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Williams AE, Gittis AG, Botello K, Cruz P, Martin-Martin I, Valenzuela Leon PC, Sumner B, Bonilla B, Calvo E. Structural and functional comparisons of salivary α-glucosidases from the mosquito vectors Aedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae, and Culex quinquefasciatus. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 167:104097. [PMID: 38428508 PMCID: PMC10955559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Mosquito vectors of medical importance both blood and sugar feed, and their saliva contains bioactive molecules that aid in both processes. Although it has been shown that the salivary glands of several mosquito species exhibit α-glucosidase activities, the specific enzymes responsible for sugar digestion remain understudied. We therefore expressed and purified three recombinant salivary α-glucosidases from the mosquito vectors Aedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae, and Culex quinquefasciatus and compared their functions and structures. We found that all three enzymes were expressed in the salivary glands of their respective vectors and were secreted into the saliva. The proteins, as well as mosquito salivary gland extracts, exhibited α-glucosidase activity, and the recombinant enzymes displayed preference for sucrose compared to p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside. Finally, we solved the crystal structure of the Ae. aegypti α-glucosidase bound to two calcium ions at a 2.3 Ångstrom resolution. Molecular docking suggested that the Ae. aegypti α-glucosidase preferred di- or polysaccharides compared to monosaccharides, consistent with enzymatic activity assays. Comparing structural models between the three species revealed a high degree of similarity, suggesting similar functional properties. We conclude that the α-glucosidases studied herein are important enzymes for sugar digestion in three mosquito species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline E Williams
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Apostolos G Gittis
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Karina Botello
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Phillip Cruz
- Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Ines Martin-Martin
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Paola Carolina Valenzuela Leon
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Benjamin Sumner
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Brian Bonilla
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Eric Calvo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
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2
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Ma R, Salinas ND, Orr-Gonzalez S, Richardson B, Ouahes T, Torano H, Jenkins BJ, Dickey TH, Neal J, Duan J, Morrison RD, Gittis AG, Doritchamou JYA, Zaidi I, Lambert LE, Duffy PE, Tolia NH. Structure-guided design of VAR2CSA-based immunogens and a cocktail strategy for a placental malaria vaccine. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011879. [PMID: 38437239 PMCID: PMC10939253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Placental accumulation of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes results in maternal anemia, low birth weight, and pregnancy loss. The parasite protein VAR2CSA facilitates the accumulation of infected erythrocytes in the placenta through interaction with the host receptor chondroitin sulfate A (CSA). Antibodies that prevent the VAR2CSA-CSA interaction correlate with protection from placental malaria, and VAR2CSA is a high-priority placental malaria vaccine antigen. Here, structure-guided design leveraging the full-length structures of VAR2CSA produced a stable immunogen that retains the critical conserved functional elements of VAR2CSA. The design expressed with a six-fold greater yield than the full-length protein and elicited antibodies that prevent adhesion of infected erythrocytes to CSA. The reduced size and adaptability of the designed immunogen enable efficient production of multiple variants of VAR2CSA for use in a cocktail vaccination strategy to increase the breadth of protection. These designs form strong foundations for the development of potent broadly protective placental malaria vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- Host-Pathogen Interactions and Structural Vaccinology Section, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nichole D Salinas
- Host-Pathogen Interactions and Structural Vaccinology Section, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sachy Orr-Gonzalez
- Vaccine Development Unit, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brandi Richardson
- Vaccine Development Unit, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tarik Ouahes
- Vaccine Development Unit, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Holly Torano
- Vaccine Development Unit, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bethany J Jenkins
- Pathogenesis and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thayne H Dickey
- Host-Pathogen Interactions and Structural Vaccinology Section, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jillian Neal
- Vaccine Development Unit, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Junhui Duan
- Vaccine Development Unit, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert D Morrison
- Vaccine Development Unit, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Apostolos G Gittis
- Structural Biology Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Justin Y A Doritchamou
- Pathogenesis and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Irfan Zaidi
- Vaccine Development Unit, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lynn E Lambert
- Vaccine Development Unit, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Vaccine Development Unit, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Pathogenesis and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Niraj H Tolia
- Host-Pathogen Interactions and Structural Vaccinology Section, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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3
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MacDonald NJ, Singh K, Reiter K, Nguyen V, Shimp R, Gittis AG, Chen B, Burkhardt M, Zhang B, Wang Z, Herrera R, Moler M, Lee DY, Orr-Gonzalez S, Herrod J, Lambert LE, Rausch KM, Muratova O, Jones DS, Wu Y, Jin AJ, Garboczi DN, Duffy PE, Narum DL. Structural and immunological differences in Plasmodium falciparum sexual stage transmission-blocking vaccines comprised of Pfs25-EPA nanoparticles. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:56. [PMID: 37061547 PMCID: PMC10105769 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00655-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of a malaria vaccine that blocks transmission of different parasite stages to humans and mosquitoes is considered critical for elimination efforts. A vaccine using Pfs25, a protein on the surface of zygotes and ookinetes, is under investigation as a transmission-blocking vaccine (TBV) that would interrupt parasite passage from mosquitoes to humans. The most extensively studied Pfs25 TBVs use Pichia pastoris-produced recombinant forms of Pfs25, chemically conjugated to a recombinant carrier protein, ExoProtein A (EPA). The recombinant form of Pfs25 first used in humans was identified as Pfs25H, which contained a total of 14 heterologous amino acid residues located at the amino- and carboxyl-termini including a His6 affinity tag. A second recombinant Pfs25, identified as Pfs25M, was produced to remove the heterologous amino acid residues and conjugated to EPA (Pfs25M-EPA). Here, monomeric Pfs25M was characterized biochemically and biophysically for identity, purity, and integrity including protein structure to assess its comparability with Pfs25H. Although the biological activities of Pfs25H and Pfs25M, whether generated by monomeric forms or conjugated nanoparticles, appeared similar, fine-mapping studies with two transmission-blocking monoclonal antibodies detected structural and immunological differences. In addition, evaluation of antisera generated against conjugated Pfs25H or Pfs25M nanoparticles in nonhuman primates identified polyclonal IgG that recognized these structural differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J MacDonald
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kavita Singh
- Structural Biology Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Karine Reiter
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vu Nguyen
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Richard Shimp
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Apostolos G Gittis
- Structural Biology Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Beth Chen
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Martin Burkhardt
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Zhixiong Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Raul Herrera
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mackenzie Moler
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Duck-Yeon Lee
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Sachy Orr-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jessica Herrod
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lynn E Lambert
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kelly M Rausch
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Olga Muratova
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - David S Jones
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yimin Wu
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Albert J Jin
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - David N Garboczi
- Structural Biology Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - David L Narum
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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4
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Alvarenga PH, Dias DR, Xu X, Francischetti IMB, Gittis AG, Arp G, Garboczi DN, Ribeiro JMC, Andersen JF. Functional aspects of evolution in a cluster of salivary protein genes from mosquitoes. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 146:103785. [PMID: 35568118 PMCID: PMC9662162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The D7 proteins are highly expressed in the saliva of hematophagous Nematocera and bind biogenic amines and eicosanoid compounds produced by the host during blood feeding. These proteins are encoded by gene clusters expressing forms having one or two odorant-binding protein-like domains. Here we examine functional diversity within the D7 group in the genus Anopheles and make structural comparisons with D7 proteins from culicine mosquitoes in order to understand aspects of D7 functional evolution. Two domain long form (D7L) and one domain short form (D7S) proteins from anopheline and culicine mosquitoes were characterized to determine their ligand selectivity and binding pocket structures. We previously showed that a D7L protein from Anopheles stephensi, of the subgenus Cellia, could bind eicosanoids at a site in its N-terminal domain but could not bind biogenic amines in its C-terminal domain as does a D7L1 ortholog from the culicine species Aedes aegypti, raising the question of whether anopheline D7L proteins had lost their ability to bind biogenic amines. Here we find that D7L from anopheline species belonging to two other subgenera, Nyssorhynchus and Anopheles, can bind biogenic amines and have a structure much like the Ae. aegypti ortholog. The unusual D7L, D7L3, can also bind serotonin in the Cellia species An. gambiae. We also show through structural comparisons with culicine forms that the biogenic amine binding function of single domain D7S proteins in the genus Anopheles may have evolved through gene conversion of structurally similar proteins, which did not have biogenic amine binding capability. Collectively, the data indicate that D7L proteins had a biogenic amine and eicosanoid binding function in the common ancestor of anopheline and culicine mosquitoes, and that the D7S proteins may have acquired a biogenic amine binding function in anophelines through a gene conversion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia H Alvarenga
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA; Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Denis R Dias
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Xueqing Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ivo M B Francischetti
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Apostolos G Gittis
- Structural Biology Section, Research Technologies Branch (RTB) National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Gabriela Arp
- Structural Biology Section, Research Technologies Branch (RTB) National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - David N Garboczi
- Structural Biology Section, Research Technologies Branch (RTB) National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - José M C Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - John F Andersen
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
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5
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Williams AE, Shrivastava G, Gittis AG, Ganesan S, Martin-Martin I, Valenzuela Leon PC, Olson KE, Calvo E. Aedes aegypti Piwi4 Structural Features Are Necessary for RNA Binding and Nuclear Localization. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312733. [PMID: 34884537 PMCID: PMC8657434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway provides an RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism known from Drosophila studies to maintain the integrity of the germline genome by silencing transposable elements (TE). Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which are the key vectors of several arthropod-borne viruses, exhibit an expanded repertoire of Piwi proteins involved in the piRNA pathway, suggesting functional divergence. Here, we investigate RNA-binding dynamics and subcellular localization of A. aegypti Piwi4 (AePiwi4), a Piwi protein involved in antiviral immunity and embryonic development, to better understand its function. We found that AePiwi4 PAZ (Piwi/Argonaute/Zwille), the domain that binds the 3′ ends of piRNAs, bound to mature (3′ 2′ O-methylated) and unmethylated RNAs with similar micromolar affinities (KD = 1.7 ± 0.8 μM and KD of 5.0 ± 2.2 μM, respectively; p = 0.05) in a sequence independent manner. Through site-directed mutagenesis studies, we identified highly conserved residues involved in RNA binding and found that subtle changes in the amino acids flanking the binding pocket across PAZ proteins have significant impacts on binding behaviors, likely by impacting the protein secondary structure. We also analyzed AePiwi4 subcellular localization in mosquito tissues. We found that the protein is both cytoplasmic and nuclear, and we identified an AePiwi4 nuclear localization signal (NLS) in the N-terminal region of the protein. Taken together, these studies provide insights on the dynamic role of AePiwi4 in RNAi and pave the way for future studies aimed at understanding Piwi interactions with diverse RNA populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline E. Williams
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; (A.E.W.); (G.S.); (A.G.G.); (S.G.); (I.M.-M.); (P.C.V.L.)
