51
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Zhang Y, Cao N, Huang Y, Spencer CI, Fu JD, Yu C, Liu K, Nie B, Xu T, Li K, Xu S, Bruneau BG, Srivastava D, Ding S. Expandable Cardiovascular Progenitor Cells Reprogrammed from Fibroblasts. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 18:368-81. [PMID: 26942852 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-based approaches to cardiac regeneration are increasingly viable strategies for treating heart failure. Generating abundant and functional autologous cells for transplantation in such a setting, however, remains a significant challenge. Here, we isolated a cell population with extensive proliferation capacity and restricted cardiovascular differentiation potentials during cardiac transdifferentiation of mouse fibroblasts. These induced expandable cardiovascular progenitor cells (ieCPCs) proliferated extensively for more than 18 passages in chemically defined conditions, with 10(5) starting fibroblasts robustly producing 10(16) ieCPCs. ieCPCs expressed cardiac signature genes and readily differentiated into functional cardiomyocytes (CMs), endothelial cells (ECs), and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in vitro, even after long-term expansion. When transplanted into mouse hearts following myocardial infarction, ieCPCs spontaneously differentiated into CMs, ECs, and SMCs and improved cardiac function for up to 12 weeks after transplantation. Thus, ieCPCs are a powerful system to study cardiovascular specification and provide strategies for regenerative medicine in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nan Cao
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yu Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - C Ian Spencer
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ji-Dong Fu
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, Heart and Vascular Research Center, MetroHealth Campus, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Chen Yu
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kai Liu
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Baoming Nie
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tao Xu
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ke Li
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Shaohua Xu
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Benoit G Bruneau
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Deepak Srivastava
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sheng Ding
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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52
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Tet proteins influence the balance between neuroectodermal and mesodermal fate choice by inhibiting Wnt signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E8267-E8276. [PMID: 27930333 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1617802113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
TET-family dioxygenases catalyze conversion of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and oxidized methylcytosines in DNA. Here, we show that mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), either lacking Tet3 alone or with triple deficiency of Tet1/2/3, displayed impaired adoption of neural cell fate and concomitantly skewed toward cardiac mesodermal fate. Conversely, ectopic expression of Tet3 enhanced neural differentiation and limited cardiac mesoderm specification. Genome-wide analyses showed that Tet3 mediates cell-fate decisions by inhibiting Wnt signaling, partly through promoter demethylation and transcriptional activation of the Wnt inhibitor secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (Sfrp4). Tet1/2/3-deficient embryos (embryonic day 8.0-8.5) showed hyperactivated Wnt signaling, as well as aberrant differentiation of bipotent neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs) into mesoderm at the expense of neuroectoderm. Our data demonstrate a key role for TET proteins in modulating Wnt signaling and establishing the proper balance between neural and mesodermal cell fate determination in mouse embryos and ESCs.
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53
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Carvajal-Vergara X, Prósper F. Are we closer to cardiac regeneration? Stem Cell Investig 2016; 3:59. [PMID: 27868041 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2016.09.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xonia Carvajal-Vergara
- Cell Therapy Program, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Felipe Prósper
- Cell Therapy Program, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain;; Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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54
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Calderon D, Bardot E, Dubois N. Probing early heart development to instruct stem cell differentiation strategies. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:1130-1144. [PMID: 27580352 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientists have studied organs and their development for centuries and, along that path, described models and mechanisms explaining the developmental principles of organogenesis. In particular, with respect to the heart, new fundamental discoveries are reported continuously that keep changing the way we think about early cardiac development. These discoveries are driven by the need to answer long-standing questions regarding the origin of the earliest cells specified to the cardiac lineage, the differentiation potential of distinct cardiac progenitor cells, and, very importantly, the molecular mechanisms underlying these specification events. As evidenced by numerous examples, the wealth of developmental knowledge collected over the years has had an invaluable impact on establishing efficient strategies to generate cardiovascular cell types ex vivo, from either pluripotent stem cells or via direct reprogramming approaches. The ability to generate functional cardiovascular cells in an efficient and reliable manner will contribute to therapeutic strategies aimed at alleviating the increasing burden of cardiovascular disease and morbidity. Here we will discuss the recent discoveries in the field of cardiac progenitor biology and their translation to the pluripotent stem cell model to illustrate how developmental concepts have instructed regenerative model systems in the past and promise to do so in the future. Developmental Dynamics 245:1130-1144, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damelys Calderon
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA.,Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Evan Bardot
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA.,Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Nicole Dubois
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA.,Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
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55
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Santini MP, Forte E, Harvey RP, Kovacic JC. Developmental origin and lineage plasticity of endogenous cardiac stem cells. Development 2016; 143:1242-58. [PMID: 27095490 DOI: 10.1242/dev.111591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, several populations of cardiac stem cells have been described in the adult mammalian heart. For the most part, however, their lineage origins and in vivo functions remain largely unexplored. This Review summarizes what is known about different populations of embryonic and adult cardiac stem cells, including KIT(+), PDGFRα(+), ISL1(+)and SCA1(+)cells, side population cells, cardiospheres and epicardial cells. We discuss their developmental origins and defining characteristics, and consider their possible contribution to heart organogenesis and regeneration. We also summarize the origin and plasticity of cardiac fibroblasts and circulating endothelial progenitor cells, and consider what role these cells have in contributing to cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paola Santini
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Elvira Forte
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia
| | - Jason C Kovacic
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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56
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Liu Y, Chen L, Diaz AD, Benham A, Xu X, Wijaya CS, Fa'ak F, Luo W, Soibam B, Azares A, Yu W, Lyu Q, Stewart MD, Gunaratne P, Cooney A, McConnell BK, Schwartz RJ. Mesp1 Marked Cardiac Progenitor Cells Repair Infarcted Mouse Hearts. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31457. [PMID: 27538477 PMCID: PMC4990963 DOI: 10.1038/srep31457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesp1 directs multipotential cardiovascular cell fates, even though it's transiently induced prior to the appearance of the cardiac progenitor program. Tracing Mesp1-expressing cells and their progeny allows isolation and characterization of the earliest cardiovascular progenitor cells. Studying the biology of Mesp1-CPCs in cell culture and ischemic disease models is an important initial step toward using them for heart disease treatment. Because of Mesp1's transitory nature, Mesp1-CPC lineages were traced by following EYFP expression in murine Mesp1(Cre/+); Rosa26(EYFP/+) ES cells. We captured EYFP+ cells that strongly expressed cardiac mesoderm markers and cardiac transcription factors, but not pluripotent or nascent mesoderm markers. BMP2/4 treatment led to the expansion of EYFP+ cells, while Wnt3a and Activin were marginally effective. BMP2/4 exposure readily led EYFP+ cells to endothelial and smooth muscle cells, but inhibition of the canonical Wnt signaling was required to enter the cardiomyocyte fate. Injected mouse pre-contractile Mesp1-EYFP+ CPCs improved the survivability of injured mice and restored the functional performance of infarcted hearts for at least 3 months. Mesp1-EYFP+ cells are bona fide CPCs and they integrated well in infarcted hearts and emerged de novo into terminally differentiated cardiac myocytes, smooth muscle and vascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Andrea Diaz Diaz
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Ashley Benham
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Xueping Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cori S Wijaya
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Faisal Fa'ak
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Weijia Luo
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Benjamin Soibam
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering Technology, University of Houston-Downtown, Houston, 77002, USA
| | - Alon Azares
- Stem Cell Engineering, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Qiongying Lyu
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - M David Stewart
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.,Stem Cell Engineering, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Preethi Gunaratne
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Austin Cooney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bradley K McConnell
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Robert J Schwartz
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.,Stem Cell Engineering, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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57
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Xu JY, Lee YK, Ran X, Liao SY, Yang J, Au KW, Lai WH, Esteban MA, Tse HF. Generation of Induced Cardiospheres via Reprogramming of Skin Fibroblasts for Myocardial Regeneration. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2693-2706. [PMID: 27333945 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recent pre-clinical and clinical studies have suggested that endogenous cardiospheres (eCS) are potentially safe and effective for cardiac regeneration following myocardial infarction (MI). Nevertheless the preparation of autologous eCS requires invasive myocardial biopsy with limited yield. We describe a novel approach to generate induced cardiospheres (iCS) from adult skin fibroblasts via somatic reprogramming. After infection with Sox2, Klf4, and Oct4, iCS were generated from mouse adult skin fibroblasts treated with Gsk3β inhibitor-(2'Z,3'E)- 6-Bromoindirubin-3'-oxime and Oncostatin M. They resembled eCS, but contained a higher percentage of cells expressing Mesp1, Isl1, and Nkx2.5. They were differentiated into functional cardiomyocytes in vitro with similar electrophysiological properties, calcium transient and contractile function to eCS and mouse embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Transplantation of iCS (1 × 106 cells) into mouse myocardium following MI had similar effects to transplantation of eCS but significantly better than saline or fibroblast in improving left ventricular ejection fraction, increasing anterior/septal ventricular wall thickness and capillary density in the infarcted region 4 weeks after transplantation. No tumor formation was observed. iCS generated from adult skin fibroblasts by somatic reprogramming and a cocktail of Gsk3β inhibitor-6-Bromoindirubin-3'-oxime and Oncostatin M may represent a novel source for cell therapy in MI. Stem Cells 2016;34:2693-2706.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yong Xu
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Shenzhen Institutes of Research and Innovation, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yee-Ki Lee
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Xinru Ran
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Song-Yan Liao
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Jiayin Yang
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Shenzhen Institutes of Research and Innovation, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Ka-Wing Au
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Wing-Hon Lai
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Miguel A Esteban
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Hong Kong-Guangdong Joint Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Hong Kong and Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, China.,Laboratory of Chromatin and Human Disease, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Hung-Fat Tse
