51
|
Generation of the organotypic kidney structure by integrating pluripotent stem cell-derived renal stroma. Nat Commun 2022; 13:611. [PMID: 35105870 PMCID: PMC8807595 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Organs consist of the parenchyma and stroma, the latter of which coordinates the generation of organotypic structures. Despite recent advances in organoid technology, induction of organ-specific stroma and recapitulation of complex organ configurations from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have remained challenging. By elucidating the in vivo molecular features of the renal stromal lineage at a single-cell resolution level, we herein establish an in vitro induction protocol for stromal progenitors (SPs) from mouse PSCs. When the induced SPs are assembled with two differentially induced parenchymal progenitors (nephron progenitors and ureteric buds), the completely PSC-derived organoids reproduce the complex kidney structure, with multiple types of stromal cells distributed along differentiating nephrons and branching ureteric buds. Thus, integration of PSC-derived lineage-specific stroma into parenchymal organoids will pave the way toward recapitulation of the organotypic architecture and functions.
Collapse
|
52
|
Woolf AS. Building human renal tracts. J Pediatr Surg 2022; 57:172-177. [PMID: 34838308 PMCID: PMC8837266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2021.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Severe kidney failure affects several million people worldwide. Among these are children born with abnormal renal tracts, and some carry mutations of genes active in renal tract development. Kidney transplants are in short supply, and long term dialysis does not obviate uraemia and its associated harmful effects. It has been envisaged that a combination of stem cell technology, developmental biology, and genetics will revolutionise our understanding of kidney disease and provide novel therapies for kidney failure. Here, we review progress towards making functional kidney tissues from human pluripotent stem cells. Organoids rich in immature glomeruli and tubules can be created in culture from pluripotent stem cells. Moreover, differentiation can be increased by implanting these cells into immunodeficient mice. Challenges remain to be overcome, however, before these tissues can be used for regenerative medicine therapies. Current limitations include the small size of an organoid, the lack of large blood vessels feeding it, and the lack of a urinary tract to plumb the kidney organoid. Pluripotent stem cell technology is also being used to create 'diseases in a dish' to understand the pathobiology underlying human renal tract malformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian S Woolf
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Michael Smith Building, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, Northern Ireland M13 9PT, United Kingdom; Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Center, Manchester, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Little MH, Humphreys BD. Regrow or Repair: An Update on Potential Regenerative Therapies for the Kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:15-32. [PMID: 34789545 PMCID: PMC8763179 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021081073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fifteen years ago, this journal published a review outlining future options for regenerating the kidney. At that time, stem cell populations were being identified in multiple tissues, the concept of stem cell recruitment to a site of injury was of great interest, and the possibility of postnatal renal stem cells was growing in momentum. Since that time, we have seen the advent of human induced pluripotent stem cells, substantial advances in our capacity to both sequence and edit the genome, global and spatial transcriptional analysis down to the single-cell level, and a pandemic that has challenged our delivery of health care to all. This article will look back over this period of time to see how our view of kidney development, disease, repair, and regeneration has changed and envision a future for kidney regeneration and repair over the next 15 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H. Little
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin D. Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Missouri,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Ryan AR, Cleaver O. Plumbing our organs: Lessons from vascular development to instruct lab generated tissues. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 148:165-194. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
55
|
Helms L, Marchiano S, Stanaway IB, Hsiang TY, Juliar BA, Saini S, Zhao YT, Khanna A, Menon R, Alakwaa F, Mikacenic C, Morrell ED, Wurfel MM, Kretzler M, Harder JL, Murry CE, Himmelfarb J, Ruohola-Baker H, Bhatraju PK, Gale M, Freedman BS. Cross-validation of SARS-CoV-2 responses in kidney organoids and clinical populations. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e154882. [PMID: 34767537 PMCID: PMC8783682 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.154882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidneys are critical target organs of COVID-19, but susceptibility and responses to infection remain poorly understood. Here, we combine SARS-CoV-2 variants with genome-edited kidney organoids and clinical data to investigate tropism, mechanism, and therapeutics. SARS-CoV-2 specifically infects organoid proximal tubules among diverse cell types. Infections produce replicating virus, apoptosis, and disrupted cell morphology, features of which are revealed in the context of polycystic kidney disease. Cross-validation of gene expression patterns in organoids reflects proteomic signatures of COVID-19 in the urine of critically ill patients indicating interferon pathway upregulation. SARS-CoV-2 viral variants alpha, beta, gamma, kappa, and delta exhibit comparable levels of infection in organoids. Infection is ameliorated in ACE2-/- organoids and blocked via treatment with de novo-designed spike binder peptides. Collectively, these studies clarify the impact of kidney infection in COVID-19 as reflected in organoids and clinical populations, enabling assessment of viral fitness and emerging therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Helms
