51
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Ason B, Chen Y, Guo Q, Hoagland KM, Chui RW, Fielden M, Sutherland W, Chen R, Zhang Y, Mihardja S, Ma X, Li X, Sun Y, Liu D, Nguyen K, Wang J, Li N, Rajamani S, Qu Y, Gao B, Boden A, Chintalgattu V, Turk JR, Chan J, Hu LA, Dransfield P, Houze J, Wong J, Ma J, Pattaropong V, Véniant MM, Vargas HM, Swaminath G, Khakoo AY. Cardiovascular response to small-molecule APJ activation. JCI Insight 2020; 5:132898. [PMID: 32208384 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.132898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) remains a grievous illness with poor prognosis even with optimal care. The apelin receptor (APJ) counteracts the pressor effect of angiotensin II, attenuates ischemic injury, and has the potential to be a novel target to treat HF. Intravenous administration of apelin improves cardiac function acutely in patients with HF. However, its short half-life restricts its use to infusion therapy. To identify a longer acting APJ agonist, we conducted a medicinal chemistry campaign, leading to the discovery of potent small-molecule APJ agonists with comparable activity to apelin by mimicking the C-terminal portion of apelin-13. Acute infusion increased systolic function and reduced systemic vascular resistance in 2 rat models of impaired cardiac function. Similar results were obtained in an anesthetized but not a conscious canine HF model. Chronic oral dosing in a rat myocardial infarction model reduced myocardial collagen content and improved diastolic function to a similar extent as losartan, a RAS antagonist standard-of-care therapy, but lacked additivity with coadministration. Collectively, this work demonstrates the feasibility of developing clinical, viable, potent small-molecule agonists that mimic the endogenous APJ ligand with more favorable drug-like properties and highlights potential limitations for APJ agonism for this indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Ason
- Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yinhong Chen
- Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Qi Guo
- Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Ray W Chui
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | | | | | - Rhonda Chen
- Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Xiaochuan Ma
- Amgen Research, Amgen Asia R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Li
- Amgen Research, Amgen Asia R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaping Sun
- Amgen Research, Amgen Asia R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongming Liu
- Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Khanh Nguyen
- Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jinghong Wang
- Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ning Li
- Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Yusheng Qu
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - BaoXi Gao
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | | | | | - Jim R Turk
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Joyce Chan
- Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Liaoyuan A Hu
- Amgen Research, Amgen Asia R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Jingman Wong
- Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ji Ma
- Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
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Couvineau P, Llorens-Cortes C, Iturrioz X. Elabela/Toddler and apelin bind differently to the apelin receptor. FASEB J 2020; 34:7989-8000. [PMID: 32301550 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201903029r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Like apelin (pE13F, K17F), Elabela/Toddler is an endogenous ligand of the apelin receptor playing a key role in cardiovascular development. Elabela/Toddler exists as peptide fragments of 32 (Q32P), 22 (K22P) and 11 (C11P) amino acids. In this study, we investigated the possible structural and functional similarities between these endogenous ligands. We performed in vitro pharmacological characterization and biased signaling analyses for apelin and Elabela/Toddler fragments in CHO cells, by assessing binding affinities, the inhibition of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production and the triggering of ß-arrestin 2 recruitment. We also performed Alanine scanning for Elabela/Toddler and structure-function studies based on site-directed mutagenesis of the rat and human apelin receptor, to compare the modes of binding of the different endogenous ligands. Alanine scanning of K22P showed that neither of its cysteine residues were involved in binding or in peptide activity and that its C-terminus carried the key pharmacophore for receptor binding and activation. We showed that Asp282 and Asp284 of rat and human apelin receptor, respectively, were not involved in Elabela/Toddler activity, whereas they are key residues for apelin binding and activity. We found that the structural features of Elabela/Toddler and apelin were different, resulting in different modes of binding of these endogenous ligands to the apelin receptor. These differences should be taken into account in the future development metabolically stable analogs of Elabela/Toddler and apelin as potential therapeutic tools for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and water retention/hyponatremic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Couvineau
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Llorens-Cortes
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Iturrioz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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53
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Sejdiu BI, Tieleman DP. Lipid-Protein Interactions Are a Unique Property and Defining Feature of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Biophys J 2020; 118:1887-1900. [PMID: 32272057 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane-bound proteins that depend on their lipid environment to carry out their physiological function. Combined efforts from many theoretical and experimental studies on the lipid-protein interaction profile of several GPCRs hint at an intricate relationship of these receptors with their surrounding membrane environment, with several lipids emerging as particularly important. Using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, we explore the lipid-protein interaction profiles of 28 different GPCRs, spanning different levels of classification and conformational states and totaling to 1 ms of simulation time. We find a close relationship with lipids for all GPCRs simulated, in particular, cholesterol and phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) lipids, but the number, location, and estimated strength of these interactions is dependent on the specific GPCR as well as its conformational state. Although both cholesterol and PIP lipids bind specifically to GPCRs, they utilize distinct mechanisms. Interactions with PIP lipids are mediated by charge-charge interactions with intracellular loop residues and stabilized by one or both of the transmembrane helices linked by the loop. Interactions with cholesterol, on the other hand, are mediated by a hydrophobic environment, usually made up of residues from more than one helix, capable of accommodating its ring structure and stabilized by interactions with aromatic and charged/polar residues. Cholesterol binding to GPCRs occurs in a small number of sites, some of which (like the binding site on the extracellular side of transmembrane 6/7) are shared among many class A GPCRs. Combined with a thorough investigation of the local membrane structure, our results provide a detailed picture of GPCR-lipid interactions. Additionally, we provide an accompanying website to interactively explore the lipid-protein interaction profile of all GPCRs simulated to facilitate analysis and comparison of our data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Besian I Sejdiu
- Centre for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - D Peter Tieleman
- Centre for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Davenport AP, Scully CCG, de Graaf C, Brown AJH, Maguire JJ. Advances in therapeutic peptides targeting G protein-coupled receptors. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:389-413. [PMID: 32494050 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-0062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of peptide-activated pathways causes a range of diseases, fostering the discovery and clinical development of peptide drugs. Many endogenous peptides activate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) - nearly 50 GPCR peptide drugs have been approved to date, most of them for metabolic disease or oncology, and more than 10 potentially first-in-class peptide therapeutics are in the pipeline. The majority of existing peptide therapeutics are agonists, which reflects the currently dominant strategy of modifying the endogenous peptide sequence of ligands for peptide-binding GPCRs. Increasingly, novel strategies are being employed to develop both agonists and antagonists, to both introduce chemical novelty and improve drug-like properties. Pharmacodynamic improvements are evolving to allow biasing ligands to activate specific downstream signalling pathways, in order to optimize efficacy and reduce side effects. In pharmacokinetics, modifications that increase plasma half-life have been revolutionary. Here, we discuss the current status of the peptide drugs targeting GPCRs, with a focus on evolving strategies to improve pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | | | | | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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55
