51
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Livigni A, Peradziryi H, Sharov AA, Chia G, Hammachi F, Migueles RP, Sukparangsi W, Pernagallo S, Bradley M, Nichols J, Ko MSH, Brickman JM. A conserved Oct4/POUV-dependent network links adhesion and migration to progenitor maintenance. Curr Biol 2013; 23:2233-2244. [PMID: 24210613 PMCID: PMC4228055 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The class V POU domain transcription factor Oct4 (Pou5f1) is a pivotal regulator of embryonic stem cell (ESC) self-renewal and reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Oct4 is also an important evolutionarily conserved regulator of progenitor cell differentiation during embryonic development. RESULTS Here we examine the function of Oct4 homologs in Xenopus embryos and compare this to the role of Oct4 in maintaining mammalian embryo-derived stem cells. Based on a combination of expression profiling of Oct4/POUV-depleted Xenopus embryos and in silico analysis of existing mammalian Oct4 target data sets, we defined a set of evolutionary-conserved Oct4/POUV targets. Most of these targets were regulators of cell adhesion. This is consistent with Oct4/POUV phenotypes observed in the adherens junctions in Xenopus ectoderm, mouse embryonic, and epiblast stem cells. A number of these targets could rescue both Oct4/POUV phenotypes in cellular adhesion and multipotent progenitor cell maintenance, whereas expression of cadherins on their own could only transiently support adhesion and block differentiation in both ESC and Xenopus embryos. CONCLUSIONS Currently, the list of Oct4 transcriptional targets contains thousands of genes. Using evolutionary conservation, we identified a core set of functionally relevant factors that linked the maintenance of adhesion to Oct4/POUV. We found that the regulation of adhesion by the Oct4/POUV network occurred at both transcriptional and posttranslational levels and was required for pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Livigni
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, 5 Little France Drive, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Hanna Peradziryi
- The Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, 3B Blegdamsvej, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexei A Sharov
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH Biomedical Research Centre, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Gloryn Chia
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Fella Hammachi
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, 5 Little France Drive, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Rosa Portero Migueles
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, 5 Little France Drive, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Woranop Sukparangsi
- The Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, 3B Blegdamsvej, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Salvatore Pernagallo
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, King's Buildings, the University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
| | - Mark Bradley
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, King's Buildings, the University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Minoru S H Ko
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH Biomedical Research Centre, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Department of Systems Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan
| | - Joshua M Brickman
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, 5 Little France Drive, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK; The Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, 3B Blegdamsvej, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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52
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Mfopou JK, Geeraerts M, Dejene R, Van Langenhoven S, Aberkane A, Van Grunsven LA, Bouwens L. Efficient definitive endoderm induction from mouse embryonic stem cell adherent cultures: a rapid screening model for differentiation studies. Stem Cell Res 2013; 12:166-77. [PMID: 24239964 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Definitive endoderm (DE) differentiation from mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) monolayer cultures has been limited by poor cell survival or low efficiency. Recently, a combination of TGFβ and Wnt activation with BMP inhibition improved DE induction in embryoid bodies cultured in suspension. Based on these observations we developed a protocol to efficiently induce DE cells in monolayer cultures of mESCs. We obtained a good cell yield with 54.92% DE induction as shown by Foxa2, Sox17, Cxcr4 and E-Cadherin expression. These DE-cells could be further differentiated into posterior foregut and pancreatic phenotypes using a culture protocol initially developed for human embryonic stem cell (hESC) differentiation. In addition, this mESC-derived DE gave rise to hepatocyte-like cells after exposure to BMP and FGF ligands. Our data therefore indicate a substantial improvement of monolayer DE induction from mESCs and support the concept that differentiation conditions for mESC-derived DE are similar to those for hESCs. As mESCs are easier to maintain and manipulate in culture compared to hESCs, and considering the shorter duration of embryonic development in the mouse, this method of efficient DE induction on monolayer will promote the development of new differentiation protocols to obtain DE-derivatives, like pancreatic beta-cells, for future use in cell replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Kunjom Mfopou
- Cell Differentiation Unit, Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium.
| | - Marloes Geeraerts
- Cell Differentiation Unit, Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Roba Dejene
- Cell Differentiation Unit, Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Stijn Van Langenhoven
- Cell Differentiation Unit, Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Asma Aberkane
- Cell Differentiation Unit, Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Leo A Van Grunsven
- Liver Cell Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Luc Bouwens
- Cell Differentiation Unit, Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
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53
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Generation of multipotent foregut stem cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2013; 1:293-306. [PMID: 24319665 PMCID: PMC3849417 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) could provide an infinite source of clinically relevant cells with potential applications in regenerative medicine. However, hPSC lines vary in their capacity to generate specialized cells, and the development of universal protocols for the production of tissue-specific cells remains a major challenge. Here, we have addressed this limitation for the endodermal lineage by developing a defined culture system to expand and differentiate human foregut stem cells (hFSCs) derived from hPSCs. hFSCs can self-renew while maintaining their capacity to differentiate into pancreatic and hepatic cells. Furthermore, near-homogenous populations of hFSCs can be obtained from hPSC lines which are normally refractory to endodermal differentiation. Therefore, hFSCs provide a unique approach to bypass variability between pluripotent lines in order to obtain a sustainable source of multipotent endoderm stem cells for basic studies and to produce a diversity of endodermal derivatives with a clinical value. Multipotent foregut stem cells are derived from pluripotent cells Foregut stem cells can be expanded and retain their differentiation potential Foregut stem cells differentiate into liver and pancreatic cells Foregut stem cells decrease differentiation variability between cell lines
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54
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Liu Y, Liu Q, Jia W, Chen J, Wang J, Ye D, Guo X, Chen W, Li G, Wang G, Deng A, Kang J. MicroRNA-200a regulates Grb2 and suppresses differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into endoderm and mesoderm. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68990. [PMID: 23874841 PMCID: PMC3715486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which microRNAs (miRNAs) affect cell fate decisions remain poorly understood. Herein, we report that miR-200a can suppress the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells into endoderm and mesoderm. Interestingly, miR-200a directly targets growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2), which is a key adaptor in the Erk signaling pathway. Furthermore, high levels of miR-200a dramatically decrease Grb2 levels and suppress the appearance of mesoderm and endoderm lineages in embryoid body formation, as well as suppressing the activation of Erk. Finally, Grb2 supplementation significantly rescues the miR-200a-induced layer-formation bias and the Erk suppression. Collectively, our results demonstrate that miR-200a plays critical roles in ES cell lineage commitment by directly regulating Grb2 expression and Erk signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Hematology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qidong Liu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Jia
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Hematology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Hematology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Ye
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xudong Guo
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Chen
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoping Li
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guiying Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anmei Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Hematology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JK); (AD)
| | - Jiuhong Kang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JK); (AD)
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55
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Hepatic differentiation of mouse iPS cells and analysis of liver engraftment potential of multistage iPS progeny. J Physiol Biochem 2013; 69:835-45. [PMID: 23715756 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-013-0260-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte transplantation is considered a promising therapy for patients with liver diseases. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are an unlimited source for the generation of functional hepatocytes. While several protocols that direct the differentiation of iPSCs into hepatocyte-like cells have already been reported, the liver engraftment potential of iPSC progeny obtained at each step of hepatic differentiation has not yet been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we present an efficient strategy to differentiate mouse iPSCs into hepatocyte-like cells and evaluate their liver engraftment potential at different time points of the protocol (5, 10, 15, and 20 days of differentiation). iPSCs were differentiated in the presence of cytokines, growth factors, and small molecules to finally generate hepatocyte-like cells. These iPSC-derived hepatocyte-like cells exhibited hepatocyte-associated functions, such as albumin secretion and urea synthesis. When we transplanted iPSC progeny into the spleen, we found that 15- and 20-day iPSC progeny engrafted into the livers and further acquired hepatocyte morphology. In contrast, 5- and 10-day iPSC progeny were also able to engraft but did not generate hepatocyte-like cells in vivo. Our data may aid in improving current protocols geared towards the use of iPSCs as a new source of liver-targeted cell therapies.
