51
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Uslu A, Kup A, Dogan C, Sari M, Cersit S, Aksu U, Kanat S, Demir M, Tenekecioglu E. Relationship between epicardial adipose tissue thickness and coronary thrombus burden in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2020; 164:141-146. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2019.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Martin-Martin I, Paige A, Valenzuela Leon PC, Gittis AG, Kern O, Bonilla B, Chagas AC, Ganesan S, Smith LB, Garboczi DN, Calvo E. ADP binding by the Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito D7 salivary protein enhances blood feeding on mammals. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2911. [PMID: 32518308 PMCID: PMC7283271 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16665-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During blood-feeding, mosquito saliva is injected into the skin to facilitate blood meal acquisition. D7 proteins are among the most abundant components of the mosquito saliva. Here we report the ligand binding specificity and physiological relevance of two D7 long proteins from Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito, the vector of filaria parasites or West Nile viruses. CxD7L2 binds biogenic amines and eicosanoids. CxD7L1 exhibits high affinity for ADP and ATP, a binding capacity not reported in any D7. We solve the crystal structure of CxD7L1 in complex with ADP to 1.97 Å resolution. The binding pocket lies between the two protein domains, whereas all known D7s bind ligands either within the N- or the C-terminal domains. We demonstrate that these proteins inhibit hemostasis in ex vivo and in vivo experiments. Our results suggest that the ADP-binding function acquired by CxD7L1 evolved to enhance blood-feeding in mammals, where ADP plays a key role in platelet aggregation. D7 proteins are highly abundant in the salivary glands of several blood feeding insects. Here, the authors study the ligand binding specificity and physiological roles of the mosquito D7 proteins CxD7L1 and CxD7L2, showing that CxD7L1 acquired ADP-binding properties to enhance blood feeding in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Martin-Martin
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Andrew Paige
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Paola Carolina Valenzuela Leon
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Apostolos G Gittis
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Olivia Kern
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Brian Bonilla
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Andrezza Campos Chagas
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Sundar Ganesan
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Leticia Barion Smith
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - David N Garboczi
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Eric Calvo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
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Expression profiles of the internal jugular and saphenous veins: Focus on hemostasis genes. Thromb Res 2020; 191:113-124. [PMID: 32438216 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Venous bed specificity could contribute to differential vulnerability to thrombus formation, and is potentially reflected in mRNA profiles. MATERIALS AND METHODS Microarray-based transcriptome analysis in wall and valve specimens from internal jugular (IJV) and saphenous (SV) veins collected during IJV surgical reconstruction in patients with impaired brain outflow. Multiplex antigenic assay in paired jugular and peripheral plasma samples. RESULTS Most of the top differentially expressed transcripts have been previously associated with both vascular and neurological disorders. Large expression differences of HOX genes, organ patterning regulators, pinpointed the vein positional identity. The "complement and coagulation cascade" emerged among enriched pathways. In IJV, upregulation of genes for coagulation inhibitors (TFPI, PROS1), activated protein C pathway receptors (THBD, PROCR), fibrinolysis activators (PLAT, PLAUR), and downregulation of the fibrinolysis inhibitor (SERPINE1) and of contact/amplification pathway genes (F11, F12), would be compatible with a thromboprotective profile in respect to SV. Further, in SV valve the prothrombinase complex genes (F5, F2) were up-regulated and the VWF showed the highest expression. Differential expression of several VWF regulators (ABO, ST3GAL4, SCARA5, CLEC4M) was also observed. Among other differentially expressed hemostasis-related genes, heparanase (HPSE)/heparanase inhibitor (HPSE2) were up-/down-regulated in IJV, which might support procoagulant features and disease conditions. The jugular plasma levels of several proteins, encoded by differentially expressed genes, were lower and highly correlated with peripheral levels. CONCLUSIONS The IJV and SV rely on differential expression of many hemostasis and hemostasis-related genes to balance local hemostasis, potentially related to differences in vulnerability to thrombosis.
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Irfan M, Kwon HW, Lee DH, Shin JH, Yuk HJ, Kim DS, Hong SB, Kim SD, Rhee MH. Ulmus parvifolia Modulates Platelet Functions and Inhibits Thrombus Formation by Regulating Integrin α IIbβ 3 and cAMP Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:698. [PMID: 32508642 PMCID: PMC7248206 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is increasing at a high rate, and the available treatment options, sometimes, have complications which necessitates the need to develop safer and efficacious approaches. Ethnomedicinal applications reportedly reduce CVD risk. Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. (Ulmaceae) commonly known as Chinese Elm or Lacebark Elm, is native to China, Japan, and Korea. It exhibits anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anticancer properties, but its anti-platelet properties have not yet been elucidated. Purpose To investigate the pharmacological anti-platelet and anti-thrombotic effects of U. parvifolia bark extract. Study Design and Methods Human and rat washed platelets were prepared; light transmission aggregometry and scanning electron microscopy was performed to assess platelet aggregation and the change in platelet shape, respectively. Intracellular calcium mobilization, ATP release, and thromboxane-B2 production were also measured. Integrin αIIbβ3 activation was analyzed in terms of fibrinogen binding, fibronectin adhesion, and clot retraction. The expression of MAPK, Src, and PI3K/Akt pathway proteins was examined. Cyclic nucleotide signaling pathway was evaluated via cAMP elevation and VASP phosphorylation. Anti-thrombotic activity of the extract was evaluated in vivo using an arteriovenous shunt rat model, whereas its effect on hemostasis in mice was assessed via bleeding time assay. Results U. parvifolia extract significantly inhibited human and rat platelet aggregation in a dose-dependent manner along with inhibition of calcium mobilization, dense granule secretion, and TxB2 production. Integrin αIIbβ3 mediated inside-out and outside-in signaling events, as evidenced by the inhibition of fibrinogen binding, fibronectin adhesion, and clot retraction. The extract significantly reduced phosphorylation of Src, MAPK (ERK, JNK, and p38MAPK), and PI3K/Akt pathway proteins. Cyclic-AMP levels were elevated in U. parvifolia-treated platelets, while PKAαβγ and VASPser157 phosphorylation was enhanced. U. parvifolia reduced thrombus weight in rats and moderately increased bleeding time in mice. Conclusion U. parvifolia modulates platelet responses and inhibit thrombus formation by regulating integrin αIIbβ3 mediated inside-out and outside-in signaling events and cAMP signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hyuk-Woo Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Far East University, Eumseong, South Korea
| | - Dong-Ha Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Molecular Diagnostics Research Institute, Namseoul University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hae Shin
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Far East University, Eumseong, South Korea
| | - Heung Joo Yuk
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dong-Seon Kim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seung-Bok Hong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Chungbuk Health & Science University, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Sung-Dae Kim
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan, South Korea
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Shatoor AS, Shati A, Humayed SA, Al-Qahtani S, Alkhateeb M. Opposite Modulatory Effects of Crataegus aronia Aqueous Extract on Platelet Aggregation in Rats. Chin J Integr Med 2020; 27:696-704. [PMID: 32418179 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-020-3187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To reveal the mechanisms behind the dual effects of Crataegus aronia (C. aronia) aqueous extract on platelet aggregation by focusing on function, regulation, expression, and signaling of platelets P2Y12 receptors. METHODS Adult male Wistar rats (120 ± 10 g) were classified as control received the vehicle, C. aronia (200 mg/kg), and C. aronia (2,000 mg/kg)-treated rats. After treatments for consecutive 7 days, hematological and molecular experiments were conducted to detect alterations in platelet aggregation, thromboxane B2 (THXB2) and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) content; protein levels of P2Y12, p-Akt, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), phosphorylated vasodilator-stimulated-phosphoprotein (p-VASP), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), P-selectin, and etc. in platelets were determined by Western blot; mRNA expressions of P2Y12 and some inflammatory markers were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS At a concentration of 200 mg/kg, C. aronia inhibited platelet aggregation through multiple interconnected mechanisms including downregulation P2Y12 synthesis and expression, stimulating intracellular cAMP levels and protein levels of p-VASP, inhibiting platelets THXB2 release and protein levels of P-selectin. Also, it inhibited platelets level of ROS and of NF-κB, a major signaling pathway that stimulates the expression of P2Y12 and THXA2 synthesis. Opposite findings were seen in platelets of rats received C. aronia at a concentration of 2,000 mg/kg. Interestingly, co-administration of N-acetylcysteine prevented all hematological and molecular alterations exerted by the high dose of the extract and inhibited platelet aggregation. CONCLUSION Oral administration of C. aronia at low dose inhibits platelet aggregation by reducing THXB2 release, expression of P-selectin and activating cAMP and Akt signaling through two major mechanisms including downregulation of P2Y12 and inhibition of ROS-induced activation of NF-κB, an effect that is observed to be in the opposite direction with its high dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah S Shatoor
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Section, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, 64121, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ali Shati
- Department of Biology, College of Science, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, 64121, Saudi Arabia
| | - S Al Humayed
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Section, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, 64121, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Al-Qahtani
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Alkhateeb
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 11481, Saudi Arabia
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Semple
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Rick Kapur