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Liu W, Yan J, Pan W, Tang M. Apelin/Elabela-APJ: a novel therapeutic target in the cardiovascular system. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:243. [PMID: 32309390 PMCID: PMC7154429 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.02.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Apelin and Elabela (ELA) are endogenous ligands of angiotensin domain type 1 receptor-associated proteins (APJ). Apelin/ELA-APJ signal is widely distributed in the cardiovascular system of fetuse and adult. The signal is involved in the development of the fetal heart and blood vessels and regulating vascular tension in adults. This review described the effects of apelin/ELA-APJ on fetal (vasculogenesis and angiogenesis) and adult cardiovascular function [vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, vasodilation, positive myodynamia], and relative diseases [eclampsia, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, heart failure (HF), myocardial infarction (MI), atherosclerosis, etc.] in detail. The pathways of apelin/ELA-APJ regulating cardiovascular function and cardiovascular-related diseases are summarized. The drugs developed based on apelin and ELA suggests APJ is a prospective strategy for cardiovascular disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Jialong Yan
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Weinan Pan
- Hunan Food and Drug Vocational College, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Mengjie Tang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
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56
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Fischer C. A patent review of apelin receptor (APJR) modulators (2014-2019). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:251-261. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1731473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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57
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Structural basis of ligand recognition and self-activation of orphan GPR52. Nature 2020; 579:152-157. [PMID: 32076264 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
GPR52 is a class-A orphan G-protein-coupled receptor that is highly expressed in the brain and represents a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of Huntington's disease and several psychiatric disorders1,2. Pathological malfunction of GPR52 signalling occurs primarily through the heterotrimeric Gs protein2, but it is unclear how GPR52 and Gs couple for signal transduction and whether a native ligand or other activating input is required. Here we present the high-resolution structures of human GPR52 in three states: a ligand-free state, a Gs-coupled self-activation state and a potential allosteric ligand-bound state. Together, our structures reveal that extracellular loop 2 occupies the orthosteric binding pocket and operates as a built-in agonist, conferring an intrinsically high level of basal activity to GPR523. A fully active state is achieved when Gs is coupled to GPR52 in the absence of an external agonist. The receptor also features a side pocket for ligand binding. These insights into the structure and function of GPR52 could improve our understanding of other self-activated GPCRs, enable the identification of endogenous and tool ligands, and guide drug discovery efforts that target GPR52.
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58
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Merritt HI, Sawyer N, Arora PS. Bent Into Shape: Folded Peptides to Mimic Protein Structure and Modulate Protein Function. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2020; 112:e24145. [PMID: 33575525 PMCID: PMC7875438 DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein secondary and tertiary structure mimics have served as model systems to probe biophysical parameters that guide protein folding and as attractive reagents to modulate protein interactions. Here we review contemporary methods to reproduce loop, helix, sheet and coiled-coil conformations in short peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paramjit S. Arora
- Department of Chemistry New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
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59
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Ma Y, Ding Y, Song X, Ma X, Li X, Zhang N, Song Y, Sun Y, Shen Y, Zhong W, Hu LA, Ma Y, Zhang MY. Structure-guided discovery of a single-domain antibody agonist against human apelin receptor. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaax7379. [PMID: 31998837 PMCID: PMC6962038 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax7379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Developing antibody agonists targeting the human apelin receptor (APJ) is a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of chronic heart failure. Here, we report the structure-guided discovery of a single-domain antibody (sdAb) agonist JN241-9, based on the cocrystal structure of APJ with an sdAb antagonist JN241, the first cocrystal structure of a class A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) with a functional antibody. As revealed by the structure, JN241 binds to the extracellular side of APJ, makes critical contacts with the second extracellular loop, and inserts the CDR3 into the ligand-binding pocket. We converted JN241 into a full agonist JN241-9 by inserting a tyrosine into the CDR3. Modeling and molecular dynamics simulation shed light on JN241-9-stimulated receptor activation, providing structural insights for finding agonistic antibodies against class A GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Ma
- Amgen Discovery Research, Amgen Asia R&D Center, Amgen Biopharmaceutical R&D (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., 13th Floor, Building No. 2, 4560 Jinke Road, Zhangjiang, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yao Ding
- Amgen Discovery Research, Amgen Asia R&D Center, Amgen Biopharmaceutical R&D (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., 13th Floor, Building No. 2, 4560 Jinke Road, Zhangjiang, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xianqiang Song
- Amgen Discovery Research, Amgen Asia R&D Center, Amgen Biopharmaceutical R&D (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., 13th Floor, Building No. 2, 4560 Jinke Road, Zhangjiang, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiaochuan Ma
- Amgen Discovery Research, Amgen Asia R&D Center, Amgen Biopharmaceutical R&D (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., 13th Floor, Building No. 2, 4560 Jinke Road, Zhangjiang, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xun Li
- Amgen Discovery Research, Amgen Asia R&D Center, Amgen Biopharmaceutical R&D (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., 13th Floor, Building No. 2, 4560 Jinke Road, Zhangjiang, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Amgen Discovery Research, Amgen Asia R&D Center, Amgen Biopharmaceutical R&D (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., 13th Floor, Building No. 2, 4560 Jinke Road, Zhangjiang, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yunpeng Song
- Amgen Discovery Research, Amgen Asia R&D Center, Amgen Biopharmaceutical R&D (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., 13th Floor, Building No. 2, 4560 Jinke Road, Zhangjiang, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yaping Sun
- Amgen Discovery Research, Amgen Asia R&D Center, Amgen Biopharmaceutical R&D (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., 13th Floor, Building No. 2, 4560 Jinke Road, Zhangjiang, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yuqing Shen
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Wenge Zhong
- Amgen Discovery Research, Amgen Asia R&D Center, Amgen Biopharmaceutical R&D (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., 13th Floor, Building No. 2, 4560 Jinke Road, Zhangjiang, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Liaoyuan A. Hu