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56
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Kartikasari AER, Zhou JX, Kanji MS, Chan DN, Sinha A, Grapin-Botton A, Magnuson MA, Lowry WE, Bhushan A. The histone demethylase Jmjd3 sequentially associates with the transcription factors Tbx3 and Eomes to drive endoderm differentiation. EMBO J 2013; 32:1393-408. [PMID: 23584530 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2013.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell differentiation depends on transcriptional activation driven by lineage-specific regulators as well as changes in chromatin organization. However, the coordination of these events is poorly understood. Here, we show that T-box proteins team up with chromatin modifying enzymes to drive the expression of the key lineage regulator, Eomes during endodermal differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells. The Eomes locus is maintained in a transcriptionally poised configuration in ES cells. During early differentiation steps, the ES cell factor Tbx3 associates with the histone demethylase Jmjd3 at the enhancer element of the Eomes locus to allow enhancer-promoter interactions. This spatial reorganization of the chromatin primes the cells to respond to Activin signalling, which promotes the binding of Jmjd3 and Eomes to its own bivalent promoter region to further stimulate Eomes expression in a positive feedback loop. In addition, Eomes activates a transcriptional network of core regulators of endodermal differentiation. Our results demonstrate that Jmjd3 sequentially associates with two T-box factors, Tbx3 and Eomes to drive stem cell differentiation towards the definitive endoderm lineage.
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57
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Cheng X, Tiyaboonchai A, Gadue P. Endodermal stem cell populations derived from pluripotent stem cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2013; 25:265-71. [PMID: 23452824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The generation of functional endodermal lineages, such as hepatocytes and pancreatic endocrine cells, from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) remains a challenge. One strategy to enhance the purity, yield and maturity of endodermal derivatives is to expand endoderm committed stem or progenitor cell populations derived from PSCs before final differentiation. Recent studies have shown that this is in fact a viable option both for expanding pure populations of endodermal cells as well as for generating more mature derivative tissues, as highlighted in the case of pancreatic beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cheng
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, and Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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58
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Koh S, Thomas R, Tsai S, Bischoff S, Lim JH, Breen M, Olby NJ, Piedrahita JA. Growth requirements and chromosomal instability of induced pluripotent stem cells generated from adult canine fibroblasts. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 22:951-63. [PMID: 23016947 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice and humans, it has been shown that embryonic and adult fibroblasts can be reprogrammed into pluripotency by introducing 4 transcription factors, Oct3/4, Klf4, Sox2, and c-Myc (OKSM). Here, we report the derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from adult canine fibroblasts by retroviral OKSM transduction. The isolated canine iPSCs (ciPSCs) were expanded in 3 different culture media [fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), or FGF2 plus LIF]. Cells cultured in both FGF2 and LIF expressed pluripotency markers [POU5F1 (OCT4), SOX2, NANOG, and LIN28] and embryonic stem cell (ESC)-specific genes (PODXL, DPPA5, FGF5, REX1, and LAMP1) and showed strong levels of alkaline phosphatase expression. In vitro differentiation by formation of embryoid bodies and by directed differentiation generated cell derivatives of all 3 germ layers as confirmed by mRNA and protein expression. In vivo, the ciPSCs created solid tumors, which failed to reach epithelial structure formation, but expressed markers for all 3 germ layers. Array comparative genomic hybridization and chromosomal fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses revealed that while retroviral transduction per se did not result in significant DNA copy number imbalance, there was evidence for the emergence of low-level aneuploidy during prolonged culture or tumor formation. In summary, we were able to derive ciPSCs from adult fibroblasts by using 4 transcription factors. The isolated iPSCs have similar characteristics to ESCs from other species, but the exact cellular mechanisms behind their unique co-dependency on both FGF2 and LIF are still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehwon Koh
- Genomics Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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59
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Sui L, Mfopou JK, Geens M, Sermon K, Bouwens L. FGF signaling via MAPK is required early and improves Activin A-induced definitive endoderm formation from human embryonic stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 426:380-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.08.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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60
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Lee SB, Seo D, Choi D, Park KY, Holczbauer A, Marquardt JU, Conner EA, Factor VM, Thorgeirsson SS. Contribution of hepatic lineage stage-specific donor memory to the differential potential of induced mouse pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells 2012; 30:997-1007. [PMID: 22378611 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggested that induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) retain a residual donor cell gene expression, which may impact their capacity to differentiate into cell of origin. Here, we addressed a contribution of a lineage stage-specific donor cell memory in modulating the functional properties of iPSCs. iPSCs were generated from hepatic lineage cells at an early (hepatoblast-derived, HB-iPSCs) and end stage (adult hepatocyte, AH-iPSCs) of hepatocyte differentiation as well as from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs-iPSCs) using a lentiviral vector encoding four pluripotency-inducing factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. All resulting iPSC lines acquired iPSCs phenotype as judged by the accepted criteria including morphology, expression of pluripotency markers, silencing of transducing factors, capacity of multilineage differentiation in teratoma assay, and normal diploid karyotype. However, HB-iPSCs were more efficient in directed differentiation toward hepatocytic lineage as compared to AH-iPSCs, MEF-iPSCs, or mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Extensive comparative transcriptome analyses of the early passage iPSCs, donor cells, and mESCs revealed that despite global similarities in gene expression patterns between generated iPSCs and mESCs, HB-iPSCs retained a transcriptional memory (seven upregulated and 17 downregulated genes) typical of the original cells. Continuous passaging of HB-iPSCs erased most of these differences including a superior capacity for hepatic redifferentiation. These results suggest that retention of lineage stage-specific donor memory in iPSCs may facilitate differentiation into donor cell type. The identified gene set may help to improve hepatic differentiation for therapeutic applications and contribute to the better understanding of liver development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Bum Lee
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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61
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Cheng X, Ying L, Lu L, Galvão AM, Mills JA, Lin HC, Kotton DN, Shen SS, Nostro MC, Choi JK, Weiss MJ, French DL, Gadue P. Self-renewing endodermal progenitor lines generated from human pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 10:371-84. [PMID: 22482503 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of human pluripotent stem cells for laboratory studies and cell-based therapies is hampered by their tumor-forming potential and limited ability to generate pure populations of differentiated cell types in vitro. To address these issues, we established endodermal progenitor (EP) cell lines from human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. Optimized growth conditions were established that allow near unlimited (>10(16)) EP cell self-renewal in which they display a morphology and gene expression pattern characteristic of definitive endoderm. Upon manipulation of their culture conditions in vitro or transplantation into mice, clonally derived EP cells differentiate into numerous endodermal lineages, including monohormonal glucose-responsive pancreatic β-cells, hepatocytes, and intestinal epithelia. Importantly, EP cells are nontumorigenic in vivo. Thus, EP cells represent a powerful tool to study endoderm specification and offer a potentially safe source of endodermal-derived tissues for transplantation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Vassilieva S, Goh HN, Lau KX, Hughes JN, Familari M, Rathjen PD, Rathjen J. A system to enrich for primitive streak-derivatives, definitive endoderm and mesoderm, from pluripotent cells in culture. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38645. [PMID: 22701686 PMCID: PMC3372479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Two lineages of endoderm develop during mammalian embryogenesis, the primitive endoderm in the pre-implantation blastocyst and the definitive endoderm at gastrulation. This complexity of endoderm cell populations is mirrored during pluripotent cell differentiation in vitro and has hindered the identification and purification of the definitive endoderm for use as a substrate for further differentiation. The aggregation and differentiation of early primitive ectoderm-like (EPL) cells, resulting in the formation of EPL-cell derived embryoid bodies (EPLEBs), is a model of gastrulation that progresses through the sequential formation of primitive streak-like intermediates to nascent mesoderm and more differentiated mesoderm populations. EPL cell-derived EBs have been further analysed for the formation of definitive endoderm by detailed morphological studies, gene expression and a protein uptake assay. In comparison to embryoid bodies derived from ES cells, which form primitive and definitive endoderm, the endoderm compartment of embryoid bodies formed from EPL cells was comprised almost exclusively of definitive endoderm. Definitive endoderm was defined as a population of squamous cells that expressed Sox17, CXCR4 and Trh, which formed without the prior formation of primitive endoderm and was unable to endocytose horseradish peroxidase from the medium. Definitive endoderm formed in EPLEBs provides a substrate for further differentiation into specific endoderm lineages; these lineages can be used as research tools for understanding the mechanisms controlling lineage establishment and the nature of the transient intermediates formed. The similarity between mouse EPL cells and human ES cells suggests EPLEBs can be used as a model system for the development of technologies to enrich for the formation of human ES cell-derived definitive endoderm in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Vassilieva