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology Sanquin Research Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Cordelle J, Mantero S. Insight on the endothelialization of small silk-based tissue-engineered vascular grafts. Int J Artif Organs 2020; 43:631-644. [DOI: 10.1177/0391398820906547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Along with an increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases, there is a strong need for small-diameter vascular grafts. Silk has been investigated as a biomaterial to develop such grafts thanks to different processing options. Endothelialization was shown to be extremely important to ensure graft patency and there is ongoing research on the development and behavior of endothelial cells on vascular tissue-engineered scaffolds. This article reviews the endothelialization of silk-based scaffolds processed throughout the years as silk non-woven nets, films, gel spun, electrospun, or woven scaffolds. Encouraging results were reported with these scaffolds both in vitro and in vivo when implanted in small- to middle-sized animals. The use of coatings and heparin or sulfur to enhance, respectively, cell adhesion and scaffold hemocompatibility is further presented. Bioreactors also showed their interest to improve cell adhesion and thus promoting in vitro pre-endothelialization of grafts even though they are still not systematically used. Finally, the importance of the animal models used to study the right mechanism of endothelialization is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Mantero
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Davizon‐Castillo P, Allawzi A, Sorrells M, Fisher S, Baltrunaite K, Neeves K, Nozik‐Grayck E, DiPaola J, Delaney C. Platelet activation in experimental murine neonatal pulmonary hypertension. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14386. [PMID: 32163236 PMCID: PMC7066872 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) contributes to the pathogenesis of experimental neonatal pulmonary hypertension (PH) associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Platelets are the primary source of circulating 5-HT and is released upon platelet activation. Platelet transfusions are associated with neonatal mortality and increased rates of BPD. As BPD is often complicated by PH, we tested the hypothesis that circulating platelets are activated and also increased in the lungs of neonatal mice with bleomycin-induced PH associated with BPD. Newborn wild-type mice received intraperitoneal bleomycin (3 units/kg) three times weekly for 3 weeks. Platelets from mice with experimental PH exhibited increased adhesion to collagen under flow (at 300 s-1 and 1,500 s-1 ) and increased expression of the αIIbβ3 integrin and phosphatidylserine, markers of platelet activation. Platelet-derived factors 5-HT and platelet factor 4 were increased in plasma from mice with experimental PH. Pharmacologic blockade of the 5-HT 2A receptor (5-HT 2A R) prevents bleomycin-induced PH and pulmonary vascular remodeling. Here, platelets from mice with bleomycin-induced PH demonstrate increased 5-HT 2A R expression providing further evidence of both platelet activation and increased 5-HT signaling in this model. In addition, bleomycin treatment increased lung platelet accumulation. In summary, platelets are activated, granule factors are released, and are increased in numbers in the lungs of mice with experimental neonatal PH. These results suggest platelet activation and release of platelet-derived factors may increase vascular tone, promote aberrant angiogenesis, and contribute to the development of neonatal PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Davizon‐Castillo
- Section of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow TransplantUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
| | - Ayed Allawzi
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care and Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research LaboratoryUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
| | - Matthew Sorrells
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringColorado School of MinesGoldenCOUSA
| | - Susan Fisher
- Section of NeonatologyDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
| | - Kristina Baltrunaite
- Section of NeonatologyDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
| | - Keith Neeves
- Section of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow TransplantUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
| | - Eva Nozik‐Grayck
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care and Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research LaboratoryUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
| | - Jorge DiPaola
- Division of Pediatric Hematology OncologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Cassidy Delaney
- Section of NeonatologyDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
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Mohammad HMF, Makary S, Atef H, El-Sherbiny M, Atteia HH, Ibrahim GA, Mohamed AS, Zaitone SA. Clopidogrel or prasugrel reduces mortality and lessens cardiovascular damage from acute myocardial infarction in hypercholesterolemic male rats. Life Sci 2020; 247:117429. [PMID: 32061670 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Hypercholesterolemia is a hazard for increasing susceptibility of the heart to myocardial infarction (MI) by inducing platelet hyperaggregability. Clopidogrel and prasugrel have documented cardioprotective effects in clinical studies. Herein, we investigated whether clopidogrel and prasugrel could protect against isoproterenol-induced acute MI (A-MI) under hypercholesterolemic conditions in rats. MAIN METHODS Dietary hypercholesterolemic rats were subjected to acute doses of isoproterenol. Serum lipids, inflammatory markers, aortic endothelin1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNAs expression and immunexpression of BCL2 were determined. KEY FINDINGS Hypercholesterolemic rats showed infiltration of inflammatory cells and reduction in aortic wall thickness, deposition of fibrous tissue between cardiac muscle fibers. Protective doses of prasugrel or clopidogrel for 28 days before A-MI increased survival, amended the ECG parameters -including ST segment elevation- and improved the histopathological picture in hypercholesterolemic rats. This was coupled with reductions in platelet aggregation, creatine kinase-MB activity, endothelin 1, systemic inflammation and cardiac lipid peroxidation and increment in aortic eNOS expression. Clopidogrel and prasugrel groups showed enhanced BCL2 expression in cardiac fibers and aortic wall. SIGNIFICANCE Prasugrel and clopidogrel protected against A-MI via anti-aggregatory and anti-inflammatory effects. These results add to the value of these drugs in correcting cardiovascular dysfunction in patients vulnerable to A-MI after confirmation by appropriate human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala M F Mohammad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; Central Lab., Center of Excellence in Molecular and Cellular Medicine (CEMCM), Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Samy Makary
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Hoda Atef
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Sherbiny
- Anatomy department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Anatomy department, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hebatallah H Atteia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, El-Sharkia, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gehan A Ibrahim
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Abdelaty Shawky Mohamed
- Pathology department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Pathology department, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sawsan A Zaitone
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, 41522 Ismailia, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
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Jeakle MM, Major TC, Meyerhoff ME, Bartlett RH. Comparison of Diazeniumdiolated Dialkylhexanediamines as Nitric Oxide Release Agents on Nonthrombogenicity in an Extracorporeal Circulation Model. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:466-476. [PMID: 35019463 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
When blood from a patient is circulated through extracorporeal circuits (ECCs), such as in cardiopulmonary bypass or extracorporeal life support, platelets in the blood are activated and form a thrombus. This is prevented clinically with a range of different systemic anticoagulation agents (e.g., heparin); however, this increases a patient's risk of hemorrhage. Previous work with nitric oxide (NO) releasing materials using the combined diazeniumdiolated diamine, N-N-di-N'-butyl-1,6-hexanediamine (DBHD), and a polymer-linked thrombin inhibitor, argatroban (AG), showed significant nonthrombogenicity in ECCs using a 4 h rabbit model. Herein, we evaluated if diazeniumdiolated N-N-di-N'-propyl-1,6-hexanediamine (DPHDN2O2), which has a slightly lower degree of lipophilicity compared to DBHDN2O2, would provide similar nonthrombogenicity as the AG/DBHDN2O2-polymer-coated circuits. While DPHDN2O2 releases NO at a higher flux rate than DBHDN2O2 when coated (within CarboSil polymer) on the inner wall of polyvinyl chloride tubing, neither coated circuit significantly affected animal hemodynamics. Both diazeniumdiolated diamines, in combination with immobilized AG or alone, significantly reduced thrombus formation similarly in the 4 h rabbit model (vs uncoated control): AG/DBHDN2O2: 0.12 ± 0.03 cm2; DBHDN2O2: 2.57 ± 0.82 cm2; AG/DPHDN2O2: 0.68 ± 0.22 cm2; DPHDN2O2: 1.87 + 1.26 cm2; uncoated control: 6.95 ± 0.82 cm2. AG/DPHDN2O2 was no different than AG/DBHDN2O in preserving platelet count and function. In addition, AG did not leach into the systemic circulation as the total clotting times were insignificantly different from the baseline values (AG/DPHDN2O2: 12.7 + 0.5 s (n = 3); AG/DBHDN2O2: 12.3 + 0.7 s (n = 3); baseline: 13.9 + 0.3 s (n = 13)). Based on these results, both DPHDN2O2 and DPHDN2O2 are good candidates as NO donor molecules for creating nonthrombogenic polymer coatings for ECCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Jeakle
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Terry C Major
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Mark E Meyerhoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Robert H Bartlett
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Irfan M, Kim M, Rhee MH. Anti-platelet role of Korean ginseng and ginsenosides in cardiovascular diseases. J Ginseng Res 2020; 44:24-32. [PMID: 32095094 PMCID: PMC7033355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases prevail among modern societies and underdeveloped countries, and a high mortality rate has also been reported by the World Health Organization affecting millions of people worldwide. Hyperactive platelets are the major culprits in thrombotic disorders. A group of drugs is available to deal with such platelet-related disorders; however, sometimes, side effects and complications caused by these drugs outweigh their benefits. Ginseng and its nutraceuticals have been reported to reduce the impact of thrombotic conditions and improve cardiovascular health by antiplatelet mechanisms. This review provides (1) a comprehensive insight into the available pharmacological options from ginseng and ginsenosides (saponin and nonsaponin fractions) for platelet-originated cardiovascular disorders; (2) a discussion on the impact of specific functional groups on the modulation of platelet functions and how structural modifications among ginsenosides affect platelet activation, which may further provide a basis for drug design, optimization, and the development of ginsenoside scaffolds as pharmacological antiplatelet agents; (3) an insight into the synergistic effects of ginsenosides on platelet functions; and (4) a perspective on future research and the development of ginseng and ginsenosides as super nutraceuticals.