- Amgen Discovery Research, Amgen Asia R&D Center, Amgen Biopharmaceutical R&D (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., 13th Floor, Building No. 2, 4560 Jinke Road, Zhangjiang, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yingli Ma
- Amgen Discovery Research, Amgen Asia R&D Center, Amgen Biopharmaceutical R&D (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., 13th Floor, Building No. 2, 4560 Jinke Road, Zhangjiang, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Mei-Yun Zhang
- Amgen Discovery Research, Amgen Asia R&D Center, Amgen Biopharmaceutical R&D (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., 13th Floor, Building No. 2, 4560 Jinke Road, Zhangjiang, Shanghai 201210, China
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60
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Zhao H, Tian X, He L, Li Y, Pu W, Liu Q, Tang J, Wu J, Cheng X, Liu Y, Zhou Q, Tan Z, Bai F, Xu F, Smart N, Zhou B. Apj + Vessels Drive Tumor Growth and Represent a Tractable Therapeutic Target. Cell Rep 2019; 25:1241-1254.e5. [PMID: 30380415 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of cellular surface markers that distinguish tumorous from normal vasculature is important for the development of tumor vessel-targeted therapy. Here, we show that Apj, a G protein-coupled receptor, is highly enriched in tumor endothelial cells but absent from most endothelial cells of adult tissues in homeostasis. By genetic targeting using Apj-CreER and Apj-DTRGFP-Luciferase, we demonstrated that hypoxia-VEGF signaling drives expansion of Apj+ tumor vessels and that targeting of these vessels, genetically and pharmacologically, remarkably inhibits tumor angiogenesis and restricts tumor growth. These in vivo findings implicate Apj+ vessels as a key driver of pathological angiogenesis and identify Apj+ endothelial cells as an important therapeutic target for the anti-angiogenic treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xueying Tian
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lingjuan He
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yan Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Wenjuan Pu
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Qiaozhen Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Juan Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jiaying Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qingtong Zhou
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Zhen Tan
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Fan Bai
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Fei Xu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Nicola Smart
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bin Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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Marsault E, Llorens-Cortes C, Iturrioz X, Chun HJ, Lesur O, Oudit GY, Auger-Messier M. The apelinergic system: a perspective on challenges and opportunities in cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1455:12-33. [PMID: 31236974 PMCID: PMC6834863 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The apelinergic pathway has been generating increasing interest in the past few years for its potential as a therapeutic target in several conditions associated with the cardiovascular and metabolic systems. Indeed, preclinical and, more recently, clinical evidence both point to this G protein-coupled receptor as a target of interest in the treatment of not only cardiovascular disorders such as heart failure, pulmonary arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, or septic shock, but also of additional conditions such as water retention/hyponatremic disorders, type 2 diabetes, and preeclampsia. While it is a peculiar system with its two classes of endogenous ligand, the apelins and Elabela, its intricacies are a matter of continuing investigation to finely pinpoint its potential and how it enables crosstalk between the vasculature and organ systems of interest. In this perspective article, we first review the current knowledge on the role of the apelinergic pathway in the above systems, as well as the associated therapeutic indications and existing pharmacological tools. We also offer a perspective on the challenges and potential ahead to advance the apelinergic system as a target for therapeutic intervention in several key areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Marsault
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Catherine Llorens-Cortes
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, INSERM U1050, CNRS UMR7241, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Iturrioz
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, INSERM U1050, CNRS UMR7241, Paris, France
| | - Hyung J. Chun
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Departments of Internal Medicine and Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Olivier Lesur
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine – Division of Intensive Care Units, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Gavin Y. Oudit
- Department of Medicine, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Mannix Auger-Messier
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine – Division of Cardiology, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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Read C, Nyimanu D, Williams TL, Huggins DJ, Sulentic P, Macrae RGC, Yang P, Glen RC, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CVII. Structure and Pharmacology of the Apelin Receptor with a Recommendation that Elabela/Toddler Is a Second Endogenous Peptide Ligand. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:467-502. [PMID: 31492821 PMCID: PMC6731456 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.017533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The predicted protein encoded by the APJ gene discovered in 1993 was originally classified as a class A G protein-coupled orphan receptor but was subsequently paired with a novel peptide ligand, apelin-36 in 1998. Substantial research identified a family of shorter peptides activating the apelin receptor, including apelin-17, apelin-13, and [Pyr1]apelin-13, with the latter peptide predominating in human plasma and cardiovascular system. A range of pharmacological tools have been developed, including radiolabeled ligands, analogs with improved plasma stability, peptides, and small molecules including biased agonists and antagonists, leading to the recommendation that the APJ gene be renamed APLNR and encode the apelin receptor protein. Recently, a second endogenous ligand has been identified and called Elabela/Toddler, a 54-amino acid peptide originally identified in the genomes of fish and humans but misclassified as noncoding. This precursor is also able to be cleaved to shorter sequences (32, 21, and 11 amino acids), and all are able to activate the apelin receptor and are blocked by apelin receptor antagonists. This review summarizes the pharmacology of these ligands and the apelin receptor, highlights the emerging physiologic and pathophysiological roles in a number of diseases, and recommends that Elabela/Toddler is a second endogenous peptide ligand of the apelin receptor protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Read
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Duuamene Nyimanu
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Thomas L Williams
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - David J Huggins
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Petra Sulentic
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Robyn G C Macrae
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Peiran Yang
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Robert C Glen
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
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Pandey A, LeBlanc DM, Parmar HB, Phạm TTT, Sarker M, Xu L, Duncan R, Liu XQ, Rainey JK. Structure, amphipathy, and topology of the membrane-proximal helix 8 influence apelin receptor plasma membrane localization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:183036. [PMID: 31394100 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) typically have an amphipathic helix ("helix 8") immediately C-terminal to the transmembrane helical bundle. To date, a number of functional roles have been associated with GPCR helix 8 segments, but structure-function analysis for this region remains limited. Here, we examine helix 8 of the apelin receptor (AR or APJ), a class A GPCR with wide physiological and pathophysiological relevance. The 71 residue C-terminal tail of the AR is primarily intrinsically disordered, with a detergent micelle-induced increase in helical character. This helicity was localized to the helix 8 region, in good agreement with the recent AR crystal structure. A series of helix 8 mutants were made to reduce helicity, remove amphipathy, or flip the hydrophobic and hydrophilic faces. Each mutant AR was tested both biophysically, in the isolated C-terminal tail, and functionally in HEK 293 T cells, for full-length AR. In all instances, micelle interactions were maintained, and steady-state AR expression was efficient. However, removal of amphipathy or helical character led to a significant decrease in cell surface localization. Flipping of helix 8 amphipathic topology restored cell surface localization to some degree, but still was significantly reduced relative to wild-type. Structural integrity, amphipathy to drive membrane association, and correct topology of helix 8 membrane association all thus appear important for cell surface localization of the AR. This behavior correlates well to GPCR C-terminal tail sequence motifs, implying that these serve to specify key topological features of helix 8 and its proximity to the transmembrane domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Danielle M LeBlanc
