Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- P. R. China
| | - Lei Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- P. R. China
| | - Mei Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- P. R. China
| | - Jinghua Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- P. R. China
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71
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Kuan CM, York RL, Cheng CM. Lignocellulose-based analytical devices: bamboo as an analytical platform for chemical detection. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18570. [PMID: 26686576 PMCID: PMC4685277 DOI: 10.1038/srep18570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This article describes the development of lignocellulose-based analytical devices (LADs) for rapid bioanalysis in low-resource settings. LADs are constructed using either a single lignocellulose or a hybrid design consisting of multiple types of lignocellulose. LADs are simple, low-cost, easy to use, provide rapid response, and do not require external instrumentation during operation. Here, we demonstrate the implementation of LADs for food and water safety (i.e., nitrite assay in hot-pot soup, bacterial detection in water, and resazurin assay in milk) and urinalysis (i.e., nitrite, urobilinogen, and pH assays in human urine). Notably, we created a unique approach using simple chemicals to achieve sensitivity similar to that of commercially available immunochromatographic strips that is low-cost, and provides on-site, rapid detection, for instance, of Eschericia coli (E. coli) in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Meng Kuan
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Roger L. York
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Anesethesiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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72
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He PJW, Katis IN, Eason RW, Sones CL. Engineering fluidic delays in paper-based devices using laser direct-writing. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:4054-4061. [PMID: 26329148 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00590f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of a new laser-based direct-write technique that allows programmable and timed fluid delivery in channels within a paper substrate which enables implementation of multi-step analytical assays. The technique is based on laser-induced photo-polymerisation, and through adjustment of the laser writing parameters such as the laser power and scan speed we can control the depth and/or the porosity of hydrophobic barriers which, when fabricated in the fluid path, produce controllable fluid delay. We have patterned these flow delaying barriers at pre-defined locations in the fluidic channels using either a continuous wave laser at 405 nm, or a pulsed laser operating at 266 nm. Using this delay patterning protocol we generated flow delays spanning from a few minutes to over half an hour. Since the channels and flow delay barriers can be written via a common laser-writing process, this is a distinct improvement over other methods that require specialist operating environments, or custom-designed equipment. This technique can therefore be used for rapid fabrication of paper-based microfluidic devices that can perform single or multistep analytical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J W He
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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73
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He F, Grimes J, Alcaine SD, Nugen SR. A hybrid paper and microfluidic chip with electrowetting valves and colorimetric detection. Analyst 2015; 139:3002-8. [PMID: 24719901 DOI: 10.1039/c3an01516e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sequential fluid delivery with minimized external equipment is vital towards a point-of-care diagnostic device. In this work, we have further developed the On-chip Electrowetting Valves concept for the sequential delivery of the reagents to the reaction site in a miniaturized capillary-driven microfluidic chip. Specifically, a disposable polymeric microfluidic device was developed containing capillary force driven microchannels. The device was fabricated using laser ablation and inkjet printing and required no external pumping equipment. The assay was conducted on the microchip containing microfluidic channels with embedded electrowetting valves and a porous membrane patterned with capture molecules and colloidal gold labels. To conduct the assay, the microchip was connected with a low voltage supply which was capable of sequentially opening the valves, delivering the sample and the rinsing reagent to generate visual results. Using T7 bacteriophage as a model, we have demonstrated the development of the device, operation of the valves and execution of the automated assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei He
- 246 Chenoweth,102 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA, USA.