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Key Words
- AA, arachidonic acid
- AC, adenylyl cyclase
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- ASA, acetylsalicylic acid
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Akt, protein kinase B
- Antiplatelet
- COX, cyclooxygenase
- CRP, collagen-related peptide
- CSF, crude saponin fraction
- ERK, extracellular signal–regulated kinase
- GPVI, glycoprotein VI
- Ginsenosides
- IC50, half maximal (50%) inhibitory concentration
- IP3, inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MKK4, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4
- MLC, myosin light chain
- Nutraceutical
- PAF, platelet-activating factor
- PAR, proteinase-activated receptor
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PKC, protein kinase C
- PKG, protein kinase G
- PLA2, phospholipase A2
- PLCγ2, phospholipase C gamma-2
- PPD, protopanaxadiol
- PPT, protopanaxatriol
- PT, prothrombin time
- ROCK, Rho-associated protein kinase
- SFK, Src family kinase
- Structural modification
- Syk, spleen tyrosine kinase
- Synergism
- TS, total saponin
- TxA2, thromboxane A2
- TxAS, thromboxane-A synthase
- TxB2, thromboxane B2
- TxR, thromboxane receptor
- VASP, vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein
- [Ca2+]i, intracellular calcium ion
- aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time
- cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- cPLA2α, cytosolic phospholipase A2α
- vWF, von Willebrand factor
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Man Hee Rhee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Cell Signaling, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Lee J, Gerelkhuu Z, Song J, Seol KH, Kim BK, Chang J. Stochastic Electrochemical Cytometry of Human Platelets via a Particle Collision Approach. ACS Sens 2019; 4:3248-3256. [PMID: 31680513 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The quantitative analysis of human platelets is important for the diagnosis of various hematologic and cardiovascular diseases. In this article, we present a stochastic particle impact electrochemical (SPIE) approach for human platelets with fixation (F-HPs). Carboxylate-functionalized polystyrene particles (PSPs) are studied as well as a standard platform of SPIE-F-HPs. For SPIE-PSPs (or F-HPs), [Fe(CN)6]4- was used as the redox mediator, and electro-oxidation of [Fe(CN)6]4- to [Fe(CN)6]3- was conducted on a Pt ultramicroelectrode (UME) by applying a constant potential, where the corresponding oxidation current is mass-transfer-controlled. When PSPs (or F-HPs) are introduced into aqueous solution with [Fe(CN)6]4-, sudden current drops (SCDs) were observed, which resulted from the partial blockage of a Pt UME by collision of an individual PSP (or F-HP). For SPIE-PSPs (or F-HPs), we found that it is essential to enhance the migration of PSPs (F-HPs) toward a Pt UME by maximizing the steady state current associated with electro-oxidation of [Fe(CN)6]4-. This was accomplished by increasing its concentration to the solubility limit. We successfully measured the concentration of F-HPs dispersed in aqueous solution containing [Fe(CN)6]4- with a minimum detectable concentration of 0.1 fM, and the size distribution of F-HPs was also estimated from the obtained idrop distribution based on the SPIE analysis, where idrop stands for the magnitude of the current drop of each SCD. Lastly, we revealed that HPs without the fixation process (WF-HPs) are difficult to quantitatively analyze by SPIE because of their transient activation process, which results in changes from their spherical shape. The observed difficulty was also confirmed by finite element analysis, which shows that idrop can be significantly increased, as an elongated WF-HP is adsorbed on the edge of an UME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Zayakhuu Gerelkhuu
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewoo Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Hee Seol
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Kwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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Yang M, Huo X, Miao Z, Wang Y. Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Receptor Inhibitor Tirofiban in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Drugs 2019; 79:515-529. [PMID: 30838514 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-019-01078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tirofiban is a non-peptide selective glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor that reversibly inhibits fibrinogen-dependent platelet aggregation and subsequent formation of thrombi, which contribute to the major atherosclerotic complications in the development, progression, and resolution of ischemic stroke. The adjunctive use of tirofiban has been extensively evaluated in progressive stroke, combined intravenous thrombolysis (IVT), and endovascular treatment (EVT) in both preclinical and clinical studies. A body of evidence has been accumulated on the risks and benefits associated with tirofiban in terms of prevention of stroke progression, stent thrombosis, improvement in functional independence, and mortality, especially among high-risk ischemic stroke patients as a further strategy alongside conventional treatment. In general, tirofiban has a favorable tolerability and efficacy profile in the improvement of vascular recanalization and long-term functional outcome, although the optimum dosage, application setting, and precise target patients are not yet well-established. However, its specific inhibition of ongoing platelet aggregation and thrombus formation rather than absolute thrombolysis suggests that tirofiban, one of the most widely used GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors, with high affinity and a short plasma/biologic half-life, may have great potential in the acute treatment of ischemic stroke. Substantial practical progress is likely as our understanding of the mechanism of action and pharmacological actions of tirofiban in atherosclerotic ischemic disease improves. Therefore, we classify and summarize the available findings regarding tirofiban in acute ischemic stroke to stimulate and guide further research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119 Nan Sihuan West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100160, People's Republic of China.,Department of Interventional Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochuan Huo
- Department of Interventional Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongrong Miao
- Department of Interventional Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119 Nan Sihuan West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100160, People's Republic of China. .,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China. .,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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64
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Nam GS, Lee KS, Nam KS. Morin hydrate inhibits platelet activation and clot retraction by regulating integrin α IIbβ 3, TXA 2, and cAMP levels. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 865:172734. [PMID: 31614139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Morin hydrate is an active constituent of Morus alba L, Prunus dulcis, and Cudrania tricuspidata and has been reported to inhibit platelet activation in vivo and in vitro, but no reports have been issued on its regulation of αIIbβ3, a platelet-specific integrin and thromboxane A2 (TXA2), positive feedback molecule. In this study, we investigated the anti-platelet activity of morin hydrate in collagen- and thrombin-induced human platelets and attempted to identify the mechanism responsible for integrin αIIbβ3 activation and TXA2 generation. Our results demonstrated that morin hydrate (25-100 μM) inhibited collagen- and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation, granule secretion (P-selectin expression, ATP, and serotonin release), calcium mobilization, TXA2 production, integrin αIIbβ3 activation, and clot retraction. Additionally, morin hydrate attenuated the phosphorylations of phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2), cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and enhanced the phosphorylations of inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3 receptor) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) generation. However, it had no effect on the coagulation pathway. Taken together, these observations indicate morin hydrate inhibits platelet-mediated thrombosis by down-regulating TXA2 production and integrin αIIbβ3 activation, and by upregulating cAMP generation, and thus, inhibits clot retraction. These results suggest morin hydrate may have therapeutic potential as a treatment for platelet-activation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Suk Nam
- Department of Pharmacology and Intractable Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Shik Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Intractable Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Nam
- Department of Pharmacology and Intractable Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38066, Republic of Korea.
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Quantitative Characterization of Shear-Induced Platelet Receptor Shedding: Glycoprotein Ibα, Glycoprotein VI, and Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa. ASAIO J 2019; 64:773-778. [PMID: 29117043 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000000722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural integrity of platelet receptors is essential for platelets to play the normal hemostatic function. The high non-physiologic shear stress (NPSS) commonly exists in blood-contacting medical devices and has been shown to cause platelet receptor shedding. The loss of platelet receptors may impair the normal hemostatic function of platelets. The aim of this study was to quantify NPSS-induced shedding of three key receptors on the platelet surface. Human blood was subjected to the matrix of well-defined shear stresses and exposure times, generated by using a custom-designed blood-shearing device. The expression of three key platelet receptors, glycoprotein (GP) Ibα, GPVI, and GPIIb/IIIa, in sheared blood was quantified using flow cytometry. The quantitative relationship between the loss of each of the three receptors on the platelet surface and shear condition (shear stress level and exposure time) was explored. It was found that these relationships followed well the power law functional form. The coefficients of the power law models for the shear-induced shedding of these platelet receptors were derived with coefficients of determination (R) of 0.77, 0.73, and 0.78, respectively. The power law models with these coefficients may be potentially used to predict the shear-induced platelet receptor shedding of human blood.
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A β1-tubulin-based megakaryocyte maturation reporter system identifies novel drugs that promote platelet production. Blood Adv 2019; 2:2262-2272. [PMID: 30206099 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018019547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During maturation, megakaryocytes (MKs) express β1-tubulin (TUBB1) and rearrange their microtubule components to enlarge, form proplatelets, and eventually release platelets. The development of a platform to identify in vitro conditions that would efficiently promote MK development could potentially enable large-scale platelet production. Here, we show that an immortalized MK cell line (imMKCL) genetically modified to express the β1-tubulin-Venus reporter provides a practical system to efficiently monitor the in vitro production of platelet-like particles (PLPs). The Venus transgene was inserted downstream of the TUBB1 locus in imMKCLs using CRISPR/Cas9, and the expression was visualized by Venus fluorescence intensity. This imMKCL reporter line was then used for high-throughput drug screening. We identified several compounds that significantly improved the efficiency of PLP production in vitro under feeder-free conditions and showed a significant tendency to recover platelets in vivo in a mouse thrombocytopenia model induced by anti-GPIbα antibody administration. Interestingly, most of these compounds, including a WNT signaling pathway inhibitor, Wnt-C59, antagonized the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) to increase PLP production, confirming the crucial role of AhR inhibition in MK maturation. Consistently, small interfering RNA treatment against AhR increased the Venus intensity and PLP production. TCS 359, an FLT3 inhibitor, significantly increased PLP production independently of FLT3 or AhR. This study highlights the usefulness of the β1-tubulin reporter MK line as a useful tool to study the mechanisms underlying thrombopoiesis and to identify novel inducers of ex vivo platelet production.