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Shenzhen Institutes of Research and Innovation, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Hong Kong-Guangdong Joint Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Hong Kong and Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, China.,Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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58
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Bartulos O, Zhuang ZW, Huang Y, Mikush N, Suh C, Bregasi A, Wang L, Chang W, Krause DS, Young LH, Pober JS, Qyang Y. ISL1 cardiovascular progenitor cells for cardiac repair after myocardial infarction. JCI Insight 2016; 1:80920. [PMID: 27525311 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.80920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular progenitor cells (CPCs) expressing the ISL1-LIM-homeodomain transcription factor contribute developmentally to cardiomyocytes in all 4 chambers of the heart. Here, we show that ISL1-CPCs can be applied to myocardial regeneration following injury. We used a rapid 3D methylcellulose approach to form murine and human ISL1-CPC spheroids that engrafted after myocardial infarction in murine hearts, where they differentiated into cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells, integrating into the myocardium and forming new blood vessels. ISL1-CPC spheroid-treated mice exhibited reduced infarct area and increased blood vessel formation compared with control animals. Moreover, left ventricular (LV) contractile function was significantly better in mice transplanted with ISL1-CPCs 4 weeks after injury than that in control animals. These results provide proof-of-concept of a cardiac repair strategy employing ISL1-CPCs that, based on our previous lineage-tracing studies, are committed to forming heart tissue, in combination with a robust methylcellulose spheroid-based delivery approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Bartulos
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine.,Yale Stem Cell Center
| | - Zhen Wu Zhuang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Yan Huang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Nicole Mikush
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Carol Suh
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine.,Yale Stem Cell Center
| | - Alda Bregasi
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Lin Wang
- Yale Stem Cell Center.,Department of Laboratory Medicine
| | - William Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology
| | - Diane S Krause
- Yale Stem Cell Center.,Department of Laboratory Medicine.,Department of Cell Biology.,Pathology
| | - Lawrence H Young
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine.,Cellular and Molecular Physiology
| | - Jordan S Pober
- Pathology.,Immunobiology, and.,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yibing Qyang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine.,Yale Stem Cell Center.,Pathology.,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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59
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Abstract
Soluble morphogen gradients have long been studied in the context of heart specification and patterning. However, recent data have begun to challenge the notion that long-standing in vivo observations are driven solely by these gradients alone. Evidence from multiple biological models, from stem cells to ex vivo biophysical assays, now supports a role for mechanical forces in not only modulating cell behavior but also inducing it de novo in a process termed mechanotransduction. Structural proteins that connect the cell to its niche, for example, integrins and cadherins, and that couple to other growth factor receptors, either directly or indirectly, seem to mediate these changes, although specific mechanistic details are still being elucidated. In this review, we summarize how the wingless (Wnt), transforming growth factor-β, and bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathways affect cardiomyogenesis and then highlight the interplay between each pathway and mechanical forces. In addition, we will outline the role of integrins and cadherins during cardiac development. For each, we will describe how the interplay could change multiple processes during cardiomyogenesis, including the specification of undifferentiated cells, the establishment of heart patterns to accomplish tube and chamber formation, or the maturation of myocytes in the fully formed heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Happe
- From the Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA
| | - Adam J Engler
- From the Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA.
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60
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Ramachandra CJA, Mehta A, Lua CH, Chitre A, Ja KPMM, Shim W. ErbB Receptor Tyrosine Kinase: A Molecular Switch Between Cardiac and Neuroectoderm Specification in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2461-2470. [PMID: 27324647 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms determining intrinsic differentiation bias inherent to human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) toward cardiogenic fate remain elusive. We evaluated the interplay between ErbB4 and Epidemal growth factor receptor (EGFR or ErbB1) in determining cardiac differentiation in vitro as these receptor tyrosine kinases are key to heart and brain development in vivo. Our results demonstrate that during cardiac differentiation, cell fate biases exist in hPSCs due to cardiac/neuroectoderm divergence post cardiac mesoderm stage. Stage-specific up-regulation of EGFR in concert with persistent Wnt3a signaling post cardiac mesoderm favors commitment toward neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Inhibition of EGFR abrogates these effects with enhanced (>twofold) cardiac differentiation efficiencies by increasing proliferation of Nkx2-5 expressing cardiac progenitors while reducing proliferation of Sox2 expressing NPCs. Forced overexpression of ErbB4 rescued cardiac commitment by augmenting Wnt11 signaling. Convergence between EGFR/ErbB4 and canonical/noncanonical Wnt signaling determines cardiogenic fate in hPSCs. Stem Cells 2016;34:2461-2470.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashish Mehta
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore. .,Cardiovascular Academic Clinical Program.
| | - Chong Hui Lua
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anuja Chitre
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - K P Myu Mai Ja
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Winston Shim
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore. .,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
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61
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Y Chen
- From Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (I.Y.C., J.C.W.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (I.Y.C., J.C.W.), and Department of Radiology (J.C.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- From Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (I.Y.C., J.C.W.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (I.Y.C., J.C.W.), and Department of Radiology (J.C.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA.
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62
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Hou N, Ye B, Li X, Margulies KB, Xu H, Wang X, Li F. Transcription Factor 7-like 2 Mediates Canonical Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling and c-Myc Upregulation in Heart Failure. Circ Heart Fail 2016; 9. [PMID: 27301468 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.116.003010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND How canonical Wnt/β-catenin signals in adult hearts, especially in different diseased states, remains unclear. The proto-oncogene, c-Myc, is a Wnt target and an early response gene during cardiac stress. It is not clear whether c-Myc is activated or how it is regulated during heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling and how it regulated c-Myc expression in failing hearts of human ischemic heart disease, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, and murine desmin-related cardiomyopathy. Our data demonstrated that canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling was activated through nuclear accumulation of β-catenin in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease, and murine desmin-related cardiomyopathy when compared with nonfailing controls and transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) was the main β-catenin partner of the T-cell factor (TCF) family in adult hearts. We further revealed that c-Myc mRNA and protein levels were significantly elevated in failing hearts by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemical staining. Immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy further showed that β-catenin interacted and colocalized with TCF7L2. More importantly, chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed that β-catenin and TCF7L2 were recruited to the regulatory elements of c-Myc. This recruitment was associated with increased histone H3 acetylation and transcriptional upregulation of c-Myc. With lentiviral infection, TCF7L2 overexpression increased c-Myc expression and cardiomyocyte size, whereas shRNA-mediated knockdown of TCF7L2 suppressed c-Myc expression and cardiomyocyte growth in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that TCF7L2 mediates canonic Wnt/β-catenin signaling and c-Myc upregulation during abnormal cardiac remodeling in heart failure and suppression of Wnt/β-catenin to c-Myc axis can be explored for preventing and treating heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Bo Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Room 293, Dwan Variety Club Cardiovascular Research Center, 425 E River Pkwy, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Kenneth B Margulies
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center, Boulevard, Room 11-101, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Haodong Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Center for the Health Science, Room 13-145E, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD
| | - Faqian Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Room 293, Dwan Variety Club Cardiovascular Research Center, 425 E River Pkwy, Minneapolis, MN
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Månsson-Broberg A, Rodin S, Bulatovic I, Ibarra C, Löfling M, Genead R, Wärdell E, Felldin U, Granath C, Alici E, Le Blanc K, Smith CIE, Salašová A, Westgren M, Sundström E, Uhlén P, Arenas E, Sylvén C, Tryggvason K, Corbascio M, Simonson OE, Österholm C, Grinnemo KH. Wnt/β-Catenin Stimulation and Laminins Support Cardiovascular Cell Progenitor Expansion from Human Fetal Cardiac Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 6:607-617. [PMID: 27052314 PMCID: PMC4834052 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic regenerative capacity of human fetal cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) has not been fully characterized. Here we demonstrate that we can expand cells with characteristics of cardiovascular progenitor cells from the MSC population of human fetal hearts. Cells cultured on cardiac muscle laminin (LN)-based substrata in combination with stimulation of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway showed increased gene expression of ISL1, OCT4, KDR, and NKX2.5. The majority of cells stained positive for PDGFR-α, ISL1, and NKX2.5, and subpopulations also expressed the progenitor markers TBX18, KDR, c-KIT, and SSEA-1. Upon culture of the cardiac MSCs in differentiation media and on relevant LNs, portions of the cells differentiated into spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes, and endothelial and smooth muscle-like cells. Our protocol for large-scale culture of human fetal cardiac MSCs enables future exploration of the regenerative functions of these cells in the context of myocardial injury in vitro and in vivo. Cells with progenitor properties can be expanded from human fetal cardiac MSCs Specific LNs support expansion and differentiation of cardiac MSCs The fetal cardiac MSCs express ISL1, PDGFR-α, and NKX2.5 Subpopulations express the progenitor markers KDR, SSEA-1, c-KIT, and TBX18
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Affiliation(s)
- Agneta Månsson-Broberg
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sergey Rodin
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ivana Bulatovic
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cristián Ibarra
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D, 43150 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Marie Löfling
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rami Genead
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Wärdell
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Felldin
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Granath
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Evren Alici
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Cell Therapy Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| | - Katarina Le Blanc
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C I Edvard Smith
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alena Salašová
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Westgren
- CLINTEC, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Sundström
- Division of Neurodegeneration, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Uhlén
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ernest Arenas
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Sylvén
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Tryggvason
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Matthias Corbascio
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oscar E Simonson
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Österholm
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Cell Therapy Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| | - Karl-Henrik Grinnemo
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Cell Therapy Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA.