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74
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Cheung SF, Cheng SKL, Kamei DT. Paper-Based Systems for Point-of-Care Biosensing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:316-33. [DOI: 10.1177/2211068215577197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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75
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Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Hydrogels for Storage and Delivery of Reagents to Paper-Based Analytical Devices. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/chromatography2030436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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76
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Byrnes SA, Bishop JD, Lafleur L, Buser JR, Lutz B, Yager P. One-step purification and concentration of DNA in porous membranes for point-of-care applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2647-59. [PMID: 25989457 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00317b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of rapid, user-friendly, point-of-care (POC) diagnostic systems is paving the way for better disease diagnosis and control. Lately, there has been a strong emphasis on developing molecular-based diagnostics due to their potential for greatly increased sensitivity and specificity. One of the most critical steps in developing practical diagnostic systems is the ability to perform sample preparation, especially the purification of nucleic acids (NA), at the POC. As such, we have developed a simple-to-use, inexpensive, and disposable sample preparation system for in-membrane purification and concentration of NAs. This system couples lateral flow in a porous membrane with chitosan, a linear polysaccharide that captures NAs via anion exchange chromatography. The system can also substantially concentrate the NAs. The combination of these capabilities can be used on a wide range of sample types, which are prepared for use in downstream processes, such as qPCR, without further purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Byrnes
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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77
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Liang WH, Chu CH, Yang RJ. Bio-sample detection on paper-based devices with inkjet printer-sprayed reagents. Talanta 2015; 145:6-11. [PMID: 26459437 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The reagent required for bio-sample detection on paper-based analytical devices is generally introduced manually using a pipette. Such an approach is time-consuming; particularly if a large number of devices are required. Automated methods provide a far more convenient solution for large-scale production, but incur a substantial cost. Accordingly, the present study proposes a low-cost method for the paper-based analytical devices in which the biochemical reagents are sprayed onto the device directly using a modified commercial inkjet printer. The feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated by performing aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) tests using simple two-dimensional (2D) paper-based devices. In both cases, the reaction process is analyzed using an image-processing-based colorimetric method. The experimental results show that for AST detection within the 0-105 U/l concentration range, the optimal observation time is around four minutes, while for ALT detection in the 0-125 U/l concentration range, the optimal observation time is approximately one minute. Finally, for both samples, the detection performance of the sprayed-reagent analytical devices is insensitive to the glucose concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wun-Hong Liang
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Chu
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Jen Yang
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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78
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Zhang Y, Bai J, Ying JY. A stacking flow immunoassay for the detection of dengue-specific immunoglobulins in salivary fluid. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:1465-71. [PMID: 25608951 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01127a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based immunoassays, usually in the form of lateral flow tests, are currently the standard platform for home diagnostics. However, conventional lateral tests are often complicated by severe non-specific adsorption of detector particles when applied to test samples containing salivary fluid. It is believed that a high concentration of proteinaceous substances in salivary fluid causes particle aggregation and adhesion. In this study, we developed a stacking flow platform for single-step detection of a target antibody in salivary fluid. Stacking flow circumvents the need for separate sample pre-treatments, such as filtration or centrifugation, which are often required prior to testing saliva samples using paper-based immunoassays. This is achieved by guiding the samples and reagents to the test strip through different paths. By doing so, salivary substances that interfere with the particle-based sensing system are removed before they come into contact with the detection reagents, which greatly reduces the background. In addition, the stacking flow configuration enables uniform flow with a unique flow regulator, which leads to even test lines with good quantification capability, enabling the detection of ~20 ng mL(-1) α-fetoprotein in the serum. We have successfully applied the stacking flow device to detect dengue-specific immunoglobulins that are present in salivary fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669.
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79
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Toley BJ, Wang JA, Gupta M, Buser JR, Lafleur LK, Lutz BR, Fu E, Yager P. A versatile valving toolkit for automating fluidic operations in paper microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:1432-44. [PMID: 25606810 PMCID: PMC4391506 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01155d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Failure to utilize valving and automation techniques has restricted the complexity of fluidic operations that can be performed in paper microfluidic devices. We developed a toolkit of paper microfluidic valves and methods for automatic valve actuation using movable paper strips and fluid-triggered expanding elements. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first functional demonstration of this valving strategy in paper microfluidics. After introduction of fluids on devices, valves can actuate automatically after a) a certain period of time, or b) the passage of a certain volume of fluid. Timing of valve actuation can be tuned with greater than 8.5% accuracy by changing lengths of timing wicks, and we present timed on-valves, off-valves, and diversion (channel-switching) valves. The actuators require ~30 μl fluid to actuate and the time required to switch from one state to another ranges from ~5 s for short to ~50 s for longer wicks. For volume-metered actuation, the size of a metering pad can be adjusted to tune actuation volume, and we present two methods - both methods can achieve greater than 9% accuracy. Finally, we demonstrate the use of these valves in a device that conducts a multi-step assay for the detection of the malaria protein PfHRP2. Although slightly more complex than devices that do not have moving parts, this valving and automation toolkit considerably expands the capabilities of paper microfluidic devices. Components of this toolkit can be used to conduct arbitrarily complex, multi-step fluidic operations on paper-based devices, as demonstrated in the malaria assay device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan J Toley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-5061, USA.