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Hirendrasinh B Parmar
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Trần Thanh Tâm Phạm
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Muzaddid Sarker
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Lingling Xu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Roy Duncan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Xiang-Qin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jan K Rainey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
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64
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Simmons JR, Murza A, Lumsden MD, Kenward C, Marsault É, Rainey JK. Simultaneous Ligand and Receptor Tracking through NMR Spectroscopy Enabled by Distinct 19F Labels. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153658. [PMID: 31357423 PMCID: PMC6696318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To probe ligand-receptor binding at the atomic-level, a frequent approach involves multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy experiments relying on 13C- and/or 15N-enrichment alongside 1H. Alternatively, the lack of fluorine in biomolecules may be exploited through specific incorporation of 19F nuclei into a sample. The 19F nucleus is highly sensitive to environmental changes and allows for one-dimensional NMR spectroscopic study, with perturbation to chemical shift and spin dynamics diagnostic of structural change, ligand binding, and modified conformational sampling. This was applied to the apelinergic system, which comprises a rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptor (the apelin receptor (AR)/APJ) and two families of cognate ligands, the apelin and apela (ELABELA/toddler) peptides. Specifically, AR fragments consisting of either the N-terminal tail and first transmembrane (TM) α-helix (AR55) or the first three transmembrane α-helices (TM1-3) were prepared with biosynthetic fluorotryptophan incorporation. Interactions of each AR fragment with a high-affinity, 2,4,5-trifluorophenylalanine labeled apelin analogue were compared by 19F NMR. Distinct ranges of 19F chemical shifts for ligand and receptor provide unambiguous tracking of both species, with distinct binding behaviour observed for each AR fragment implying that AR55 is not sufficient to recapitulate the physiological binding event. Site-specific perturbation was also apparent for the apelin analogue as a function of substitution site, indicating an orientational binding preference. As a whole, this strategy of distinctive 19F labelling for ligand and receptor provides a relatively fast (i.e., employing 1D NMR experiments) and highly sensitive method to simultaneously and definitively track binding in both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Simmons
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Alexandre Murza
- Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Michael D Lumsden
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Calem Kenward
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Éric Marsault
- Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jan K Rainey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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65
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Tikhonova IG, Gigoux V, Fourmy D. Understanding Peptide Binding in Class A G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:550-561. [PMID: 31436539 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.115915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many physiologic processes are controlled through the activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) by regulatory peptides, making peptide GPCRs particularly useful targets for major human diseases such as diabetes and cancer. Peptide GPCRs are also being evaluated as next-generation targets for the development of novel antiparasite agents and insecticides in veterinary medicine and agriculture. Resolution of crystal structures for several peptide GPCRs has advanced our understanding of peptide-receptor interactions and fueled interest in correlating peptide heterogeneity with receptor-binding properties. In this review, the knowledge of recently crystalized peptide-GPCR complexes, previously accumulated peptide structure-activity relationship studies, receptor mutagenesis, and sequence alignment are integrated to better understand peptide binding to the transmembrane cavity of class A GPCRs. Using SAR data, we show that peptide class A GPCRs can be divided into groups with distinct hydrophilic residues. These characteristic residues help explain the preference of a receptor to bind the C-terminal free carboxyl group, the C-terminal amidated group, or the N-terminal ammonium group of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Tikhonova
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom, (I.G.T.) and INSERM ERL1226-Receptology and Therapeutic Targeting of Cancers, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets, CNRS UMR5215-INSA, Université de Toulouse III, Toulouse, France (V.G., D.F.)
| | - Veronique Gigoux
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom, (I.G.T.) and INSERM ERL1226-Receptology and Therapeutic Targeting of Cancers, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets, CNRS UMR5215-INSA, Université de Toulouse III, Toulouse, France (V.G., D.F.)
| | - Daniel Fourmy
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom, (I.G.T.) and INSERM ERL1226-Receptology and Therapeutic Targeting of Cancers, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets, CNRS UMR5215-INSA, Université de Toulouse III, Toulouse, France (V.G., D.F.)
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66
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Wink LH, Baker DL, Cole JA, Parrill AL. A benchmark study of loop modeling methods applied to G protein-coupled receptors. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2019; 33:573-595. [PMID: 31123958 PMCID: PMC6628340 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-019-00196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) are important drug discovery targets. Despite progress, many GPCR structures have not yet been solved. For these targets, comparative modeling is used in virtual ligand screening to prioritize experimental efforts. However, the structure of extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) is often poorly predicted. This is significant due to involvement of ECL2 in ligand binding for many Class A GPCR. Here we examine the performance of loop modeling protocols available in the Rosetta (cyclic coordinate descent [CCD], KIC with fragments [KICF] and next generation KIC [NGK]) and Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) software suites (de novo search). ECL2 from GPCR crystal structures served as the structure prediction targets and were divided into four sets depending on loop length. Results suggest that KICF and NGK sampled and scored more loop models with sub-angstrom and near-atomic accuracy than CCD or de novo search for loops of 24 or fewer residues. None of the methods were able to sample loop conformations with near-atomic accuracy for the longest targets ranging from 25 to 32 residues based on 1000 models generated. For these long loop targets, increased conformational sampling is necessary. The strongly conserved disulfide bond between Cys3.25 and Cys45.50 in ECL2 proved an effective filter. Setting an upper limit of 5.1 Å on the S-S distance improved the lowest RMSD model included in the top 10 scored structures in Groups 1-4 on average between 0.33 and 1.27 Å. Disulfide bond formation and geometry optimization of ECL2 provided an additional incremental benefit in structure quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee H Wink
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA
| | - Daniel L Baker
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA
| | - Judith A Cole
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA
| | - Abby L Parrill
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA.