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64
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Chen Z, Zhu JY, Fu Y, Richman A, Han Z. Wnt4 is required for ostia development in the Drosophila heart. Dev Biol 2016; 413:188-98. [PMID: 26994311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila ostia are valve-like structures in the heart with functional similarity to vertebrate cardiac valves. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is critical for valve development in zebrafish and mouse, but the key ligand(s) for valve induction remains unclear. We observed high levels of Wnt4 gene expression in Drosophila ostia progenitor cells, immediately prior to morphological differentiation of these cells associated with ostia formation. This differentiation was blocked in Wnt4 mutants and in flies expressing canonical Wnt signaling pathway inhibitors but not inhibitors of the planar cell polarity pathway. High levels of Wnt4 dependent activation of a canonical Wnt signaling reporter was observed specifically in ostia progenitor cells. In vertebrate valve formation Wnt signaling is active in cells undergoing early endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the Wnt9 homolog of Drosophila Wnt4 is expressed in valve progenitors. In demonstrating an essential role for Wnt4 in ostia development we have identified similarities between molecular and cellular events associated with early EMT during vertebrate valve development and the differentiation and partial delamination of ostia progenitor cells in the process of ostia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Chen
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Jun-Yi Zhu
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Yulong Fu
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Adam Richman
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Zhe Han
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA; Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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65
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Endothelin-1 supports clonal derivation and expansion of cardiovascular progenitors derived from human embryonic stem cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10774. [PMID: 26952167 PMCID: PMC4786749 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary arteriogenesis is a central step in cardiogenesis, requiring coordinated generation and integration of endothelial cell and vascular smooth muscle cells. At present, it is unclear whether the cell fate programme of cardiac progenitors to generate complex muscular or vascular structures is entirely cell autonomous. Here we demonstrate the intrinsic ability of vascular progenitors to develop and self-organize into cardiac tissues by clonally isolating and expanding second heart field cardiovascular progenitors using WNT3A and endothelin-1 (EDN1) human recombinant proteins. Progenitor clones undergo long-term expansion and differentiate primarily into endothelial and smooth muscle cell lineages in vitro, and contribute extensively to coronary-like vessels in vivo, forming a functional human–mouse chimeric circulatory system. Our study identifies EDN1 as a key factor towards the generation and clonal derivation of ISL1+ vascular intermediates, and demonstrates the intrinsic cell-autonomous nature of these progenitors to differentiate and self-organize into functional vasculatures in vivo. Understanding coronary vessels development provides basis for regenerative strategies. Here, Soh et al. identify endothelin-1 as a key molecule driving long-term expansion of ISL1+ bipotent vascular progenitors derived from human embryonic stem cells, and show that these cells can regenerate coronary vessels in mice.
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66
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Lalit PA, Salick MR, Nelson DO, Squirrell JM, Shafer CM, Patel NG, Saeed I, Schmuck EG, Markandeya YS, Wong R, Lea MR, Eliceiri KW, Hacker TA, Crone WC, Kyba M, Garry DJ, Stewart R, Thomson JA, Downs KM, Lyons GE, Kamp TJ. Lineage Reprogramming of Fibroblasts into Proliferative Induced Cardiac Progenitor Cells by Defined Factors. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 18:354-67. [PMID: 26877223 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have reported reprogramming of fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocytes; however, reprogramming into proliferative induced cardiac progenitor cells (iCPCs) remains to be accomplished. Here we report that a combination of 11 or 5 cardiac factors along with canonical Wnt and JAK/STAT signaling reprogrammed adult mouse cardiac, lung, and tail tip fibroblasts into iCPCs. The iCPCs were cardiac mesoderm-restricted progenitors that could be expanded extensively while maintaining multipotency to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells in vitro. Moreover, iCPCs injected into the cardiac crescent of mouse embryos differentiated into cardiomyocytes. iCPCs transplanted into the post-myocardial infarction mouse heart improved survival and differentiated into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells. Lineage reprogramming of adult somatic cells into iCPCs provides a scalable cell source for drug discovery, disease modeling, and cardiac regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik A Lalit
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Max R Salick
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Material Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Daryl O Nelson
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jayne M Squirrell
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Christina M Shafer
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Neel G Patel
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Imaan Saeed
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Eric G Schmuck
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | | | - Rachel Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Martin R Lea
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Timothy A Hacker
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Wendy C Crone
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Material Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Michael Kyba
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daniel J Garry
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ron Stewart
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - James A Thomson
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Karen M Downs
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Gary E Lyons
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Timothy J Kamp
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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67
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Rodolfo C, Di Bartolomeo S, Cecconi F. Autophagy in stem and progenitor cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:475-96. [PMID: 26502349 PMCID: PMC11108450 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular process, responsible for the degradation and recycling of damaged and/or outlived proteins and organelles. This is the major cellular pathway, acting throughout the formation of cytosolic vesicles, called autophagosomes, for the delivering to lysosome. Recycling of cellular components through autophagy is a crucial step for cell homeostasis as well as for tissue remodelling during development. Impairment of this process has been related to the pathogenesis of various diseases, such as cancer and neurodegeneration, to the response to bacterial and viral infections, and to ageing. The ability of stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into the mature cells of the body renders this unique type of cell highly crucial to development and tissue renewal, not least in various diseases. During the last two decades, extensive knowledge about autophagy roles and regulation in somatic cells has been acquired; however, the picture about the role and the regulation of autophagy in the different types of stem cells is still largely unknown. Autophagy is a major player in the quality control and maintenance of cellular homeostasis, both crucial factors for stem cells during an organism's life. In this review, we have highlighted the most significant advances in the comprehension of autophagy regulation in embryonic and tissue stem cells, as well as in cancer stem cells and induced pluripotent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Rodolfo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Di Bartolomeo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cecconi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143, Rome, Italy.
- Unit of Cell Stress and Survival, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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68
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Chen B, Song G, Liu M, Qian L, Wang L, Gu H, Shen Y. Inhibition of miR-29c promotes proliferation, and inhibits apoptosis and differentiation in P19 embryonic carcinoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:2527-35. [PMID: 26848028 PMCID: PMC4769000 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, the upregulation of microRNA (miR)-29c was identified in the mother of a fetus with a congenital heart defect. However, the functional and regulatory mechanisms of miR-29c in the development of the heart remain to be elucidated. In the present study, the role and mechanism of miR-29c inhibition in heart development were investigated in an embryonic carcinoma cell model. Inhibition of miR-29c promoted proliferation, and suppressed the apoptosis and differentiation of P19 cells. It was also demonstrated that Wingless-related MMTV integration site 4 (Wnt4) was a target of miR-29c, determined using bioinformatic analysis combined with luciferase assays. The inhibition of miR-29c stimulated the WNT4/β-catenin pathway, promoting proliferation of the P19 cells, but suppressing their differentiation into cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, the inhibition of miR-29c promoted the expression of B cell lymphoma-2 and inhibited cell apoptosis. These results demonstrate the significance of miR-29c in the process of cardiac development and suggest that miR-29c dysregulation may be associated with the occurrence of CHD. Thus, miR-29c may have therapeutic potential in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Guixian Song
- Department of Cardiology and Respiratory Medicine, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Lingmei Qian
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Haitao Gu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yahui Shen
- Department of Cardiology and Respiratory Medicine, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
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Rodgers K, Papinska A, Mordwinkin N. Regulatory aspects of small molecule drugs for heart regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 96:245-52. [PMID: 26150343 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Even though recent discoveries prove the existence of cardiac progenitor cells, internal regenerative capacity of the heart is minimal. As cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of deaths in the United States, a number of approaches are being used to develop treatments for heart repair and regeneration. Small molecule drugs are of particular interest as they are suited for oral administration and can be chemically synthesized. However, the regulatory process for the development of new treatment modalities is protracted, complex and expensive. One of the hurdles to development of appropriate therapies is the need for predictive preclinical models. The use of patient-derived cardiomyocytes from iPSC cells represents a novel tool for this purpose. Among other concepts for induction of heart regeneration, the most advanced is the combination of DPP-IV inhibitors with stem cell mobilizers. This review will focus on regulatory aspects as well as preclinical hurdles of development of new treatments for heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Rodgers
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacoeconomics and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States.