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hwee Ngee Goh
- Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kevin X. Lau
- Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James N. Hughes
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mary Familari
- Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter D. Rathjen
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Joy Rathjen
- Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- * E-mail:
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63
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Zhang X, Jaramillo M, Singh S, Kumta P, Banerjee I. Analysis of regulatory network involved in mechanical induction of embryonic stem cell differentiation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35700. [PMID: 22558203 PMCID: PMC3338716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells are conventionally differentiated by modulating specific growth factors in the cell culture media. Recently the effect of cellular mechanical microenvironment in inducing phenotype specific differentiation has attracted considerable attention. We have shown the possibility of inducing endoderm differentiation by culturing the stem cells on fibrin substrates of specific stiffness. Here, we analyze the regulatory network involved in such mechanically induced endoderm differentiation under two different experimental configurations of 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional culture, respectively. Mouse embryonic stem cells are differentiated on an array of substrates of varying mechanical properties and analyzed for relevant endoderm markers. The experimental data set is further analyzed for identification of co-regulated transcription factors across different substrate conditions using the technique of bi-clustering. Overlapped bi-clusters are identified following an optimization formulation, which is solved using an evolutionary algorithm. While typically such analysis is performed at the mean value of expression data across experimental repeats, the variability of stem cell systems reduces the confidence on such analysis of mean data. Bootstrapping technique is thus integrated with the bi-clustering algorithm to determine sets of robust bi-clusters, which is found to differ significantly from corresponding bi-clusters at the mean data value. Analysis of robust bi-clusters reveals an overall similar network interaction as has been reported for chemically induced endoderm or endodermal organs but with differences in patterning between 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional culture. Such analysis sheds light on the pathway of stem cell differentiation indicating the prospect of the two culture configurations for further maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinan Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Maria Jaramillo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Satish Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Prashant Kumta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Complex Engineered Multifunctional Materials, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ipsita Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Norrman K, Strömbeck A, Semb H, Ståhlberg A. Distinct gene expression signatures in human embryonic stem cells differentiated towards definitive endoderm at single-cell level. Methods 2012; 59:59-70. [PMID: 22503774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells towards therapeutically relevant cell types, including pancreatic beta-cells and hepatocytes, depends on molecular markers and assays that resolve the signature of individual cells. Pancreas and liver both have a common origin of anterior definitive endoderm (DE). Here, we differentiated human embryonic stem cells towards DE using three different activin A based treatments. Differentiation efficiencies were evaluated by gene expression profiling over time at cell population level. A panel of key markers was used to study DE formation. Final DE differentiation was also analyzed with immunocytochemistry and single-cell gene expression profiling. We found that cells treated with activin A in combination with sodium butyrate and B27 serum-free supplement medium generated the most mature DE cells. Cell population studies were useful to monitor the temporal expression of genes involved in primitive streak formation and endoderm formation, while single-cell analysis allowed us to study cell culture heterogeneity and fingerprint individual cells. In addition, single-cell analysis revealed distinct gene expression patterns for the three activin A based protocols applied. Our data provide novel insights in DE gene expression at the cellular level of in vitro differentiated human embryonic stem cells, and illustrate the power of using single-cell gene expression profiling to study differentiation heterogeneity and to characterize cell types and subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Norrman
- Stem Cell and Pancreas Developmental Biology, Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, BMC B10, Klinikgatan 26, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden.
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65
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Wang P, McKnight KD, Wong DJ, Rodriguez RT, Sugiyama T, Gu X, Ghodasara A, Qu K, Chang HY, Kim SK. A molecular signature for purified definitive endoderm guides differentiation and isolation of endoderm from mouse and human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2273-87. [PMID: 22236333 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic definitive endoderm (DE) generates the epithelial compartment of vital organs such as liver, pancreas, and intestine. However, purification of DE in mammals has not been achieved, limiting the molecular "definition" of endoderm, and hindering our understanding of DE development and attempts to produce endoderm from sources such as embryonic stem (ES) cells. Here, we describe purification of mouse DE using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and mice harboring a transgene encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) inserted into the Sox17 locus, which is expressed in the embryonic endoderm. Comparison of patterns of signaling pathway activation in native mouse DE and endoderm-like cells generated from ES cells produced novel culture modifications that generated Sox17-eGFP⁺ progeny whose gene expression resembled DE more closely than achieved with standard methods. These studies also produced new FACS methods for purifying DE from nontransgenic mice and mouse ES cell cultures. Parallel studies of a new human SOX17-eGFP ES cell line allowed analysis of endoderm differentiation in vitro, leading to culture modifications that enhanced expression of an endoderm-like signature. This work should accelerate our understanding of mechanisms regulating DE development in mice and humans, and guide further use of ES cells for tissue replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Califorina, USA
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66
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Han S, Bourdon A, Hamou W, Dziedzic N, Goldman O, Gouon-Evans V. Generation of functional hepatic cells from pluripotent stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Suppl 10:1-7. [PMID: 25364624 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7633.s10-008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver diseases affect millions of people worldwide, especially in developing country. According to the American Liver Foundation, nearly 1 in every 10 Americans suffers from some form of liver disease. Even though, the liver has great ability to self-repair, in end-stage liver diseases including fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer induced by viral hepatitis and drugs, the liver regenerative capacity is exhausted. The only successful treatment for chronic liver failure is the whole liver transplantation. More recently, some clinical trials using hepatocyte transplantation have shown some clinical improvement for metabolic liver diseases and acute liver failure. However, the shortage of donor livers remains a life-threatening challenge in liver disease patients. To overcome the scarcity of donor livers, hepatocytes generated from embryonic stem cell or induced pluripotent stem cell differentiation cultures could provide an unlimited supply of such cells for transplantation. This review provides an updated summary of hepatic differentiation protocols published so far, with a characterization of the hepatic cells generated in vitro and their ability to regenerate damaged livers in vivo following transplantation in pre-clinical liver deficient mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyan Han
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alice Bourdon
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wissam Hamou
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Noelle Dziedzic
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Orit Goldman
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Valerie Gouon-Evans
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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67
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Han S, Dziedzic N, Gadue P, Keller GM, Gouon-Evans V. An endothelial cell niche induces hepatic specification through dual repression of Wnt and Notch signaling. Stem Cells 2011; 29:217-28. [PMID: 21732480 DOI: 10.1002/stem.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Complex cross-talk between endoderm and the microenvironment is an absolute requirement to orchestrate hepatic specification and expansion. In the mouse, the septum transversum and cardiac mesoderm, through secreted bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) and fibroblast growth factors (FGF), respectively, instruct the adjacent ventral endoderm to become hepatic endoderm. Consecutively, endothelial cells promote expansion of the specified hepatic endoderm. By using a mouse reporter embryonic stem cell line, in which hCD4 and hCD25 were targeted to the Foxa2 and Foxa3 loci, we reconstituted an in vitro culture system in which committed endoderm cells coexpressing hCD4-Foxa2 and hCD25-Foxa3 were isolated and cocultured with endothelial cells in the presence of BMP4 and bFGF. In this culture setting, we provide mechanistic evidence that endothelial cells function not only to promote hepatic endoderm expansion but are also required at an earlier step for hepatic specification, at least in part through regulation of the Wnt and Notch pathways. Activation of Wnt and Notch by chemical or genetic approaches increases endoderm cell numbers but inhibits hepatic specification, and conversely, chemical inhibition of both pathways enhances hepatic specification and reduces proliferation. By using identical coculture conditions, we defined a similar dependence of endoderm harvested from embryos on endothelial cells to support their growth and hepatic specification. Our findings (1) confirm a conserved role of Wnt repression for mouse hepatic specification, (2) uncover a novel role for Notch repression in the hepatic fate decision, and (3) demonstrate that repression of Wnt and Notch signaling in hepatic endoderm is controlled by the endothelial cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyan Han