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80
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Signal amplification in a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µ-PAD) by confinement of the fluidic flow. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-015-9204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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81
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He PJW, Katis IN, Eason RW, Sones CL. Laser-based patterning for fluidic devices in nitrocellulose. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2015; 9:026503. [PMID: 26015836 PMCID: PMC4417019 DOI: 10.1063/1.4919629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we demonstrate a simple and low cost method that can be reproducibly used for fabrication of microfluidic devices in nitrocellulose. The fluidic patterns are created via a laser-based direct-write technique that induces polymerisation of a photo-polymer previously impregnated in the nitrocellulose. The resulting structures form hydrophobic barriers that extend through the thickness of the nitrocellulose and define an interconnected hydrophilic fluidic-flow pattern. Our experimental results show that using this method it is possible to achieve microfluidic channels with lateral dimensions of ∼100 μm using hydrophobic barriers that form the channel walls with dimensions of ∼60 μm; both of these values are considerably smaller than those that can be achieved with other current techniques used in the fabrication of nitrocellulose-based fluidic devices. A simple grid patterned nitrocellulose device was then used for the detection of C-reactive protein via a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, which served as a useful proof-of-principle experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijun J W He
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton , Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis N Katis
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton , Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert W Eason
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton , Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Collin L Sones
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton , Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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82
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Kar S, Maiti TK, Chakraborty S. Capillarity-driven blood plasma separation on paper-based devices. Analyst 2015; 140:6473-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00849b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate capillarity-driven plasma separation from whole blood on simple paper-based H-channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantimoy Kar
- Advanced Technology Development Centre
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur-721302
- India
| | - Tapas Kumar Maiti
- Advanced Technology Development Centre
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur-721302
- India
- Department of Biotechnology
| | - Suman Chakraborty
- Advanced Technology Development Centre
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur-721302
- India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
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83
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Rosenfeld T, Bercovici M. 1000-fold sample focusing on paper-based microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:4465-74. [PMID: 25256832 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00734d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We present an experimental and analytical study of a novel paper-based analytical device (μPAD) for isotachophoretic sample focusing. Guided by a simple heat transfer model, we further developed wax printing fabrication to enable the creation of shallow channels, which are critical in providing sufficient dissipation of Joule heat, and thus enable the use of high electric fields and short analysis time. This results in a device that is self-contained on a simple piece of filter paper and does not require any specialized enclosures or cooling devices to combat evaporation at high temperatures. Furthermore, we provide an analytical model for isotachophoretic sample accumulation in porous media, introduce a simple figure of merit for evaluating and comparing the efficiency of such devices, and present experimental validation in both paper and glass channels. Using this device we demonstrate the processing of 30 μL of sample achieving 1000-fold increase in peak concentration in 6 min. We believe that this method and device can serve as a guide to the design of low-cost, rapid and highly sensitive paper-based diagnostic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tally Rosenfeld
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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84
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Cate DM, Adkins JA, Mettakoonpitak J, Henry CS. Recent Developments in Paper-Based Microfluidic Devices. Anal Chem 2014; 87:19-41. [PMID: 25375292 DOI: 10.1021/ac503968p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 706] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Cate
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jaclyn A. Adkins
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jaruwan Mettakoonpitak
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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85