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Gaurav Shrivastava
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; (A.E.W.); (G.S.); (A.G.G.); (S.G.); (I.M.-M.); (P.C.V.L.)
| | - Apostolos G. Gittis
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; (A.E.W.); (G.S.); (A.G.G.); (S.G.); (I.M.-M.); (P.C.V.L.)
| | - Sundar Ganesan
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; (A.E.W.); (G.S.); (A.G.G.); (S.G.); (I.M.-M.); (P.C.V.L.)
| | - Ines Martin-Martin
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; (A.E.W.); (G.S.); (A.G.G.); (S.G.); (I.M.-M.); (P.C.V.L.)
| | - Paola Carolina Valenzuela Leon
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; (A.E.W.); (G.S.); (A.G.G.); (S.G.); (I.M.-M.); (P.C.V.L.)
| | - Ken E. Olson
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Correspondence: (K.E.O.); (E.C.)
| | - Eric Calvo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; (A.E.W.); (G.S.); (A.G.G.); (S.G.); (I.M.-M.); (P.C.V.L.)
- Correspondence: (K.E.O.); (E.C.)
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6
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Kern O, Valenzuela Leon PC, Gittis AG, Bonilla B, Cruz P, Chagas AC, Ganesan S, Ribeiro JMC, Garboczi DN, Martin-Martin I, Calvo E. The structures of two salivary proteins from the West Nile vector Culex quinquefasciatus reveal a beta-trefoil fold with putative sugar binding properties. Curr Res Struct Biol 2021; 3:95-105. [PMID: 34235489 PMCID: PMC8244437 DOI: 10.1016/j.crstbi.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Female mosquitoes require blood meals for egg development. The saliva of blood feeding arthropods contains biochemically active molecules, whose anti-hemostatic and anti-inflammatory properties facilitate blood feeding on vertebrate hosts. While transcriptomics has presented new opportunities to investigate the diversity of salivary proteins from hematophagous arthropods, many of these proteins remain functionally undescribed. Previous transcriptomic analysis of female salivary glands from Culex quinquefasciatus, an important vector of parasitic and viral infections, uncovered a 12-member family of putatively secreted proteins of unknown function, named the Cysteine and Tryptophan-Rich (CWRC) proteins. Here, we present advances in the characterization of two C. quinquefasciatus CWRC family members, CqDVP-2 and CqDVP-4, including their enrichment in female salivary glands, their specific localization within salivary gland tissues, evidence that these proteins are secreted into the saliva, and their native crystal structures, at 2.3 Å and 1.87 Å, respectively. The β-trefoil fold common to CqDVP-2 and CqDVP-4 is similar to carbohydrate-binding proteins, including the B subunit of the AB toxin, ricin, from the castor bean Ricinus communis. Further, we used a glycan array approach, which identifies carbohydrate ligands associated with inflammatory processes and signal transduction. Glycan array 300 testing identified 100 carbohydrate moieties with positive binding to CqDVP-2, and 77 glycans with positive binding to CqDVP-4. The glycan with the highest relative fluorescence intensities, which exhibited binding to both CqDVP-2 and CqDVP-4, was used for molecular docking experiments. We hypothesize that these proteins bind to carbohydrates on the surface of cells important to host immunology. Given that saliva is deposited into the skin during a mosquito bite, and acts as the vehicle for arbovirus inoculation, understanding the role of these proteins in pathogen transmission is of critical importance. This work presents the first solved crystal structures of C. quinquefasciatus salivary proteins with unknown function. These two molecules are the second and third structures reported from salivary proteins from C. quinquefasciatus, an important, yet understudied disease vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Kern
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Paola Carolina Valenzuela Leon
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Apostolos G Gittis
- Structural Biology Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Brian Bonilla
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Phillip Cruz
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch. Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Andrezza Campos Chagas
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Sundar Ganesan
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Jose M C Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - David N Garboczi
- Structural Biology Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Ines Martin-Martin
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Eric Calvo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
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7
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Singh K, Burkhardt M, Nakuchima S, Herrera R, Muratova O, Gittis AG, Kelnhofer E, Reiter K, Smelkinson M, Veltri D, Swihart BJ, Shimp R, Nguyen V, Zhang B, MacDonald NJ, Duffy PE, Garboczi DN, Narum DL. Structure and function of a malaria transmission blocking vaccine targeting Pfs230 and Pfs230-Pfs48/45 proteins. Commun Biol 2020; 3:395. [PMID: 32709983 PMCID: PMC7381611 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins Pfs230 and Pfs48/45 are Plasmodium falciparum transmission-blocking (TB) vaccine candidates that form a membrane-bound protein complex on gametes. The biological role of Pfs230 or the Pfs230-Pfs48/45 complex remains poorly understood. Here, we present the crystal structure of recombinant Pfs230 domain 1 (Pfs230D1M), a 6-cysteine domain, in complex with the Fab fragment of a TB monoclonal antibody (mAb) 4F12. We observed the arrangement of Pfs230 on the surface of macrogametes differed from that on microgametes, and that Pfs230, with no known membrane anchor, may exist on the membrane surface in the absence of Pfs48/45. 4F12 appears to sterically interfere with Pfs230 function. Combining mAbs against different epitopes of Pfs230D1 or of Pfs230D1 and Pfs48/45, significantly increased TB activity. These studies elucidate a mechanism of action of the Pfs230D1 vaccine, model the functional activity induced by a polyclonal antibody response and support the development of TB vaccines targeting Pfs230D1 and Pfs230D1-Pfs48/45. With the aim to advance the development of a P. falciparum transmission blocking vaccine, Singh et al. determine the crystal structure of Pfs230D1 in complex with the Fab fragment of TB mAb 4F12. They further study the cellular localization of Pfs230 on the surface of sexual stages of parasites and the effect of combining TB mAbs against Pfs230 and Pfs48/45.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Singh
- Structural Biology Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Martin Burkhardt
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sofia Nakuchima
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Raul Herrera
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Olga Muratova
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Apostolos G Gittis
- Structural Biology Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Emily Kelnhofer
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Karine Reiter
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Margery Smelkinson
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4 Memorial Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Daniel Veltri
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 5601 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Bruce J Swihart
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 5601 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Richard Shimp
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vu Nguyen
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Nicholas J MacDonald
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - David N Garboczi
- Structural Biology Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - David L Narum
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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8
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Martin-Martin I, Paige A, Valenzuela Leon PC, Gittis AG, Kern O, Bonilla B, Chagas AC, Ganesan S, Smith LB, Garboczi DN, Calvo E. ADP binding by the Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito D7 salivary protein enhances blood feeding on mammals. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2911. [PMID: 32518308 PMCID: PMC7283271 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16665-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During blood-feeding, mosquito saliva is injected into the skin to facilitate blood meal acquisition. D7 proteins are among the most abundant components of the mosquito saliva. Here we report the ligand binding specificity and physiological relevance of two D7 long proteins from Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito, the vector of filaria parasites or West Nile viruses. CxD7L2 binds biogenic amines and eicosanoids. CxD7L1 exhibits high affinity for ADP and ATP, a binding capacity not reported in any D7. We solve the crystal structure of CxD7L1 in complex with ADP to 1.97 Å resolution. The binding pocket lies between the two protein domains, whereas all known D7s bind ligands either within the N- or the C-terminal domains. We demonstrate that these proteins inhibit hemostasis in ex vivo and in vivo experiments. Our results suggest that the ADP-binding function acquired by CxD7L1 evolved to enhance blood-feeding in mammals, where ADP plays a key role in platelet aggregation. D7 proteins are highly abundant in the salivary glands of several blood feeding insects. Here, the authors study the ligand binding specificity and physiological roles of the mosquito D7 proteins CxD7L1 and CxD7L2, showing that CxD7L1 acquired ADP-binding properties to enhance blood feeding in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Martin-Martin
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Andrew Paige
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Paola Carolina Valenzuela Leon
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Apostolos G Gittis
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Olivia Kern
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Brian Bonilla
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Andrezza Campos Chagas
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Sundar Ganesan
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Leticia Barion Smith
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - David N Garboczi
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Eric Calvo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
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9
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López de Victoria A, Moore AFT, Gittis AG, Koculi E. Kinetics and Thermodynamics of DbpA Protein's C-Terminal Domain Interaction with RNA. ACS Omega 2017; 2:8033-8038. [PMID: 29214235 PMCID: PMC5709793 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
DbpA is an Escherichia coli DEAD-box RNA helicase implicated in RNA structural isomerization in the peptide bond formation site. In addition to the RecA-like catalytic core conserved in all of the members of DEAD-box family, DbpA contains a structured C-terminal domain, which is responsible for anchoring DbpA to hairpin 92 of 23S ribosomal RNA during the ribosome assembly process. Here, surface plasmon resonance was used to determine the equilibrium dissociation constant and the microscopic rate constants of the DbpA C-terminal domain association and dissociation to a fragment of 23S ribosomal RNA containing hairpin 92. Our results show that the DbpA protein's residence time on the RNA is 10 times longer than the time DbpA requires to hydrolyze one ATP. Thus, our data suggest that once bound to the intermediate ribosomal particles via its RNA-binding domain, DbpA could unwind a number of double-helix substrates before its dissociation from the ribosomal particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliana López de Victoria
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4111 Libra Dr., Physical Sciences
Bldg. Room 255, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, United States
| | - Anthony F. T. Moore
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4111 Libra Dr., Physical Sciences
Bldg. Room 255, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, United States
| | - Apostolos G. Gittis
- National
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 12441 Parklawn Dr., Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Eda Koculi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4111 Libra Dr., Physical Sciences
Bldg. Room 255, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, United States
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10
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Tomczak A, Singh K, Gittis AG, Lee J, Garboczi DN, Murphy PM. Biochemical and biophysical characterization of cytokine-like protein 1 (CYTL1). Cytokine 2017; 96:238-246. [PMID: 28478073 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine-like protein 1 (CYTL1) is a small widely expressed secreted protein lacking significant primary sequence homology to any other known protein. CYTL1 expression appears to be highest in the hematopoietic system and in chondrocytes; however, maintenance of cartilage in mouse models of arthritis is its only reported function in vivo. Despite lacking sequence homology to chemokines, CYTL1 is predicted by computational methods to fold like a chemokine, and has been reported to function as a chemotactic agonist at the chemokine receptor CCR2 in mouse monocyte/macrophages. Nevertheless, since chemokines are defined by structure and chemokine receptors are able to bind many non-chemokine ligands, direct determination of the CYTL1 tertiary structure will ultimately be required to know whether it actually folds as a chemokine and therefore is a chemokine. Towards this goal, we have developed a method for producing functional recombinant human CYTL1 in bacteria, and we provide new evidence about the biophysical and biochemical properties of recombinant CYTL1. Circular dichroism analysis showed that, like chemokines, CYTL1has a higher content of beta-sheet than alpha-helix secondary structure. Furthermore, recombinant CYTL1 promoted calcium flux in chondrocytes. Nevertheless, unlike chemokines, CYTL1 had limited affinity to proteoglycans. Together, these properties further support cytokine-like properties for CYTL1 with some overlap with the chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie Tomczak
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kavita Singh
- Structural Biology Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Apostolos G Gittis
- Structural Biology Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Joohee Lee
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - David N Garboczi
- Structural Biology Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Philip M Murphy
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD 20892, USA.