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67
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Malde AK, Hill TA, Iyer A, Fairlie DP. Crystal Structures of Protein-Bound Cyclic Peptides. Chem Rev 2019; 119:9861-9914. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alpeshkumar K. Malde
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Timothy A. Hill
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Abishek Iyer
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Yang P, Read C, Kuc RE, Nyimanu D, Williams TL, Crosby A, Buonincontri G, Southwood M, Sawiak SJ, Glen RC, Morrell NW, Davenport AP, Maguire JJ. A novel cyclic biased agonist of the apelin receptor, MM07, is disease modifying in the rat monocrotaline model of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:1206-1221. [PMID: 30710493 PMCID: PMC6468262 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Apelin is an endogenous vasodilatory and inotropic peptide that is down-regulated in human pulmonary arterial hypertension, although the density of the apelin receptor is not significantly attenuated. We hypothesised that a G protein-biased apelin analogue MM07, which is more stable than the endogenous apelin peptide, may be beneficial in this condition with the advantage of reduced β-arrestin-mediated receptor internalisation with chronic use. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male Sprague-Dawley rats received either monocrotaline to induce pulmonary arterial hypertension or saline and then daily i.p. injections of either MM07 or saline for 21 days. The extent of disease was assessed by right ventricular catheterisation, cardiac MRI, and histological analysis of the pulmonary vasculature. The effect of MM07 on signalling, proliferation, and apoptosis of human pulmonary artery endothelial cells was investigated. KEY RESULTS MM07 significantly reduced the elevation of right ventricular systolic pressure and hypertrophy induced by monocrotaline. Monocrotaline-induced changes in cardiac structure and function, including right ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes, ejection fraction, and left ventricular end-diastolic volume, were attenuated by MM07. MM07 also significantly reduced monocrotaline-induced muscularisation of small pulmonary blood vessels. MM07 stimulated endothelial NOS phosphorylation and expression, promoted proliferation, and attenuated apoptosis of human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells in vitro. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings suggest that chronic treatment with MM07 is beneficial in this animal model of pulmonary arterial hypertension by addressing disease aetiology. These data support the development of G protein-biased apelin receptor agonists with improved pharmacokinetic profiles for use in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiran Yang
- Experimental Medicine and ImmunotherapeuticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Cai Read
- Experimental Medicine and ImmunotherapeuticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Rhoda E. Kuc
- Experimental Medicine and ImmunotherapeuticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Duuamene Nyimanu
- Experimental Medicine and ImmunotherapeuticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Thomas L. Williams
- Experimental Medicine and ImmunotherapeuticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Alexi Crosby
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Guido Buonincontri
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Mark Southwood
- Department of PathologyPapworth Hospital NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUK
| | - Stephen J. Sawiak
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Robert C. Glen
- The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CambridgeUK and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonUK
| | | | | | - Janet J. Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and ImmunotherapeuticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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69
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Bender BJ, Vortmeier G, Ernicke S, Bosse M, Kaiser A, Els-Heindl S, Krug U, Beck-Sickinger A, Meiler J, Huster D. Structural Model of Ghrelin Bound to its G Protein-Coupled Receptor. Structure 2019; 27:537-544.e4. [PMID: 30686667 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The peptide ghrelin targets the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR) to signal changes in cell metabolism and is a sought-after therapeutic target, although no structure is known to date. To investigate the structural basis of ghrelin binding to GHSR, we used solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, site-directed mutagenesis, and Rosetta modeling. The use of saturation transfer difference NMR identified key residues in the peptide for receptor binding beyond the known motif. This information combined with assignment of the secondary structure of ghrelin in its receptor-bound state was incorporated into Rosetta using an approach that accounts for flexible binding partners. The NMR data and models revealed an extended binding surface that was confirmed via mutagenesis. Our results agree with a growing evidence of peptides interacting via two sites at G protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Joseph Bender
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Gerrit Vortmeier
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Department, Leipzig University, Härtelstrasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Ernicke
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mathias Bosse
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Department, Leipzig University, Härtelstrasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anette Kaiser
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sylvia Els-Heindl
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Krug
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Department, Leipzig University, Härtelstrasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette Beck-Sickinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Daniel Huster
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Department, Leipzig University, Härtelstrasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
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70
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Fischer C, Lamer T, Wang W, McKinnie SMK, Iturrioz X, Llorens-Cortes C, Oudit GY, Vederas JC. Plasma kallikrein cleaves and inactivates apelin-17: Palmitoyl- and PEG-extended apelin-17 analogs as metabolically stable blood pressure-lowering agents. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 166:119-124. [PMID: 30690406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apelins are human peptide hormones with various physiological activities, including the moderation of cardiovascular, renal, metabolic and neurological function. Their potency is dependent on and limited by proteolytic degradation in the circulatory system. Here we identify human plasma kallikrein (KLKB1) as a protease that cleaves the first three N-terminal amino acids (KFR) of apelin-17. The cleavage kinetics are similar to neprilysin (NEP), which cleaves within the critical 'RPRL'-motif thereby inactivating apelin. The resulting C-terminal 14-mer after KLKB1 cleavage has much lower biological activity, and the presence of its N-terminal basic arginine seems to negate the blood pressure lowering effect. Based on C-terminally engineered apelin analogs (A2), resistant to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), attachment of an N-terminal C16 fatty acid chain (PALMitoylation) or polyethylene glycol chain (PEGylation) minimizes KLKB1 cleavage of the 17-mers, thereby extending plasma half-life while fully retaining biological activity. The N-terminally PEGylated apelin-17(A2) is a highly protease resistant analog, with excellent apelin receptor activation and pronounced blood pressure lowering effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Tess Lamer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Wang Wang
- Department of Medicine, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, 8440-112 St. NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Shaun M K McKinnie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Xavier Iturrioz
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, INSERM, U1050, Paris, F-75005, France; Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, Paris, F-75005, France; CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Catherine Llorens-Cortes
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, INSERM, U1050, Paris, F-75005, France; Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, Paris, F-75005, France; CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Department of Medicine, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, 8440-112 St. NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - John C Vederas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada.
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71
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Wingler LM, McMahon C, Staus DP, Lefkowitz RJ, Kruse AC. Distinctive Activation Mechanism for Angiotensin Receptor Revealed by a Synthetic Nanobody. Cell 2019; 176:479-490.e12. [PMID: 30639100 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The angiotensin II (AngII) type 1 receptor (AT1R) is a critical regulator of cardiovascular and renal function and is an important model for studies of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. By stabilizing the receptor with a single-domain antibody fragment ("nanobody") discovered using a synthetic yeast-displayed library, we determined the crystal structure of active-state human AT1R bound to an AngII analog with partial agonist activity. The nanobody binds to the receptor's intracellular transducer pocket, stabilizing the large conformational changes characteristic of activated GPCRs. The peptide engages the AT1R through an extensive interface spanning from the receptor core to its extracellular face and N terminus, remodeling the ligand-binding cavity. Remarkably, the mechanism used to propagate conformational changes through the receptor diverges from other GPCRs at several key sites, highlighting the diversity of allosteric mechanisms among GPCRs. Our structure provides insight into how AngII and its analogs stimulate full or biased signaling, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Wingler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Conor McMahon
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dean P Staus
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert J Lefkowitz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Andrew C Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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72
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GPCR structure and function relationship: identification of a biased apelin receptor mutant. Biochem J 2018; 475:3813-3826. [PMID: 30409826 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biased ligands of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) may have improved therapeutic benefits and safety profiles. However, the molecular mechanism of GPCR biased signaling remains largely unknown. Using apelin receptor (APJ) as a model, we systematically investigated the potential effects of amino acid residues around the orthosteric binding site on biased signaling. We discovered that a single residue mutation I109A (I1093.32) in the transmembrane domain 3 (TM3) located in the deep ligand-binding pocket was sufficient to convert a balanced APJ into a G protein signaling biased receptor. APJ I109A mutant receptor retained full capabilities in ligand binding and G protein activation, but was defective in GRK recruitment, β-arrestin recruitment, and downstream receptor-mediated ERK activation. Based on molecular dynamics simulations, we proposed a molecular mechanism for biased signaling of I109A mutant receptor. We postulate that due to the extra space created by I109A mutation, the phenyl group of the last residue (Phe-13) of apelin rotates down and initiates a cascade of conformational changes in TM3. Phe-13 formed a new cluster of hydrophobic interactions with the sidechains of residues in TM3, including F1103.33 and M1133.36, which stabilizes the mutant receptor in a conformation favoring biased signaling. Interruption of these stabilizing interactions by double mutation F110A/I109A or M113A/I109A largely restored the β-arrestin-mediated signaling. Taken together, we describe herein the discovery of a biased APJ mutant receptor and provide detailed molecular insights into APJ signaling selectivity, facilitating the discovery of novel therapeutics targeting APJ.