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Betz JF, Yu WW, Cheng Y, White IM, Rubloff GW. Simple SERS substrates: powerful, portable, and full of potential. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:2224-39. [PMID: 24366393 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53560f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful spectroscopic technique capable of detecting trace amounts of chemicals and identifying them based on their unique vibrational characteristics. While there are many complex methods for fabricating SERS substrates, there has been a recent shift towards the development of simple, low cost fabrication methods that can be performed in most labs or even in the field. The potential of SERS for widespread use will likely be realized only with development of cheaper, simpler methods. In this Perspective article we briefly review several of the more popular methods for SERS substrate fabrication, discuss the characteristics of simple SERS substrates, and examine several methods for producing simple SERS substrates. We highlight potential applications and future directions for simple SERS substrates, focusing on highly SERS active three-dimensional nanostructures fabricated by inkjet and screen printing and galvanic displacement for portable SERS analysis - an area that we believe has exciting potential for future research and commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan F Betz
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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86
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Chuang TL, Chang CC, Chu-Su Y, Wei SC, Zhao XH, Hsueh PR, Lin CW. Disposable surface plasmon resonance aptasensor with membrane-based sample handling design for quantitative interferon-gamma detection. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:2968-2977. [PMID: 24931052 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00249k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ELISA and ELISPOT methods are utilized for interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release assays (IGRAs) to detect the IFN-γ secreted by T lymphocytes. However, the multi-step protocols of the assays are still performed with laboratory instruments and operated by well-trained people. Here, we report a membrane-based microfluidic device integrated with a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor to realize an easy-to-use and cost effective multi-step quantitative analysis. To conduct the SPR measurements, we utilized a membrane-based SPR sensing device in which a rayon membrane was located 300 μm under the absorbent pad. The basic equation covering this type of transport is based on Darcy's law. Furthermore, the concentration of streptavidin delivered from a sucrose-treated glass pad placed alongside the rayon membrane was controlled in a narrow range (0.81 μM ± 6%). Finally, the unbound molecules were removed by a washing buffer that was pre-packed in the reservoir of the chip. Using a bi-functional, hairpin-shaped aptamer as the sensing probe, we specifically detected the IFN-γ and amplified the signal by binding the streptavidin. A high correlation coefficient (R(2) = 0.995) was obtained, in the range from 0.01 to 100 nM. A detection limit of 10 pM was achieved within 30 min. Thus, the SPR assay protocols for IFN-γ detection could be performed using this simple device without an additional pumping system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Liang Chuang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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87
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Gong MM, Zhang P, MacDonald BD, Sinton D. Nanoporous Membranes Enable Concentration and Transport in Fully Wet Paper-Based Assays. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8090-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502597v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Max M. Gong
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Brendan D. MacDonald
- Faculty
of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario L1H 7K4, Canada
| | - David Sinton
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
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88
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Lessing J, Glavan AC, Walker SB, Keplinger C, Lewis JA, Whitesides GM. Inkjet printing of conductive inks with high lateral resolution on omniphobic "R(F) paper" for paper-based electronics and MEMS. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:4677-82. [PMID: 24889538 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201401053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of omniphobic "fluoroalkylated paper" as a substrate for inkjet printing of aqueous inks that are the precursors of electrically conductive patterns is described. By controlling the surface chemistry of the paper, it is possible to print high resolution, conductive patterns that remain conductive after folding and exposure to common solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Lessing
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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89