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11
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Vrentas C, Ghirlando R, Keefer A, Hu Z, Tomczak A, Gittis AG, Murthi A, Garboczi DN, Gottesman S, Leppla SH. Hfqs in Bacillus anthracis: Role of protein sequence variation in the structure and function of proteins in the Hfq family. Protein Sci 2015; 24:1808-19. [PMID: 26271475 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hfq proteins in Gram-negative bacteria play important roles in bacterial physiology and virulence, mediated by binding of the Hfq hexamer to small RNAs and/or mRNAs to post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. However, the physiological role of Hfqs in Gram-positive bacteria is less clear. Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, uniquely expresses three distinct Hfq proteins, two from the chromosome (Hfq1, Hfq2) and one from its pXO1 virulence plasmid (Hfq3). The protein sequences of Hfq1 and 3 are evolutionarily distinct from those of Hfq2 and of Hfqs found in other Bacilli. Here, the quaternary structure of each B. anthracis Hfq protein, as produced heterologously in Escherichia coli, was characterized. While Hfq2 adopts the expected hexamer structure, Hfq1 does not form similarly stable hexamers in vitro. The impact on the monomer-hexamer equilibrium of varying Hfq C-terminal tail length and other sequence differences among the Hfqs was examined, and a sequence region of the Hfq proteins that was involved in hexamer formation was identified. It was found that, in addition to the distinct higher-order structures of the Hfq homologs, they give rise to different phenotypes. Hfq1 has a disruptive effect on the function of E. coli Hfq in vivo, while Hfq3 expression at high levels is toxic to E. coli but also partially complements Hfq function in E. coli. These results set the stage for future studies of the roles of these proteins in B. anthracis physiology and for the identification of sequence determinants of phenotypic complementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Vrentas
- NIAID, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 33 North Drive, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Andrea Keefer
- NIAID, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 33 North Drive, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Zonglin Hu
- NIAID, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 33 North Drive, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Apostolos G Gittis
- Structural Biology Section, Research Technologies Branch, NIAID, NIH, Twinbrook II, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Athulaprabha Murthi
- NIAID, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 33 North Drive, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David N Garboczi
- Structural Biology Section, Research Technologies Branch, NIAID, NIH, Twinbrook II, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Stephen H Leppla
- NIAID, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 33 North Drive, Bethesda, Maryland
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12
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Mashalidis EH, Gittis AG, Tomczak A, Abell C, Barry CE, Garboczi DN. Molecular insights into the binding of coenzyme F420 to the conserved protein Rv1155 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Protein Sci 2015; 24:729-40. [PMID: 25644473 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Coenzyme F420 is a deazaflavin hydride carrier with a lower reduction potential than most flavins. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), F420 plays an important role in activating PA-824, an antituberculosis drug currently used in clinical trials. Although F420 is important to Mtb redox metabolism, little is known about the enzymes that bind F420 and the reactions that they catalyze. We have identified a novel F420 -binding protein, Rv1155, which is annotated in the Mtb genome sequence as a putative flavin mononucleotide (FMN)-binding protein. Using biophysical techniques, we have demonstrated that instead of binding FMN or other flavins, Rv1155 binds coenzyme F420 . The crystal structure of the complex of Rv1155 and F420 reveals one F420 molecule bound to each monomer of the Rv1155 dimer. Structural, biophysical, and bioinformatic analyses of the Rv1155-F420 complex provide clues about its role in the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellene H Mashalidis
- Tuberculosis Research Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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13
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Klein MM, Gittis AG, Su HP, Makobongo MO, Moore JM, Singh S, Miller LH, Garboczi DN. The cysteine-rich interdomain region from the highly variable plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein-1 exhibits a conserved structure. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000147. [PMID: 18773118 PMCID: PMC2518858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites, living in red blood cells, express proteins of the erythrocyte membrane protein-1 (PfEMP1) family on the red blood cell surface. The binding of PfEMP1 molecules to human cell surface receptors mediates the adherence of infected red blood cells to human tissues. The sequences of the 60 PfEMP1 genes in each parasite genome vary greatly from parasite to parasite, yet the variant PfEMP1 proteins maintain receptor binding. Almost all parasites isolated directly from patients bind the human CD36 receptor. Of the several kinds of highly polymorphic cysteine-rich interdomain region (CIDR) domains classified by sequence, only the CIDR1α domains bind CD36. Here we describe the CD36-binding portion of a CIDR1α domain, MC179, as a bundle of three α-helices that are connected by a loop and three additional helices. The MC179 structure, containing seven conserved cysteines and 10 conserved hydrophobic residues, predicts similar structures for the hundreds of CIDR sequences from the many genome sequences now known. Comparison of MC179 with the CIDR domains in the genome of the P. falciparum 3D7 strain provides insights into CIDR domain structure. The CIDR1α three-helix bundle exhibits less than 20% sequence identity with the three-helix bundles of Duffy-binding like (DBL) domains, but the two kinds of bundles are almost identical. Despite the enormous diversity of PfEMP1 sequences, the CIDR1α and DBL protein structures, taken together, predict that a PfEMP1 molecule is a polymer of three-helix bundles elaborated by a variety of connecting helices and loops. From the structures also comes the insight that DBL1α domains are approximately 100 residues larger and that CIDR1α domains are approximately 100 residues smaller than sequence alignments predict. This new understanding of PfEMP1 structure will allow the use of better-defined PfEMP1 domains for functional studies, for the design of candidate vaccines, and for understanding the molecular basis of cytoadherence. Malaria parasites express proteins of the erythrocyte membrane protein-1 family (PfEMP1) on the surfaces of the human red blood cells that they infect. These large proteins vary in sequence extensively, yet bind to host receptors to allow infected cells to adhere to host tissues. PfEMP1 proteins help parasites evade the immune system, as the 60 PfEMP1 genes are expressed one at a time. Sequence comparisons predict that PfEMP1 molecules are modular, made up of Duffy binding-like (DBL) and cysteine-rich interdomain region (CIDR) domains. Many CIDR domains bind to the human receptor CD36. We have analyzed the structure of the CD36-binding portion, known as MC179, of a CIDR domain. The MC179 protein is composed of a bundle of three helices connected by a loop and three additional helices. Based on the structure and sequence similarities, MC179 is a good model for the hundreds of known CIDR sequences. In addition, the MC179 three-helix bundle is remarkably similar to subdomain 3 of the known DBL structures. MC179 provides insight into the relatedness of both kinds of PfEMP1 domains and predicts that the large PfEMP1 molecules are polymers of three-helix bundles and their connecting polypeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Klein
- Structural Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Apostolos G. Gittis
- Structural Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hua-Poo Su
- Structural Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Morris O. Makobongo
- Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jaime M. Moore
- Structural Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Louis H. Miller
- Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David N. Garboczi
- Structural Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Lin DYW, Tanaka Y, Iwasaki M, Gittis AG, Su HP, Mikami B, Okazaki T, Honjo T, Minato N, Garboczi DN. The PD-1/PD-L1 complex resembles the antigen-binding Fv domains of antibodies and T cell receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:3011-6. [PMID: 18287011 PMCID: PMC2268576 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0712278105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling through the programmed death 1 (PD-1) inhibitory receptor upon binding its ligand, PD-L1, suppresses immune responses against autoantigens and tumors and plays an important role in the maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance. Release from PD-1 inhibitory signaling revives "exhausted" virus-specific T cells in chronic viral infections. Here we present the crystal structure of murine PD-1 in complex with human PD-L1. PD-1 and PD-L1 interact through the conserved front and side of their Ig variable (IgV) domains, as do the IgV domains of antibodies and T cell receptors. This places the loops at the ends of the IgV domains on the same side of the PD-1/PD-L1 complex, forming a surface that is similar to the antigen-binding surface of antibodies and T cell receptors. Mapping conserved residues allowed the identification of residues that are important in forming the PD-1/PD-L1 interface. Based on the structure, we show that some reported loss-of-binding mutations involve the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction but that others compromise protein folding. The PD-1/PD-L1 interaction described here may be blocked by antibodies or by designed small-molecule drugs to lower inhibitory signaling that results in a stronger immune response. The immune receptor-like loops offer a new surface for further study and potentially the design of molecules that would affect PD-1/PD-L1 complex formation and thereby modulate the immune response.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/genetics
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/chemistry
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- B7-H1 Antigen
- Computational Biology
- Crystallization
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/immunology
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
- Sequence Homology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- David Yin-wei Lin
- *Structural Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Twinbrook 2, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- Departments of Immunology and Cell Biology and
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 190-0012, Japan; and
| | | | - Apostolos G. Gittis
- *Structural Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Twinbrook 2, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Hua-Poo Su
- *Structural Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Twinbrook 2, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Bunzo Mikami
- Laboratory of Applied Structural Biology, Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Taku Okazaki
- Immunology and Genomic Medicine and
- **21st Century Center of Excellence Formation, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | | | | | - David N. Garboczi