| | - Anna Papinska
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacoeconomics and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Nicholas Mordwinkin
- Miltenyi Biotec, Inc., 2303 Lindbergh Street, Auburn, CA 95602, United States
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71
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ASLAN GS, MISIR DG, KOCABAŞ F. Underlying mechanisms and prospects of heart regeneration. Turk J Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.3906/biy-1506-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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72
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Briggs LE, Burns TA, Lockhart MM, Phelps AL, Van den Hoff MJB, Wessels A. Wnt/β-catenin and sonic hedgehog pathways interact in the regulation of the development of the dorsal mesenchymal protrusion. Dev Dyn 2015; 245:103-13. [PMID: 26297872 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dorsal mesenchymal protrusion (DMP) is a second heart field (SHF) derived tissue involved in cardiac septation. Molecular mechanisms controlling SHF/DMP development include the Bone Morphogenetic Protein and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. Reduced expression of components in these pathways leads to inhibition of proliferation of the SHF/DMP precursor population and failure of the DMP to develop. While the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathway has also been demonstrated to be critically important for SHF/DMP development and atrioventricular septation, its role in the regulation of SHF proliferation is contentious. RESULTS Tissue-specific deletion of the Shh receptor Smoothened from the SHF resulted in compromised DMP formation and atrioventricular septal defects (AVSDs). Immunohistochemical analysis at critical stages of DMP development showed significant proliferation defect as well as reduction in levels of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway-intermediates β-catenin, Lef1, and Axin2. To determine whether the defects seen in the conditional Smoothened knock-out mouse could be attributed to reduced Wnt/β-catenin signaling, LiCl, a pharmacological activator of this Wnt/β-catenin pathway, was administered. This resulted in restoration of proliferation and partial rescue of the AVSD phenotype. CONCLUSIONS The data presented suggest that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway interact with the Shh pathway in the regulation of SHF/DMP-precursor proliferation and, hence, the development of the DMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Briggs
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Tara A Burns
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Marie M Lockhart
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Aimee L Phelps
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Maurice J B Van den Hoff
- Heart Failure Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andy Wessels
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Den Hartogh SC, Passier R. Concise Review: Fluorescent Reporters in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells: Contributions to Cardiac Differentiation and Their Applications in Cardiac Disease and Toxicity. Stem Cells 2015; 34:13-26. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine C. Den Hartogh
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology; Leiden University Medical Centre; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology; Leiden University Medical Centre; Leiden The Netherlands
- Department of Applied Stem cell Technologies. MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine; University of Twente, P.O.Box 217; Enschede The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Schade
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse
6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alleyn T. Plowright
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Innovative
Medicines, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43183, Sweden
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Metrich M, Bezdek Pomey A, Berthonneche C, Sarre A, Nemir M, Pedrazzini T. Jagged1 intracellular domain-mediated inhibition of Notch1 signalling regulates cardiac homeostasis in the postnatal heart. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 108:74-86. [PMID: 26249804 PMCID: PMC4571837 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Notch1 signalling in the heart is mainly activated via expression of Jagged1 on the surface of cardiomyocytes. Notch controls cardiomyocyte proliferation and differentiation in the developing heart and regulates cardiac remodelling in the stressed adult heart. Besides canonical Notch receptor activation in signal-receiving cells, Notch ligands can also activate Notch receptor-independent responses in signal-sending cells via release of their intracellular domain. We evaluated therefore the importance of Jagged1 (J1) intracellular domain (ICD)-mediated pathways in the postnatal heart. Methods and results In cardiomyocytes, Jagged1 releases J1ICD, which then translocates into the nucleus and down-regulates Notch transcriptional activity. To study the importance of J1ICD in cardiac homeostasis, we generated transgenic mice expressing a tamoxifen-inducible form of J1ICD, specifically in cardiomyocytes. Using this model, we demonstrate that J1ICD-mediated Notch inhibition diminishes proliferation in the neonatal cardiomyocyte population and promotes maturation. In the neonatal heart, a response via Wnt and Akt pathway activation is elicited as an attempt to compensate for the deficit in cardiomyocyte number resulting from J1ICD activation. In the stressed adult heart, J1ICD activation results in a dramatic reduction of the number of Notch signalling cardiomyocytes, blunts the hypertrophic response, and reduces the number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes. Consistently, this occurs concomitantly with a significant down-regulation of the phosphorylation of the Akt effectors ribosomal S6 protein (S6) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein1 (4EBP1) controlling protein synthesis. Conclusions Altogether, these data demonstrate the importance of J1ICD in the modulation of physiological and pathological hypertrophy, and reveal the existence of a novel pathway regulating cardiac homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Metrich
- Experimental Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Lausanne Medical School, Rue du Bugnon 27, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - April Bezdek Pomey
- Experimental Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Lausanne Medical School, Rue du Bugnon 27, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Berthonneche
- Cardiovascular Assessment Facility, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Sarre
- Cardiovascular Assessment Facility, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Nemir
- Experimental Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Lausanne Medical School, Rue du Bugnon 27, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Pedrazzini
- Experimental Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Lausanne Medical School, Rue du Bugnon 27, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland Cardiovascular Assessment Facility, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Birket MJ, Ribeiro MC, Verkerk AO, Ward D, Leitoguinho AR, den Hartogh SC, Orlova VV, Devalla HD, Schwach V, Bellin M, Passier R, Mummery CL. Expansion and patterning of cardiovascular progenitors derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 33:970-9. [PMID: 26192318 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The inability of multipotent cardiovascular progenitor cells (CPCs) to undergo multiple divisions in culture has precluded stable expansion of precursors of cardiomyocytes and vascular cells. This contrasts with neural progenitors, which can be expanded robustly and are a renewable source of their derivatives. Here we use human pluripotent stem cells bearing a cardiac lineage reporter to show that regulated MYC expression enables robust expansion of CPCs with insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and a hedgehog pathway agonist. The CPCs can be patterned with morphogens, recreating features of heart field assignment, and controllably differentiated to relatively pure populations of pacemaker-like or ventricular-like cardiomyocytes. The cells are clonogenic and can be expanded for >40 population doublings while retaining the ability to differentiate into cardiomyocytes and vascular cells. Access to CPCs will allow precise recreation of elements of heart development in vitro and facilitate investigation of the molecular basis of cardiac fate determination. This technology is applicable for cardiac disease modeling, toxicology studies and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dorien Ward
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Verena Schwach
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Milena Bellin
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Abstract
The heart is the first organ formed during mammalian development. A properly sized and functional heart is vital throughout the entire lifespan. Loss of cardiomyocytes because of injury or diseases leads to heart failure, which is a major cause of human morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, regenerative potential of the adult heart is limited. The Hippo pathway is a recently identified signaling cascade that plays an evolutionarily conserved role in organ size control by inhibiting cell proliferation, promoting apoptosis, regulating fates of stem/progenitor cells, and in some circumstances, limiting cell size. Interestingly, research indicates a key role of this pathway in regulation of cardiomyocyte proliferation and heart size. Inactivation of the Hippo pathway or activation of its downstream effector, the Yes-associated protein transcription coactivator, improves cardiac regeneration. Several known upstream signals of the Hippo pathway such as mechanical stress, G-protein-coupled receptor signaling, and oxidative stress are known to play critical roles in cardiac physiology. In addition, Yes-associated protein has been shown to regulate cardiomyocyte fate through multiple transcriptional mechanisms. In this review, we summarize and discuss current findings on the roles and mechanisms of the Hippo pathway in heart development, injury, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- From the Life Sciences Institute, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (Q.Z., B.Z.); Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (L.L.); and Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla (K.-L.G.)
| | - Li Li
- From the Life Sciences Institute, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (Q.Z., B.Z.); Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (L.L.); and Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla (K.-L.G.)
| | - Bin Zhao
- From the Life Sciences Institute, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (Q.Z., B.Z.); Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (L.L.); and Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla (K.-L.G.).
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- From the Life Sciences Institute, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (Q.Z., B.Z.); Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (L.L.); and Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla (K.-L.G.).