- Department of Medicine
- Division of Nephrology
- Kidney Research Institute
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | - Silvia Marchiano
- Department of Medicine
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
- Division of Cardiology
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology
| | - Ian B. Stanaway
- Department of Medicine
- Division of Nephrology
- Kidney Research Institute
| | - Tien-Ying Hsiang
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology
| | - Benjamin A. Juliar
- Department of Medicine
- Division of Nephrology
- Kidney Research Institute
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Shally Saini
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine
- Department of Biochemistry; and
| | - Yan Ting Zhao
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine
- Department of Biochemistry; and
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Akshita Khanna
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology
| | - Rajasree Menon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Fadhl Alakwaa
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Carmen Mikacenic
- Department of Medicine
- Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Eric D. Morrell
- Department of Medicine
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mark M. Wurfel
- Department of Medicine
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Harder
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Charles E. Murry
- Department of Medicine
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
- Division of Cardiology
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology
- Sana Biotechnology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Hannele Ruohola-Baker
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine
- Department of Biochemistry; and
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Pavan K. Bhatraju
- Department of Medicine
- Kidney Research Institute
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology
| | - Benjamin S. Freedman
- Department of Medicine
- Division of Nephrology
- Kidney Research Institute
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Pou Casellas C, Rookmaaker MB, Verhaar MC. Controlling cellular plasticity to improve in vitro models for kidney regeneration. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2021.100345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
57
|
Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids toward clinical implementations. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2021.100346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
58
|
Abstract
Organoids are three-dimensional structures that self-organize from human pluripotent stem cells or primary tissue, potentially serving as a traceable and manipulatable platform to facilitate our understanding of organogenesis. Despite the ongoing advancement in generating organoids of diverse systems, biological applications of in vitro generated organoids remain as a major challenge in part due to a substantial lack of intricate complexity. The studies of development and regeneration enumerate the essential roles of highly diversified nonepithelial populations such as mesenchyme and endothelium in directing fate specification, morphogenesis, and maturation. Furthermore, organoids with physiological and homeostatic functions require direct and indirect inter-organ crosstalk recapitulating what is seen in organogenesis. We herein review the evolving organoid technology at the cell, tissue, organ, and system level with a main emphasis on endoderm derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Iwasawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA
| | - Takanori Takebe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Cintron Pregosin N, Bronstein R, Mallipattu SK. Recent Advances in Kidney Bioengineering. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:743301. [PMID: 34900859 PMCID: PMC8655860 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.743301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney disease is an epidemic that affects more than 600 million people worldwide. The socioeconomic impacts of the disease disproportionately affect Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black Americans, making the disease an issue of social inequality. The urgency of this situation has only become worse during the COVID-19 pandemic, as those who are hospitalized for COVID-19 have an increased risk of kidney failure. For researchers, the kidney is a complex organ that is difficult to accurately model and understand. Traditional cell culture models are not adequate for studying the functional intricacies of the kidney, but recent experiments have offered improvements for understanding these systems. Recent progress includes organoid modeling, 3D bioprinting, decellularization, and microfluidics. Here, we offer a review of the most recent advances in kidney bioengineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Cintron Pregosin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Robert Bronstein