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Cognasse F, Laradi S, Berthelot P, Bourlet T, Marotte H, Mismetti P, Garraud O, Hamzeh-Cognasse H. Platelet Inflammatory Response to Stress. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1478. [PMID: 31316518 PMCID: PMC6611140 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood platelets play a central hemostatic role, (i) as they repair vascular epithelial damage, and (ii) they play immune defense roles, as they have the capacity to produce and secrete various cytokines, chemokines, and related products. Platelets sense and respond to local dangers (infectious or not). Platelets, therefore, mediate inflammation, express and use receptors to bind infectious pathogen moieties and endogenous ligands, among other components. Platelets contribute to effective pathogen clearance. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are danger signals released during inflammatory stress, such as burns, trauma and infection. Each pathogen is recognized by its specific molecular signature or pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP). Recent data demonstrate that platelets have the capacity to sense external danger signals (DAMPs or PAMPs) differentially through a distinct type of pathogen recognition receptor (such as Toll-like receptors). Platelets regulate the innate immune response to pathogens and/or endogenous molecules, presenting several types of “danger” signals using a complete signalosome. Platelets, therefore, use complex tools to mediate a wide range of functions from danger sensing to tissue repair. Moreover, we noted that the secretory capacity of stored platelets over time and the development of stress lesions by platelets upon collection, processing, and storage are considered stress signals. The key message of this review is the “inflammatory response to stress” function of platelets in an infectious or non-infectious context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Cognasse
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Étienne, France.,GIMAP-EA3064, Université de Lyon, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Sandrine Laradi
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Étienne, France.,GIMAP-EA3064, Université de Lyon, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Philippe Berthelot
- GIMAP-EA3064, Université de Lyon, Saint-Étienne, France.,Laboratoire des Agents Infectieux et d'Hygiène, CHU de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Thomas Bourlet
- GIMAP-EA3064, Université de Lyon, Saint-Étienne, France.,Laboratoire des Agents Infectieux et d'Hygiène, CHU de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Hubert Marotte
- SAINBIOSE, INSERM U1059, University of Lyon, Saint-Étienne, France.,Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Patrick Mismetti
- SAINBIOSE, INSERM U1059, University of Lyon, Saint-Étienne, France.,Vascular and Therapeutic Medicine Department, Saint-Etienne University Hospital Center, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Olivier Garraud
- GIMAP-EA3064, Université de Lyon, Saint-Étienne, France.,Institut National de Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
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Villmann JM, Burkhardt R, Teren A, Villmann T, Thiery J, Drogies T. Atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction and primary hemostasis: Impact of platelets, von Willebrand factor and soluble glycoprotein VI. Thromb Res 2019; 180:98-104. [PMID: 31276978 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Little is known about peril constellations in primary hemostasis contributing to an acute myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with already manifest atherosclerosis. The study aimed to establish a predicting model based on six biomarkers of primary hemostasis: platelet count, mean platelet volume, hematocrit, soluble glycoprotein VI, fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor ratio. MATERIALS AND METHODS The biomarkers were measured in 1.491 patients with manifest atherosclerosis of the Leipzig (LIFE) heart study. Three groups were divided: patients with coronary artery disease (900 patients) and patients with atherosclerosis and either ST-elevated MI (404 patients) or Non-ST-elevated MI (187 patients). Correlations were analyzed by non-linear analysis with Self Organizing Maps. Classification and discriminant analysis was performed using Learning Vector Quantization. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The combination of hemostatic biomarkers is regarded as valuable tool for identifying patients with atherosclerosis at risk for MI. Nevertheless, our study contradicts this belief. The biomarkers did not allow to establish a predicting model usable in daily patient care. Good specificity and sensitivity for the detection of MI was only reached in models including acute phase parameters (specificity 0,9036, sensitivity 0,7937 in men; 0,8977 and 0,8133 in women). In detail, hematocrit and soluble glycoprotein VI were significantly different between the groups. Significant dissimilarities were also found for fibrinogen (in men) and von Willebrand factor ratio. In contrast, the most promising parameters mean platelet volume and platelet count showed no difference, which is an important contribution to the controversy concerning them as new risk and therapy targets for MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josepha-Maria Villmann
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralph Burkhardt
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrej Teren
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University Leipzig, Germany; Leipzig Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Villmann
- Computational Intelligence Group, University of Applied Sciences Mittweida, Germany
| | - Joachim Thiery
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tim Drogies
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University Leipzig, Germany.
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Podeur F, Peyrachon B, Nokovitch L, Dammacco MA, Qassemyar Q, Deneuve S. Predictive value of the milking patency test when performing the arterial microanastomosis in head and neck surgery. Head Neck 2019; 41:3328-3333. [PMID: 31228303 DOI: 10.1002/hed.25841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The milking patency test (MPT) is widely used to assess the patency of microanastomosis, despite it being proven to be a traumatic test. METHODS We performed microanastomoses with intentional two-wall stitches and asked senior microsurgeons to evaluate the permeability of the anastomoses by looking first at the results of the MPT, then according to artery pulsation. RESULTS Microsurgeons were all accurate in evaluating normal or clamped anastomoses. But in anastomoses with defects, the MPT was considered normal 94%, 85%, and 73%. MPT has a positive predictive value of 100% but with a negative predictive value of 27.5%. Observation of the artery pulsation distal to the anastomosis gave similar results. CONCLUSIONS Our experiment shows that the two-wall stitches on arterial anastomoses are hardly detected by an MPT. The observed pulsation of the artery gives the same results and could be used instead, without damaging the vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Podeur
- Oncologic Surgery Department, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | | | - Lara Nokovitch
- Oncologic Surgery Department, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Sophie Deneuve
- Oncologic Surgery Department, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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Chen J, Schroeder JA, Luo X, Montgomery RR, Shi Q. The impact of GPIbα on platelet-targeted FVIII gene therapy in hemophilia A mice with pre-existing anti-FVIII immunity. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:449-459. [PMID: 30609275 PMCID: PMC6397061 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Essentials Platelet-specific FVIII gene therapy is effective in hemophilia A mice even with inhibitors. The impact of platelet adherence via VWF/GPIbα binding on platelet gene therapy was investigated. GPIbα does not significantly affect platelet gene therapy of hemophilia A with inhibitors. Platelet gene therapy induces immune tolerance in hemophilia A mice with pre-existing immunity. SUMMARY: Background We have previously demonstrated that von Willebrand factor (VWF) is essential in platelet-specific FVIII (2bF8) gene therapy of hemophilia A (HA) with inhibitory antibodies (inhibitors). At the site of injury, platelet adherence is initiated by VWF binding to the platelet GPIb complex. Objective To investigate the impact of GPIbα on platelet gene therapy of HA with inhibitors. Methods Platelet-FVIII expression was introduced by 2bF8 lentivirus (2bF8LV) transduction of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from GPIbαnull (Ibnull ) mice or rhF8-primed FVIIInull (F8null ) mice followed by transplantation into lethally irradiated rhF8-primed F8null recipients. Animals were analyzed by flow cytometry, FVIII assays and the tail bleeding test. Results After transplantation, 99% of platelets were derived from donors. The macrothrombocytopenia phenotype was maintained in F8null mice that received 2bF8LV-transduced Ibnull HSCs (2bF8-Ibnull /F8null ). The platelet-FVIII expression level in 2bF8-Ibnull /F8null recipients was similar to that obtained from F8null mice that received 2bF8LV-transduced F8null HSCs (2bF8-F8null /F8null ). The tail bleeding test showed that the remaining hemoglobin level in the 2bF8-Ibnull /F8null group was significantly higher than in the F8null control group, but there was no significant difference between the 2bF8-Ibnull /F8null and 2bF8-F8null /F8null groups. The half-life of inhibitor disappearance time was comparable between the 2bF8-Ibnull /F8null and 2bF8-F8null /F8null groups. The rhF8 re-challenge did not elicit a memory immune response once inhibitor titers dropped to undetectable levels after 2bF8 gene therapy. Conclusion GPIbα does not significantly impact platelet gene therapy of HA with inhibitors. 2bF8 gene therapy restores hemostasis and promotes immune tolerance in HA mice with pre-existing immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jocelyn A. Schroeder
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Children’s Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- MACC Fund Research Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Luo
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Robert R. Montgomery
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Children’s Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- MACC Fund Research Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Qizhen Shi
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Children’s Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- MACC Fund Research Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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71
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Eble JA. Structurally Robust and Functionally Highly Versatile-C-Type Lectin (-Related) Proteins in Snake Venoms. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11030136. [PMID: 30823637 PMCID: PMC6468738 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venoms contain an astounding variety of different proteins. Among them are numerous C-type lectin family members, which are grouped into classical Ca2+- and sugar-binding lectins and the non-sugar-binding snake venom C-type lectin-related proteins (SV-CLRPs), also called snaclecs. Both groups share the robust C-type lectin domain (CTLD) fold but differ in a long loop, which either contributes to a sugar-binding site or is expanded into a loop-swapping heterodimerization domain between two CLRP subunits. Most C-type lectin (-related) proteins assemble in ordered supramolecular complexes with a high versatility of subunit numbers and geometric arrays. Similarly versatile is their ability to inhibit or block their target molecules as well as to agonistically stimulate or antagonistically blunt a cellular reaction triggered by their target receptor. By utilizing distinct interaction sites differentially, SV-CLRPs target a plethora of molecules, such as distinct coagulation factors and receptors of platelets and endothelial cells that are involved in hemostasis, thrombus formation, inflammation and hematogenous metastasis. Because of their robust structure and their high affinity towards their clinically relevant targets, SV-CLRPs are and will potentially be valuable prototypes to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic tools in medicine, provided that the molecular mechanisms underlying their versatility are disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes A Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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72
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Ali Elsidege Ali L, Mahdi Hassan F, Eldin Gumaah Elzaki S. Association of Fibrinogen Receptor (Integrin αIIbβ3) Polymorphism in Sudanese Ischemic Stroke Patients. Pak J Biol Sci 2019; 22:59-66. [PMID: 30972987 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2019.59.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The fibrinogen receptor the human platelet antigen (HPA1 and HPA3) have an essential role in Atherothrombosis. This study aimed to detect the association of αIIbβ3 polymorphism with ischemic stroke in Sudanese patients and its association with the common risk factors. METHODOLOGY This is a case-control study. Fifty atherosclerotic with ischemic stroke Sudanese patients were included in present study and were compared to apparently 50 healthy Sudanese subjects at the same ages. The ages of both groups were >18 years. About 5 mL of venous blood sample was taken from each patient and control. The laboratory analyses were done for HbA1c, lipid profile and DNA genotyping by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by FokI and ScrFI digestion. RESULTS The result showed that, the risk factors (TRI.G, HDL, HbA1C, and body mass index were associated with the increased risk of ischemic stroke). None of the cholesterol levels and LDL increased the risk of stroke. The risk of ischemic stroke was higher with B/B genotype in HPA3 (p-value 0.009) and A/B genotype in HPA1 (p-value 0.041) and HPA1 (p-value 0.041). CONCLUSION The αIIbβ3 polymorphism were with ischemic stroke in Sudanese patients.