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78
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Sirabella D, Cimetta E, Vunjak-Novakovic G. "The state of the heart": Recent advances in engineering human cardiac tissue from pluripotent stem cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:1008-18. [PMID: 26069271 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215589910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The pressing need for effective cell therapy for the heart has led to the investigation of suitable cell sources for tissue replacement. In recent years, human pluripotent stem cell research expanded tremendously, in particular since the derivation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells. In parallel, bioengineering technologies have led to novel approaches for in vitro cell culture. The combination of these two fields holds potential for in vitro generation of high-fidelity heart tissue, both for basic research and for therapeutic applications. However, this new multidisciplinary science is still at an early stage. Many questions need to be answered and improvements need to be made before clinical applications become a reality. Here we discuss the current status of human stem cell differentiation into cardiomyocytes and the combined use of bioengineering approaches for cardiac tissue formation and maturation in developmental studies, disease modeling, drug testing, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Sirabella
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York 10032, USA
| | - Elisa Cimetta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York 10032, USA
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79
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Sturzu AC, Rajarajan K, Passer D, Plonowska K, Riley A, Tan TC, Sharma A, Xu AF, Engels MC, Feistritzer R, Li G, Selig MK, Geissler R, Robertson KD, Scherrer-Crosbie M, Domian IJ, Wu SM. Fetal Mammalian Heart Generates a Robust Compensatory Response to Cell Loss. Circulation 2015; 132:109-21. [PMID: 25995316 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.011490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart development is tightly regulated by signaling events acting on a defined number of progenitor and differentiated cardiac cells. Although loss of function of these signaling pathways leads to congenital malformation, the consequences of cardiac progenitor cell or embryonic cardiomyocyte loss are less clear. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that embryonic mouse hearts exhibit a robust mechanism for regeneration after extensive cell loss. METHODS AND RESULTS By combining a conditional cell ablation approach with a novel blastocyst complementation strategy, we generated murine embryos that exhibit a full spectrum of cardiac progenitor cell or cardiomyocyte ablation. Remarkably, ablation of up to 60% of cardiac progenitor cells at embryonic day 7.5 was well tolerated and permitted embryo survival. Ablation of embryonic cardiomyocytes to a similar degree (50% to 60%) at embryonic day 9.0 could be fully rescued by residual myocytes with no obvious adult cardiac functional deficit. In both ablation models, an increase in cardiomyocyte proliferation rate was detected and accounted for at least some of the rapid recovery of myocardial cellularity and heart size. CONCLUSION Our study defines the threshold for cell loss in the embryonic mammalian heart and reveals a robust cardiomyocyte compensatory response that sustains normal fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Sturzu
- From Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (A.C.S., K.R., K.P., A.S., A.F.X., G.L., S.M.W.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., S.M.W.), Department of Pathology (R.G.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (S.M.W.), and Child Health Research Institute (S.M.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., K.R., D.P., A.R., T.C.T., M.C.E., R.F., K.D.R., M.S.-C., I.J.D.) and Department of Pathology (M.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Kuppusamy Rajarajan
- From Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (A.C.S., K.R., K.P., A.S., A.F.X., G.L., S.M.W.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., S.M.W.), Department of Pathology (R.G.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (S.M.W.), and Child Health Research Institute (S.M.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., K.R., D.P., A.R., T.C.T., M.C.E., R.F., K.D.R., M.S.-C., I.J.D.) and Department of Pathology (M.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Derek Passer
- From Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (A.C.S., K.R., K.P., A.S., A.F.X., G.L., S.M.W.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., S.M.W.), Department of Pathology (R.G.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (S.M.W.), and Child Health Research Institute (S.M.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., K.R., D.P., A.R., T.C.T., M.C.E., R.F., K.D.R., M.S.-C., I.J.D.) and Department of Pathology (M.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Karolina Plonowska
- From Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (A.C.S., K.R., K.P., A.S., A.F.X., G.L., S.M.W.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., S.M.W.), Department of Pathology (R.G.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (S.M.W.), and Child Health Research Institute (S.M.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., K.R., D.P., A.R., T.C.T., M.C.E., R.F., K.D.R., M.S.-C., I.J.D.) and Department of Pathology (M.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Alyssa Riley
- From Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (A.C.S., K.R., K.P., A.S., A.F.X., G.L., S.M.W.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., S.M.W.), Department of Pathology (R.G.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (S.M.W.), and Child Health Research Institute (S.M.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., K.R., D.P., A.R., T.C.T., M.C.E., R.F., K.D.R., M.S.-C., I.J.D.) and Department of Pathology (M.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Timothy C Tan
- From Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (A.C.S., K.R., K.P., A.S., A.F.X., G.L., S.M.W.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., S.M.W.), Department of Pathology (R.G.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (S.M.W.), and Child Health Research Institute (S.M.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., K.R., D.P., A.R., T.C.T., M.C.E., R.F., K.D.R., M.S.-C., I.J.D.) and Department of Pathology (M.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Arun Sharma
- From Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (A.C.S., K.R., K.P., A.S., A.F.X., G.L., S.M.W.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., S.M.W.), Department of Pathology (R.G.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (S.M.W.), and Child Health Research Institute (S.M.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., K.R., D.P., A.R., T.C.T., M.C.E., R.F., K.D.R., M.S.-C., I.J.D.) and Department of Pathology (M.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Adele F Xu
- From Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (A.C.S., K.R., K.P., A.S., A.F.X., G.L., S.M.W.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., S.M.W.), Department of Pathology (R.G.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (S.M.W.), and Child Health Research Institute (S.M.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., K.R., D.P., A.R., T.C.T., M.C.E., R.F., K.D.R., M.S.-C., I.J.D.) and Department of Pathology (M.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Marc C Engels
- From Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (A.C.S., K.R., K.P., A.S., A.F.X., G.L., S.M.W.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., S.M.W.), Department of Pathology (R.G.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (S.M.W.), and Child Health Research Institute (S.M.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., K.R., D.P., A.R., T.C.T., M.C.E., R.F., K.D.R., M.S.-C., I.J.D.) and Department of Pathology (M.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Rebecca Feistritzer
- From Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (A.C.S., K.R., K.P., A.S., A.F.X., G.L., S.M.W.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., S.M.W.), Department of Pathology (R.G.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (S.M.W.), and Child Health Research Institute (S.M.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., K.R., D.P., A.R., T.C.T., M.C.E., R.F., K.D.R., M.S.-C., I.J.D.) and Department of Pathology (M.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Guang Li
- From Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (A.C.S., K.R., K.P., A.S., A.F.X., G.L., S.M.W.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., S.M.W.), Department of Pathology (R.G.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (S.M.W.), and Child Health Research Institute (S.M.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., K.R., D.P., A.R., T.C.T., M.C.E., R.F., K.D.R., M.S.-C., I.J.D.) and Department of Pathology (M.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Martin K Selig
- From Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (A.C.S., K.R., K.P., A.S., A.F.X., G.L., S.M.W.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., S.M.W.), Department of Pathology (R.G.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (S.M.W.), and Child Health Research Institute (S.M.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., K.R., D.P., A.R., T.C.T., M.C.E., R.F., K.D.R., M.S.-C., I.J.D.) and Department of Pathology (M.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Richard Geissler
- From Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (A.C.S., K.R., K.P., A.S., A.F.X., G.L., S.M.W.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., S.M.W.), Department of Pathology (R.G.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (S.M.W.), and Child Health Research Institute (S.M.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., K.R., D.P., A.R., T.C.T., M.C.E., R.F., K.D.R., M.S.-C., I.J.D.) and Department of Pathology (M.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Keston D Robertson
- From Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (A.C.S., K.R., K.P., A.S., A.F.X., G.L., S.M.W.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., S.M.W.), Department of Pathology (R.G.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (S.M.W.), and Child Health Research Institute (S.M.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., K.R., D.P., A.R., T.C.T., M.C.E., R.F., K.D.R., M.S.-C., I.J.D.) and Department of Pathology (M.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Marielle Scherrer-Crosbie
- From Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (A.C.S., K.R., K.P., A.S., A.F.X., G.L., S.M.W.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., S.M.W.), Department of Pathology (R.G.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (S.M.W.), and Child Health Research Institute (S.M.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., K.R., D.P., A.R., T.C.T., M.C.E., R.F., K.D.R., M.S.-C., I.J.D.) and Department of Pathology (M.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Ibrahim J Domian
- From Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (A.C.S., K.R., K.P., A.S., A.F.X., G.L., S.M.W.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., S.M.W.), Department of Pathology (R.G.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (S.M.W.), and Child Health Research Institute (S.M.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., K.R., D.P., A.R., T.C.T., M.C.E., R.F., K.D.R., M.S.-C., I.J.D.) and Department of Pathology (M.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Sean M Wu
- From Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (A.C.S., K.R., K.P., A.S., A.F.X., G.L., S.M.W.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., S.M.W.), Department of Pathology (R.G.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (S.M.W.), and Child Health Research Institute (S.M.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.C.S., K.R., D.P., A.R., T.C.T., M.C.E., R.F., K.D.R., M.S.-C., I.J.D.) and Department of Pathology (M.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
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80