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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68
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Cheng YM, Chou CY, Hsu YC, Chen MJ, Wing LYC. The role of human papillomavirus type 16 E6/E7 oncoproteins in cervical epithelial-mesenchymal transition and carcinogenesis. Oncol Lett 2011; 3:667-671. [PMID: 22740973 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2011.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the most common malignancy in females worldwide. This study investigated the prevalence of the E6/E7 oncoproteins of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16, which are important in fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2- and 4-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cervical tumorigenesis. We investigated the functional interaction between HPV16 E6/E7-transfected Cx cells (CxWJ cells) and treatment with FGF2 and 4, according to the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), vimentin and E-cadherin protein as well as cell growth and invasive ability. The results showed the upregulation of α-SMA and vimentin and the downregulation of E-cadherin protein expression in CxWJ cells. HPV16 E6/E7 infection partially repressed proliferation, but not the invasive ability of FGF2 or FGF4 stimulation in cervical cancer cells (CxWJ cells). These data provide evidence of a functional interaction between HPV16 E6/E7 and FGFs 2 and 4, suggesting that cooperative stimulation of HPV E6/E7 and FGFs activated in human cervical cancer cells is required to completely overcome the oncogenic function associated with the development of cervical epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Min Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
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69
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Involvement of histone acetylation of Sox17 and Foxa2 promoters during mouse definitive endoderm differentiation revealed by microRNA profiling. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27965. [PMID: 22132182 PMCID: PMC3223193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of hepatocyte from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) holds great promise for hepatocyte replacement therapy to treat liver diseases. Achieving high efficiency of directed differentiation of ESCs to hepatocyte is of critical importance. Previously, Wnt3a has been reported to promote Activin A-induced human definitive endoderm (DE) differentiation, the early stage of hepatocyte differentiation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not clear. Growing evidence demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators involved in various important biological processes including the regulation of stem cell differentiation. In the present study, we profiled genome wide miRNA expression during Wnt3a and Activin A induced mouse DE differentiation. We uncovered distinct miRNA expression patterns during DE differentiation with the identification of a subset of miRNAs whose expression is synergistically regulated by Wnt3a/Activin A treatment at different stages of DE differentiation. Forced expression of a pool of such synergistically regulated miRNAs alone could partially promote DE differentiation, indicating a regulatory role of them. Using TargetScan and GeneGO pathway analyses, the synergistically regulated miRNAs are predicted to regulate key pathways involved in DE differentiation; among them includes the regulation of histone acetylation. Consistently, Wnt3a and Activin A treatment increased global histone acetylation which can be partially mimicked by over expression of the pooled miRNAs. Chromatin IP (ChIP) experiments demonstrated that the promoter regions of Sox17 and Foxa2 are subjected to histone acetylation regulation. Administration of Hdac inhibitors greatly augmented DE differentiation. Our data uncovered a novel epigenetic mechanism of Wnt3a and Activin A induced DE differentiation, whereby the treatment of growth factors induced histone acetylation at least in part by the regulation of miRNA expression.
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70
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Pereira LA, Wong MS, Mossman AK, Sourris K, Janes ME, Knezevic K, Hirst CE, Lim SM, Pimanda JE, Stanley EG, Elefanty AG. Pdgfrα and Flk1 are direct target genes of Mixl1 in differentiating embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2011; 8:165-79. [PMID: 22265737 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mixl1 homeodomain protein plays a key role in mesendoderm patterning during embryogenesis, but its target genes remain to be identified. We compared gene expression in differentiating heterozygous Mixl1(GFP/w) and homozygous null Mixl1(GFP/Hygro) mouse embryonic stem cells to identify potential downstream transcriptional targets of Mixl1. Candidate Mixl1 regulated genes whose expression was reduced in GFP+ cells isolated from differentiating Mixl1(GFP/Hygro) embryoid bodies included Pdgfrα and Flk1. Mixl1 bound to ATTA sequences located in the Pdgfrα and Flk1 promoters and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed Mixl1 occupancy of these promoters in vivo. Furthermore, Mixl1 transactivated the Pdgfrα and Flk1 promoters through ATTA sequences in a DNA binding dependent manner. These data support the hypothesis that Mixl1 directly regulates Pdgfrα and Flk1 gene expression and strengthens the position of Mixl1 as a key regulator of mesendoderm development during mammalian gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd A Pereira
- Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia
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71
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Wang P, Rodriguez RT, Wang J, Ghodasara A, Kim SK. Targeting SOX17 in human embryonic stem cells creates unique strategies for isolating and analyzing developing endoderm. Cell Stem Cell 2011; 8:335-46. [PMID: 21362573 PMCID: PMC3063711 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2011.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can provide insights into development of inaccessible human tissues such as embryonic endoderm. Progress in this area has been hindered by a lack of methods for isolating endodermal cells and tracing fates of their differentiated progeny. By using homologous recombination in human ESCs, we inserted an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) transgene into the SOX17 locus, a postulated marker of human endoderm. FACS purification and gene expression profiling confirmed that SOX17(+)-hESC progeny expressed endodermal markers and unveiled specific cell surface protein combinations that permitted FACS-based isolation of primitive gut tube endodermal cells produced from unmodified human ESCs and from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). Differentiating SOX17(+) endodermal cells expressed markers of liver, pancreas, and intestinal epithelium in vitro and gave rise to endodermal progeny in vivo. Thus, prospective isolation, lineage tracing, and developmental studies of SOX17(+) hESC progeny have revealed fundamental aspects of human endodermal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Ryan T. Rodriguez
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Amar Ghodasara
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Seung K. Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Department of Medicine (Oncology Division), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Corresponding author Howard Hughes Medical Institute Department of Developmental Biology B300 Beckman Center 279 Campus Drive, Stanford CA, 94305-5329 T: 650-723-6230 F: 650-725-7739
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72
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Xu X, Browning VL, Odorico JS. Activin, BMP and FGF pathways cooperate to promote endoderm and pancreatic lineage cell differentiation from human embryonic stem cells. Mech Dev 2011; 128:412-27. [PMID: 21855631 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The study of how human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) differentiate into insulin-producing beta cells has twofold significance: first, it provides an in vitro model system for the study of human pancreatic development, and second, it serves as a platform for the ultimate production of beta cells for transplantation into patients with diabetes. The delineation of growth factor interactions regulating pancreas specification from hESCs in vitro is critical to achieving these goals. In this study, we describe the roles of growth factors bFGF, BMP4 and Activin A in early hESC fate determination. The entire differentiation process is carried out in serum-free chemically-defined media (CDM) and results in reliable and robust induction of pancreatic endoderm cells, marked by PDX1, and cell clusters co-expressing markers characteristic of beta cells, including PDX1 and insulin/C-peptide. Varying the combinations of growth factors, we found that treatment of hESCs with bFGF, Activin A and BMP4 (FAB) together for 3-4days resulted in strong induction of primitive-streak and definitive endoderm-associated genes, including MIXL1, GSC, SOX17 and FOXA2. Early proliferative foregut endoderm and pancreatic lineage cells marked by PDX1, FOXA2 and SOX9 expression are specified in EBs made from FAB-treated hESCs, but not from Activin A alone treated cells. Our results suggest that important tissue interactions occur in EB-based suspension culture that contribute to the complete induction of definitive endoderm and pancreas progenitors. Further differentiation occurs after EBs are embedded in Matrigel and cultured in serum-free media containing insulin, transferrin, selenium, FGF7, nicotinamide, islet neogenesis associated peptide (INGAP) and exendin-4, a long acting GLP-1 agonist. 21-28days after embedding, PDX1 gene expression levels are comparable to those of human islets used for transplantation, and many PDX1(+) clusters are formed. Almost all cells in PDX1(+) clusters co-express FOXA2, HNF1ß, HNF6 and SOX9 proteins, and many cells also express CPA1, NKX6.1 and PTF1a. If cells are then switched to medium containing B27 and nicotinamide for 7-14days, then the number of insulin(+) cells increases markedly. Our study identifies a new chemically defined culture protocol for inducing endoderm- and pancreas-committed cells from hESCs and reveals an interplay between FGF, Activin A and BMP signaling in early hESC fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Xu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin Institute of Medical Research, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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73