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73
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Binsker U, Kohler TP, Hammerschmidt S. Contribution of Human Thrombospondin-1 to the Pathogenesis of Gram-Positive Bacteria. J Innate Immun 2019; 11:303-315. [PMID: 30814475 PMCID: PMC6738282 DOI: 10.1159/000496033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A successful colonization of different compartments of the human host requires multifactorial contacts between bacterial surface proteins and host factors. Extracellular matrix proteins and matricellular proteins such as thrombospondin-1 play a pivotal role as adhesive substrates to ensure a strong interaction with pathobionts like the Gram-positive Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. The human glycoprotein thrombospondin-1 is a component of the extracellular matrix and is highly abundant in the bloodstream during bacteremia. Human platelets secrete thrombospondin-1, which is then acquired by invading pathogens to facilitate colonization and immune evasion. Gram-positive bacteria express a broad spectrum of surface-exposed proteins, some of which also recognize thrombospondin-1. This review highlights the importance of thrombospondin-1 as an adhesion substrate to facilitate colonization, and we summarize the variety of thrombospondin-1-binding proteins of S. pneumoniae and S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Binsker
- Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Langone Health, Alexandria Center for the Life Sciences, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Thomas P Kohler
- Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany,
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74
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Kim HJ, Song Y, Song J. Biometric Image Analysis for Quantitation of Dividing Platelets. MICROMACHINES 2018; 10:mi10010001. [PMID: 30577464 PMCID: PMC6357203 DOI: 10.3390/mi10010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Quantification of platelet division is challenging because automated Coulter cell counters produce equivocal platelet counts. (2) Methods: We applied the flow cytometric cell tracking dye dilution assay as a popular immunological method to evaluate lymphocyte proliferation to prove and quantitate platelet division. We also devised a method relying on platelet culture in a semisolid medium which enabled dividing platelets to be identified by limiting the diffusive movement of platelets. Mixing platelets of different labeling colors in semisolid medium and counting the platelet doublets of each color combination enabled us to prove and quantitate platelet division. (3) Results: The tracking dye dilution assay revealed that 75.5 to 85.6% of platelets were dividing after 20 hours in culture. Platelets labeled with two different tracking dyes were mixed and cultured in semisolid medium for differential doublet counting. We counted platelet singlets and doublets of each color and color combination using confocal microscopy after six hours of culture and compared the relative number of two-colored doublets with binomial prediction to prove platelet division (P < 0.01). Division was suppressed by taxol, nocodazole, or cytochalasin D treatment. We derived a formula for determining the fraction of dividing platelets using the numbers of singlets and doublets of each color and color combination. The platelet division fraction ranged from 8.8 to 17.5%. (4) Conclusion: We successfully measured platelet division using a simple biometric image analysis method with possible future application to microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jeong Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Yejin Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Jaewoo Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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75
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Major TC, Brisbois EJ, Meyerhoff ME, Bartlett RH. Attenuation of Thrombin-Mediated Fibrin Formation via Changes in Fibrinogen Conformation Induced by Reaction with S-nitroso- N-acetylpenicillamine, but not S-nitrosoglutathione. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:7954-7965. [PMID: 31372222 PMCID: PMC6675453 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb02103a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous work in a 4 h rabbit thrombogenicity model has shown that a nitric oxide- (NO) generating polymer extracorporeal circuits (ECC) with infusion of S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP) preserved platelets eventhough platelets were activated as shown by an increase in the glycoprotein, p-selectin. The platelet preservation mechanism was shown to be due to a changing fibrinogen structure leading to attenuation of platelet aggregation. Understanding the effects that SNAP, another RSNO, S-nitroso-glutathione (GSNO) as well as the non-RSNO, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), may have on human fibrinogen polymerization, this in vitro study evaluated the released NO effects on the thrombin-mediated fibrin formation and fibrinogen structure. Thrombin-induced fibrin formation at 300 μM SNAP (50 + 11% of baseline) was significantly reduced compared to SNAP's parent, N-acetyl-penicillamine (NAP) (95 + 13%) after 1 h of RSNO exposure. GSNO, its parent, glutathione (GSH) and 1000 ppm NO gas did not attenuate the thrombin-mediated fibrin formation. SNAP, NAP and SNP exposure for 1 h, however, did not decrease thrombin activity by directly inhibiting thrombin itself. Changes in fibrinogen conformation as measured by intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence significantly decreased in the 300 μM SNAP (38057 + 1196 mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) and SNP (368617 + 541 MFI) groups versus the NAP control (47937 + 1196 MFI). However, infused 1000 ppm NO gas had no direct effect on the ITF after 1 h incubation at 37°C. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that fibrinogen degradation by 0.03 U/ml thrombin was concentration-dependently reduced after 1 h with SNAP but not with NAP or SNP. Western blotting showed RSNOs, SNAP, NAP and the non-RSNO, SNP-incubated fibrinogen solutions showed that the percent level of the Aγ dimer to total Aγ dimer + γ monomer was significantly reduced in the case of the SNAP group when compared to SNP group. These results suggest that NO donors such as SNAP and SNP induce fibrinogen conformational changes by potentially nitrosating fibrinogen tyrosine residues. These NO-mediated fibrinogen changes induced via NO donors may provide another mechanism of NO for improving thromboresistance in ECC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry C Major
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Elizabeth J Brisbois
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, FL USA
| | - Mark E Meyerhoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Robert H Bartlett
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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76
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Wei G, Luo Q, Wang X, Wu X, Xu M, Ding N, Zhao Y, Zhong L, Wang J, Wu Y, Li X, Liu Y, Ju W, Li Z, Zeng L, Xu K, Qiao J. Increased GPIbα shedding from platelets treated with immune thrombocytopenia plasma. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 66:91-98. [PMID: 30445311 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease, characterized by accelerated platelet destruction/clearance or decreased platelet production. ADAM17-mediated platelet receptor GPIbα extracellular domain shedding has been shown to be involved in platelet clearance. Whether GPIbα shedding participates in the pathogenesis of ITP remains poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the role of GPIbα shedding in the development of ITP via incubating normal platelets with ITP plasma to mimic ITP in vivo environment. Plasma was isolated from ITP patients or healthy control and incubated with platelets in vitro followed by measuring GPIbα expression by flow cytometry and western blot, ADAM17 expression by western blot, ROS generation and platelet activation by flow cytometry. Compared with control plasma, ITP plasma-treated platelet displayed significantly reduced GPIbα surface expression, increased ADAM17 expression and ROS generation. However, metalloproteinase inhibitor GM6001 blocked the ITP-plasma-induced decrease in GPIbα surface expression, increase in ADAM17 expression and platelet activation. In addition, inhibitors of NADPH oxidase or mitochondria respiration significantly inhibited ROS generation from ITP plasma-treated platelets. Moreover, ROS inhibition or blocking FcγRIIa attenuated the decrease in GPIbα surface expression, platelet activation and ROS generation (for blocking FcγRIIa) in ITP plasma-treated platelets. In conclusion, ITP plasma induces platelet receptor GPIbα extracellular domain shedding, suggesting that it might participate in the pathogenesis of ITP and targeting it might be a novel approach for treating ITP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Wei
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qi Luo
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiamin Wang
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Hematology, Xinyi City Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Mengdi Xu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lamei Zhong
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jurui Wang
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yulu Wu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wen Ju
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lingyu Zeng
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Kailin Xu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China.
| | - Jianlin Qiao
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China.