- *Structural Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Twinbrook 2, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852
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15
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Su HP, Golden JW, Gittis AG, Hooper JW, Garboczi DN. Structural basis for the binding of the neutralizing antibody, 7D11, to the poxvirus L1 protein. Virology 2007; 368:331-41. [PMID: 17688903 PMCID: PMC2100026 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Revised: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Medical countermeasures to prevent or treat smallpox are needed due to the potential use of poxviruses as biological weapons. Safety concerns with the currently available smallpox vaccine indicate a need for research on alternative poxvirus vaccine strategies. Molecular vaccines involving the use of proteins and/or genes and recombinant antibodies are among the strategies under current investigation. The poxvirus L1 protein, encoded by the L1R open reading frame, is the target of neutralizing antibodies and has been successfully used as a component of both protein subunit and DNA vaccines. L1-specific monoclonal antibodies (e.g., mouse monoclonal antibody mAb-7D11, mAb-10F5) with potent neutralizing activity bind L1 in a conformation-specific manner. This suggests that proper folding of the L1 protein used in molecular vaccines will affect the production of neutralizing antibodies and protection. Here, we co-crystallized the Fab fragment of mAb-7D11 with the L1 protein. The crystal structure of the complex between Fab-7D11 and L1 reveals the basis for the conformation-specific binding as recognition of a discontinuous epitope containing two loops that are held together by a disulfide bond. The structure of this important conformational epitope of L1 will contribute to the development of molecular poxvirus vaccines and also provides a novel target for anti-poxvirus drugs. In addition, the sequence and structure of Fab-7D11 will contribute to the development of L1-targeted immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Poo Su
- Structural Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Joseph W. Golden
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702
| | - Apostolos G. Gittis
- Structural Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Jay W. Hooper
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702
| | - David N. Garboczi
- Structural Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
- *Corresponding author. Mailing address. 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA. Phone: 301-496-4773. Fax: 301-402-0284. E-mail:
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16
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Karp DA, Gittis AG, Stahley MR, Fitch CA, Stites WE, García-Moreno E B. High apparent dielectric constant inside a protein reflects structural reorganization coupled to the ionization of an internal Asp. Biophys J 2007; 92:2041-53. [PMID: 17172297 PMCID: PMC1861777 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.106.090266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dielectric properties of proteins are poorly understood and difficult to describe quantitatively. This limits the accuracy of methods for structure-based calculation of electrostatic energies and pK(a) values. The pK(a) values of many internal groups report apparent protein dielectric constants of 10 or higher. These values are substantially higher than the dielectric constants of 2-4 measured experimentally with dry proteins. The structural origins of these high apparent dielectric constants are not well understood. Here we report on structural and equilibrium thermodynamic studies of the effects of pH on the V66D variant of staphylococcal nuclease. In a crystal structure of this protein the neutral side chain of Asp-66 is buried in the hydrophobic core of the protein and hydrated by internal water molecules. Asp-66 titrates with a pK(a) value near 9. A decrease in the far UV-CD signal was observed, concomitant with ionization of this aspartic acid, and consistent with the loss of 1.5 turns of alpha-helix. These data suggest that the protein dielectric constant needed to reproduce the pK(a) value of Asp-66 with continuum electrostatics calculations is high because the dielectric constant has to capture, implicitly, the energetic consequences of the structural reorganization that are not treated explicitly in continuum calculations with static structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Karp
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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17
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Dohm JA, Hsu MH, Hwu JR, Huang RCC, Moudrianakis EN, Lattman EE, Gittis AG. Influence of Ions, Hydration, and the Transcriptional Inhibitor P4N on the Conformations of the Sp1 Binding Site. J Mol Biol 2005; 349:731-44. [PMID: 15896803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2004] [Revised: 03/30/2005] [Accepted: 04/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Three crystal structures containing the entire Sp1 consensus sequence d(GGGGCGGGG) with two or three additional base-pairs on either the 5' or 3' ends and overhangs have been determined. Despite the different lengths of DNA in the pseudo-dodecamers and pseudo-tridecamer, all three structures form A-DNA duplexes that share a common set of crystal contacts, including a T*(G.C) base triplet and a 5'-overhang that flips out and away from the helical axes to form a Hoogsteen base-pair with the 3'-overhang of a symmetry mate. The global conformations of the three structures differ, however, in the widths of their respective major grooves, the lengths of the molecules, and the extent of crystal packing. The structures were determined from crystals grown in an unusual precipitant for A-DNA, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400, in combination with polyamines or ions; cobalt hexamine for the pseudo-tridecamer, and spermidine for the pseudo-dodecamers. As the Sp1 binding site is a target for antiviral and anticancer drugs, pseudo-dodecamer crystals were soaked with one such antiviral and anticancer compound, P4N. Although P4N was not visualized unambiguously in the electron density maps, the effect of the drug is evident from significant differences in the lattice constants, crystal packing, and overall conformation of the structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Dohm
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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18
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Nguyen DM, Leila Reynald R, Gittis AG, Lattman EE. X-ray and thermodynamic studies of staphylococcal nuclease variants I92E and I92K: insights into polarity of the protein interior. J Mol Biol 2004; 341:565-74. [PMID: 15276844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2003] [Revised: 05/25/2004] [Accepted: 05/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have used crystallography and thermodynamic analysis to study nuclease variants I92E and I92K, in which an ionizable side-chain is placed in the hydrophobic core of nuclease. We find that the energetic cost of burying ionizable groups is rather modest. The X-ray determinations show water molecules solvating the buried glutamic acid under cryo conditions, but not at room temperature. The lysine side-chain does not appear solvated in either case. Guanidine hydrochloride (GnHCl) denaturation of I92E and I92K, done as a function of pH and monitored by tryptophan fluorescence, showed that I92E and I92K are folded in the pH range pH 3.5-9.0 and pH 5.5-9.5, respectively. The stability of the parental protein is independent of pH over a broad range. In contrast, the stabilities of I92E and I92K exhibit a pH dependence, which is quantitatively explained by thermodynamic analysis: the PK(a) value of the buried K92 is 5.6, while that of the buried E92 is 8.65. The free energy difference between burying the uncharged and charged forms of the groups is modest, about 6 kcal/mol. We also found that epsilon(app) for I92K and I92E is in the range approximately 10-12, instead of 2-4 commonly used to represent the protein interior. Side-chains 92E and 92K were uncharged under the conditions of the X-ray experiment. Both are buried completely inside the well-defined hydrophobic core of the variant proteins without forming salt-bridges or hydrogen bonds to other functional groups of the proteins. Under cryo conditions 92E shows a chain of four water molecules, which hydrate one oxygen atom of the carboxyl group of the glutamic acid. Two other water molecules, which are present in the wild-type at all temperatures, are also connected to the water ring observed inside the hydrophobic core. The ready burial of water with an uncharged E92 raises the possibility that solvent excursions into the interior also take place in the wild-type protein, but in a random, dynamic way not detectable by crystallography. Such transient excursions could increase the average polarity, and thus epsilon(app), of the protein interior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc M Nguyen
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Dohm
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah J. Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - J. Marie Hardwick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - R. Blake Hill
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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20
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Abstract
The structure of a 58 nucleotide ribosomal RNA fragment buries several phosphate groups of a hairpin loop within a large tertiary core. During refinement of an X-ray crystal structure containing this RNA, a potassium ion was found to be contacted by six oxygen atoms from the buried phosphate groups; the ion is contained completely within the solvent-accessible surface of the RNA. The electrostatic potential at the ion chelation site is unusually large, and more than compensates for the substantial energetic penalties associated with partial dehydration of the ion and displacement of delocalized ions. The very large predicted binding free energy, approximately -30 kcal/mol, implies that the site must be occupied for the RNA to fold. These findings agree with previous studies of the ion-dependent folding of tertiary structure in this RNA, which concluded that a monovalent ion was bound in a partially dehydrated environment where Mg2+ could not easily compete for binding. By compensating the unfavorable free energy of buried phosphate groups with a chelated ion, the RNA is able to create a larger and more complex tertiary fold than would be possible otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme L Conn
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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21