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Li F, He Z, Li Y, Liu P, Chen F, Wang M, Zhu H, Ding X, Wangensteen KJ, Hu Y, Wang X. Combined activin A/LiCl/Noggin treatment improves production of mouse embryonic stem cell-derived definitive endoderm cells. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:1022-34. [PMID: 21400570 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Induction of definitive endoderm (DE) cells is a prerequisite for the whole process of embryonic stem (ES) cells differentiating into hepatic or pancreatic progenitor cells. We have established an efficient method to induce mouse ES cell-derived DE cells in suspension embryonic body (EB) culture. Similar to previous studies, mouse ES cell-derived DE cells, which were defined as Cxcr4(+) c-Kit(+) , Cxcr4(+) E-cadherin(+) cells or Cxcr4(+) PDGFRa(-) cells, could be induced in the serum-free EBs at Day 4 of induction. The activations of Wnt, Nodal, and FGF signaling pathways in differentiating EBs promoted DE cell differentiation, while activation of BMP4 signaling inhibited the process. In the present study, we found that chemical activation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway by LiCl could synergize with Activin A-mediated Nodal signaling pathway to promote induction of DE cells, and inhibition of Bmp4 signaling by Noggin along with Activin A/LiCl further improved the efficiency of DE cell differentiation. The derived DE cells were proved for their capacities to become hepatic progenitor cells or pancreatic progenitor cells. In conclusion, we significantly improved the efficiency of generating mouse ES cell-derived DE cells by combined Activin A/LiCl/Noggin treatment. Our work will be greatly helpful to generate ES cell-derived hepatic cells and ES cell-derived pancreatic cells for future regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuming Li
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, China
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74
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Takayama K, Inamura M, Kawabata K, Tashiro K, Katayama K, Sakurai F, Hayakawa T, Furue MK, Mizuguchi H. Efficient and directive generation of two distinct endoderm lineages from human ESCs and iPSCs by differentiation stage-specific SOX17 transduction. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21780. [PMID: 21760905 PMCID: PMC3131299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of methods for directive differentiation from human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is important for regenerative medicine. Although Sry-related HMG box 17 (SOX17) overexpression in ESCs leads to differentiation of either extraembryonic or definitive endoderm cells, respectively, the mechanism of these distinct results remains unknown. Therefore, we utilized a transient adenovirus vector-mediated overexpression system to mimic the SOX17 expression pattern of embryogenesis. The number of alpha-fetoprotein-positive extraembryonic endoderm (ExEn) cells was increased by transient SOX17 transduction in human ESC- and iPSC-derived primitive endoderm cells. In contrast, the number of hematopoietically expressed homeobox (HEX)-positive definitive endoderm (DE) cells, which correspond to the anterior DE in vivo, was increased by transient adenovirus vector-mediated SOX17 expression in human ESC- and iPSC-derived mesendoderm cells. Moreover, hepatocyte-like cells were efficiently generated by sequential transduction of SOX17 and HEX. Our findings show that a stage-specific transduction of SOX17 in the primitive endoderm or mesendoderm promotes directive ExEn or DE differentiation by SOX17 transduction, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Takayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Inamura
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawabata
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Biomedical Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Tashiro
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Katayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fuminori Sakurai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takao Hayakawa
- Pharmaceutics and Medical Devices Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kinki University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miho Kusuda Furue
- JCRB Cell Bank, Division of Bioresources, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Cell Processing, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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75
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Porcupine homolog is required for canonical Wnt signaling and gastrulation in mouse embryos. Dev Biol 2011; 355:275-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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76
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Liu W, Foley AC. Signaling pathways in early cardiac development. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 3:191-205. [PMID: 20830688 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte differentiation is a complex multistep process requiring the proper temporal and spatial integration of multiple signaling pathways. Previous embryological and genetic studies have identified a number of signaling pathways that are critical to mediate the initial formation of the mesoderm and its allocation to the cardiomyocyte lineage. It has become clear that some of these signaling networks work autonomously, in differentiating myocardial cells whereas others work non-autonomously, in neighboring tissues, to regulate cardiac differentiation indirectly. Here, we provide an overview of three signaling networks that mediate cardiomyocyte specification and review recent insights into their specific roles in heart development. In addition, we demonstrate how systems level, 'omic approaches' and other high-throughput techniques such as small molecules screens are beginning to impact our understanding of cardiomyocyte specification and, to identify novel signaling pathways involved in this process. In particular, it now seems clear that at least one chemokine receptor CXCR4 is an important marker for cardiomyocyte progenitors and may play a functional role in their differentiation. Finally, we discuss some gaps in our current understanding of early lineage selection that could be addressed by various types of omic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Liu
- Greenberg Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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77
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Bone HK, Nelson AS, Goldring CE, Tosh D, Welham MJ. A novel chemically directed route for the generation of definitive endoderm from human embryonic stem cells based on inhibition of GSK-3. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:1992-2000. [PMID: 21610099 PMCID: PMC3104033 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.081679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of small molecules to ‘chemically direct’ differentiation represents a powerful approach to promote specification of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) towards particular functional cell types for use in regenerative medicine and pharmaceutical applications. Here, we demonstrate a novel route for chemically directed differentiation of human ESCs (hESCs) into definitive endoderm (DE) exploiting a selective small-molecule inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3). This GSK-3 inhibitor, termed 1m, when used as the only supplement to a chemically defined feeder-free culture system, effectively promoted differentiation of ESC lines towards primitive streak (PS), mesoderm and DE. This contrasts with the role of GSK-3 in murine ESCs, where GSK-3 inhibition promotes pluripotency. Interestingly, 1m-mediated induction of differentiation involved transient NODAL expression and Nodal signalling. Prolonged treatment of hESCs with 1m resulted in the generation of a population of cells displaying hepatoblast characteristics, that is expressing α-fetoprotein and HNF4α. Furthermore, 1m-induced DE had the capacity to mature and generate hepatocyte-like cells capable of producing albumin. These findings describe, for the first time, the utility of GSK-3 inhibition, in a chemically directed approach, to a method of DE generation that is robust, potentially scalable and applicable to different hESC lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K Bone
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA27AY, UK
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78
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Peterslund JM, Serup P. Activation of FGFR(IIIc) isoforms promotes activin-induced mesendoderm development in mouse embryonic stem cells and reduces Sox17 coexpression in EpCAM+ cells. Stem Cell Res 2011; 6:262-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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79
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Rezania A, Riedel MJ, Wideman RD, Karanu F, Ao Z, Warnock GL, Kieffer TJ. Production of functional glucagon-secreting α-cells from human embryonic stem cells. Diabetes 2011; 60:239-47. [PMID: 20971966 PMCID: PMC3012176 DOI: 10.2337/db10-0573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Differentiation of human embryonic stem (hES) cells to fully developed cell types holds great therapeutic promise. Despite significant progress, the conversion of hES cells to stable, fully differentiated endocrine cells that exhibit physiologically regulated hormone secretion has not yet been achieved. Here we describe an efficient differentiation protocol for the in vitro conversion of hES cells to functional glucagon-producing α- cells. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using a combination of small molecule screening and empirical testing, we developed a six-stage differentiation protocol for creating functional α-cells. An extensive in vitro and in vivo characterization of the differentiated cells was performed. RESULTS A high rate of synaptophysin expression (>75%) and robust expression of glucagon and the α-cell transcription factor ARX was achieved. After a transient polyhormonal state in which cells coexpress glucagon and insulin, maturation in vitro or in vivo resulted in depletion of insulin and other β-cell markers with concomitant enrichment of α-cell markers. After transplantation, these cells secreted fully processed, biologically active glucagon in response to physiologic stimuli including prolonged fasting and amino acid challenge. Moreover, glucagon release from transplanted cells was sufficient to reduce demand for pancreatic glucagon, resulting in a significant decrease in pancreatic α-cell mass. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that fully differentiated pancreatic endocrine cells can be created via stepwise differentiation of hES cells. These cells may serve as a useful screening tool for the identification of compounds that modulate glucagon secretion as well as those that promote the transdifferentiation of α-cells to β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Rezania