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77
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Janas AJ, Milewski KP, Buszman PP, Trendel W, Kolarczyk-Haczyk A, Hochuł M, Pruski M, Wojakowski W, Buszman PE, Kiesz RS. Long term outcomes in diabetic patients treated with atherectomy for peripheral artery disease. Cardiol J 2018; 27:600-607. [PMID: 30394507 DOI: 10.5603/cj.a2018.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of diabetes has increased significantly in well-developed countries during the last decade and it continues to grow. Diabetes increases the risk of restenosis in patients treated percutaneously for peripheral artery disease. The present study sought to compare outcomes of atherectomy treatment in diabetic (DM) vs. non-diabetic (nDM) patients suffering from peripheral artery disease. METHOD Between 2008 and 2012, 204 revascularization atherectomy procedures were performed on arteries of the lower extremities. The endpoints included target lesion revascularization (TLR), amputation and death. The type of atherectomy (excisional-soft plaque, orbital-calcified plaque, with active aspiration - with a thrombus) was left to operator discretion. RESULTS This study contains 132 DM (66% male, age 68 ± 11.2 years) and 72 nDM (63% male, age 75 ± 11.3 years) subjects. DM were younger but had a higher prevalence of coronary artery disease (DM: 91% vs. nDM: 62%, p < 0.0001) and end-stage renal disease (DM: 22% vs. nDM: 2.5%, p < 0.0001). There were no differences in critical limb ischemia between the groups (DM: 21% vs. nDM: 12%, p = = 0.13). Mean time of follow-up was 384 and 411 days in DM and nDM, respectively (p = 0.43). There were no significant differences in TLR (DM: 15.2% vs. nDM: 22.2%, p = 0.249), amputations (DM: 3.0% vs. nDM: 1.5%, p = NS) or death rates (DM: 2.2% vs. nDM: 2.7%, p = NS). Kaplan-Mayer analysis showed no significant differences between the groups in the time to TLR, amputation or death. CONCLUSIONS Plaque modification with adjusted atherectomy appears to have similar outcomes in diabetic as well as in non-diabetic patients. Nonetheless, a randomized study would be warranted to confirm the findings of the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Janas
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Development, American Heart of Poland, Katowice, Poland, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof P Milewski
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Development, American Heart of Poland, Katowice, Poland, Poland
| | - Piotr P Buszman
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Development, American Heart of Poland, Katowice, Poland, Poland
| | - Wojciech Trendel
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Development, American Heart of Poland, Katowice, Poland, Poland
| | | | - Mariusz Hochuł
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Development, American Heart of Poland, Katowice, Poland, Poland
| | - Maciej Pruski
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Development, American Heart of Poland, Katowice, Poland, Poland
| | - Wojciech Wojakowski
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Development, American Heart of Poland, Katowice, Poland, Poland
| | - Paweł E Buszman
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Development, American Heart of Poland, Katowice, Poland, Poland
| | - Radosław S Kiesz
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Development, American Heart of Poland, Katowice, Poland, Poland
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78
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Hickman DA, Pawlowski CL, Sekhon UDS, Marks J, Gupta AS. Biomaterials and Advanced Technologies for Hemostatic Management of Bleeding. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:10.1002/adma.201700859. [PMID: 29164804 PMCID: PMC5831165 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201700859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bleeding complications arising from trauma, surgery, and as congenital, disease-associated, or drug-induced blood disorders can cause significant morbidities and mortalities in civilian and military populations. Therefore, stoppage of bleeding (hemostasis) is of paramount clinical significance in prophylactic, surgical, and emergency scenarios. For externally accessible injuries, a variety of natural and synthetic biomaterials have undergone robust research, leading to hemostatic technologies including glues, bandages, tamponades, tourniquets, dressings, and procoagulant powders. In contrast, treatment of internal noncompressible hemorrhage still heavily depends on transfusion of whole blood or blood's hemostatic components (platelets, fibrinogen, and coagulation factors). Transfusion of platelets poses significant challenges of limited availability, high cost, contamination risks, short shelf-life, low portability, performance variability, and immunological side effects, while use of fibrinogen or coagulation factors provides only partial mechanisms for hemostasis. With such considerations, significant interdisciplinary research endeavors have been focused on developing materials and technologies that can be manufactured conveniently, sterilized to minimize contamination and enhance shelf-life, and administered intravenously to mimic, leverage, and amplify physiological hemostatic mechanisms. Here, a comprehensive review regarding the various topical, intracavitary, and intravenous hemostatic technologies in terms of materials, mechanisms, and state-of-art is provided, and challenges and opportunities to help advancement of the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- DaShawn A Hickman
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Christa L Pawlowski
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Ujjal D S Sekhon
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Joyann Marks
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Anirban Sen Gupta
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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79
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Kreyer S, Muders T, Theuerkauf N, Spitzhüttl J, Schellhaas T, Schewe JC, Guenther U, Wrigge H, Putensen C. Hemorrhage under veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients: a retrospective data analysis. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:5017-5029. [PMID: 29312706 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.11.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Despite being still invasive and challenging, technical improvement has resulted in broader and more frequent application of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), to prevent hypoxemia and to reduce invasiveness of mechanical ventilation (MV). Heparin-coated ECMO-circuits are currently standard of care, in addition to heparin based anticoagulation (AC) regimen guided by activated clotting time (ACT) or activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Despite these advances, a reliable prediction of hemorrhage is difficult and the risk of hemorrhagic complication remains unfortunately high. We hypothesized, that there are coagulation parameters that are indices for a higher risk of hemorrhage under veno-venous (VV)-ECMO therapy. Methods Data from 36 patients with severe respiratory failure treated with VV-ECMO at a University Hospital intensive care unit (ICU) were analyzed retrospectively. Patients were separated into two groups based on severity of hemorrhagic complications and transfusion requirements. The following data were collected: demographics, hemodynamic data, coagulation samples, transfusion requirements, change of ECMO-circuit during treatment and adverse effects, including hemorrhage and thrombosis. Results In this study 74 hemorrhagic events were observed, one third of which were severe. Patients suffering from severe hemorrhage had a lower survival rate on VV-ECMO (43% vs. 91%; P=0.002) and in ICU (36% vs. 86%; P=0.002). SAPS II, factor VII and X were different between mild and severe hemorrhage group. Conclusions Severe hemorrhage under VV-ECMO is associated with higher mortality. Only factor VII and X differed between groups. Further clinical studies are required to determine the timing of initiation and targets for AC therapies during VV-ECMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kreyer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Muders
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nils Theuerkauf
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Juliane Spitzhüttl
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Torsten Schellhaas
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens-Christian Schewe
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulf Guenther
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hermann Wrigge
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Putensen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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80
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Yang L, Han L, Liu Q, Xu Y, Jia L. Galloyl groups-regulated fibrinogen conformation: Understanding antiplatelet adhesion on tannic acid coating. Acta Biomater 2017; 64:187-199. [PMID: 28958718 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fibrinogen (Fgn) has been identified as the key protein in the process of biomaterial-induced platelet adhesion. We have recently reported a facile and effective method for constructing platelet-repellent surface using a natural polyphenol component tannic acid (TA). However, the mechanism by which the TA surface repels platelets was not fully understood. To address this issue, we investigated the adsorption of Fgn (amount and conformation) on four TA-functionalized surfaces with different amounts of galloyl groups and the potential for platelet adherence on these surfaces. The experimental results indicated that the four TA-functionalized surfaces adsorbed a similar amount of Fgn, but the conformation and bioactivity of the adsorbed Fgn and the subsequent platelet adherence were quite different among the surfaces. The TA surface with the most galloyl groups induced minimal changes in the conformation of Fgn, a result of the α and γ chains of the adsorbed Fgn being highly inactive on the surface, thus leading to an outstanding antiplatelet adhesion performance. With a decreased amount of galloyl groups, the activity of the α chain in the adsorbed Fgn remained unchanged, but the activity of the γ chain and the extent of platelet adhesion gradually increased. This work provided a new concept for controlling platelet adhesion on solid materials, and we envision that the TA film could have potential applications in the development of new blood-contacting biomaterials in the future. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Reducing platelet adhesion on material surfaces is of tremendous scientific interest in the field of blood-contacting biomaterials, but it remains a big challenge due to the highly adhesive nature of the platelets. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that tannic acid surface with abundant galloyl groups could induce minimal conformational changes of fibrinogen, eventually leading to an outstanding antiplatelet adhesion effect. In addition, the platelet adhesion response could be easily controlled through regulating the amount of galloyl groups on the surface. This work provided a new strategy for controlling platelet adhesion on solid materials, which was totally different from existing methods such as construction of physically patterned surfaces, modification of inert hydrophilic polymers or appending bioactive moieties to target surfaces.
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81
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Guarracino DA, Oldfield A, Gentile K, Martin S, Nguyen D, Barreto G, Kouba C. Head-to-Tail Cyclic Peptide Inhibitors of the Interaction between Human von Willebrand Factor and Collagen. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1985-1993. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A. Guarracino
- Department of Chemistry; The College of New Jersey; 2000 Pennington Road Ewing NJ 08628 USA
| | - Alexis Oldfield
- Department of Chemistry; The College of New Jersey; 2000 Pennington Road Ewing NJ 08628 USA
| | - Kayla Gentile
- Department of Chemistry; The College of New Jersey; 2000 Pennington Road Ewing NJ 08628 USA
| | - Sara Martin
- Department of Chemistry; The College of New Jersey; 2000 Pennington Road Ewing NJ 08628 USA
| | - Dylan Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry; The College of New Jersey; 2000 Pennington Road Ewing NJ 08628 USA
| | - Gianna Barreto
- Department of Chemistry; The College of New Jersey; 2000 Pennington Road Ewing NJ 08628 USA
| | - Christopher Kouba
- Department of Chemistry; The College of New Jersey; 2000 Pennington Road Ewing NJ 08628 USA
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82
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Liang Y, Chen H, Wang P. Correlation of Leukocyte and Coronary Lesion Severity of Acute Myocardial Infarction. Angiology 2017; 69:591-599. [PMID: 29130316 DOI: 10.1177/0003319717740782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Leukocytes play a pivotal role in the onset and progression of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We evaluated the relationship between leukocyte count and coronary lesion severity of AMI. We carried out a retrospective study involving 815 patients with AMI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention from 2005 to 2014 at a cardiovascular center. We recorded their risk factors, routine blood parameters, and cardiovascular events during hospitalization. When thrombus and nonthrombus burden groups were compared, leukocyte count (9.55 [7.80, 12.29] vs 10.70 [8.67, 13.04]×109/L, P = .005), neutrophil count (7.48 [5.65, 10.18] vs 8.61 [6.61, 10.80]×109/L, P = .001), and neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR; 4.99 [2.97, 7.16] vs 10.70 [8.67, 13.04], P = .003) were significantly different. Patients in the total occlusion group showed higher leukocyte count, neutrophil count, and NLR compared to the nontotal occlusion group. After multivariate logistic analysis, a neutrophil count ≥8.355 × 109/L was independently associated with high thrombus burden and total coronary occlusion. Leukocyte count, neutrophil count, or NLR was not significantly related to cardiovascular events during hospitalization. In conclusion, the neutrophil count might be an independent predictor of high thrombus burden and total coronary occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunting Liang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Center, Anzhen Hospital, Beijing, China
- Yunting Liang and Hui Chen are the co-first authors
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Yunting Liang and Hui Chen are the co-first authors
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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83
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Kapur
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - J. W. Semple
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine; Lund University; Lund Sweden
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science; St. Michael's Hospital; Toronto ON Canada
- Departments of Pharmacology, Medicine and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
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84
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Wu MY, Li CJ, Hou MF, Chu PY. New Insights into the Role of Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102034. [PMID: 28937652 PMCID: PMC5666716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the accumulation of lipids, smooth muscle cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, necrosis, fibrosis, and local inflammation. Immune and inflammatory responses have significant effects on every phase of atherosclerosis, and increasing evidence shows that immunity plays a more important role in atherosclerosis by tightly regulating its progression. Therefore, understanding the relationship between immune responses and the atherosclerotic microenvironment is extremely important. This article reviews existing knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of immune responses in the atherosclerotic microenvironment, and the immune mechanisms involved in atherosclerosis formation and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yu Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 231, Taiwan.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Jung Li
- Research Assistant Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Feng Hou
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Division of Breast Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Yi Chu
- Department of Pathology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 242, Taiwan.
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan.