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Pataki CA, Couchman JR, Brábek J. Wnt Signaling Cascades and the Roles of Syndecan Proteoglycans. J Histochem Cytochem 2015; 63:465-80. [PMID: 25910817 DOI: 10.1369/0022155415586961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling comprises a group of pathways emanating from the extracellular environment through cell-surface receptors into the intracellular milieu. Wnt signaling cascades can be divided into two main branches, the canonical/β-catenin pathway and the non-canonical pathways containing the Wnt/planar cell polarity and Wnt/calcium signaling. Syndecans are type I transmembrane proteoglycans with a long evolutionary history, being expressed in all Bilateria and in almost all cell types. Both Wnt pathways have been extensively studied over the past 30 years and shown to have roles during development and in a multitude of diseases. Although the first evidence for interactions between syndecans and Wnts dates back to 1997, the number of studies connecting these pathways is low, and many open questions remained unanswered. In this review, syndecan's involvement in Wnt signaling pathways as well as some of the pathologies resulting from dysregulation of the components of these pathways are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla A Pataki
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (CAP,JB)
| | - John R Couchman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (JRC)
| | - Jan Brábek
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (CAP,JB)
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81
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Bosman A, Letourneau A, Sartiani L, Del Lungo M, Ronzoni F, Kuziakiv R, Tohonen V, Zucchelli M, Santoni F, Guipponi M, Dumevska B, Hovatta O, Antonarakis SE, Jaconi ME. Perturbations of Heart Development and Function in Cardiomyocytes from Human Embryonic Stem Cells with Trisomy 21. Stem Cells 2015; 33:1434-46. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Bosman
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute; Darlinghurst New South Wales Australia
| | - Audrey Letourneau
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Laura Sartiani
- Department of Neuroscience; Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - Martina Del Lungo
- Department of Neuroscience; Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - Flavio Ronzoni
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Rostyslav Kuziakiv
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Virpi Tohonen
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition; Karolinska Institute; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Marco Zucchelli
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition; Karolinska Institute; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Federico Santoni
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Michel Guipponi
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | | | - Outi Hovatta
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Department of Clinical Science; Karolinska Institute; Huddinge Stockholm Sweden
| | - Stylianos E. Antonarakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Marisa E. Jaconi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
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82
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Park G, Yoon BS, Kim YS, Choi SC, Moon JH, Kwon S, Hwang J, Yun W, Kim JH, Park CY, Lim DS, Kim YI, Oh CH, You S. Conversion of mouse fibroblasts into cardiomyocyte-like cells using small molecule treatments. Biomaterials 2015; 54:201-12. [PMID: 25907053 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of controlling cell fates by overexpressing specific transcription factors has led to numerous studies in stem cell research. Small molecules can be used, instead of transcription factors, to induce the de-differentiation of somatic cells or to induce pluripotent cells (iPSCs). Here we reported that combinations of small molecules could convert mouse fibroblasts into cardiomyocyte-like cell without requiring transcription factor expression. Treatment with specific combinations of small molecules that are enhancer for iPSC induction converted mouse fibroblasts into spontaneously contracting, cardiac troponin T-positive, cardiomyocyte-like cells. We specifically identified five small molecules that can induce mouse fibroblasts to form these cardiomyocyte-like cells. These cells are similar to primary cardiomyocytes in terms of marker gene expression, epigenetic status of cardiac-specific genes, and subcellular structure. Our findings indicate that lineage conversion can be induced not only by transcription factors, but also by small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyuman Park
- Laboratory of Cell Function Regulation, Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Sun Yoon
- Laboratory of Cell Function Regulation, Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Sik Kim
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Cheol Choi
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jai-Hee Moon
- Laboratory of Cell Function Regulation, Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyun Kwon
- Laboratory of Cell Function Regulation, Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Hwang
- Laboratory of Cell Function Regulation, Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjin Yun
- Laboratory of Cell Function Regulation, Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Kim
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Yeon Park
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Sun Lim
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang In Kim
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chil Hwan Oh
- Department of Dermatology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seungkwon You
- Laboratory of Cell Function Regulation, Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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83
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Bulatovic I, Ibarra C, Österholm C, Wang H, Beltrán-Rodríguez A, Varas-Godoy M, Månsson-Broberg A, Uhlén P, Simon A, Grinnemo KH. Sublethal caspase activation promotes generation of cardiomyocytes from embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120176. [PMID: 25763592 PMCID: PMC4357377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Generation of new cardiomyocytes is critical for cardiac repair following myocardial injury, but which kind of stimuli is most important for cardiomyocyte regeneration is still unclear. Here we explore if apoptotic stimuli, manifested through caspase activation, influences cardiac progenitor up-regulation and cardiomyocyte differentiation. Using mouse embryonic stem cells as a cellular model, we show that sublethal activation of caspases increases the yield of cardiomyocytes while concurrently promoting the proliferation and differentiation of c-Kit+/α-actininlow cardiac progenitor cells. A broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor blocked these effects. In addition, the caspase inhibitor reversed the mRNA expression of genes expressed in cardiomyocytes and their precursors. Our study demonstrates that sublethal caspase-activation has an important role in cardiomyocyte differentiation and may have significant implications for promoting cardiac regeneration after myocardial injury involving exogenous or endogenous cell sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Bulatovic
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cristian Ibarra
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Österholm
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heng Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Beltrán-Rodríguez
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuel Varas-Godoy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agneta Månsson-Broberg
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Uhlén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - András Simon
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl-Henrik Grinnemo
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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84
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Abstract
The latest discoveries and advanced knowledge in the fields of stem cell biology and developmental cardiology hold great promise for cardiac regenerative medicine, enabling researchers to design novel therapeutic tools and approaches to regenerate cardiac muscle for diseased hearts. However, progress in this arena has been hampered by a lack of reproducible and convincing evidence, which at best has yielded modest outcomes and is still far from clinical practice. To address current controversies and move cardiac regenerative therapeutics forward, it is crucial to gain a deeper understanding of the key cellular and molecular programs involved in human cardiogenesis and cardiac regeneration. In this review, we consider the fundamental principles that govern the "programming" and "reprogramming" of a human heart cell and discuss updated therapeutic strategies to regenerate a damaged heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Sahara
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Medicine-Cardiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Federica Santoro
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kenneth R Chien
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Medicine-Cardiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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85
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Birket MJ, Mummery CL. Pluripotent stem cell derived cardiovascular progenitors--a developmental perspective. Dev Biol 2015; 400:169-79. [PMID: 25624264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells can now be routinely differentiated into cardiac cell types including contractile cardiomyocytes, enabling the study of heart development and disease in vitro, and creating opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic interventions for patients. Our grasp of the system, however, remains partial, and a significant reason for this has been our inability to effectively purify and expand the intermediate cardiovascular progenitor cells (CPCs) equivalent to those studied in heart development. Doing so could facilitate the construction of a cardiac lineage cell fate map, boosting our capacity to more finely control stem cell lineage commitment to functionally distinct cardiac identities, as well as providing a model for identifying which genes confer cardiac potential on CPCs. This review offers a perspective on CPC development as understood from model organisms and pluripotent stem cell systems, focusing on issues of identity as well as the signalling implicated in inducing, expanding and patterning these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Birket
- Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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86
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Buikema JW, Van Der Meer P, Sluijter JPG, Domian IJ. Concise review: Engineering myocardial tissue: the convergence of stem cells biology and tissue engineering technology. Stem Cells 2015; 31:2587-98. [PMID: 23843322 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Advanced heart failure represents a leading public health problem in the developed world. The clinical syndrome results from the loss of viable and/or fully functional myocardial tissue. Designing new approaches to augment the number of functioning human cardiac muscle cells in the failing heart serve as the foundation of modern regenerative cardiovascular medicine. A number of clinical trials have been performed in an attempt to increase the number of functional myocardial cells by the transplantation of a diverse group of stem or progenitor cells. Although there are some encouraging suggestions of a small early therapeutic benefit, to date, no evidence for robust cell or tissue engraftment has been shown, emphasizing the need for new approaches. Clinically meaningful cardiac regeneration requires the identification of the optimum cardiogenic cell types and their assembly into mature myocardial tissue that is functionally and electrically coupled to the native myocardium. We here review recent advances in stem cell biology and tissue engineering and describe how the convergence of these two fields may yield novel approaches for cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Willem Buikema
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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87
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Cagavi E, Bartulos O, Suh CY, Sun B, Yue Z, Jiang Z, Yue L, Qyang Y. Functional cardiomyocytes derived from Isl1 cardiac progenitors via Bmp4 stimulation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110752. [PMID: 25522363 PMCID: PMC4270687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