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Sandeep K. Mallipattu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- Renal Section, Northport VA Medical Center, Northport, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Kalejaiye TD, Bhattacharya R, Burt MA, Travieso T, Okafor AE, Mou X, Blasi M, Musah S. BSG/CD147 and ACE2 receptors facilitate SARS-CoV-2 infection of human iPS cell-derived kidney podocytes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34816259 DOI: 10.1101/2021.11.16.468893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. The disease has caused more than 5.1 million deaths worldwide. While cells in the respiratory system are frequently the initial target for SARS-CoV-2, clinical studies suggest that COVID-19 can become a multi-organ disease in the most severe cases. Still, the direct affinity of SARS-CoV-2 for cells in other organs such as the kidneys, which are often affected in severe COVID-19, remains poorly understood. METHOD In this study, we employed a human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived model to investigate the affinity of SARS-CoV-2 for kidney glomerular podocytes. We studied uptake of the live SARS-CoV-2 virus as well as pseudotyped viral particles by human iPS cell derived podocytes using qPCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence. Global gene expression and qPCR analyses revealed that human iPS cell-derived podocytes express many host factor genes (including ACE2, BSG/CD147, PLS3, ACTR3, DOCK7, TMPRSS2, CTSL CD209, and CD33) associated with SARS-CoV-2 binding and viral processing. RESULT Infection of podocytes with live SARS-CoV-2 or spike-pseudotyped lentiviral particles revealed viral uptake by the cells at low Multiplicity of Infection (MOI of 0.01) as confirmed by RNA quantification and immunofluorescence studies. Our results also indicate that direct infection of human iPS cell-derived podocytes by SARS-CoV-2 virus can cause cell death and podocyte foot process retraction, a hallmark of podocytopathies and progressive glomerular diseases including collapsing glomerulopathy observed in patients with severe COVID-19 disease. Additionally, antibody blocking experiments identified BSG/CD147 and ACE2 receptors as key mediators of spike binding activity in human iPS cell-derived podocytes. CONCLUSION These results show that SARS-CoV-2 can infect kidney glomerular podocytes in vitro . These results also show that the uptake of SARS-CoV-2 by kidney podocytes occurs via multiple binding interactions and partners, which may underlie the high affinity of SARS-CoV-2 for kidney tissues. This stem cell-derived model is potentially useful for kidney-specific antiviral drug screening and mechanistic studies of COVID-19 organotropism. SIGNIFICANT STATEMENT Many patients with COVID19 disease exhibit multiorgan complications, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 infection can extend beyond the respiratory system. Acute kidney injury is a common COVID-19 complication contributing to increased morbidity and mortality. Still, SARS-Cov-2 affinity for specialized kidney cells remain less clear. By leveraging our protocol for stem cell differentiation, we show that SARS-CoV-2 can directly infect kidney glomerular podocytes by using multiple Spike-binding proteins including ACE2 and BSG/CD147. Our results also indicate that infection by SARS-CoV-2 virus can cause podocyte cell death and foot process effacement, a hallmark of podocytopathies including collapsing glomerulopathy observed in patients with severe COVID-19 disease. This stem cell-derived model is potentially useful for kidney-specific antiviral drug screening and mechanistic studies of COVID-19 organotropism.
Collapse
|
61
|
Dissecting nephron morphogenesis using kidney organoids from human pluripotent stem cells. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 72:22-29. [PMID: 34781071 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During kidney development the emergence of complex multicellular shapes such as the nephron (the functional unit of the kidney) rely on spatiotemporally coordinated developmental programs. These involve gene regulatory networks, signaling pathways and mechanical forces, that work in concert to shape and form the nephron(s). The generation of kidney organoids from human pluripotent stem cells now represent an unprecedented experimental set up to study these processes. Here we discuss the potential applications of kidney organoids to advance our knowledge of how mechanical forces and cell fate specification spatiotemporally interact to orchestrate nephron patterning and morphogenesis in humans. Progress in innovative techniques for quantifying and perturbing these processes in a controlled manner will be crucial. A mechanistic understanding of the multicellular dynamic processes occurring during nephrogenesis will pave the way to unveil new mechanisms of human kidney disease.
Collapse
|
62
|
Kidney development to kidney organoids and back again. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 127:68-76. [PMID: 34627669 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Kidney organoid technology has led to a renaissance in kidney developmental biology. The complex underpinnings of mammalian kidney development have provided a framework for the generation of kidney cells and tissues from human pluripotent stem cells. Termed kidney organoids, these 3-dimensional structures contain kidney-specific cell types distributed similarly to in vivo architecture. The adult human kidney forms from the reciprocal induction of two disparate tissues, the metanephric mesenchyme (MM) and ureteric bud (UB), to form nephrons and collecting ducts, respectively. Although nephrons and collecting ducts are derived from the intermediate mesoderm (IM), their development deviates in time and space to impart distinctive inductive signaling for which separate differentiation protocols are required. Here we summarize the directed differentiation protocols which generate nephron kidney organoids and collecting duct kidney organoids, making note of similarities as much as differences. We discuss limitations of these present approaches and discuss future directions to improve kidney organoid technology, including a greater understanding of anterior IM and its derivatives to enable an improved differentiation protocol to collecting duct organoids for which historic and future developmental biology studies will be instrumental.