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Libson AM, Gittis AG, Lattman EE. Crystal Structures of the Binary Ca2+ and pdTp Complexes and the Ternary Complex of the Asp21 .fwdarw. Glu Mutant of Staphylococcal Nuclease. Implications for Catalysis and Ligand Binding. Biochemistry 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/bi00192a004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Dwyer JJ, Gittis AG, Karp DA, Lattman EE, Spencer DS, Stites WE, García-Moreno E B. High apparent dielectric constants in the interior of a protein reflect water penetration. Biophys J 2000; 79:1610-20. [PMID: 10969021 PMCID: PMC1301053 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(00)76411-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A glutamic acid was buried in the hydrophobic core of staphylococcal nuclease by replacement of Val-66. Its pK(a) was measured with equilibrium thermodynamic methods. It was 4.3 units higher than the pK(a) of Glu in water. This increase was comparable to the DeltapK(a) of 4.9 units measured previously for a lysine buried at the same location. According to the Born formalism these DeltapK(a) are energetically equivalent to the transfer of a charged group from water to a medium of dielectric constant of 12. In contrast, the static dielectric constants of dry protein powders range from 2 to 4. In the crystallographic structure of the V66E mutant, a chain of water molecules was seen that hydrates the buried Glu-66 and links it with bulk solvent. The buried water molecules have never previously been detected in >20 structures of nuclease. The structure and the measured energetics constitute compelling and unprecedented experimental evidence that solvent penetration can contribute significantly to the high apparent polarizability inside proteins. To improve structure-based calculations of electrostatic effects with continuum methods, it will be necessary to learn to account quantitatively for the contributions by solvent penetration to dielectric effects in the protein interior.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Dwyer
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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23
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Abstract
A common method of evolutionary change is gene duplication, followed by other events that lead to new function, decoration of folds, oligomerization, or other changes. As part of a study on the potential for evolutionary change created by duplicated sequences, we have carried out a crystallographic study on a mutant of Staphylococcal nuclease in which residues 55-62 have been duplicated in a wild-type variant termed PHS. In the parental protein (PHS) these residues form the first two turns of a helix running from residue 54 to 68 (hereafter designated as helix I). The crystal structure of the mutant is very similar to that of the parental, with helix I being unaltered. The duplicated residues are accommodated by expanding an existing loop N-terminal to helix I. In addition, circular dichroism (CD) studies have been carried out on a parental peptide containing helix I with six flanking residues at each terminus (residues 48-74) and on the same peptide expanded by the duplication, as a function of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) concentration. Each peptide possesses only modest helical propensity in solution. Our data, which is different from what was observed in T4 lysozyme, show that the conformation of the duplicated sequence is determined by a balance of sequential and longer-range effects. Thus duplicating sequence need not mean duplicating structure. Proteins 2000;40:465-472.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Nguyen
- Thomas C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2685, USA
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24
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Abstract
Protein crystals are usually obtained by an empirical approach based on extensive screening to identify suitable crystallization conditions. In contrast, we have used a systematic predictive procedure to produce data-quality crystals of bovine chymotrypsinogen A and used them to obtain a refined X-ray structure to 3 A resolution. Measurements of the osmotic second virial coefficient of chymotrypsinogen solutions were used to identify suitable solvent conditions, following which crystals were grown for approximately 30 hours by ultracentrifugal crystallization, without the use of any precipitants. Existing structures of chymotrypsinogen were obtained in solutions including 10-30 % ethanol, whereas simple buffered NaCl solutions were used here. The protein crystallized in the tetragonal space group P4(1)2(1)2, with one molecule per asymmetric unit. The quality of the refined map was very high throughout, with the main-chain atoms of all but four residues clearly defined and with nearly all side-chains also defined. Although only minor differences are seen compared to the structures previously reported, they indicate the possibility of structural changes due to the crystallization conditions used in those studies. Our results show that more systematic crystallization of proteins is possible, and that the procedure can expand the range of conditions under which crystals can be grown successfully and can make new crystal forms available.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Pjura
- Center for Molecular and Engineering Thermodynamics, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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25
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Abstract
The structure of a highly conserved complex between a 58-nucleotide domain of large subunit ribosomal RNA and the RNA-binding domain of ribosomal protein L11 has been solved at 2.8 angstrom resolution. It reveals a precisely folded RNA structure that is stabilized by extensive tertiary contacts and contains an unusually large core of stacked bases. A bulge loop base from one hairpin of the RNA is intercalated into the distorted major groove of another helix; the protein locks this tertiary interaction into place by binding to the intercalated base from the minor groove side. This direct interaction with a key ribosomal RNA tertiary interaction suggests that part of the role of L11 is to stabilize an unusual RNA fold within the ribosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Conn
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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26
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Massiah MA, Abeygunawardana C, Gittis AG, Mildvan AS. Solution structure of Delta 5-3-ketosteroid isomerase complexed with the steroid 19-nortestosterone hemisuccinate. Biochemistry 1998; 37:14701-12. [PMID: 9778345 DOI: 10.1021/bi981447b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The solution structure of the ketosteroid isomerase homodimer complexed with the product analogue 19-nortestosterone hemisuccinate (19-NTHS) was solved by heteronuclear multidimensional NMR methods using 1647 distance restraints, 77 dihedral angle (phi) restraints, and 67 hydrogen bond restraints per monomer. The refined secondary structure of each subunit consists of three alpha-helices, eight beta-strands, four turns, and two beta-bulges. The beta-strands form a mixed beta-sheet. One of the five proline residues, Pro-39, is cis and begins a nonclassical turn. A self-consistent ensemble of 15 tertiary/quaternary structures of the enzyme dimer-steroid complex, with no distance violations greater than 0.35 A, was generated by simulated annealing and energy minimization with the program X-PLOR. The mean pairwise RMSD of the secondary structural elements was 0.63 A for the average subunit and 1.25 A for the dimer. Within each subunit, the three alpha-helices are packed onto the concave surface of the beta-sheet with a groove between them into which the steroid binds at a site defined by 14 intermolecular distances. In the productive complex, Tyr-14, from alpha-helix 1, approaches both Asp-99 and the 3-keto group of 19-NTHS while, from beta-strand 1, the carboxylate of Asp-38 approaches the beta-face of the steroid near C4 and C6, between which it transfers a proton during catalysis. Thus the solution structure of the isomerase-steroid complex can accommodate the catalytic diad mechanism in which Asp-99 donates a hydrogen bond to Tyr-14 which in turn is hydrogen bonded to the 3-oxygen of the steroid. While direct hydrogen bonding of Asp-99 to the steroid oxygen is less likely, it cannot be excluded. All other interactions of the steroid with the enzyme are hydrophobic. The dimer interface, which is between the convex surfaces of the beta-sheets, is defined by 28 intersubunit NOEs between hydrophobic residues in the 13C-filtered NOESY-HSQC spectrum of a 13C/12C-heterolabeled dimer. Both hydrophobic and polar interactions occur at the dimer interface which contains no space that would permit additional steroid binding. Comparison of the complexed enzyme with the solution structure of the free enzyme [Wu et al. (1997) Science 276, 415-418] reveals that the three helices change position in the steroid complex, becoming more closely packed onto the concave surface of the beta-sheet, thus bringing Tyr-14 closer to Asp-99 and the substrate. Comparison of the enzyme-steroid complex in solution with the free enzyme in the crystalline state reveals similar differences between the positions of the helices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Massiah
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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27
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Abstract
The solution secondary structure of the highly active Y55F/Y88F "Tyr-14-only" mutant of delta 5-3-ketosteroid isomerase complexed with 19-nortestosterone hemisuccinate has been shown to consist of three helices, a six-stranded mixed beta-sheet, and five turns. The steroid binds near the general acid, Tyr-14, on helix 1, near the general base, Asp-38, on the first strand of the beta-sheet, and on the hydrophobic face of the beta-sheet [Zhao, Q., Abeygunawardana, C., & Mildvan, A. S. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 3458-3472]. On this hydrophobic face, Asp-99 is the only polar residue. Free isomerase shows a deshielded exchangeable proton resonance at 13.1 ppm assigned to the N epsilon H of neutral His-100. Its fractionation factor (phi = 0.79) and slow exchange with solvent suggest it to be buried or involved in an H-bond. The binding of dihydroequilenin or estradiol to isomerase induces the appearance of two additional deshielded proton resonances, one at 18.2 ppm assigned to the gamma-carboxyl proton of Asp-99, and the other, at 11.6 ppm, assigned to the zeta-OH proton of Tyr-14. While mutation of Asp-99 to Ala results in the disappearance of only the resonance near 18 ppm [Wu, R. W., Ebrahemian, S., Zwrotny, M. E., Thornberg, L. D., Perez-Alverado, G. C., Brothers, P., Pollack, R. M., & Summers, M. F. (1997) Science 276, 415-418], both of these resonances disappear in mutants lacking Tyr-14, suggesting an H-bonded catalytic diad, Asp-99-COOH--Tyr14-OH--O-steroid enolate. The catalytic diad is further supported by NOEs from the beta 1 and beta 2 protons of Asp-99 to the epsilon protons of Tyr-14, and from the zeta-OH proton of Tyr-14 to the gamma-carboxyl proton of Asp-99, indicating close proximity of these two residues, and by other data from the literature. A strong, low-barrier H-bond between Asp-99 and Tyr-14 is indicated by the 6.2 ppm deshielding, low fractionation factor (phi = 0.34) and slow exchange of the resonance at 18.2 ppm. A normal H-bond between Tyr-14 and the steroid is indicated by the 1.8 ppm deshielding, fractionation factor of 0.97 and the slow exchange of the resonance at 11.6 ppm. It is suggested that the 10(4.7)-fold contribution of Tyr-14 to catalysis is made possible by strong H-bonding from Asp-99 in the catalytic diad which strengthens general acid catalysis by Tyr-14. It is also noted that highly deshielded proton resonance on enzymes between 15 and 20 ppm, assigned to low-barrier H-bonds, generally involve carboxyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Zhao
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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28
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Leonard SA, Gittis AG, Petrella EC, Pollard TD, Lattman EE. Crystal structure of the actin-binding protein actophorin from Acanthamoeba. Nat Struct Biol 1997; 4:369-73. [PMID: 9145107 DOI: 10.1038/nsb0597-369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Actophorin is a member of the actin-depolymerizing factor/cofilin family. It severs actin filaments and sequesters actin monomers. The crystal structure of actophorin will help to elucidate actin-ADF/cofilin interactions.