As heart failure due to myocardial infarction remains a leading cause of morbidity worldwide, cell-based cardiac regenerative therapy using cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) could provide a potential treatment for the repair of injured myocardium. As adult CPCs may have limitations regarding tissue accessibility and proliferative ability, CPCs derived from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) could serve as an unlimited source of cells with high proliferative ability. As one of the CPCs that can be derived from embryonic stem cells, Isl1 expressing cardiac progenitor cells (Isl1-CPCs) may serve as a valuable source of cells for cardiac repair due to their high cardiac differentiation potential and authentic cardiac origin. In order to generate an unlimited number of Isl1-CPCs, we used a previously established an ESC line that allows for isolation of Isl1-CPCs by green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression that is directed by the mef2c gene, specifically expressed in the Isl1 domain of the anterior heart field. To improve the efficiency of cardiac differentiation of Isl1-CPCs, we studied the role of Bmp4 in cardiogenesis of Isl1-CPCs. We show an inductive role of Bmp directly on cardiac progenitors and its enhancement on early cardiac differentiation of CPCs. Upon induction of Bmp4 to Isl1-CPCs during differentiation, the cTnT+ cardiomyocyte population was enhanced 2.8±0.4 fold for Bmp4 treated CPC cultures compared to that detected for vehicle treated cultures. Both Bmp4 treated and untreated cardiomyocytes exhibit proper electrophysiological and calcium signaling properties. In addition, we observed a significant increase in Tbx5 and Tbx20 expression in differentiation cultures treated with Bmp4 compared to the untreated control, suggesting a link between Bmp4 and Tbx genes which may contribute to the enhanced cardiac differentiation in Bmp4 treated cultures. Collectively these findings suggest a cardiomyogenic role for Bmp4 directly on a pure population of Isl1 expressing cardiac progenitors, which could lead to enhancement of cardiac differentiation and engraftment, holding a significant therapeutic value for cardiac repair in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Cagavi
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oscar Bartulos
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Carol Y. Suh
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Baonan Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Zhichao Yue
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Zhengxin Jiang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Lixia Yue
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Yibing Qyang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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88
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Bisson JA, Mills B, Paul Helt JC, Zwaka TP, Cohen ED. Wnt5a and Wnt11 inhibit the canonical Wnt pathway and promote cardiac progenitor development via the Caspase-dependent degradation of AKT. Dev Biol 2014; 398:80-96. [PMID: 25482987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Wnt proteins regulate cell behavior via a canonical signaling pathway that induces β-catenin dependent transcription. It is now appreciated that Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes the expansion of the second heart field (SHF) progenitor cells that ultimately give-rise to the majority of cardiomyocytes. However, activating β-catenin can also cause the loss of SHF progenitors, highlighting the necessity of precise control over β-catenin signaling during heart development. We recently reported that two non-canonical Wnt ligands, Wnt5a and Wnt11, act cooperatively to attenuate canonical Wnt signaling that would otherwise disrupt the SHF. While these data reveal the essential role of this anti-canonical Wnt5a/Wnt11 signaling in SHF development, the mechanisms by which these ligands inhibit the canonical Wnt pathway are unclear. Wnt11 was previously shown to inhibit β-catenin and promote cardiomyocyte maturation by activating a novel apoptosis-independent function of Caspases. Consistent with these data, we now show that Wnt5a and Wnt11 are capable of inducing Caspase activity in differentiating embryonic stem (ES) cells and that hearts from Wnt5a(-/-); Wnt11(-/-) embryos have diminished Caspase 3 (Casp3) activity. Furthermore, SHF markers are reduced in Casp3 mutant ES cells while the treatment of wild type ES cells with Caspase inhibitors blocked the ability of Wnt5a and Wnt11 to promote SHF gene expression. This finding was in agreement with our in vivo studies in which injecting pregnant mice with Caspase inhibitors reduced SHF marker expression in their gestating embryos. Caspase inhibition also blocked other Wnt5a/Wnt11 induced effects, including the suppression of β-catenin protein expression and activity. Interestingly, Wnt5a/Wnt11 treatment of differentiating ES cells reduced both phosphorylated and total Akt through a Caspase-dependent mechanism and phosphorylated Akt levels were increased in the hearts Caspase inhibitor treated. Surprisingly, inhibition of either Akt or PI3K in ES cells was an equally effective means of increasing SHF markers compared to treatment with Wnt5a/Wnt11. Moreover, Akt inhibition restored SHF gene expression in Casp3 mutant ES cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that Wnt5a/Wnt11 inhibit β-catenin to promote SHF development through Caspase-dependent Akt degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Bisson
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Bradley Mills
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jay-Christian Paul Helt
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Thomas P Zwaka
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ethan David Cohen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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89
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Abstract
During development, cardiogenesis is orchestrated by a family of heart progenitors that build distinct regions of the heart. Each region contains diverse cell types that assemble to form the complex structures of the individual cardiac compartments. Cardiomyocytes are the main cell type found in the heart and ensure contraction of the chambers and efficient blood flow throughout the body. Injury to the cardiac muscle often leads to heart failure due to the loss of a large number of cardiomyocytes and its limited intrinsic capacity to regenerate the damaged tissue, making it one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this Primer we discuss how insights into the molecular and cellular framework underlying cardiac development can be used to guide the in vitro specification of cardiomyocytes, whether by directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells or via direct lineage conversion. Additional strategies to generate cardiomyocytes in situ, such as reactivation of endogenous cardiac progenitors and induction of cardiomyocyte proliferation, will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Später
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Department of Bioscience, CVMD iMED, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal 43150, Sweden
| | - Emil M Hansson
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 35 Berzelius Vag, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Lior Zangi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA Cardiovascular Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kenneth R Chien
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 35 Berzelius Vag, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
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90
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Gillers BS, Chiplunkar A, Aly H, Valenta T, Basler K, Christoffels VM, Efimov IR, Boukens BJ, Rentschler S. Canonical wnt signaling regulates atrioventricular junction programming and electrophysiological properties. Circ Res 2014; 116:398-406. [PMID: 25599332 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.304731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Proper patterning of the atrioventricular canal (AVC) is essential for delay of electrical impulses between atria and ventricles, and defects in AVC maturation can result in congenital heart disease. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of canonical Wnt signaling in the myocardium during AVC development. METHODS AND RESULTS We used a novel allele of β-catenin that preserves β-catenin's cell adhesive functions but disrupts canonical Wnt signaling, allowing us to probe the effects of Wnt loss of function independently. We show that the loss of canonical Wnt signaling in the myocardium results in tricuspid atresia with hypoplastic right ventricle associated with the loss of AVC myocardium. In contrast, ectopic activation of Wnt signaling was sufficient to induce formation of ectopic AV junction-like tissue as assessed by morphology, gene expression, and electrophysiological criteria. Aberrant AVC development can lead to ventricular pre-excitation, a characteristic feature of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. We demonstrate that postnatal activation of Notch signaling downregulates canonical Wnt targets within the AV junction. Stabilization of β-catenin protein levels can rescue Notch-mediated ventricular pre-excitation and dysregulated ion channel gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that myocardial canonical Wnt signaling is an important regulator of AVC maturation and electric programming upstream of Tbx3. Our data further suggest that ventricular pre-excitation may require both morphological patterning defects, as well as myocardial lineage reprogramming, to allow robust conduction across accessory pathway tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Gillers
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), and Department of Developmental Biology (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.V., K.B.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology, Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.M.C.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (I.R.E., B.J.B., S.R.)
| | - Aditi Chiplunkar
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), and Department of Developmental Biology (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.V., K.B.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology, Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.M.C.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (I.R.E., B.J.B., S.R.)
| | - Haytham Aly
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), and Department of Developmental Biology (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.V., K.B.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology, Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.M.C.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (I.R.E., B.J.B., S.R.)
| | - Tomas Valenta
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), and Department of Developmental Biology (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.V., K.B.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology, Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.M.C.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (I.R.E., B.J.B., S.R.)
| | - Konrad Basler
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), and Department of Developmental Biology (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.V., K.B.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology, Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.M.C.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (I.R.E., B.J.B., S.R.)
| | - Vincent M Christoffels
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), and Department of Developmental Biology (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.V., K.B.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology, Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.M.C.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (I.R.E., B.J.B., S.R.)
| | - Igor R Efimov
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), and Department of Developmental Biology (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.V., K.B.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology, Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.M.C.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (I.R.E., B.J.B., S.R.)
| | - Bastiaan J Boukens
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), and Department of Developmental Biology (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.V., K.B.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology, Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.M.C.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (I.R.E., B.J.B., S.R.)
| | - Stacey Rentschler
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), and Department of Developmental Biology (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.V., K.B.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology, Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.M.C.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (I.R.E., B.J.B., S.R.).