- BetaLogics Venture, Centocor Research and Development, Skillman, New Jersey
| | - Michael J. Riedel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rhonda D. Wideman
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Francis Karanu
- BetaLogics Venture, Centocor Research and Development, Skillman, New Jersey
| | - Ziliang Ao
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Garth L. Warnock
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Timothy J. Kieffer
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Corresponding author: Timothy J. Kieffer,
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80
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Inamura M, Kawabata K, Takayama K, Tashiro K, Sakurai F, Katayama K, Toyoda M, Akutsu H, Miyagawa Y, Okita H, Kiyokawa N, Umezawa A, Hayakawa T, Furue MK, Mizuguchi H. Efficient generation of hepatoblasts from human ES cells and iPS cells by transient overexpression of homeobox gene HEX. Mol Ther 2010; 19:400-7. [PMID: 21102561 PMCID: PMC3034848 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the potential to differentiate into all cell lineages, including hepatocytes, in vitro. Induced hepatocytes have a wide range of potential application in biomedical research, drug discovery, and the treatment of liver disease. However, the existing protocols for hepatic differentiation of PSCs are not very efficient. In this study, we developed an efficient method to induce hepatoblasts, which are progenitors of hepatocytes, from human ESCs and iPSCs by overexpression of the HEX gene, which is a homeotic gene and also essential for hepatic differentiation, using a HEX-expressing adenovirus (Ad) vector under serum/feeder cell-free chemically defined conditions. Ad-HEX-transduced cells expressed α-fetoprotein (AFP) at day 9 and then expressed albumin (ALB) at day 12. Furthermore, the Ad-HEX-transduced cells derived from human iPSCs also produced several cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes, and these P450 isozymes were capable of converting the substrates to metabolites and responding to the chemical stimulation. Our differentiation protocol using Ad vector-mediated transient HEX transduction under chemically defined conditions efficiently generates hepatoblasts from human ESCs and iPSCs. Thus, our methods would be useful for not only drug screening but also therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Inamura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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81
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Synnergren J, Heins N, Brolén G, Eriksson G, Lindahl A, Hyllner J, Olsson B, Sartipy P, Björquist P. Transcriptional profiling of human embryonic stem cells differentiating to definitive and primitive endoderm and further toward the hepatic lineage. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:961-78. [PMID: 19757991 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) can differentiate into a variety of specialized cell types, and they constitute a useful model system to study embryonic development in vitro. In order to fully utilize the potential of these cells, the mechanisms that regulate the developmental processes of specific lineage differentiation need to be better defined. The aim of this study was to explore the molecular program involved in the differentiation of hESC toward definitive endoderm (DE) and further into the hepatic lineage, and to compare that with primitive endoderm (PrE) differentiation. To that end, we applied two protocols: a specific DE differentiation protocol and an intrinsic differentiation protocol that mainly mediates PrE formation. We collected hESC, hESC-derived DE, DE-derived hepatocyte-progenitors (DE-Prog), DE-derived hepatocyte-like cells (DE-Hep), and the corresponding PrE derivatives. The samples were analyzed using microarrays, and we identified sets of genes that were exclusively up-regulated in DE derivatives (compared to PrE derivatives) at discrete developmental stages. We also investigated known protein interactions among the set of up-regulated genes in DE-Hep. The results demonstrate important differences between DE and PrE differentiation on the transcriptional level. In particular, our results identify a unique molecular program, exclusively activated during development of DE and the subsequent differentiation of DE toward the hepatic lineage. We identified key genes and pathways of potential importance for future efforts to improve hepatic differentiation from hESC. These results reveal new opportunities for rational design of specific interventions with the purpose of generating enriched populations of DE derivatives, including functional hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Synnergren
- School of Life Sciences, University of Skövde , Skövde, Sweden.
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82
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Zheng Z, de Iongh RU, Rathjen PD, Rathjen J. A requirement for FGF signalling in the formation of primitive streak-like intermediates from primitive ectoderm in culture. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12555. [PMID: 20838439 PMCID: PMC2933233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Embryonic stem (ES) cells hold considerable promise as a source of cells with therapeutic potential, including cells that can be used for drug screening and in cell replacement therapies. Differentiation of ES cells into the somatic lineages is a regulated process; before the promise of these cells can be realised robust and rational methods for directing differentiation into normal, functional and safe cells need to be developed. Previous in vivo studies have implicated fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling in lineage specification from pluripotent cells. Although FGF signalling has been suggested as essential for specification of mesoderm and endoderm in vivo and in culture, the exact role of this pathway remains unclear. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using a culture model based on early primitive ectoderm-like (EPL) cells we have investigated the role of FGF signalling in the specification of mesoderm. We were unable to demonstrate any mesoderm inductive capability associated with FGF1, 4 or 8 signalling, even when the factors were present at high concentrations, nor any enhancement in mesoderm formation induced by exogenous BMP4. Furthermore, there was no evidence of alteration of mesoderm sub-type formed with addition of FGF1, 4 or 8. Inhibition of endogenous FGF signalling, however, prevented mesoderm and favoured neural differentiation, suggesting FGF signalling was required but not sufficient for the differentiation of primitive ectoderm into primitive streak-like intermediates. The maintenance of ES cell/early epiblast pluripotent marker expression was also observed in cultures when FGF signalling was inhibited. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE FGF signalling has been shown to be required for the differentiation of primitive ectoderm to neurectoderm. This, coupled with our observations, suggest FGF signalling is required for differentiation of the primitive ectoderm into the germ lineages at gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zheng
- Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Robb U. de Iongh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Peter D. Rathjen
- Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Joy Rathjen
- Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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83
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Na J, Furue MK, Andrews PW. Inhibition of ERK1/2 prevents neural and mesendodermal differentiation and promotes human embryonic stem cell self-renewal. Stem Cell Res 2010; 5:157-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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84
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BMP-2/6 heterodimer is more effective than BMP-2 or BMP-6 homodimers as inductor of differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11167. [PMID: 20567515 PMCID: PMC2887366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling pathways are involved in differentiation of stem cells into diverse cell types, and thus BMPs can be used as main guidance molecules for in vitro differentiation of human stem cells. Methodology/Principal Findings We have analyzed the ability for inducing differentiation of the heterodimer BMP-2/BMP-6 (BMP-2/6) compared to the homodimers BMP-2 or BMP-6, using human embryonic stem (hES) cells H9 as model system. When incubated in a medium with high concentration of basic fibroblastic growth factor (FGF2), 100 ng/ml of human recombinant BMPs induced morphological changes and differentiation of hES cells in 24 to 48 hours. After 5 days, expression of differentiation markers was induced and quantified by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and flow cytometry. BMP-2/6 exhibited stronger activity for the induction of the expression of trophectodermal (CDX2) and endodermal (SOX17, GATA4, AFP) markers than BMP-2 or BMP-6 homodimers. BMP-2/6 also induced the expression of BMPR2 gene more effectively than BMP-2 or BMP-6 when used at the same concentration and time. Moreover, the percentage of cells expressing the surface endodermal marker CXCR4 was also increased for the heterodimer when compared to both homodimers. BMP-2/6 was a more potent activator of Smad-dependent (SMAD1/5) and Smad-independent signaling (mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK and p38) than BMP-2 and BMP-6, and the activation of these pathways might play a role in its increased potency for inducing hES cell differentiation. Conclusions/Significance Therefore, we conclude that BMP-2/6 is more potent than BMP-2 or BMP-6 for inducing differentiation of hES cells, and it can be used as a more powerful substitute of these BMPs in in vitro differentiation guidance.