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29
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García-Moreno B, Dwyer JJ, Gittis AG, Lattman EE, Spencer DS, Stites WE. Experimental measurement of the effective dielectric in the hydrophobic core of a protein. Biophys Chem 1997; 64:211-24. [PMID: 9127946 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4622(96)02238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The dielectric inside a protein is a key physical determinant of the magnitude of electrostatic interactions in proteins. We have measured this dielectric phenomenologically, in terms of the dielectric that needs to be used with the Born equation in order to reproduce the observed pKa shifts induced by burial of an ionizable group in the hydrophobic core of a protein. Mutants of staphylococcal nuclease with a buried lysine residue at position 66 were engineered for this purpose. The pKa values of buried lysines were measured by difference potentiometry. The extent of coupling between the pKa and the global stability of the protein was evaluated by measuring pKa values in hyperstable forms of nuclease engineered to be 3.3 or 6.5 kcal mol-1 more stable than the wild type. The crystallographic structure of one mutant was determined to describe the environment of the buried lysine. The dielectrics that were measured range from 10 to 12. Published pKa values of buried ionizable residues in other proteins were analyzed in a similar fashion and the dielectrics obtained from these values are consistent with the ones measured in nuclease. These results argue strongly against the prevalent use of dielectrics of 4 or lower to describe the dielectric effect inside a protein in structure-based calculations of electrostatic energies with continuum dielectric models.
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Affiliation(s)
- B García-Moreno
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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30
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Abeygunawardana C, Weber DJ, Gittis AG, Frick DN, Lin J, Miller AF, Bessman MJ, Mildvan AS. Solution structure of the MutT enzyme, a nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase. Biochemistry 1995; 34:14997-5005. [PMID: 7578113 DOI: 10.1021/bi00046a006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The MutT enzyme (129 residues) catalyzes the hydrolysis of normal and mutagenic nucleoside triphosphates, such as 8-oxo-dGTP, by substitution at the rarely attacked beta-P, to yield NMP and pyrophosphate. Previous heteronuclear NMR studies of MutT have shown the secondary structure to consist of a five-stranded mixed beta-sheet connected by the loop I-alpha-helix I--loop II motif, by two tight turns, and by loop III, and terminated by loop IV--alpha-helix II [Abeygunawardana et al. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 13071-13080; Weber et al. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 13081-13087). Complete side-chain assignments of 1H and 13C resonances have now been made by 3D C(CO)NH and HCCH-TOCSY experiments. A total of 1461 interproton proximities (11 per residue), obtained by 3D 15N-resolved NOESY-HSQC and 3D 13C-resolved NOESY-HSQC spectra, including 372 long-range NOEs, as well as 65 dihedral angle (phi) restraints and 34 backbone hydrogen bond restraints were used to determine the tertiary structure of MutT by distance geometry, simulated annealing, and energy minimization with the program X-PLOR. The structure is globular and compact with the parallel portion of the beta-sheet sandwiched between the two alpha-helices, forming an alpha+beta fold. The essential divalent cation has previously been shown to bind near residues Gly-37, Gly-38, Lys-39, and Glu-57, and nucleotides have been shown to bind near residues Leu-54 and Val-58 by NMR relaxation methods [Frick et al. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 5577-5586].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- C Abeygunawardana
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2185, USA
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31
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Libson AM, Gittis AG, Collier IE, Marmer BL, Goldberg GI, Lattman EE. Crystal structure of the haemopexin-like C-terminal domain of gelatinase A. Nat Struct Biol 1995; 2:938-42. [PMID: 7583664 DOI: 10.1038/nsb1195-938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the haemopexin-like C-terminal domain of gelatinase A reveals that it is a four-bladed beta-propeller protein. The four blades are arranged around a channel-like opening in which Ca2+ and a Na-Cl+ ion pair are bound.
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32
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Abstract
Deletion of six amino acids in a surface loop transforms staphylococcal nuclease from a monomeric protein into a very stable dimer (Kd < 1 x 10(-8)M). A 2 A X-ray crystal structure of the dimer (R = 0.176) shows that the carboxy-terminal alpha-helix has been stripped from its normal position in one monomer and is now incorporated into the equivalent position on the adjoining monomer. This swapping creates an association interface of 2900 A 2. A second, smaller interface of 460 A 2 is also formed. The spontaneous exchange or swapping of secondary structural elements provides a simple pathway for the formation of large, stable protein/protein interfaces and may play an important role in the evolution of oligomeric proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Green
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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33
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Abstract
Similar folds often occur in proteins with dissimilar sequences. The OB-fold forms a part of the structures of at least seven non-homologous proteins that share either oligonucleotide or oligosaccharide binding functions. A 1-103 fragment corresponding to the OB-fold of the 149 amino acid residue staphylococcal nuclease gives NMR spectra characteristic of an unfolded protein, i.e. the wild-type nuclease sequence is insufficient to maintain a stable tertiary structure in the absence of the C-terminal one-third of this single-domain protein. By contrast, the 1-103 fragment of nuclease with the mutations Val66Leu and Gly88Val adopts a stable tertiary structure. The NMR solution structure of this latter fragment is a close variation of the OB-fold found in the X-ray structure of the parent protein. The Val66Leu and Gly88Val mutations appear to stabilize tertiary structure by consolidating the hydrophobic core of the nuclease OB-fold sub-domain. Taken together, these results suggest that recurrent structural motifs such as the OB-fold may in some cases represent vestiges of autonomous folding units that, during evolution, have become integrated into more complex cooperative folding domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Alexandrescu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Chuang WJ, Abeygunawardana C, Gittis AG, Pedersen PL, Mildvan AS. Solution structure and function in trifluoroethanol of PP-50, an ATP-binding peptide from F1ATPase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1995; 319:110-22. [PMID: 7771774 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1995.1272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PP-50, a synthetic peptide, based on residues 141-190 of the beta-subunit of mitochondrial F1ATPase, containing the GX4GKT consensus sequence for nucleoside triphosphate binding, binds ATP tightly (Kd = 17.5 microM) as found by fluorescence titration at pH 4.0. CD and 2D proton NMR studies at pH 4.0 revealed two beta-turns, regions of extended secondary structure, transient tertiary structure, and flexibility in the GX4GKT region (W.J. Chuang, C. Abeygunawardana, P. L. Pedersen, and A. S. Mildvan, 1992, Biochemistry 31, 7915-7921). CD titration of PP-50 with trifluoroethanol (TFE) reveals a decrease in ellipticity at 208 and 222 nm, saturating at 25% TFE. Computer analysis indicates that 25% TFE increases the helix content from 5.8 to 28.6%, decreases the beta-structure from 30.2 to 20.2% and decreases the coil content from 64 to 51.2%. Fluorescence titrations of H2ATP2- with PP-50 in 25% TFE yields a Kd of 7.3 microM, 2.4-fold tighter than in H2O, probably due to TFE increasing the activity of H2ATP2- . PP-50 completely quenches the fluorescence of H2ATP2- in 25% TFE, while in H2O the fluorescence quenching is only 62%. In H2O the binding of H2ATP2- increases the structure of PP-50 as detected by CD, but in 25% TFE no significant change in CD is found on binding either H2ATP2- or Mg2+ HATP (Kd = 14 microM). The complete proton NMR spectrum of PP-50 in 25% TFE has been assigned. The solution structure, determined by distance geometry, molecular dynamics with simulated annealing, and energy minimization, consists of a coil (residues 1-8), a strand (residues 9-12), a loop (residues 13-22) containing the GX4GKT consensus sequence (residues 16-23), an alpha-helix (residues 23-36), a turn (residues 38-41), and a coil (residues 42-50), similar to that of the corresponding region of the X-ray structure of F1ATPase (J.P. Abrahams, A.G.W. Leslie, R. Lutter, and J. E. Walker, 1994 Nature 370, 621-628) and to the structure of a homologous peptide from the ATP-binding site of adenylate kinase (D. C. Fry, D. M. Byler, H. Susi, E. M. Brown, S. A. Kuby, and A. S. Mildvan, 1988 Biochemistry 27, 3588-3598), beta, gamma-Bidentate Cr3+ ATP binds to PP-50 with the Cr3+ pyrophosphate moiety approaching the epsilon-methylene group of K22 in the GX4GKT consensus sequence, in agreement with the X-ray structure of the Mg2+ AMPPNP complex of F1ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Chuang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2185, USA
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35