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Fridley GE, Le H, Yager P. Highly sensitive immunoassay based on controlled rehydration of patterned reagents in a 2-dimensional paper network. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6447-53. [PMID: 24882058 PMCID: PMC4082385 DOI: 10.1021/ac500872j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated a multistep 2-dimensional paper network immunoassay based on controlled rehydration of patterned, dried reagents. Previous work has shown that signal enhancement improves the limit of detection in 2-dimensional paper network assays, but until now, reagents have only been included as wet or dried in separate conjugate pads placed at the upstream end of the assay device. Wet reagents are not ideal for point-of-care because they must be refrigerated and typically limit automation and require more user steps. Conjugate pads allow drying but do not offer any control of the reagent distribution upon rehydration and can be a source of error when pads do not contact the assay membrane uniformly. Furthermore, each reagent is dried on a separate pad, increasing the fabrication complexity when implementing multistep assays that require several different reagents. Conversely, our novel method allows for consistent, controlled rehydration from patterned reagent storage depots directly within the paper membrane. In this assay demonstration, four separate reagents were patterned in different regions of the assay device: a gold-antibody conjugate used for antigen detection and three different signal enhancement components that must not be mixed until immediately before use. To show the viability of patterning and drying reagents directly onto a paper device for dry reagent storage and subsequent controlled release, we tested this device with the malaria antigen Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) as an example of target analyte. In this demonstration, the signal enhancement step increases the visible signal by roughly 3-fold and decreases the analytical limit of detection by 2.75-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina E. Fridley
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Box 355061, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Huy Le
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Box 355061, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Paul Yager
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Box 355061, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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90
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Scida K, Cunningham JC, Renault C, Richards I, Crooks RM. Simple, sensitive, and quantitative electrochemical detection method for paper analytical devices. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6501-7. [PMID: 24918259 DOI: 10.1021/ac501004a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We report a new type of paper analytical device that provides quantitative electrochemical output and detects concentrations as low as 767 fM. The model analyte is labeled with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which provide 250,000-fold amplification. AgNPs eliminate the need for enzymatic amplification, thereby improving device stability and response time. The use of magnetic beads to preconcentrate the AgNPs at the detection electrode further improves sensitivity. Response time is improved by incorporation of a hollow channel, which increases the flow rate in the device by a factor of 7 and facilitates the use of magnetic beads. A key reaction necessary for label detection is made possible by the presence of a slip layer, a fluidic switch that can be actuated by manually slipping a piece of paper. The design of the device is versatile and should be useful for detection of proteins, nucleic acids, and microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Scida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, The University of Texas at Austin , 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
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91
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Ge L, Yu J, Ge S, Yan M. Lab-on-paper-based devices using chemiluminescence and electrogenerated chemiluminescence detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:5613-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7756-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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92
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Hu J, Wang S, Wang L, Li F, Pingguan-Murphy B, Lu TJ, Xu F. Advances in paper-based point-of-care diagnostics. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 54:585-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 607] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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93
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Paper-based analytical device for quantitative urinalysis. Int Neurourol J 2013; 17:155-61. [PMID: 24466461 PMCID: PMC3895506 DOI: 10.5213/inj.2013.17.4.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Paper-based analytical devices are fluidic chips fabricated with extremely inexpensive materials, namely paper, thereby allowing their use as a zero-cost analytical device in third-world countries that lack access to expensive diagnostic infrastructures. The aim of this review is to discuss: (1) microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) for quantitative analysis, (2) fabrication of two- or three-dimensional µPADs, (3) analytical methods of µPADs, and (4) our opinions regarding the future applications of µPADs for quantitative urinalysis.