Collapse
|
63
|
Abstract
The postnatal kidney is predominantly composed of nephron epithelia with the interstitial components representing a small proportion of the final organ, except in the diseased state. This is in stark contrast to the developing organ, which arises from the mesoderm and comprises an expansive stromal population with distinct regional gene expression. In many organs, the identity and ultimate function of an epithelium is tightly regulated by the surrounding stroma during development. However, although the presence of a renal stromal stem cell population has been demonstrated, the focus has been on understanding the process of nephrogenesis whereas the role of distinct stromal components during kidney morphogenesis is less clear. In this Review, we consider what is known about the role of the stroma of the developing kidney in nephrogenesis, where these cells come from as well as their heterogeneity, and reflect on how this information may improve human kidney organoid models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean B. Wilson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Melissa H. Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Little MH, Howden SE, Lawlor KT, Vanslambrouck JM. Determining lineage relationships in kidney development and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021; 18:8-21. [PMID: 34594045 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00485-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The lineage relationships of cells provide information about the origins of component cell types during development and repair as well as the source of aberrant cells during disease. Genetic approaches to lineage tracing applied in the mouse have revealed much about how the mammalian kidney forms, including the identification of key progenitors for the nephrons and stromal compartments. Inducible Cre systems have also facilitated lineage tracing studies in the postnatal animal that illustrate the changes in cellular fate that can occur during kidney injury. With the advent of single-cell transcriptional profiling and trajectory analyses, predictions of cellular relationships across development are now being made in model systems, such as the mouse, as well as in human fetal kidney. Importantly, these approaches provide predictions of lineage relationships rather than definitive evidence. Although genetic approaches to the study of lineage have not previously been possible in a human setting, the application of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing of pluripotent stem cells is beginning to teach us about human lineage relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Sara E Howden
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kynan T Lawlor
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Sarkany B, Kovacs G. Connecting tubules develop from the tip of the ureteric bud in the human kidney. Histochem Cell Biol 2021; 156:555-560. [PMID: 34554322 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-021-02033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The connecting tubule (CNT) is a unique segment of the nephron connecting the metanephric mesenchyme (MM)-derived distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and ureteric bud (UB)-derived collecting duct (CD). Views on the cellular origin of the CNT in the human kidney are controversial. It was suggested that in mice, the connecting segment arises from the distal compartment of the renal vesicle (RV). However, there are several differences in embryonic development between the mouse and human kidney. The aim of our study was to establish the possible origin of the CNT in the human kidney. We analysed the expression of markers defining distinct cells of the CNT CD in foetal and adult human kidneys by immunohistochemistry. Based on microscopic observation, we suggest that CNT differentiates from the outgrowth of cells of the UB tip, and therefore the CNT is an integral part of the CD system. In the adult kidney, the CNT and CD consist of functionally and morphologically similar cells expressing α- and β-intercalated cell (IC) and principal cell (PC) markers, indicating their common origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Sarkany
- Department of Urology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, 7621, Hungary
| | - Gyula Kovacs
- Department of Urology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, 7621, Hungary.