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73
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Shin K, Landsman M, Pelletier S, Alamri BN, Anini Y, Rainey JK. Proapelin is processed extracellularly in a cell line-dependent manner with clear modulation by proprotein convertases. Amino Acids 2018; 51:395-405. [PMID: 30430332 PMCID: PMC7101949 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2674-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is a peptide hormone that binds to a class A GPCR (the apelin receptor/APJ) to regulate various bodily systems. Upon signal peptide removal, the resulting 55-residue isoform, proapelin/apelin-55, can be further processed to 36-, 17-, or 13-residue isoforms with length-dependent pharmacological properties. Processing was initially proposed to occur intracellularly. However, detection of apelin-55 in extracellular fluids indicates that extracellular processing may also occur. To test for this, apelin-55 was applied exogenously to HEK293A cells overexpressing proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 3 (PCSK3), the only apelin processing enzyme identified thus far, and to differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, which endogenously express apelin, PCSK3 and other proprotein convertases. Analysis of culture media constituents from each cell type by high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and western blot demonstrated a time-dependent decrease in apelin-55 levels. This decrease was partially, but not fully, attenuated by PCSK inhibitor treatment in both cell lines. Comparison of the resulting apelin-55-derived peptide profile between the two cell lines demonstrated distinct processing patterns, with apelin-36 production apparent in 3T3-L1 adipocytes vs. detection of the prodomain of a shorter isoform (likely the apelin-13 prodomain, observed after additional proteolytic processing) in PCSK3-transfected HEK293A cells. Extracellular processing of apelin, with distinct cell type dependence, provides an alternative mechanism to regulate isoform-mediated physiological effects of apelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsoo Shin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Michael Landsman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Stephanie Pelletier
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Bader N Alamri
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Younes Anini
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Jan K Rainey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada. .,Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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74
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Dong F, Rues RB, Kazemi S, Dötsch V, Bernhard F. Molecular Determinants for Ligand Selectivity of the Cell-Free Synthesized Human Endothelin B Receptor. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:5105-5119. [PMID: 30342934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular domains of G-protein-coupled receptors act as initial molecular selectivity filters for subtype specific ligands and drugs. Chimeras of the human endothelin-B receptor containing structural units from the extracellular domains of the endothelin-A receptor were analyzed after their co-translational insertion into preformed nanodiscs. A short β-strand and a linker region in the second extracellular loop as well as parts of the extracellular N-terminal domain were identified as molecular discrimination sites for the endothelin-B receptor-selective agonists IRL1620, sarafotoxin 6c, 4Ala-ET-1 and ET-3, but not for the non-selective agonist ET-1 recognized by both endothelin receptors. A proposed second disulfide bridge in the endothelin-B receptor tethering the N-terminal domain with the third extracellular loop was not essential for ET-1 recognition and binding, but increased the receptor thermostability. We further demonstrate an experimental approach with cell-free synthesized engineered agonists to analyze the differential discrimination of peptide ligand topologies by the two endothelin receptors. The study is based on the engineering and cell-free insertion of G-protein-coupled receptors into defined membranes and may become interesting also for other targets as an alternative platform to reveal molecular details of ligand selectivity and ligand binding mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Dong
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ralf B Rues
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sina Kazemi
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Frank Bernhard
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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75
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Crystal structure of the Frizzled 4 receptor in a ligand-free state. Nature 2018; 560:666-670. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0447-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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76
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Weiss D, Karpiak J, Huang XP, Sassano MF, Lyu J, Roth BL, Shoichet BK. Selectivity Challenges in Docking Screens for GPCR Targets and Antitargets. J Med Chem 2018; 61:6830-6845. [PMID: 29990431 PMCID: PMC6105036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To investigate large library docking's ability to find molecules with joint activity against on-targets and selectivity versus antitargets, the dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A receptors were targeted, seeking selectivity against the histamine H1 receptor. In a second campaign, κ-opioid receptor ligands were sought with selectivity versus the μ-opioid receptor. While hit rates ranged from 40% to 63% against the on-targets, they were just as good against the antitargets, even though the molecules were selected for their putative lack of binding to the off-targets. Affinities, too, were often as good or better for the off-targets. Even though it was occasionally possible to find selective molecules, such as a mid-nanomolar D2/5-HT2A ligand with 21-fold selectivity versus the H1 receptor, this was the exception. Whereas false-negatives are tolerable in docking screens against on-targets, they are intolerable against antitargets; addressing this problem may demand new strategies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahlia
R. Weiss
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-2550, United States
| | - Joel Karpiak
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-2550, United States
| | - Xi-Ping Huang
- Department
of Pharmacology and National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive
Drug Screening Program, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Maria F. Sassano
- Department
of Pharmacology and National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive
Drug Screening Program, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jiankun Lyu
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-2550, United States
| | - Bryan L. Roth
- Department
of Pharmacology and National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive
Drug Screening Program, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Brian K. Shoichet
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-2550, United States
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77