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Frick DN, Weber DJ, Abeygunawardana C, Gittis AG, Bessman MJ, Mildvan AS. NMR studies of the conformations and location of nucleotides bound to the Escherichia coli MutT enzyme. Biochemistry 1995; 34:5577-86. [PMID: 7727419 DOI: 10.1021/bi00016a032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The MutT enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphates to nucleoside monophosphates and pyrophosphate by substitution at the rarely attacked beta-phosphorus. Nucleotides containing bulky substituents at the 8 position of the purine ring are preferentially hydrolyzed. The conformation of the MutT-bound nonhydrolyzable substrate analog Mg(2+)-AMPCPP, determined by 10 intramolecular NOEs and molecular dynamics refinement using a full relaxation matrix analysis with back-calculation of the NOESY intensities, is high anti (chi = 53 +/- 9 degrees), with a C2'-exo, O1'-endo sugar pucker. Similarly, the product of dGTP hydrolysis, dGMP, also binds MutT in a high anti (chi = 73 +/- 9 degrees) C1'-endo conformation based on seven intramolecular NOEs. Such high anti rotations of the base would allow MutT to accommodate nucleotides substituted at the C-8 position with no intramolecular clashes. Changes in chemical shifts in the 1H-15N spectra of the enzyme induced by Mg2+ and Mg2+ AMPCPP suggest that the metal activator and nucleotide interact with residues in loop I, at the carboxyl end of helix I, loop II, loop III, and beta-strands A and B of the secondary structure of MutT. The displacement of Mg2+ by Mn2+ causes the selective disappearance due to paramagnetic broadening of 1H-15N cross peaks from G37, G38, and K39 in loop I and E57 in helix I. Eleven intermolecular NOEs between Mg2+AMPCPP and hydrophobic residues of MutT are found, three of which are tentatively assigned to L67 in loop II and three to L54 in helix I. Similarly, seven intermolecular NOEs between dGMP and hydrophobic residues of the enzyme are found, four of which are tentatively assigned to L54 and two to V58, both in helix I. These interactions indicate that the loop I-helix I-loop II motif contributes significantly to the active site of MutT in accord with mutagenesis studies and with sequence homologies among MutT-like NTP pyrophosphohydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Frick
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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Weber DJ, Libson AM, Gittis AG, Lebowitz MS, Mildvan AS. NMR docking of a substrate into the X-ray structure of the Asp-21-->Glu mutant of staphylococcal nuclease. Biochemistry 1994; 33:8017-28. [PMID: 8025106 DOI: 10.1021/bi00192a005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To understand the structural basis of the 1500-fold decrease in catalytic activity of the D21E mutant of staphylococcal nuclease in which an aspartate ligand of the essential Ca2+ has been enlarged to glutamate, the conformation of the enzyme-bound substrate dTdA has been determined by NMR methods and has been docked into the X-ray structure of the D21E mutant (Libson, A. M., Gittis, A.G., & Lattman, E. E. Biochemistry, preceding paper in this issue) based on distances from the bound metal ion to dTdA and on intermolecular nuclear Overhauser effects from assigned aromatic proton resonances of Tyr-85, Tyr-113, and Tyr-115 to proton resonances of dTdA, using energy minimization to relieve small overlaps. Like the wild-type enzyme, the D21E mutant forms binary E-M and E-S and ternary E-M-S complexes with Ca2+, Mn2+, Co2+, and La3+. D21E enhances the paramagnetic effects of Co2+ on 1/T1 and 1/T2 of the phosphorus and on 1/T1 of four proton resonances of dTdA, and these effects are abolished by the binding of the competitive inhibitor 3',5'-pdTp. From the paramagnetic effects of enzyme-bound Co2+ on 1/T1 of phosphorus and protons, with the use of a correlation time of 1.1 ps based on 1/T1 values at 250 and 600 MHz, five metal-nucleus distances and 11 lower limit metal-nucleus distances have been calculated. The Co2+ to 31P distance of 4.1 +/- 0.9 A agrees with that found on the wild-type enzyme (Weber, D. J., Mullen, G. P., & Mildvan, A. S. (1991) Biochemistry 30, 7425-7437) and indicates at least 18% inner sphere phosphate coordination. Fourteen interproton distances and 109 lower limit interproton distances in dTdA in the ternary D21E-La(3+)-dTdA complex were determined by NOESY spectra at 50-, 100-, and 200-ms mixing times. Both the metal-nucleus and interproton distances were necessary to compute a narrow range of conformations for enzyme-bound dTdA. As on the wild-type enzyme, the conformation of dTdA on the D21E mutant is highly extended, with high-anti C-2' endo conformations for the individual nucleosides. However, significant conformational differences are found in the torsional angles chi of dA (delta chi = 49 +/- 3 degrees), in gamma of dT (delta gamma = 108 +/- 30 degrees) and in zeta of dT (delta zeta = 124 +/- 38 degrees).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Weber
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2185
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37
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Libson AM, Gittis AG, Lattman EE. Crystal structures of the binary Ca2+ and pdTp complexes and the ternary complex of the Asp21-->Glu mutant of staphylococcal nuclease. Implications for catalysis and ligand binding. Biochemistry 1994; 33:8007-16. [PMID: 8025105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the Asp21-->Glu mutant (D21E) of staphylococcal nuclease (SNase) has been determined in three different complex forms. The structure of the D21E ternary complex in which D21E is bound to both Ca2+ and the transition-state analogue, thymidine 3',5'-diphosphate (pdTp), was determined to 1.95-A resolution. The structures of both binary complexes, D21E bound either to Ca2+ or pdTp, were determined to 2.15- and 2.05-A resolution, respectively. In the ternary structure, we find a 1.5-A movement of the Ca2+ in the active site, evidence of bidentate coordination of Ca2+ by Glu21 and inner-sphere coordination of the Ca2+ by Glu43. Comparison of the D21E binary structures with the ternary model shows large movements of active site side chains expected to play a direct role in catalysis. Glu43 moves in the binary nucleotide complex, whereas Arg35 is oriented differently in the binary metal complex. From these changes, we seek to explain the basis for the 1500-fold decrease in Vmax of D21E relative to wild-type SNase (WT). Furthermore, we describe direct structural evidence which explains the cooperativity of Ca2+ and pdTp binding in the ternary complex relative to that of the binary complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Libson
- Department of Biophysics & Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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38
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Abstract
By a combination of NMR docking and model building, the substrate binding site on staphylococcal nuclease was found to accommodate a trinucleotide and to consist of three subsites, each interacting with a single nucleotidyl unit of DNA. Binding of the essential Ca2+ activator and substrate cleavage occur between subsites 1 and 2. Hence, catalytically productive binding would span subsites 1 and 2 while nonproductive binding would span subsites 2 and 3. Lys-49 is near subsite 1, and Lys-84 and Tyr-115 interact with substrates at subsite 3 [Weber, D.J., Gittis, A.G., Mullen, G.P., Abeygunawardana, C., Lattman, E.E., Mildvan, A.S. Proteins 13:275-287, 1992]. The proposed locations of these subsites were independently tested by the effects of the K49A, K84A, and Y115A mutations of staphylococcal nuclease on the binding of Mn2+, Ca2+, and the dinucleotide and trinucleotide substrates, 5'-pdTdA, dTdA, and dTdAdG. These three mutants have previously been shown to be fully active and to have CD and 2D NMR spectra very similar to those of the wild-type enzyme (Chuang, W.-J., Weber, D.J., Gittis, A.G., Mildvan, A.S. Proteins 17:36-48, 1993). All three mutant enzymes and their pdTdA and dTdA complexes (but not their dTdAdG complex) bind Mn2+ and Ca2+ more weakly than the wild-type enzyme by factors ranging from 2 to 11. The presence of a terminal phosphate as in 5'-pdTdA raises the affinity of the substrate for staphylococcal nuclease and its three mutants by two orders of magnitude and for the corresponding enzyme-metal complexes by three to four orders of magnitude, suggesting that the terminal phosphate is coordinated by the enzyme-bound divalent cation. Such complexation would result in the nonproductive binding of 5'-pdTdA at subsites 2 and 3. Accordingly, the K84A and Y115A mutations significantly weaken the binding of 5'-pdTdA and its metal to staphylococcal nuclease by factors of 2.2 to 37.8, while the K49A mutation has much smaller or no effect. Such nonproductive binding explains the low activity of staphylococcal nuclease with small substrates, especially those with a terminal phosphate. Similarly, the K84A and Y115A mutations weaken the binding of dTdA and its metal complexes to the enzyme by factors of 3.4 to 13.1 while the K49A mutation has smaller effects indicating significant nonproductive binding of dTdA. The trinucleotide dTdAdG binds more tightly to wild-type and mutant staphylococcal nuclease and to its metal complexes than does the dinucleotide dTdA by factors of 2.4 to 12.2, reflecting the occupancy of an additional subsite.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Chuang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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39
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Abstract
In the X-ray structure of the staphylococcal nuclease-Ca(2+)-3',5'-pdTp complex, the conformation of the inhibitor 3',5'-pdTp is distorted by Lys-70* and Lys-71* from an adjacent molecule of staphylococcal nuclease (Loll, P.J., Lattman, E.E. Proteins 5:183-201, 1989). In order to correct this crystal packing problem, the solution conformation of enzyme-bound 3',5'-pdTp in the staphylococcal nuclease-metal-pdTp complex determined by NMR methods was docked into the X-ray structure of the enzyme [Weber, D.J., Serpersu, E.H., Gittis, A.G., Lattman, E.E., Mildvan, A.S. (preceding paper)]. In the NMR-docked structure, the 5'-phosphate of 3',5'-pdTp overlaps with that in the X-ray structure. However, the 3'-phosphate accepts a hydrogen bond from Lys-49 (2.89 A) rather than from Lys-84 (8.63 A), and N3 of thymine donates a hydrogen bond to the OH of Tyr-115 (3.16 A) which does not occur in the X-ray structure (5.28 A). These interactions have been tested by binding studies of 3',5'-pdTp, Ca2+, and Mn2+ to the K49A, K84A, and Y115A mutants of staphylococcal nuclease using water proton relaxation rate and EPR methods. Each mutant was fully active and structurally intact, as found by CD and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, but bound Ca2+ 9.1- to 9.9-fold more weakly than the wild-type enzyme. While the K84A mutation did not significantly weaken 3',5'-pdTp binding to the enzyme (1.5 +/- 0.7 fold), the K49A mutation weakened 3',5'-pdTp binding to the enzyme by the factor of 4.4 +/- 1.8-fold. Similarly, the Y115A mutation weakened 3',5'-pdTp binding to the enzyme 3.6 +/- 1.6-fold. Comparable weakening effects of these mutations were found on the binding of Ca(2+)-3',5'-pdTp. These results are more readily explained by the NMR-docked structure of staphylococcal nuclease-metal-3',5'-pdTp than by the X-ray structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Chuang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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Weber DJ, Serpersu EH, Gittis AG, Lattman EE, Mildvan AS. NMR docking of the competitive inhibitor thymidine 3',5'-diphosphate into the X-ray structure of staphylococcal nuclease. Proteins 1993; 17:20-35. [PMID: 8234242 DOI: 10.1002/prot.340170106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In the X-ray structure of the ternary staphylococcal nuclease-Ca(2+)-3',5'-pdTp complex, the conformation of the bound inhibitor 3',5'-pdTp is distorted by Lys-70* and Lys-71* from an adjacent molecule of the enzyme in the crystal lattice (Loll, P. J. and Lattman, E. E. Proteins 5:183-201, 1989; Serpersu, E. H., Hibler, D. W., Gerlt, J. A., and Mildvan, A. S. Biochemistry 28:1539-1548, 1989). Since this interaction does not occur in solution, the NMR docking procedure has been used to correct this problem. Based on 8 Co(2+)-nucleus distances measured by paramagnetic effects on T1, and 9 measured and 45 lower limit interproton distances determined by 1D and 2D NOE studies of the ternary Ca2+ complex, the conformation of enzyme-bound 3',5'-pdTp is high-anti (chi = 58 +/- 10 degrees) with a C2' endo/O1' endo sugar pucker (delta = 143 +/- 2 degrees), (-) synclinal about the C3'-O3' bond (epsilon = 273 +/- 4 degrees), trans, gauche about the C4'-C5' bond (gamma = 301 +/- 29 degrees) and either (-) or (+) clinal about the C5'-O5' bond (beta = 92 +/- 8 degrees or 274 +/- 3 degrees). The structure of 3',5'-pdTp in the crystalline complex differs due to rotations about the C4'-C5' bond (gamma = 186 +/- 12 degrees, gauche, trans) and the C5'-O5' bond [beta = 136 +/- 10 degrees, (+) anticlinal]. The undistorted conformation of enzyme-bound metal-3',5'-pdTp determined by NMR was docked into the X-ray structure of the enzyme, using 19 intermolecular NOEs from ring proton resonances of Tyr-85, Tyr-113, and Tyr-115 to proton resonances of the inhibitor. van der Waals overlaps were then removed by energy minimization. Subsequent molecular dynamics and energy minimization produced no significant changes, indicating the structure to be in a global rather than in a local minimum. While the metal-coordinated 5'-phosphate of the NMR-docked structure of 3',5'-pdTp overlaps with that in the X-ray structure, and similarly receives bifunctional hydrogen bonds from both Arg-35 and Arg-87, the thymine, deoxyribose, and 3'-phosphate are significantly displaced from their positions in the X-ray structure, with the 3'-phosphate receiving hydrogen bonds from Lys-49 rather than from Lys-84 and Tyr-85. The repositioned thymine ring permits hydrogen bonding to the phenolic hydroxyl of Tyr-115.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Weber
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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Gittis AG, Stites WE, Lattman EE. The phase transition between a compact denatured state and a random coil state in staphylococcal nuclease is first-order. J Mol Biol 1993; 232:718-24. [PMID: 8355268 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1993.1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Three mutants of staphylococcal nuclease containing a tryptophan substitution have been examined in the full length (149 residues) protein and in a large fragment (residues 1 to 136). The large fragments are not in the native state and are a good model of the denatured state. However, these large fragments do show signs of residual structure that breaks down upon titration with guanidine hydrochloride. They share some similarities with what has become known as the molten globule state. The thermal unfolding of these mutant fragments was followed by tryptophan fluorescence. Tryptophan fluorescence was treated as an order parameter and analyzed to determine the order of the observed transition. The critical exponent of the order parameter as the transition temperature is approached is significantly higher than the value of 1/2 predicted by mean field theory for a second-order transition and is similar to that observed for the transition of the full length, wild-type, protein. This is strong evidence that the breakdown of this intermediate compact denatured state is a cooperative, first-order phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Gittis
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
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Weber DJ, Gittis AG, Mullen GP, Abeygunawardana C, Lattman EE, Mildvan AS. NMR docking of a substrate into the X-ray structure of staphylococcal nuclease. Proteins 1992; 13:275-87. [PMID: 1518799 DOI: 10.1002/prot.340130402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The conformation of the staphylococcal nuclease-bound metal-dTdA complex, previously determined by NMR methods [Weber, D.J., Mullen, G.P., Mildvan, A.S. (1991) Biochemistry 30:7425-7437] was docked into the X-ray structure of the enzyme-Ca(2+)-3',5'-pdTp complex [Loll, P.J., Lattman, E.E. (1989) Proteins: Struct., Funct., Genet. 5:183-201] by superimposing the metal ions, taking into account intermolecular nuclear Overhauser effects from assigned aromatic proton resonances of Tyr-85, Tyr-113, and Tyr-115 to proton resonances of the leaving dA moiety of dTdA, and energy minimization to relieve small overlaps. The proton resonances of the Phe, Tyr, and Trp residues of the enzyme in the ternary enzyme-La(3+)-dTdA complex were sequence specifically assigned by 2D phase-sensitive NOESY, with and without deuteration of the aromatic protons of the Tyr residues, and by 2D heteronuclear multiple quantum correlation (HMQC) spectroscopy and 3D NOESY-HMQC spectroscopy with 15N labeling. While resonances of most Phe, Tyr and Trp residues were unshifted by the substrate dTdA from those found in the enzyme-La(3+)-3',5'-pdTp complex and the enzyme-Ca(2+)-3',5'-pdTp complex, proton resonances of Tyr-85, Tyr-113, Tyr-115, and Phe-34 were shifted by 0.08 to 0.33 ppm and the 15N resonance of Tyr-113 was shifted by 2.1 ppm by the presence of substrate. The optimized position of enzyme-bound dTdA shows the 5'-dA leaving group to partially overlap the inhibitor, 3',5'-pdTp (in the X-ray structure). The 3'-TMP moiety of dTdA points toward the solvent in a channel defined by Ile-18, Asp-19, Thr-22, Lys-45, and His-46. The phosphate of dTdA is coordinated by the metal, and an adjacent inner sphere water ligand is positioned to donate a hydrogen bond to the general base Glu-43 and to attack the phosphorus with inversion. Arg-35 and Arg-87 donate monodentate hydrogen bonds to different phosphate oxygens of dTdA, with Arg-87 positioned to protonate the leaving 5'-oxygen of dA, thus clarifying the mechanism of hydrolysis. Model building of an additional 5'-dGMP onto the 3'-oxygen of dA placed this third nucleotide onto a surface cleft near residues Glu-80, Asp-83, Lys-84, and Tyr-115 with its 3'-OH group accessible to the solvent, thus defining the size of the substrate binding site as accommodating a trinucleotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Weber
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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Stites WE, Gittis AG, Lattman EE, Shortle D. In a staphylococcal nuclease mutant the side-chain of a lysine replacing valine 66 is fully buried in the hydrophobic core. J Mol Biol 1991; 221:7-14. [PMID: 1920420 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(91)80195-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the staphylococcal nuclease mutant V66K, in which valine 66 is replaced by lysine, has been solved at 1.97 A resolution. Unlike lysine residues in previously reported protein structures, this residue appears to bury its side-chain in the hydrophobic core without salt bridging, hydrogen bonding or other forms of electrostatic stabilization. Solution studies of the free energy of denaturation, delta GH2O, show marked pH dependence and clearly indicate that the lysine residue must be deprotonated in the folded state. V66K is highly unstable at neutral pH but only modestly less stable than the wild-type protein at high pH. The pH dependence of stability for V66K, in combination with similar measurements for the wild-type protein, allowed determination of the pKa values of the lysine in both the denatured and native forms. The epsilon-amine of this residue has a pKa value in the denatured state of 10.2, but in the native state it must be 6.4 or lower. The epsilon-amine is thus deprotonated in the folded molecule. These values enabled an estimation of the epsilon-amine's relative change in free energy of solvation between solvent and the protein interior at 5.1 kcal/mol or greater. This implies that the value of the dielectric constant of the protein interior must be less than 12.8. Lysine is usually found with the methylene groups of its side-chain partly buried but is nevertheless considered a hydrophilic surface residue. It would appear that the high pKa value of lysine, which gives it a positive charge at physiological pH, is the primary reason for its almost exclusive confinement to the surface proteins. When deprotonated, this amino acid type can be fully incorporated into the hydrophobic core.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Stites
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
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Abstract
At 7 days of age, rats received lesions of the septal nuclei or control operations. The rats received 30 hr of training on a schedule that differentially reinforced low rates of responding (DRL 20 sec), 1 hr per day, beginning at either 27 or 96 days of age. At 126 days of age, all subjects received 10 additional training sessions. After operant testing, all subjects were tested on spontaneous alternation, spatial reversal, and passive avoidance. Results indicated that on a DRL 20-sec schedule subjects that received lesions of the septum neonatally and were tested at different ages performed in a similar manner. Approximately 50% of the subjects with lesions of the septal nuclei reached efficiency levels comparable with those of normal controls. When tested for retention, these efficient subjects still performed similarly to normal subjects. Subjects with septal lesions were facilitated in the acquisition of a spatial habit, were deficient in spatial habit reversal, were less likely to demonstrate spontaneous alternation, and were deficient in passive avoidance. It was concluded that neonatal lesions of the septal nuclei produce permanent behavioral impairments on a dirersity of measures and that although juvenile animals with limbic system damage often manifest behaviors different from adult subjects, the difference was not evident during operant testing.
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