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85
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de Queiroz MR, de Sousa BB, da Cunha Pereira DF, Mamede CCN, Matias MS, de Morais NCG, de Oliveira Costa J, de Oliveira F. The role of platelets in hemostasis and the effects of snake venom toxins on platelet function. Toxicon 2017; 133:33-47. [PMID: 28435120 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The human body has a set of physiological processes, known as hemostasis, which keeps the blood fluid and free of clots in normal vessels; in the case of vascular injury, this process induces the local formation of a hemostatic plug, preventing hemorrhage. The hemostatic system in humans presents complex physiological interactions that involve platelets, plasma proteins, endothelial and subendothelial structures. Disequilibrium in the regulatory mechanisms that control the growth and the size of the thrombus is one of the factors that favors the development of diseases related to vascular disorders such as myocardial infarction and stroke, which are among the leading causes of death in the western world. Interfering with platelet function is a strategy for the treatment of thrombotic diseases. Antiplatelet drugs are used mainly in cases related to arterial thrombosis and interfere in the formation of the platelet plug by different mechanisms. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is the oldest and most widely used antithrombotic drug. Although highly effective in most cases, aspirin has limitations compared to other drugs used in the treatment of homeostatic disorders. For this reason, research related to molecules that interfere with platelet aggregation are of great relevance. In this regard, snake venoms are known to contain a number of molecules that interfere with hemostasis, including platelet function. The mechanisms by which snake venom components inhibit or activate platelet aggregation are varied and can be used as tools for the diagnosis and the treatment of several hemostatic disorders. The aim of this review is to present the role of platelets in hemostasis and the mechanisms by which snake venom toxins interfere with platelet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Ribeiro de Queiroz
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruna Barbosa de Sousa
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Carla Cristine Neves Mamede
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mariana Santos Matias
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Júnia de Oliveira Costa
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Triângulo Mineiro, Ituiutaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Fábio de Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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86
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Molica F, Stierlin FB, Fontana P, Kwak BR. Pannexin- and Connexin-Mediated Intercellular Communication in Platelet Function. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E850. [PMID: 28420171 PMCID: PMC5412434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The three major blood cell types, i.e., platelets, erythrocytes and leukocytes, are all produced in the bone marrow. While red blood cells are the most numerous and white cells are the largest, platelets are small fragments and account for a minor part of blood volume. However, platelets display a crucial function by preventing bleeding. Upon vessel wall injury, platelets adhere to exposed extracellular matrix, become activated, and form a platelet plug preventing hemorrhagic events. However, when platelet activation is exacerbated, as in rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque, the same mechanism may lead to acute thrombosis causing major ischemic events such as myocardial infarction or stroke. In the past few years, major progress has been made in understanding of platelet function modulation. In this respect, membrane channels formed by connexins and/or pannexins are of particular interest. While it is still not completely understood whether connexins function as hemichannels or gap junction channels to inhibit platelet aggregation, there is clear-cut evidence for a specific implication of pannexin1 channels in collagen-induced aggregation. The focus of this review is to summarize current knowledge of the role of connexins and pannexins in platelet aggregation and to discuss possible pharmacological approaches along with their limitations and future perspectives for new potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Molica
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Department of Medical Specializations, Cardiology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Florian B Stierlin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Department of Medical Specializations, Cardiology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Geneva Platelet Group, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Pierre Fontana
- Geneva Platelet Group, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Brenda R Kwak
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Department of Medical Specializations, Cardiology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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87
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Molica F, Nolli S, Fontana P, Kwak BR. Turbidimetry on Human Washed Platelets: The Effect of the Pannexin1-inhibitor Brilliant Blue FCF on Collagen-induced Aggregation. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28448011 DOI: 10.3791/55525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Turbidimetry is a laboratory technique that is applied to measure the aggregation of platelets suspended in either plasma (platelet-rich plasma, PRP) or in buffer (washed platelets), by the use of one or a combination of agonists. The use of washed platelets separated from their plasma environment and in the absence of anticoagulants allows for studying intrinsic platelet properties. Among the large panel of agonists, arachidonic acid (AA), adenosine di-phosphate (ADP), thrombin and collagen are the most frequently used. The aggregation response is quantified by measuring the relative optical density (OD) over time of platelet suspension under continuous stirring. Platelets in homogeneous suspension limit the passage of light after the addition of an agonist, platelet shape change occurs producing a small transitory increase in OD. Following this initial activation step, platelet clots form gradually, allowing the passage of light through the suspension as a result of decreased OD. The aggregation process is ultimately expressed as a percentage, compared to the OD of platelet-poor plasma or buffer. Rigorous calibration is thus essential at the beginning of each experiment. As a general rule: calibration to 0% is set by measuring the OD of a non-stimulated platelet suspension while measuring the OD of the suspension medium containing no platelets represents a value of 100%. Platelet aggregation is generally visualized as a real-time aggregation curve. Turbidimetry is one of the most commonly used laboratory techniques for the investigation of platelet function and is considered as the historical gold standard and used for the development of new pharmaceutical agents aimed at inhibiting platelet aggregation. Here, we describe detailed protocols for 1) preparation of human washed platelets and 2) turbidimetric analysis of collagen-induced aggregation of human washed platelets pretreated with the food dye Brilliant Blue FCF that was recently identified as an inhibitor of Pannexin1 (Panx1) channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Molica
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva;
| | - Séverine Nolli
- Division of Angiology and Haemostasis & Geneva Platelet Group, Geneva University Hospitals
| | - Pierre Fontana
- Division of Angiology and Haemostasis & Geneva Platelet Group, Geneva University Hospitals
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88
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A Two-phase mixture model of platelet aggregation. MATHEMATICAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY-A JOURNAL OF THE IMA 2017; 35:225-256. [DOI: 10.1093/imammb/dqx001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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89
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Cen C, Fengqin W, Wen X, Zhining X, Guang H, Jianbo W, Fengqing Y. Effect on platelet aggregation activity: extracts from 31 Traditional Chinese Medicines with the property of activating blood and resolving stasis. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2017; 37:64-75. [DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(17)30028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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90
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Schuhmann MK, Guthmann J, Stoll G, Nieswandt B, Kraft P, Kleinschnitz C. Blocking of platelet glycoprotein receptor Ib reduces "thrombo-inflammation" in mice with acute ischemic stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:18. [PMID: 28109273 PMCID: PMC5251224 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0792-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemic stroke causes a strong inflammatory response that includes T cells, monocytes/macrophages, and neutrophils. Interaction of these immune cells with platelets and endothelial cells facilitates microvascular dysfunction and leads to secondary infarct growth. We recently showed that blocking of platelet glycoprotein (GP) receptor Ib improves stroke outcome without increasing the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. Until now, it has been unclear whether GPIb only mediates thrombus formation or also contributes to the pathophysiology of local inflammation. Methods Focal cerebral ischemia was induced in C57BL/6 mice by a 60-min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Animals were treated with antigen-binding fragments (Fab) against the platelet surface molecules GPIb (p0p/B Fab). Rat immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fab was used as control treatment. Stroke outcome, including infarct size and functional deficits as well as the local inflammatory response, was assessed on day 1 after tMCAO. Results Blocking of GPIb reduced stroke size and improved functional outcome on day 1 after tMCAO without increasing the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. As expected, disruption of GPIb-mediated pathways in platelets significantly reduced thrombus burden in the cerebral microvasculature. In addition, inhibition of GPIb limited the local inflammatory response in the ischemic brain as indicated by lower numbers of infiltrating T cells and macrophages and lower expression levels of inflammatory cytokines compared with rat IgG Fab-treated controls. Conclusion In acute ischemic stroke, thrombus formation and inflammation are closely intertwined (“thrombo-inflammation”). Blocking of platelet GPIb can ameliorate thrombo-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Schuhmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Josua Guthmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Guido Stoll
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Kleinschnitz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany. .,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
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91
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Janas A, Buszman PP, Milewski KP, Wiernek S, Janas K, Pruski M, Wojakowski W, Błachut A, Picheta W, Buszman P, Kiesz S. Long-Term Outcomes After Percutaneous Lower Extremity Arterial Interventions With Atherectomy vs. Balloon Angioplasty ― Propensity Score-Matched Registry ―. Circ J 2017; 81:376-382. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-16-0856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Janas
- Center of Cardiovascular Research and Development, American Heart of Poland
- San Antonio Endovascular and Heart Institute
| | - Piotr P. Buszman
- Center of Cardiovascular Research and Development, American Heart of Poland
- Third Clinical Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases
| | | | | | | | - Maciej Pruski
- Center of Cardiovascular Research and Development, American Heart of Poland
- San Antonio Endovascular and Heart Institute
| | | | - Aleksandra Błachut
- Center of Cardiovascular Research and Development, American Heart of Poland
| | - Wojciech Picheta
- Center of Cardiovascular Research and Development, American Heart of Poland
| | - Pawel Buszman
- Center of Cardiovascular Research and Development, American Heart of Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Autoimmunological and Metabolic Disease, Medical University of Silesia
| | - Stefan Kiesz
- Center of Cardiovascular Research and Development, American Heart of Poland
- San Antonio Endovascular and Heart Institute
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92
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Arthur JF, Jandeleit-Dahm K, Andrews RK. Platelet Hyperreactivity in Diabetes: Focus on GPVI Signaling-Are Useful Drugs Already Available? Diabetes 2017; 66:7-13. [PMID: 27999100 DOI: 10.2337/db16-1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Adults with diabetes are 2-4 times more likely to suffer from heart disease or ischemic stroke than adults without diabetes, yet standard antiplatelet therapy, which is the cornerstone for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, fails in many patients with diabetes. Three independent but often interrelated variables that contribute to platelet hyperreactivity-high blood glucose, oxidative stress, and elevated vascular shear forces-coexist in patients with diabetes, creating a perilous concurrence of risk factors for cardiovascular events. Recent research has focused attention on the platelet-specific collagen receptor glycoprotein VI (GPVI) as a potential antithrombotic target. Signaling events downstream of GPVI are influenced by hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and shear stress. Importantly, drugs targeting these GPVI signaling pathways are already in existence. The potential to repurpose existing drugs is a high-gain strategy for yielding new antiplatelet agents and could have particular benefit in individuals with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane F Arthur
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Robert K Andrews
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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93
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Abstract
Ischemic disorders, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, are the most common causes of debilitating disease and death in westernized cultures. The extent of tissue injury relates directly to the extent of blood flow reduction and to the length of the ischemic period, which influence the levels to which cellular ATP and intracellular pH are reduced. By impairing ATPase-dependent ion transport, ischemia causes intracellular and mitochondrial calcium levels to increase (calcium overload). Cell volume regulatory mechanisms are also disrupted by the lack of ATP, which can induce lysis of organelle and plasma membranes. Reperfusion, although required to salvage oxygen-starved tissues, produces paradoxical tissue responses that fuel the production of reactive oxygen species (oxygen paradox), sequestration of proinflammatory immunocytes in ischemic tissues, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and development of postischemic capillary no-reflow, which amplify tissue injury. These pathologic events culminate in opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores as a common end-effector of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced cell lysis and death. Emerging concepts include the influence of the intestinal microbiome, fetal programming, epigenetic changes, and microparticles in the pathogenesis of I/R. The overall goal of this review is to describe these and other mechanisms that contribute to I/R injury. Because so many different deleterious events participate in I/R, it is clear that therapeutic approaches will be effective only when multiple pathologic processes are targeted. In addition, the translational significance of I/R research will be enhanced by much wider use of animal models that incorporate the complicating effects of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:113-170, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Kalogeris
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Christopher P. Baines
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Maike Krenz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Ronald J. Korthuis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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94
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Abstract
Thrombosis is a complex process involving multiple pathways. Currently, therapy relies on the combination of two or more antithrombotic drugs, showing that inhibiting more than one target provides benefits in the prevention and treatment of thrombosis. This review focuses on structure-activity relationship studies of molecules possessing multiple actions against thrombosis, namely, dual inhibitors of coagulation, dual inhibitors of coagulation and platelet aggregation, and also dual inhibitors of platelet aggregation. EP217609 has just entered clinical trials, which raise the expectations on the multitarget strategy to prevent or treat thrombosis.