- Medical Faculty, Ruprecht-Karls-University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Lindström NO, Sealfon R, Chen X, Parvez RK, Ransick A, De Sena Brandine G, Guo J, Hill B, Tran T, Kim AD, Zhou J, Tadych A, Watters A, Wong A, Lovero E, Grubbs BH, Thornton ME, McMahon JA, Smith AD, Ruffins SW, Armit C, Troyanskaya OG, McMahon AP. Spatial transcriptional mapping of the human nephrogenic program. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2381-2398.e6. [PMID: 34428401 PMCID: PMC8396064 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract are among the most common birth defects, affecting 3% of newborns. The human kidney forms around a million nephrons from a pool of nephron progenitors over a 30-week period of development. To establish a framework for human nephrogenesis, we spatially resolved a stereotypical process by which equipotent nephron progenitors generate a nephron anlage, then applied data-driven approaches to construct three-dimensional protein maps on anatomical models of the nephrogenic program. Single-cell RNA sequencing identified progenitor states, which were spatially mapped to the nephron anatomy, enabling the generation of functional gene networks predicting interactions within and between nephron cell types. Network mining identified known developmental disease genes and predicted targets of interest. The spatially resolved nephrogenic program made available through the Human Nephrogenesis Atlas (https://sckidney.flatironinstitute.org/) will facilitate an understanding of kidney development and disease and enhance efforts to generate new kidney structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nils O Lindström
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Rachel Sealfon
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Riana K Parvez
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Ransick
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Guilherme De Sena Brandine
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Southern, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jinjin Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bill Hill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Tracy Tran
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Albert D Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jian Zhou
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Alicja Tadych
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Aaron Watters
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aaron Wong
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Lovero
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brendan H Grubbs
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew E Thornton
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jill A McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew D Smith
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Southern, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Seth W Ruffins
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chris Armit
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; BGI Hong Kong, 26/F, Kings Wing Plaza 2, 1 On Kwan Street, Shek Mun, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Olga G Troyanskaya
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Roye Y, Bhattacharya R, Mou X, Zhou Y, Burt MA, Musah S. A Personalized Glomerulus Chip Engineered from Stem Cell-Derived Epithelium and Vascular Endothelium. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:967. [PMID: 34442589 PMCID: PMC8400556 DOI: 10.3390/mi12080967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Progress in understanding kidney disease mechanisms and the development of targeted therapeutics have been limited by the lack of functional in vitro models that can closely recapitulate human physiological responses. Organ Chip (or organ-on-a-chip) microfluidic devices provide unique opportunities to overcome some of these challenges given their ability to model the structure and function of tissues and organs in vitro. Previously established organ chip models typically consist of heterogenous cell populations sourced from multiple donors, limiting their applications in patient-specific disease modeling and personalized medicine. In this study, we engineered a personalized glomerulus chip system reconstituted from human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and podocytes from a single patient. Our stem cell-derived kidney glomerulus chip successfully mimics the structure and some essential functions of the glomerular filtration barrier. We further modeled glomerular injury in our tissue chips by administering a clinically relevant dose of the chemotherapy drug Adriamycin. The drug disrupts the structural integrity of the endothelium and the podocyte tissue layers, leading to significant albuminuria as observed in patients with glomerulopathies. We anticipate that the personalized glomerulus chip model established in this report could help advance future studies of kidney disease mechanisms and the discovery of personalized therapies. Given the remarkable ability of human iPS cells to differentiate into almost any cell type, this work also provides a blueprint for the establishment of more personalized organ chip and 'body-on-a-chip' models in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Roye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (Y.R.); (R.B.); (X.M.); (Y.Z.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Rohan Bhattacharya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (Y.R.); (R.B.); (X.M.); (Y.Z.); (M.A.B.)
- Center for Biomolecular and Tissue Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Xingrui Mou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (Y.R.); (R.B.); (X.M.); (Y.Z.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Yuhao Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (Y.R.); (R.B.); (X.M.); (Y.Z.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Morgan A. Burt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (Y.R.); (R.B.); (X.M.); (Y.Z.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Samira Musah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (Y.R.); (R.B.); (X.M.); (Y.Z.); (M.A.B.)
- Center for Biomolecular and Tissue Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Generation of patterned kidney organoids that recapitulate the adult kidney collecting duct system from expandable ureteric bud progenitors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3641. [PMID: 34131121 PMCID: PMC8206157 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Current kidney organoids model development and diseases of the nephron but not the contiguous epithelial network of the kidney’s collecting duct (CD) system. Here, we report the generation of an expandable, 3D branching ureteric bud (UB) organoid culture model that can be derived from primary UB progenitors from mouse and human fetal kidneys, or generated de novo from human pluripotent stem cells. In chemically-defined culture conditions, UB organoids generate CD organoids, with differentiated principal and intercalated cells adopting spatial assemblies reflective of the adult kidney’s collecting system. Aggregating 3D-cultured nephron progenitor cells with UB organoids in vitro results in a reiterative process of branching morphogenesis and nephron induction, similar to kidney development. Applying an efficient gene editing strategy to remove RET activity, we demonstrate genetically modified UB organoids can model congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract. Taken together, these platforms will facilitate an enhanced understanding of development, regeneration and diseases of the mammalian collecting duct system. Here, the authors model the collecting duct system in kidneys by taking ureteric bud (UB) progenitor cells from both mouse and human primary tissues, as well as from hESC and hiPSC to generate organoids, which can model congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract.