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El Amrousy D, El-Mahdy H. Prognostic Value of Serum Apelin Level in Children with Heart Failure Secondary to Congenital Heart Disease. Pediatr Cardiol 2018; 39:1188-1193. [PMID: 29632960 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-018-1879-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous inotrope that decreased in heart failure (HF). We aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of its level in children with HF due to congenital heart disease (CHD). Sixty children with HF due to CHD were included as a patient group. Sixty healthy children matched for age, sex, and weight served as a control group. Chest X-ray, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, and laboratory investigations such as complete blood count, c-reactive protein, and serum apelin levels were performed for all included children at admission. All children were followed up for 3 months. Serum apelin level was significantly decreased in patients with HF at admission than healthy control group and this decrease went with advanced stage of HF. Serum apelin levels were significantly decreased in patients with unfavorable prognosis than those with favorable prognosis. At a cutoff lower than 126 ng/l, the sensitivity of serum apelin to predict unfavorable prognosis in children with HF was 96% with a specificity of 82%. Serum apelin level had a significant positive correlation with left ventricular systolic function (P < 0.05). Moreover, it had a significant negative correlation with heart rate, respiratory rate, Ross classification, c-reactive protein, cardiothoracic ratio, and both left and right ventricular dimensions (P < 0.05). Serum apelin level has a good predictive value for adverse outcome in children with HF due to CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa El Amrousy
- Pediatric Department, Tanta University Hospital, 6 Motasem Street, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Heba El-Mahdy
- Pediatric Department, Tanta University Hospital, 6 Motasem Street, Tanta, Egypt
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78
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Stenkamp RE. Identifying G protein-coupled receptor dimers from crystal packings. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 74:655-670. [PMID: 29968675 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798318008136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dimers of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are believed to be important for signaling with their associated G proteins. Low-resolution electron microscopy has shown rhodopsin dimers in native retinal membranes, and CXCR4 dimers have been found in several different crystal structures. Evidence for dimers of other GPCRs is more indirect. An alternative to computational modeling studies is to search for parallel dimers in the packing environments of the reported crystal structures of GPCRs. Two major structural types of GPCR dimers exist (as predicted by others), but there is considerable structural variation within each cluster. The different structural variants described here might reflect different functional properties and should provide a range of model structures for computational and experimental examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald E Stenkamp
- Departments of Biological Structure and Biochemistry, Biomolecular Structure Center, University of Washington, Box 357420, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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79
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Liu H, Kim HR, Deepak RNVK, Wang L, Chung KY, Fan H, Wei Z, Zhang C. Orthosteric and allosteric action of the C5a receptor antagonists. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2018; 25:472-481. [PMID: 29867214 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-018-0067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The C5a receptor (C5aR) is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that can induce strong inflammatory response to the anaphylatoxin C5a. Targeting C5aR has emerged as a novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic method. However, developing potent C5aR antagonists as drugs has proven difficult. Here, we report two crystal structures of human C5aR in ternary complexes with the peptide antagonist PMX53 and a non-peptide antagonist, either avacopan or NDT9513727. The structures, together with other biophysical, computational docking and cell-based signaling data, reveal the orthosteric action of PMX53 and its effect of stabilizing the C5aR structure, as well as the allosteric action of chemically diverse non-peptide C5aR antagonists with different binding poses. Structural comparison analysis suggests the presence of similar allosteric sites in other GPCRs. We also discuss critical structural features of C5aR in activation, including a novel conformation of helix 8. On the basis of our results, we suggest novel strategies for developing C5aR-targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hee Ryung Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - R N V Krishna Deepak
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ka Young Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hao Fan
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiyi Wei
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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80
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New opportunities for GPCR allosteric modulators. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:707-710. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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81
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Murza A, Trân K, Bruneau-Cossette L, Lesur O, Auger-Messier M, Lavigne P, Sarret P, Marsault É. Apelins, ELABELA, and their derivatives: Peptidic regulators of the cardiovascular system and beyond. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Murza
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Kien Trân
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Laurent Bruneau-Cossette
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Olivier Lesur
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Mannix Auger-Messier
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Pierre Lavigne
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Éric Marsault
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
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82
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Besserer-Offroy É, Bérubé P, Côté J, Murza A, Longpré JM, Dumaine R, Lesur O, Auger-Messier M, Leduc R, Marsault É, Sarret P. The hypotensive effect of activated apelin receptor is correlated with β-arrestin recruitment. Pharmacol Res 2018. [PMID: 29530600 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The apelinergic system is an important player in the regulation of both vascular tone and cardiovascular function, making this physiological system an attractive target for drug development for hypertension, heart failure and ischemic heart disease. Indeed, apelin exerts a positive inotropic effect in humans whilst reducing peripheral vascular resistance. In this study, we investigated the signaling pathways through which apelin exerts its hypotensive action. We synthesized a series of apelin-13 analogs whereby the C-terminal Phe13 residue was replaced by natural or unnatural amino acids. In HEK293 cells expressing APJ, we evaluated the relative efficacy of these compounds to activate Gαi1 and GαoA G-proteins, recruit β-arrestins 1 and 2 (βarrs), and inhibit cAMP production. Calculating the transduction ratio for each pathway allowed us to identify several analogs with distinct signaling profiles. Furthermore, we found that these analogs delivered i.v. to Sprague-Dawley rats exerted a wide range of hypotensive responses. Indeed, two compounds lost their ability to lower blood pressure, while other analogs significantly reduced blood pressure as apelin-13. Interestingly, analogs that did not lower blood pressure were less effective at recruiting βarrs. Finally, using Spearman correlations, we established that the hypotensive response was significantly correlated with βarr recruitment but not with G protein-dependent signaling. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the βarr recruitment potency is involved in the hypotensive efficacy of activated APJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Élie Besserer-Offroy
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Patrick Bérubé
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Jérôme Côté
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Alexandre Murza
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Jean-Michel Longpré
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Robert Dumaine
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Olivier Lesur
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Mannix Auger-Messier
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Richard Leduc
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Éric Marsault
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.