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95
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Milovanovic M, Nilsson S, Winblad B, Jelic V, Behbahani H, Shahnaz T, Oweling M, Järemo P. Inverse relationship between erythrocyte size and platelet reactivity in elderly. Platelets 2016; 28:182-186. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2016.1206196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Milovanovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, Sweden
- Department of Social and Welfare, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - S. Nilsson
- Primary Health Care and Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - B. Winblad
- Department NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division for Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Karolinska University Hospital, Geriatric Clinic, Clinical Trial Unit, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - V. Jelic
- Department NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division for Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Karolinska University Hospital, Geriatric Clinic, Clinical Trial Unit, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - H. Behbahani
- Department NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division for Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - T. Shahnaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, Sweden
- Department NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division for Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - M. Oweling
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - P. Järemo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, Sweden
- Department NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division for Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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96
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Abstract
Whilst significant effort has been focused on development of tools and approaches to clinically modulate activation processes that consume platelets, the platelet receptors that initiate activation processes remain untargeted. The modulation of receptor levels is also linked to underlying platelet aging processes which influence normal platelet lifespan and also the functionality and survival of stored platelets that are used in transfusion. In this review, we will focus on platelet adhesion receptors initiating thrombus formation, and discuss how regulation of levels of these receptors impact platelet function and platelet survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Andrews
- a Australian Centre for Blood Diseases , Monash University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Elizabeth E Gardiner
- b Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, John Curtin School of Medical Research , Australian National University , Canberra , Australia
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97
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Eichinger CD, Fogelson AL, Hlady V. Functional assay of antiplatelet drugs based on margination of platelets in flowing blood. Biointerphases 2016; 11:029805. [PMID: 27030476 PMCID: PMC4818277 DOI: 10.1116/1.4945305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel functional assay of antiplatelet drug efficacy was designed by utilizing the phenomena of platelet margination in flowing blood and transient platelet contacts with surface-immobilized platelet agonists. Flow margination enhances transient contacts of platelets with the walls of flow chambers covered with surface-immobilized proteins. Depending on the type and the surface density of the immobilized agonists, such transient interactions could "prime" the marginated platelet subpopulation for enhanced activation and adhesion downstream. By creating an upstream surface patch with an immobilized platelet agonist, platelet flow margination was used to test how effective antiplatelet drugs are in suppressing downstream platelet activation and adhesion. The platelet adhesion downstream was measured by a so-called "capture" patch region close to the distal end of the flow chamber. Platelet adhesion downstream was found to be dose-dependent on the upstream surface coverage of the "priming" patch, with immobilized fibrinogen acting as a platelet agonist. Several antiplatelet agents (acetylsalicylic acid, eptifibatide, and tirofiban) were evaluated for their efficacy in attenuating downstream adhesion after upstream platelet priming. The activation of the platelet population was found to be dependent on both the extent of the upstream agonist stimulus and the antiplatelet drug concentration. Such a relationship provides an opportunity to measure the efficacy of specific antiplatelet agents against the type and concentration of upstream platelet agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin D Eichinger
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Aaron L Fogelson
- Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Vladimir Hlady
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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98
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Faye PA, Vedrenne N, De la Cruz-Morcillo MA, Barrot CC, Richard L, Bourthoumieu S, Sturtz F, Funalot B, Lia AS, Battu S. New Method for Sorting Endothelial and Neural Progenitors from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Sedimentation Field Flow Fractionation. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6696-702. [PMID: 27263863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSc) are a very useful solution to create and observe the behavior of specific and usually inaccessible cells, such as human motor neurons. Obtained from a patient biopsy by reprograming dermal fibroblasts (DF), hiPSc present the same properties as embryonic stem cells and can generate any cell type after several weeks of differentiation. Today, there are numerus protocols which aim to control hiPSC differentiation. The principal challenge is to obtain a sufficiently enriched specific cell population to study disease pathophysiology and to provide a good model for further investigation and drug screening. The differentiation process is very costly and time-consuming, because many specific factors and different culture media must be used. In this study, we used Sedimentation Field Flow Fractionation (SdFFF) to prepare enriched populations derived from hiPSc after only 10 days of culture in a classical medium. Based on phenotypic and proteomic characterization, "hyperlayer" elution resulted in a fraction expressing markers of endothelial progenitors while another fraction expressed markers of neural progenitors. The isolation of subpopulations representing various differentiation lineages is of major interest for the production of specialized, cell-enriched fractions and in the preparation of increasingly complex models for the development of new therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Benoît Funalot
- Département de Génétique, CHU Henri-Mondor , F-94000 Créteil, France.,Inserm U955-E10, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, F-94000 Créteil, France
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99
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mTORC1 promotes aging-related venous thrombosis in mice via elevation of platelet volume and activation. Blood 2016; 128:615-24. [PMID: 27288518 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-10-672964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with an increased incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE), resulting in significant morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Platelet hyperactivation is linked to aging-related VTE. However, the mechanisms through which aging enhances platelet activation and susceptibility to VTE are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling is essential for aging-related platelet hyperactivation and VTE. mTORC1 was hyperactivated in platelets and megakaryocytes (MKs) from aged mice, accompanied by elevated mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet activation. Inhibition of mTORC1 with rapamycin led to a significant reduction in susceptibility to experimental deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in aged mice (P < .01). To ascertain the specific role of platelet mTORC1 activation in DVT, we generated mice with conditional ablation of the mTORC1-specific component gene Raptor in MKs and platelets (Raptor knockout). These mice developed markedly smaller and lighter thrombi, compared with wild-type littermates (P < .01) in experimental DVT. Mechanistically, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production with aging induced activation of mTORC1 in MKs and platelets, which, in turn, enhanced bone marrow MK size, MPV, and platelet activation to promote aging-related VTE. ROS scavenger administration induced a significant decrease (P < .05) in MK size, MPV, and platelet activation in aged mice. Our findings collectively demonstrate that mTORC1 contributes to enhanced venous thrombotic susceptibility in aged mice via elevation of platelet size and activation.
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100
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Zilberman-Rudenko J, Itakura A, Maddala J, Baker-Groberg SM, Vetter R, Tucker EI, Gruber A, Gerdes C, McCarty OJT. Biorheology of platelet activation in the bloodstream distal to thrombus formation. Cell Mol Bioeng 2016; 9:496-508. [PMID: 28083075 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-016-0448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombus growth at the site of vascular injury is mediated by the sequential events of platelet recruitment, activation and aggregation concomitant with the initiation of the coagulation cascade, resulting in local thrombin generation and fibrin formation. While the biorheology of a localized thrombus formation has been well studied, it is unclear whether local sites of thrombin generation propagate platelet activation within the bloodstream. In order to study the physical biology of platelet activation downstream of sites of thrombus formation, we developed a platform to measure platelet activation and microaggregate formation in the bloodstream. Our results show that thrombi formed on collagen and tissue factor promote activation and aggregation of platelets in the bloodstream in a convection-dependent manner. Pharmacological inhibition of the coagulation factors (F) X, XI or thrombin dramatically reduced the degree of distal platelet activation and microaggregate formation in the bloodstream without affecting the degree of local platelet deposition and aggregation on a surface of immobilized collagen. Herein we describe the development and an example of the utility of a platform to study platelet activation and microaggregate formation in the bloodstream (convection-limited regime) relative to the local site of thrombus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jevgenia Zilberman-Rudenko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Asako Itakura
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, USA; Drug Discovery, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jeevan Maddala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Portland, OR, USA; Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Sandra M Baker-Groberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ralf Vetter
- Drug Discovery, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Erik I Tucker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Portland, OR, USA; Division of Hematology / Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - András Gruber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Portland, OR, USA; Division of Hematology / Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Aronora Inc., Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Owen J T McCarty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, USA; Division of Hematology / Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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