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91
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Soh BS, Buac K, Xu H, Li E, Ng SY, Wu H, Chmielowiec J, Jiang X, Bu L, Li RA, Cowan C, Chien KR. N-cadherin prevents the premature differentiation of anterior heart field progenitors in the pharyngeal mesodermal microenvironment. Cell Res 2014; 24:1420-32. [PMID: 25367124 PMCID: PMC4260345 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2014.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) in the anterior heart field (AHF) are located in the pharyngeal mesoderm (PM), where they expand, migrate and eventually differentiate into major cell types found in the heart, including cardiomyocytes. The mechanisms by which these progenitors are able to expand within the PM microenvironment without premature differentiation remain largely unknown. Through in silico data mining, genetic loss-of-function studies, and in vivo genetic rescue studies, we identified N-cadherin and interaction with canonical Wnt signals as a critical component of the microenvironment that facilitates the expansion of AHF-CPCs in the PM. CPCs in N-cadherin mutant embryos were observed to be less proliferative and undergo premature differentiation in the PM. Notably, the phenotype of N-cadherin deficiency could be partially rescued by activating Wnt signaling, suggesting a delicate functional interaction between the adhesion role of N-cadherin and Wnt signaling in the early PM microenvironment. This study suggests a new mechanism for the early renewal of AHF progenitors where N-cadherin provides additional adhesion for progenitor cells in the PM, thereby allowing Wnt paracrine signals to expand the cells without premature differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon-Seng Soh
- 1] Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA [2] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [3] Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Consortium, and the Department of Physiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China [4] Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Buac
- 1] Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA [2] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [3] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Huansheng Xu
- 1] Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA [2] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [3] Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Consortium, and the Department of Physiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Edward Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shi-Yan Ng
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- 1] Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA [2] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jolanta Chmielowiec
- 1] Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA [2] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Xin Jiang
- 1] Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA [2] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Lei Bu
- 1] Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA [2] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [3] Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Consortium, and the Department of Physiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ronald A Li
- 1] Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Consortium, and the Department of Physiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China [2] Center of Cardiovascular Research, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Chad Cowan
- 1] Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA [2] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kenneth R Chien
- 1] Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA [2] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [3] Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Chong JJ, Forte E, Harvey RP. Developmental origins and lineage descendants of endogenous adult cardiac progenitor cells. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:592-614. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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93
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Lui KO, Zangi L, Chien KR. Cardiovascular regenerative therapeutics via synthetic paracrine factor modified mRNA. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:693-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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94
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Piven OO, Palchevska OL, Lukash LL. Role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in embryonic cardiogenesis, postnatal formation and reconstruction of myocardium. CYTOL GENET+ 2014. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452714050077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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95
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Cambier L, Plate M, Sucov HM, Pashmforoush M. Nkx2-5 regulates cardiac growth through modulation of Wnt signaling by R-spondin3. Development 2014; 141:2959-71. [PMID: 25053429 DOI: 10.1242/dev.103416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A complex regulatory network of morphogens and transcription factors is essential for normal cardiac development. Nkx2-5 is among the earliest known markers of cardiac mesoderm that is central to the regulatory pathways mediating second heart field (SHF) development. Here, we have examined the specific requirements for Nkx2-5 in the SHF progenitors. We show that Nkx2-5 potentiates Wnt signaling by regulating the expression of the R-spondin3 (Rspo3) gene during cardiogenesis. R-spondins are secreted factors and potent Wnt agonists that in part regulate stem cell proliferation. Our data show that Rspo3 is markedly downregulated in Nkx2-5 mutants and that Rspo3 expression is regulated by Nkx2-5. Conditional inactivation of Rspo3 in the Isl1 lineage resulted in embryonic lethality secondary to impaired development of SHF. More importantly, we find that Wnt signaling is significantly attenuated in Nkx2-5 mutants and that enhancing Wnt/β-catenin signaling by pharmacological treatment or by transgenic expression of Rspo3 rescues the SHF defects in the conditional Nkx2-5(+/-) mutants. We have identified a previously unrecognized genetic link between Nkx2-5 and Wnt signaling that supports continued cardiac growth and proliferation during development. Identification of Rspo3 in cardiac development provides a new paradigm in temporal regulation of Wnt signaling by cardiac-specific transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Cambier
- Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Markus Plate
- Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Henry M Sucov
- Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Mohammad Pashmforoush
- Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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96
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Abstract
WNT-β-catenin signalling is involved in a multitude of developmental processes and the maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis by regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, genetic stability and apoptosis, as well as by maintaining adult stem cells in a pluripotent state. Not surprisingly, aberrant regulation of this pathway is therefore associated with a variety of diseases, including cancer, fibrosis and neurodegeneration. Despite this knowledge, therapeutic agents specifically targeting the WNT pathway have only recently entered clinical trials and none has yet been approved. This Review examines the problems and potential solutions to this vexing situation and attempts to bring them into perspective.
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97
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Pagliari S, Jelinek J, Grassi G, Forte G. Targeting pleiotropic signaling pathways to control adult cardiac stem cell fate and function. Front Physiol 2014; 5:219. [PMID: 25071583 PMCID: PMC4076671 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of different pools of cardiac progenitor cells resident in the adult mammalian heart opened a new era in heart regeneration as a means to restore the loss of functional cardiac tissue and overcome the limited availability of donor organs. Indeed, resident stem cells are believed to participate to tissue homeostasis and renewal in healthy and damaged myocardium although their actual contribution to these processes remain unclear. The poor outcome in terms of cardiac regeneration following tissue damage point out at the need for a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling CPC behavior and fate determination before new therapeutic strategies can be developed. The regulation of cardiac resident stem cell fate and function is likely to result from the interplay between pleiotropic signaling pathways as well as tissue- and cell-specific regulators. Such a modular interaction—which has already been described in the nucleus of a number of different cells where transcriptional complexes form to activate specific gene programs—would account for the unique responses of cardiac progenitors to general and tissue-specific stimuli. The study of the molecular determinants involved in cardiac stem/progenitor cell regulatory mechanisms may shed light on the processes of cardiac homeostasis in health and disease and thus provide clues on the actual feasibility of cardiac cell therapy through tissue-specific progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Pagliari
- Integrated Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine (ICCT), International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Jelinek
- Integrated Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine (ICCT), International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriele Grassi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste Trieste, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Forte
- Integrated Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine (ICCT), International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic
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98
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99
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Sahara M, Hansson EM, Wernet O, Lui KO, Später D, Chien KR. Manipulation of a VEGF-Notch signaling circuit drives formation of functional vascular endothelial progenitors from human pluripotent stem cells. Cell Res 2014; 24:820-41. [PMID: 24810299 PMCID: PMC4085760 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2014.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived endothelial lineage cells constitutes a promising source for therapeutic revascularization, but progress in this arena has been hampered by a lack of clinically-scalable differentiation protocols and inefficient formation of a functional vessel network integrating with the host circulation upon transplantation. Using a human embryonic stem cell reporter cell line, where green fluorescent protein expression is driven by an endothelial cell-specific VE-cadherin (VEC) promoter, we screened for > 60 bioactive small molecules that would promote endothelial differentiation, and found that administration of BMP4 and a GSK-3β inhibitor in an early phase and treatment with VEGF-A and inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway in a later phase led to efficient differentiation of hPSCs to the endothelial lineage within six days. This sequential approach generated > 50% conversion of hPSCs to endothelial cells (ECs), specifically VEC+CD31+CD34+CD14−KDRhigh endothelial progenitors (EPs) that exhibited higher angiogenic and clonogenic proliferation potential among endothelial lineage cells. Pharmaceutical inhibition or genetical knockdown of Notch signaling, in combination with VEGF-A treatment, resulted in efficient formation of EPs via KDR+ mesodermal precursors and blockade of the conversion of EPs to mature ECs. The generated EPs successfully formed functional capillary vessels in vivo with anastomosis to the host vessels when transplanted into immunocompromised mice. Manipulation of this VEGF-A-Notch signaling circuit in our protocol leads to rapid large-scale production of the hPSC-derived EPs by 12- to 20-fold vs current methods, which may serve as an attractive cell population for regenerative vascularization with superior vessel forming capability compared to mature ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Sahara
- 1] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [2] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [3] Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 021141, USA [4] Department of Medicine-Cardiology/Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emil M Hansson
- 1] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [2] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Oliver Wernet
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathy O Lui
- 1] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [2] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [3] Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 021141, USA
| | - Daniela Später
- 1] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [2] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [3] Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 021141, USA
| | - Kenneth R Chien
- 1] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [2] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [3] Department of Medicine-Cardiology/Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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100
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Building and repairing the heart: what can we learn from embryonic development? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:679168. [PMID: 24864252 PMCID: PMC4016833 DOI: 10.1155/2014/679168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian heart formation is a complex morphogenetic event that depends on the correct temporal and spatial contribution of distinct cell sources. During cardiac formation, cellular specification, differentiation, and rearrangement are tightly regulated by an intricate signaling network. Over the last years, many aspects of this network have been uncovered not only due to advances in cardiac development comprehension but also due to the use of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in vitro model system. Additionally, several of these pathways have been shown to be functional or reactivated in the setting of cardiac disease. Knowledge withdrawn from studying heart development, ESCs differentiation, and cardiac pathophysiology may be helpful to envisage new strategies for improved cardiac repair/regeneration. In this review, we provide a comparative synopsis of the major signaling pathways required for cardiac lineage commitment in the embryo and murine ESCs. The involvement and possible reactivation of these pathways following heart injury and their role in tissue recovery will also be discussed.
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