Collapse
|
69
|
Bhattacharya R, Bonner MG, Musah S. Harnessing developmental plasticity to pattern kidney organoids. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:587-589. [PMID: 33798416 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Methods for deriving the ureteric epithelium (UE) in vitro could improve understanding of kidney development and patterning. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Howden et al. (2021) identified transcriptionally distinct cell populations in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived distal nephron (DN) epithelia that were inducible to UE phenotype within kidney organoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Bhattacharya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Center for Biomolecular and Tissue Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Makenzie G Bonner
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Samira Musah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Center for Biomolecular and Tissue Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Woolf AS. Making human collecting ducts and modeling disease in the laboratory. Kidney Int 2021; 100:263-265. [PMID: 33609573 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian S Woolf
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Olde Hanhof CJA, Yousef Yengej FA, Rookmaaker MB, Verhaar MC, van der Wijst J, Hoenderop JG. Modeling Distal Convoluted Tubule (Patho)Physiology: An Overview of Past Developments and an Outlook Toward the Future. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2021; 27:200-212. [PMID: 33544049 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2020.0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidneys are essential for maintaining electrolyte homeostasis. Blood electrolyte composition is controlled by active reabsorption and secretion processes in dedicated segments of the kidney tubule. Specifically, the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and connecting tubule are important for regulating the final excretion of sodium, magnesium, and calcium. Studies unravelling the specific function of these segments have greatly improved our understanding of DCT (patho)physiology. Over the years, experimental models used to study the DCT have changed and the field has advanced from early dissection studies with rats and rabbits to the use of various transgenic mouse models. Developments in dissection techniques and cell culture methods have resulted in immortalized mouse DCT cell lines and made it possible to specifically obtain DCT fragments for ex vivo studies. However, we still do not fully understand the complex (patho)physiology of this segment and there is need for advanced human DCT models. Recently, kidney organoids and tubuloids have emerged as new complex cell models that provide excellent opportunities for physiological studies, disease modeling, drug discovery, and even personalized medicine in the future. This review presents an overview of cell models used to study the DCT and provides an outlook on kidney organoids and tubuloids as model for DCT (patho)physiology. Impact statement This study provides a detailed overview of past and future developments on cell models used to study kidney (patho)physiology and specifically the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) segment. Hereby, we highlight the need for an advanced human cell model of this segment and summarize recent advances in the field of kidney organoids and tubuloids with a focus on DCT properties. The findings reported in this review are significant for future developments toward an advanced human model of the DCT that will help to increase our understanding of DCT (patho)physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte J A Olde Hanhof
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fjodor A Yousef Yengej
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten B Rookmaaker
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jenny van der Wijst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost G Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Rooney KM, Woolf AS, Kimber SJ. Towards Modelling Genetic Kidney Diseases with Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Nephron Clin Pract 2021; 145:285-296. [PMID: 33774632 DOI: 10.1159/000514018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney disease causes major suffering and premature mortality worldwide. With no cure for kidney failure currently available, and with limited options for treatment, there is an urgent need to develop effective pharmaceutical interventions to slow or prevent kidney disease progression. SUMMARY In this review, we consider the feasibility of using human pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney tissues, or organoids, to model genetic kidney disease. Notable successes have been made in modelling genetic tubular diseases (e.g., cystinosis), polycystic kidney disease, and medullary cystic kidney disease. Organoid models have also been used to test novel therapies that ameliorate aberrant cell biology. Some progress has been made in modelling congenital glomerular disease, even though glomeruli within organoids are developmentally immature. Less progress has been made in modelling structural kidney malformations, perhaps because sufficiently mature metanephric mesenchyme-derived nephrons, ureteric bud-derived branching collecting ducts, and a prominent stromal cell population are not generated together within a single protocol. Key Messages: We predict that the field will advance significantly if organoids can be generated with a full complement of cell lineages and with kidney components displaying key physiological functions, such as glomerular filtration. The future economic upscaling of reproducible organoid generation will facilitate more widespread research applications, including the potential therapeutic application of these stem cell-based technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty M Rooney
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian S Woolf
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Susan J Kimber
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|