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94
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Toley BJ, McKenzie B, Liang T, Buser JR, Yager P, Fu E. Tunable-delay shunts for paper microfluidic devices. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11545-52. [PMID: 24245747 DOI: 10.1021/ac4030939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel method for controlling fluid flow in paper-based devices. The method delays fluid progress through a porous channel by diverting fluid into an absorbent pad-based shunt placed into contact with the channel. Parameters to control the delay include the length and the thickness of the shunt. Using this method, reproducible delays ranging from 3 to 20 min were achieved. A simple electrical circuit model was presented and used to predict the delays in a system. Results from the model showed good agreement with experimental observations. Finally, the shunts were used for the sequential delivery of fluids to a detection zone in a point-of-care compatible folding card device using biochemical reagents for the amplified detection of the malaria protein PfHRP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan J Toley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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95
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Houghtaling J, Liang T, Thiessen G, Fu E. Dissolvable bridges for manipulating fluid volumes in paper networks. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11201-4. [PMID: 24228812 DOI: 10.1021/ac4022677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A capability that is key to increasing the performance of paper microfluidic devices is control of fluid transport in the devices. We present dissolvable bridges as a novel method of manipulating fluid volumes within paper-based devices. We demonstrate and characterize the operation of the bridges, including tunability of the volumes passed from 10 μL to 80 μL, using parameters such as geometry and composition. We further demonstrate the utility of dissolvable bridges in the important context of automated delivery of different volumes of a fluid from a common source to multiple locations in a device for simple device loading and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Houghtaling
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Box 355061, Seattle, Washington, United States
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96
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Byrnes S, Thiessen G, Fu E. Progress in the development of paper-based diagnostics for low-resource point-of-care settings. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:2821-36. [PMID: 24256361 PMCID: PMC4012918 DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This Review focuses on recent work in the field of paper microfluidics that specifically addresses the goal of translating the multistep processes that are characteristic of gold-standard laboratory tests to low-resource point-of-care settings. A major challenge is to implement multistep processes with the robust fluid control required to achieve the necessary sensitivity and specificity of a given application in a user-friendly package that minimizes equipment. We review key work in the areas of fluidic controls for automation in paper-based devices, readout methods that minimize dedicated equipment, and power and heating methods that are compatible with low-resource point-of-care settings. We also highlight a focused set of recent applications and discuss future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elain Fu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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97
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Murphy SC, Shott JP, Parikh S, Etter P, Prescott WR, Stewart VA. Malaria diagnostics in clinical trials. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 89:824-39. [PMID: 24062484 PMCID: PMC3820323 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria diagnostics are widely used in epidemiologic studies to investigate natural history of disease and in drug and vaccine clinical trials to exclude participants or evaluate efficacy. The Malaria Laboratory Network (MLN), managed by the Office of HIV/AIDS Network Coordination, is an international working group with mutual interests in malaria disease and diagnosis and in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome clinical trials. The MLN considered and studied the wide array of available malaria diagnostic tests for their suitability for screening trial participants and/or obtaining study endpoints for malaria clinical trials, including studies of HIV/malaria co-infection and other malaria natural history studies. The MLN provides recommendations on microscopy, rapid diagnostic tests, serologic tests, and molecular assays to guide selection of the most appropriate test(s) for specific research objectives. In addition, this report provides recommendations regarding quality management to ensure reproducibility across sites in clinical trials. Performance evaluation, quality control, and external quality assessment are critical processes that must be implemented in all clinical trials using malaria tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C. Murphy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Office of HIV/AIDS Network Coordination, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Hydas World Health, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
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98
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Li S, Kiehne J, Sinoway LI, Cameron CE, Huang TJ. Microfluidic opportunities in the field of nutrition. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:3993-4003. [PMID: 24056522 PMCID: PMC3875330 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc90090h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition has always been closely related to human health, which is a constant motivational force driving research in a variety of disciplines. Over the years, the rapidly emerging field of microfluidics has been pushing forward the healthcare industry with the development of microfluidic-based, point-of-care (POC) diagnostic devices. Though a great deal of work has been done in developing microfluidic platforms for disease diagnoses, potential microfluidic applications in the field of nutrition remain largely unexplored. In this Focus article, we would like to investigate the potential chances for microfluidics in the field of nutrition. We will first highlight some of the recent advances in microfluidic blood analysis systems that have the capacity to detect biomarkers of nutrition. Then we will examine existing examples of microfluidic devices for the detection of specific biomarkers of nutrition or nutrient content in food. Finally, we will discuss the challenges in this field and provide some insight into the future of applied microfluidics in nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixing Li