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85
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Canham MA, Sharov AA, Ko MSH, Brickman JM. Functional heterogeneity of embryonic stem cells revealed through translational amplification of an early endodermal transcript. PLoS Biol 2010; 8:e1000379. [PMID: 20520791 PMCID: PMC2876051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ES cells are defined as self-renewing, pluripotent cell lines derived from early embryos. Cultures of ES cells are also characterized by the expression of certain markers thought to represent the pluripotent state. However, despite the widespread expression of key markers such as Oct4 and the appearance of a characteristic undifferentiated morphology, functional ES cells may represent only a small fraction of the cultures grown under self-renewing conditions. Thus phenotypically "undifferentiated" cells may consist of a heterogeneous population of functionally distinct cell types. Here we use a transgenic allele designed to detect low level transcription in the primitive endoderm lineage as a tool to identify an immediate early endoderm-like ES cell state. This reporter employs a tandem array of internal ribosomal entry sites to drive translation of an enhanced Yellow Fluorescent Protein (Venus) from the transcript that normally encodes for the early endodermal marker Hex. Expression of this Venus transgene reports on single cells with low Hex transcript levels and reveals the existence of distinct populations of Oct4 positive undifferentiated ES cells. One of these cells types, characterized by both the expression of the Venus transgene and the ES cells marker SSEA-1 (V(+)S(+)), appears to represent an early step in primitive endoderm specification. We show that the fraction of cells present within this state is influenced by factors that both promote and suppress primitive endoderm differentiation, but conditions that support ES cell self-renewal prevent their progression into differentiation and support an equilibrium between this state and at least one other that resembles the Nanog positive inner cell mass of the mammalian blastocysts. Interestingly, while these subpopulations are equivalently and clonally interconvertible under self-renewing conditions, when induced to differentiate both in vivo and in vitro they exhibit different behaviours. Most strikingly when introduced back into morulae or blastocysts, the V(+)S(+) population is not effective at contributing to the epiblast and can contribute to the extra-embryonic visceral and parietal endoderm, while the V(-)S(+) population generates high contribution chimeras. Taken together our data support a model in which ES cell culture has trapped a set of interconvertible cell states reminiscent of the early stages in blastocyst differentiation that may exist only transiently in the early embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice A. Canham
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council – Centre for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alexei A. Sharov
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Minoru S. H. Ko
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joshua M. Brickman
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council – Centre for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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86
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Villegas SN, Canham M, Brickman JM. FGF signalling as a mediator of lineage transitions--evidence from embryonic stem cell differentiation. J Cell Biochem 2010; 110:10-20. [PMID: 20336694 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling pathway is one of the most ubiquitous in biology. It has diverse roles in development, differentiation and cancer. Embryonic stem (ES) cells are in vitro cell lines capable of differentiating into all the lineages of the conceptus. As such they have the capacity to differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers and to some extent the extra-embryonic lineages as well. Given the prominent role of FGF signalling in early embryonic development, we explore the role of this pathway in early ES cell differentiation towards the major lineages of the embryo. As early embryonic differentiation is intricately choreographed at the level of morphogenetic movement, adherent ES cell culture affords a unique opportunity to study the basic steps in early lineage specification in the absence of ever shifting complex in vivo microenvironments. Thus recent experiments in ES cell differentiation are able to pinpoint specific FGF dependent lineage transitions that are difficult to resolve in vivo. Here we review the role of FGF signalling in early development alongside the ES cell data and suggest that FGF dependent signalling via phospho-Erk activation maybe a major mediator of transitions in lineage specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Nahuel Villegas
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, King's Buildings, West Mains Rd., Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, UK
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87
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Ameri J, Ståhlberg A, Pedersen J, Johansson JK, Johannesson MM, Artner I, Semb H. FGF2 specifies hESC-derived definitive endoderm into foregut/midgut cell lineages in a concentration-dependent manner. Stem Cells 2010; 28:45-56. [PMID: 19890880 DOI: 10.1002/stem.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling controls axis formation during endoderm development. Studies in lower vertebrates have demonstrated that FGF2 primarily patterns the ventral foregut endoderm into liver and lung, whereas FGF4 exhibits broad anterior-posterior and left-right patterning activities. Furthermore, an inductive role of FGF2 during dorsal pancreas formation has been shown. However, whether FGF2 plays a similar role during human endoderm development remains unknown. Here, we show that FGF2 specifies hESC-derived definitive endoderm (DE) into different foregut lineages in a dosage-dependent manner. Specifically, increasing concentrations of FGF2 inhibits hepatocyte differentiation, whereas intermediate concentration of FGF2 promotes differentiation toward a pancreatic cell fate. At high FGF2 levels specification of midgut endoderm into small intestinal progenitors is increased at the expense of PDX1(+) pancreatic progenitors. High FGF2 concentrations also promote differentiation toward an anterior foregut pulmonary cell fate. Finally, by dissecting the FGF receptor intracellular pathway that regulates pancreas specification, we demonstrate for the first time to the best of our knowledge that induction of PDX1(+) pancreatic progenitors relies on FGF2-mediated activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. Altogether, these observations suggest a broader gut endodermal patterning activity of FGF2 that corresponds to what has previously been advocated for FGF4, implying a functional switch from FGF4 to FGF2 during evolution. Thus, our results provide new knowledge of how cell fate specification of human DE is controlled-facts that will be of great value for future regenerative cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Ameri
- Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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88
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Gadue P, Gouon-Evans V, Cheng X, Wandzioch E, Zaret KS, Grompe M, Streeter PR, Keller GM. Generation of monoclonal antibodies specific for cell surface molecules expressed on early mouse endoderm. Stem Cells 2009; 27:2103-13. [PMID: 19522011 DOI: 10.1002/stem.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The development of functional cell populations such as hepatocytes and pancreatic beta cells from embryonic stem cell (ESC) is dependent on the efficient induction of definitive endoderm early in the differentiation process. To monitor definitive endoderm formation in mouse ESC differentiation cultures in a quantitative fashion, we generated a reporter cell line that expresses human CD25 from the Foxa3 locus and human CD4 from the Foxa2 locus. Induction of these reporter ESCs with high concentrations of activin A led to the development of a CD25-Foxa3+CD4-Foxa2+ population within 4-5 days of culture. Isolation and characterization of this population showed that it consists predominantly of definitive endoderm that is able to undergo hepatic specification under the appropriate conditions. To develop reagents that can be used for studies on endoderm development from unmanipulated ESCs, from induced pluripotent stem cells, and from the mouse embryo, we generated monoclonal antibodies against the CD25-Foxa3+CD4-Foxa2+ population. With this approach, we identified two antibodies that react specifically with endoderm from ESC cultures and from the early embryo. The specificity of these antibodies enables one to quantitatively monitor endoderm development in ESC differentiation cultures, to study endoderm formation in the embryo, and to isolate pure populations of culture- or embryo-derived endodermal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gadue
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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89
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Roszell B, Mondrinos MJ, Seaton A, Simons DM, Koutzaki SH, Fong GH, Lelkes PI, Finck CM. Efficient derivation of alveolar type II cells from embryonic stem cells for in vivo application. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:3351-65. [PMID: 19388834 PMCID: PMC2811058 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) were differentiated into alveolar epithelial type II (AEII) cells for endotracheal injection. These enriched lung-like populations expressed lung epithelial markers SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, and CC10. First we show that rapid differentiation of ESCs requires a dissociated seeding method instead of an embryoid body culture method. We then investigated a two-step differentiation of ESCs into definitive endoderm by activin or A549-conditioned medium as a precursor to lung epithelial cells. When conditioned medium from A549 cells was used to derive endoderm, yield was increased above that of activin alone. Further studies showed that Wnt3a may be one of the secreted factors produced by A549 cells and promotes definitive endoderm differentiation, in part, through suppression of primitive endoderm. Activin and Wnt3a together at appropriate doses with dissociated cell seeding promoted greater endoderm yield than activin alone. Next, fibroblast growth factor 2 was shown to induce a dose-dependent expression of SPC, and these cells contained lamellar bodies characteristic of mature AEII cells from ESC-derived endoderm. Finally, ES-derived lung cells were endotracheally injected into preterm mice with evidence of AEII distribution within the lung parenchyma. This study concludes that a recapitulation of development may enhance derivation of an enriched population of lung-like cells for use in cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair Roszell
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sciences, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Mark J. Mondrinos
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sciences, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ariel Seaton
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Donald M. Simons
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sciences, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sirma H. Koutzaki