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83
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Trân K, Murza A, Sainsily X, Coquerel D, Côté J, Belleville K, Haroune L, Longpré JM, Dumaine R, Salvail D, Lesur O, Auger-Messier M, Sarret P, Marsault É. A Systematic Exploration of Macrocyclization in Apelin-13: Impact on Binding, Signaling, Stability, and Cardiovascular Effects. J Med Chem 2018; 61:2266-2277. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kien Trân
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - Alexandre Murza
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - Xavier Sainsily
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - David Coquerel
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - Jérôme Côté
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - Karine Belleville
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - Lounès Haroune
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Longpré
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - Robert Dumaine
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - Dany Salvail
- IPS Thérapeutique Inc., Sherbrooke J1G 5J6, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivier Lesur
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - Mannix Auger-Messier
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - Éric Marsault
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
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Kenward C, Shin K, Rainey JK. Mixed Fluorotryptophan Substitutions at the Same Residue Expand the Versatility of 19
F Protein NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2018; 24:3391-3396. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Calem Kenward
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Dalhousie University; Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Kyungsoo Shin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Dalhousie University; Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Jan K. Rainey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Dalhousie University; Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
- Department of Chemistry; Dalhousie University; Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
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Abstract
Apelin and apela (ELABELA/ELA/Toddler) are two peptide ligands for a class A G-protein-coupled receptor named the apelin receptor (AR/APJ/APLNR). Ligand-AR interactions have been implicated in regulation of the adipoinsular axis, cardiovascular system, and central nervous system alongside pathological processes. Each ligand may be processed into a variety of bioactive isoforms endogenously, with apelin ranging from 13 to 55 amino acids and apela from 11 to 32, typically being cleaved C-terminal to dibasic proprotein convertase cleavage sites. The C-terminal region of the respective precursor protein is retained and is responsible for receptor binding and subsequent activation. Interestingly, both apelin and apela exhibit isoform-dependent variability in potency and efficacy under various physiological and pathological conditions, but most studies focus on a single isoform. Biophysical behavior and structural properties of apelin and apela isoforms show strong correlations with functional studies, with key motifs now well determined for apelin. Unlike its ligands, the AR has been relatively difficult to characterize by biophysical techniques, with most characterization to date being focused on effects of mutagenesis. This situation may improve following a recently reported AR crystal structure, but there are still barriers to overcome in terms of comprehensive biophysical study. In this review, we summarize the three components of the apelinergic system in terms of structure-function correlation, with a particular focus on isoform-dependent properties, underlining the potential for regulation of the system through multiple endogenous ligands and isoforms, isoform-dependent pharmacological properties, and biological membrane-mediated receptor interaction. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:407-450, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsoo Shin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Calem Kenward
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jan K Rainey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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86
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Apelin conformational and binding equilibria upon micelle interaction primarily depend on membrane-mimetic headgroup. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15433. [PMID: 29133807 PMCID: PMC5684411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin is one of two peptide hormones that activate the apelin receptor (AR or APJ) to regulate the cardiovascular system, central nervous system, and adipoinsular axis. Here, we apply circular dichroism (CD) spectropolarimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to characterize the potential membrane binding by the two longest bioactive apelin isoforms, apelin-55 and -36, using membrane-mimetic dodecylphosphocholine (DPC), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and 1-palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)] (LPPG) micelles. Pulsed field gradient diffusion NMR experiments demonstrated preferential interaction of both apelin-55 and -36 with anionic SDS and LPPG micelles over zwitterionic DPC micelles. Chemical shift perturbations and changes in ps-ns scale dynamics of apelin-55 in all micelles were similarly localized along the polypeptide backbone, demonstrating clear dependence upon detergent headgroup, while comparison of chemical shifts between apelin-55 and apelin-36 showed negligible differences indicative of highly similar modes of micelle interaction. Notably, the observed behaviour was consistent with an ensemble averaged pair of free and bound states in fast exchange on the NMR timescale proportional to the fraction of micelle-bound protein, implying a similar conformational equilibrium regardless of headgroup and tailgroup. Membrane catalysis of apelin-AR binding would thus give rise to analogous behaviour in the essential C-terminal region common to all apelin isoforms.
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87
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are critical regulators of human physiology and make up the largest single class of therapeutic drug targets. Although GPCRs regulate highly diverse physiology, they share a common signaling mechanism whereby extracellular stimuli induce conformational changes in the receptor that enable activation of heterotrimeric G proteins and other intracellular effectors. Advances in GPCR structural biology have made it possible to examine ligand-induced GPCR activation at an unprecedented level of detail. Here, we review the structural basis for family A GPCR activation, with a focus on GPCRs for which structures are available in both active or active-like states and inactive states. Crystallographic and other biophysical data show how chemically diverse ligands stabilize highly conserved conformational changes on the intracellular side of the receptors, allowing many different extracellular stimuli to utilize shared downstream signaling molecules. Finally, we discuss the remaining challenges in understanding GPCR activation and signaling and highlight new technologies that may allow unanswered questions to be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashish Manglik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Andrew C Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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88
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Structure and Function of Peptide-Binding G Protein-Coupled Receptors. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:2726-2745. [PMID: 28705763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell surface receptors and are important human drug targets. Of the 826 human GPCRs, 118 of them recognize endogenous peptide or protein ligands, and 30 of the 118 are targeted by approved drug molecules, including the very high-profile class B glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor. In this review, we analyze the 21 experimentally determined three-dimensional structures of the known peptide-binding GPCRs in relation to the endogenous peptides and drug molecules that modulate their cell signaling processes. Our integrated analyses reveal that half of the marketed drugs and most of the drugs in clinical trials that interact with peptide GPCRs are small molecules with a wide range of binding modes distinct from those of large peptide ligands. As we continue to collect additional data on these receptors from orthogonal approaches, including nuclear magnetic resonance and electron microscopy, we are beginning to understand how these receptors interact with their ligands at the molecular level and how improving the pharmacology of GPCR signal transduction requires us to study these receptors using multiple biophysical techniques.
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89
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Flanagan CA, Manilall A. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Receptor Structure and GnRH Binding. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:274. [PMID: 29123501 PMCID: PMC5662886 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) regulates reproduction. The human GnRH receptor lacks a cytoplasmic carboxy-terminal tail but has amino acid sequence motifs characteristic of rhodopsin-like, class A, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). This review will consider how recent descriptions of X-ray crystallographic structures of GPCRs in inactive and active conformations may contribute to understanding GnRH receptor structure, mechanism of activation and ligand binding. The structures confirmed that ligands bind to variable extracellular surfaces, whereas the seven membrane-spanning α-helices convey the activation signal to the cytoplasmic receptor surface, which binds and activates heterotrimeric G proteins. Forty non-covalent interactions that bridge topologically equivalent residues in different transmembrane (TM) helices are conserved in class A GPCR structures, regardless of activation state. Conformation-independent interhelical contacts account for a conserved receptor protein structure and their importance in the GnRH receptor structure is supported by decreased expression of receptors with mutations of residues in the network. Many of the GnRH receptor mutations associated with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, including the Glu2.53(90) Lys mutation, involve amino acids that constitute the conserved network. Half of the ~250 intramolecular interactions in GPCRs differ between inactive and active structures. Conformation-specific interhelical contacts depend on amino acids changing partners during activation. Conserved inactive conformation-specific contacts prevent receptor activation by stabilizing proximity of TM helices 3 and 6 and a closed G protein-binding site. Mutations of GnRH receptor residues involved in these interactions, such as Arg3.50(139) of the DRY/S motif or Tyr7.53(323) of the N/DPxxY motif, increase or decrease receptor expression and efficiency of receptor coupling to G protein signaling, consistent with the native residues stabilizing the inactive GnRH receptor structure. Active conformation-specific interhelical contacts stabilize an open G protein-binding site. Progress in defining the GnRH-binding site has recently slowed, with evidence that Tyr6.58(290) contacts Tyr5 of GnRH, whereas other residues affect recognition of Trp3 and Gly10NH2. The surprisingly consistent observations that GnRH receptor mutations that disrupt GnRH binding have less effect on "conformationally constrained" GnRH peptides may now be explained by crystal structures of agonist-bound peptide receptors. Analysis of GPCR structures provides insight into GnRH receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen A. Flanagan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Colleen A. Flanagan,
| | - Ashmeetha Manilall
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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