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. Fax: 814-865-9974; Tel: 814-863-4209;
- Cell and Developmental Biology (CDB) Graduate Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Justin Kiehne
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. Fax: 814-865-9974; Tel: 814-863-4209;
| | - Lawrence I. Sinoway
- Heart and Vascular Institute and Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Craig E. Cameron
- Cell and Developmental Biology (CDB) Graduate Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. Fax: 814-865-9974; Tel: 814-863-4209;
- Cell and Developmental Biology (CDB) Graduate Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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99
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Pollock NR, McGray S, Colby DJ, Noubary F, Nguyen H, Nguyen TA, Khormaee S, Jain S, Hawkins K, Kumar S, Rolland JP, Beattie PD, Chau NV, Quang VM, Barfield C, Tietje K, Steele M, Weigl BH. Field evaluation of a prototype paper-based point-of-care fingerstick transaminase test. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75616. [PMID: 24098705 PMCID: PMC3787037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring for drug-induced liver injury (DILI) via serial transaminase measurements in patients on potentially hepatotoxic medications (e.g., for HIV and tuberculosis) is routine in resource-rich nations, but often unavailable in resource-limited settings. Towards enabling universal access to affordable point-of-care (POC) screening for DILI, we have performed the first field evaluation of a paper-based, microfluidic fingerstick test for rapid, semi-quantitative, visual measurement of blood alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Our objectives were to assess operational feasibility, inter-operator variability, lot variability, device failure rate, and accuracy, to inform device modification for further field testing. The paper-based ALT test was performed at POC on fingerstick samples from 600 outpatients receiving HIV treatment in Vietnam. Results, read independently by two clinic nurses, were compared with gold-standard automated (Roche Cobas) results from venipuncture samples obtained in parallel. Two device lots were used sequentially. We demonstrated high inter-operator agreement, with 96.3% (95% C.I., 94.3–97.7%) agreement in placing visual results into clinically-defined “bins” (<3x, 3–5x, and >5x upper limit of normal), >90% agreement in validity determination, and intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.89 (95% C.I., 0.87–0.91). Lot variability was observed in % invalids due to hemolysis (21.1% for Lot 1, 1.6% for Lot 2) and correlated with lots of incorporated plasma separation membranes. Invalid rates <1% were observed for all other device controls. Overall bin placement accuracy for the two readers was 84% (84.3%/83.6%). Our findings of extremely high inter-operator agreement for visual reading–obtained in a target clinical environment, as performed by local practitioners–indicate that the device operation and reading process is feasible and reproducible. Bin placement accuracy and lot-to-lot variability data identified specific targets for device optimization and material quality control. This is the first field study performed with a patterned paper-based microfluidic device and opens the door to development of similar assays for other important analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nira R. Pollock
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sarah McGray
- PATH, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Donn J. Colby
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Medicine & Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School AIDS Initiative Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Farzad Noubary
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, and Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Huyen Nguyen
- Harvard Medical School AIDS Initiative Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Center for Applied Research on Men and Health, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - The Anh Nguyen
- Harvard Medical School AIDS Initiative Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Sariah Khormaee
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sidhartha Jain
- Diagnostics For All, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Shailendra Kumar
- Diagnostics For All, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jason P. Rolland
- Diagnostics For All, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Nguyen V. Chau
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vo M. Quang
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Kathy Tietje
- PATH, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Matt Steele
- PATH, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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100
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Lutz B, Liang T, Fu E, Ramachandran S, Kauffman P, Yager P. Dissolvable fluidic time delays for programming multi-step assays in instrument-free paper diagnostics. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:2840-7. [PMID: 23685876 PMCID: PMC3710703 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50178g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Lateral flow tests (LFTs) are an ingenious format for rapid and easy-to-use diagnostics, but they are fundamentally limited to assay chemistries that can be reduced to a single chemical step. In contrast, most laboratory diagnostic assays rely on multiple timed steps carried out by a human or a machine. Here, we use dissolvable sugar applied to paper to create programmable flow delays and present a paper network topology that uses these time delays to program automated multi-step fluidic protocols. Solutions of sucrose at different concentrations (10-70% of saturation) were added to paper strips and dried to create fluidic time delays spanning minutes to nearly an hour. A simple folding card format employing sugar delays was shown to automate a four-step fluidic process initiated by a single user activation step (folding the card); this device was used to perform a signal-amplified sandwich immunoassay for a diagnostic biomarker for malaria. The cards are capable of automating multi-step assay protocols normally used in laboratories, but in a rapid, low-cost, and easy-to-use format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Lutz
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, 3720 15th Ave NE, Box 355061, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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