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sciences, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Guo-Hua Fong
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Peter I. Lelkes
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sciences, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christine M. Finck
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
- Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut
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90
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Holtzinger A, Rosenfeld GE, Evans T. Gata4 directs development of cardiac-inducing endoderm from ES cells. Dev Biol 2009; 337:63-73. [PMID: 19850025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Gata4 is essential for normal heart morphogenesis and regulates the survival, growth, and proliferation of cardiomyocytes. We tested if Gata4 can specify cardiomyocyte fate from an uncommitted stem or progenitor cell population, by developing a system for conditional expression of Gata4 in embryonic stem cells. We find that in embryoid body cultures containing even a low ratio of these cells, expression of Gata4 is sufficient to enhance significantly the generation of cardiomyocytes, via a non-cell-autonomous mechanism. The Gata4-expressing cells do not generate cardiac or other mesoderm derivatives. Rather, Gata4 expression directs the development of two types of Sox17+ endoderm. This includes an epCam+Dpp4+ subtype of visceral endoderm. In addition, Gata4 generates similar amounts of epCam+Dpp4- definitive endoderm enriched for Cxcr4, FoxA2, FoxA3, Dlx5 and other characteristic transcripts. Both types of endoderm express cardiac-inducing factors, including WNT antagonists Dkk1 and Sfrp5, although the visceral endoderm subtype has much higher cardiac-inducing activity correlating with relatively enhanced levels of transcripts encoding BMPs. The Gata4-expressing cells eventually express differentiation markers showing commitment to liver development, even under conditions that normally support mesoderm development. The results suggest that Gata4 is capable of specifying endoderm fates that facilitate, with temporal and spatial specificity, the generation of cardiomyocyte progenitors from associated mesoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Holtzinger
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical School, New York, NY 10021, USA
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91
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Tsakiridis A, Alexander LM, Gennet N, Sanchez-Martin RM, Livigni A, Li M, Bradley M, Brickman JM. Microsphere-based tracing and molecular delivery in embryonic stem cells. Biomaterials 2009; 30:5853-61. [PMID: 19608269 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are in vitro cell lines that can differentiate into all lineages of the fetus and the adult. Despite the versatility of genetic manipulation in murine ES cells, these approaches are time-consuming and rely on inefficient transient cellular delivery systems that can only be applied to undifferentiated ES cell cultures. Here we describe a polystyrene microsphere-based system designed to efficiently deliver biological materials into both undifferentiated and differentiating ES cells. Our results demonstrate that these microspheres can be successfully employed for simultaneous cellular labeling and controlled transfer of various cargos such as fluorophores, proteins and nucleic acids into ES cells without any significant toxicity or loss of pluripotency. This versatile delivery system is also effective in other stem cell lines derived from early embryos, trophoblast and neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anestis Tsakiridis
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JQ, UK
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92
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Tsakiridis A, Tzouanacou E, Rahman A, Colby D, Axton R, Chambers I, Wilson V, Forrester L, Brickman JM. Expression-independent gene trap vectors for random and targeted mutagenesis in embryonic stem cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 37:e129. [PMID: 19692586 PMCID: PMC2770648 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoterless gene trap vectors have been widely used for high-efficiency gene targeting and random mutagenesis in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Unfortunately, such vectors are only effective for genes expressed in ES cells and this has prompted the development of expression-independent vectors. These polyadenylation (poly A) trap vectors employ a splice donor to capture an endogenous gene's polyadenylation sequence and provide transcript stability. However, the spectrum of mutations generated by these vectors appears largely restricted to the last intron of target loci due to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) making them unsuitable for gene targeting applications. Here, we present novel poly A trap vectors that overcome the effect of NMD and also employ RNA instability sequences to improve splicing efficiency. The set of random insertions generated with these vectors show a significantly reduced insertional bias and the vectors can be targeted directly to a 5' intron. We also show that this relative positional independence is linked to the human beta-actin promoter and is most likely a result of its transcriptional activity in ES cells. Taken together our data indicate that these vectors are an effective tool for insertional mutagenesis that can be used for either gene trapping or gene targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anestis Tsakiridis
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road and MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Elena Tzouanacou
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road and MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Afifah Rahman
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road and MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Douglas Colby
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road and MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard Axton
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road and MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian Chambers
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road and MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Valerie Wilson
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road and MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lesley Forrester
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road and MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joshua M. Brickman
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road and MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
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93
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Livigni A, Villegas SN, Oikonomopoulou I, Rahman A, Morrison GM, Brickman JM. Differentiation of embryonic stem cells into anterior definitive endoderm. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN STEM CELL BIOLOGY 2009; Chapter 1:Unit 1G.3. [PMID: 19585461 DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc01g03s10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Anterior definitive endoderm (ADE) is both an important embryonic signaling center and a unique multipotent precursor of liver, pancreas, and other visceral organs. Here we describe a method for the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells to endoderm with pronounced anterior character. ADE-containing cultures can be produced in vitro by suspension (aggregation or embryoid body) culture and in a serum-free adherent monolayer culture. Purified ES cell-derived ADE cells appear committed to endodermal fates and can undergo further differentiation in vitro towards liver and pancreas with enhanced efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Livigni
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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94
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Zhu S, Wurdak H, Wang J, Lyssiotis CA, Peters EC, Cho CY, Wu X, Schultz PG. A Small Molecule Primes Embryonic Stem Cells for Differentiation. Cell Stem Cell 2009; 4:416-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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95
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Hansson M, Olesen DR, Peterslund JML, Engberg N, Kahn M, Winzi M, Klein T, Maddox-Hyttel P, Serup P. A late requirement for Wnt and FGF signaling during activin-induced formation of foregut endoderm from mouse embryonic stem cells. Dev Biol 2009; 330:286-304. [PMID: 19358838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we examine how BMP, Wnt, and FGF signaling modulate activin-induced mesendodermal differentiation of mouse ES cells grown under defined conditions in adherent monoculture. We monitor ES cells containing reporter genes for markers of primitive streak (PS) and its progeny and extend previous findings on the ability of increasing concentrations of activin to progressively induce more ES cell progeny to anterior PS and endodermal fates. We find that the number of Sox17- and Gsc-expressing cells increases with increasing activin concentration while the highest number of T-expressing cells is found at the lowest activin concentration. The expression of Gsc and other anterior markers induced by activin is prevented by treatment with BMP4, which induces T expression and subsequent mesodermal development. We show that canonical Wnt signaling is required only during late stages of activin-induced development of Sox17-expressing endodermal cells. Furthermore, Dkk1 treatment is less effective in reducing development of Sox17(+) endodermal cells in adherent culture than in aggregate culture and appears to inhibit nodal-mediated induction of Sox17(+) cells more effectively than activin-mediated induction. Notably, activin induction of Gsc-GFP(+) cells appears refractory to inhibition of canonical Wnt signaling but shows a dependence on early as well as late FGF signaling. Additionally, we find a late dependence on FGF signaling during induction of Sox17(+) cells by activin while BMP4-induced T expression requires FGF signaling in adherent but not aggregate culture. Lastly, we demonstrate that activin-induced definitive endoderm derived from mouse ES cells can incorporate into the developing foregut endoderm in vivo and adopt a mostly anterior foregut character after further culture in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Hansson
- Department of Developmental Biology, Hagedorn Research Institute, Niels Steensens Vej 6, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark
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96
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Semb H. Expandable endodermal progenitors: new tools to explore endoderm and its derivatives. Cell Stem Cell 2008; 3:355-6. [PMID: 18940723 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the two recent issues of Cell Stem Cell, Rossant and colleagues (Seguin et al., 2008) produced expandable endoderm from hESCs by constitutive expression of Sox transcription factors, while Brickman and associates (Morrison et al., 2008) used a reporter gene strategy to isolate replicating anterior definitive endoderm from mESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Semb
- Stem Cell Center, Lund University, BMC B10, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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