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Demirci S, Essawi K, Germino-Watnick P, Liu X, Hakami W, Tisdale JF. Advances in CRISPR Delivery Methods: Perspectives and Challenges. CRISPR J 2022; 5:660-676. [PMID: 36260301 PMCID: PMC9835311 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2022.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
With the advent of new genome editing technologies and the emphasis placed on their optimization, the genetic and phenotypic correction of a plethora of diseases sit on the horizon. Ideally, genome editing approaches would provide long-term solutions through permanent disease correction instead of simply treating patients symptomatically. Although various editing machinery options exist, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas (CRISPR-associated protein) editing technique has emerged as the most popular due to its high editing efficiency, simplicity, and affordability. However, while CRISPR technology is gradually being perfected, optimization is futile without accessible, effective, and safe delivery to the desired cell or tissue. Therefore, it is important that scientists simultaneously focus on inventing and improving delivery modalities for editing machinery as well. In this review, we will discuss the critical details of viral and nonviral delivery systems, including payload, immunogenicity, efficacy in delivery, clinical application, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selami Demirci
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA; and College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.,Address correspondence to: Selami Demirci, Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20814, USA,
| | - Khaled Essawi
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA; and College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paula Germino-Watnick
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA; and College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiong Liu
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA; and College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Hakami
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - John F. Tisdale
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA; and College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.,Address correspondence to: John F. Tisdale, Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20814, USA,
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Wang Y, Tang Y, Zhao XM, Huang G, Gong JH, Yang SD, Li H, Wan WJ, Jia CH, Chen G, Zhang XN. A Multifunctional Non-viral Vector for the Delivery of MTH1-targeted CRISPR/Cas9 System for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Therapy. Acta Biomater 2022; 153:481-493. [PMID: 36162766 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system adapted from bacteria is a programmable nuclease-based genome editing tool. The long-lasting effect of gene silencing or correction is beneficial in cancer treatment. Considering the need to broaden the practical application of this technology, highly efficient non-viral vectors are urgently required. We prepared a multifunctional non-viral vector that could actively target tumor cells and deliver CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids into nuclei of cancer cells. Protamine sulfate (PS) which contains nuclear localization sequence was utilized to condense plasmid DNA and facilitate nuclei-targeted delivery. Liposome-coated protein/DNA complex avoided the degradation of nuclease in blood circulation. The obtained PS@Lip/pCas9 was further modified with distearoyl phosphoethanolamine-polyethylene glycol-hyaluronic acid (HA) to endow the vector ability to actively target tumor cell. Results suggested that PS@HA-Lip could deliver CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids into nuclei of tumor cells and induce genome editing effect. With the disruption of MTH1 (mutT homolog1) gene, the growth of non-small cell lung cancer was inhibited. Moreover, cell apoptosis in tumor tissue was promoted, and liver metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was reduced. Our study has provided a therapeutic strategy targeting MTH1 gene for NSCLC therapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: CRISPR/Cas9 as a powerful tool for genome editing has drawn much attention. The long-lasting effect possesses unique advantage in cancer treatment. Non-viral vectors have high loading capacity, high safety and low immunogenicity, playing an important role in CRISPR/Cas9 delivery. In our study, a multifunctional non-viral vector for the efficient delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid was constructed. With the active targeting ligand and nuclei-targeting component, the cargo was efficiently delivered into cell nuclei and exerted genome editing effect. By using this vector, we successfully inhibited the growth and induced the apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer by disrupting MTH1 expression with good safety. Our work provided an efficient non-vial vector for CRISPR/Cas9 delivery and explored the possibility for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Jiangsu Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Jiangsu Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Jiangsu Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Gui Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Jiangsu Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jin-Hong Gong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Jiangsu Suzhou 215123, China; Department of Pharmacy, Changzhou the Second People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Shu-di Yang
- Suzhou Polytechnic Institute of Agriculture, Jiangsu Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Jiangsu Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wen-Jun Wan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Jiangsu Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chang-Hao Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Jiangsu Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Jiangsu Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xue-Nong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Jiangsu Suzhou 215123, China.
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Hunckler MD, Levine AD. Navigating ethical challenges in the development and translation of biomaterials research. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:949280. [PMID: 36204464 PMCID: PMC9530811 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.949280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials--from implanted iron teeth in the second century to intraocular lenses, artificial joints, and stents today--have long been used clinically. Today, biomaterials researchers and biomedical engineers are pushing beyond these inert synthetic alternatives and incorporating complex multifunctional materials to control biological interactions and direct physiological processes. These advances are leading to novel strategies for targeted drug delivery, drug screening, diagnostics and imaging, gene therapy, tissue regeneration, and cell transplantation. While the field has survived ethical transgressions in the past, the rapidly expanding scope of biomaterials science, combined with the accelerating clinical translation of this diverse field calls for urgent attention to the complex and challenging ethical dilemmas these advances pose. This perspective responds to this call, examining the intersection of research ethics -- the sets of rules, principles and norms guiding responsible scientific inquiry -- and ongoing advances in biomaterials. While acknowledging the inherent tensions between certain ethical norms and the pressures of the modern scientific and engineering enterprise, we argue that the biomaterials community needs to proactively address ethical issues in the field by, for example, updating or adding specificity to codes of ethics, modifying training programs to highlight the importance of ethical research practices, and partnering with funding agencies and journals to adopt policies prioritizing the ethical conduct of biomaterials research. Together these actions can strengthen and support biomaterials as its advances are increasingly commercialized and impacting the health care system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Hunckler
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Aaron D. Levine
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- *Correspondence: Aaron D. Levine,
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Nie D, Guo T, Yue M, Li W, Zong X, Zhu Y, Huang J, Lin M. Research Progress on Nanoparticles-Based CRISPR/Cas9 System for Targeted Therapy of Tumors. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091239. [PMID: 36139078 PMCID: PMC9496048 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a genetic mutation disease that seriously endangers the health and life of all human beings. As one of the most amazing academic achievements in the past decade, CRISPR/Cas9 technology has been sought after by many researchers due to its powerful gene editing capability. CRISPR/Cas9 technology shows great potential in oncology, and has become one of the most promising technologies for cancer genome-editing therapeutics. However, its efficiency and the safety issues of in vivo gene editing severely limit its widespread application. Therefore, developing a suitable delivery method for the CRISPR/Cas9 system is an urgent problem to be solved at present. Rapid advances in nanomedicine suggest nanoparticles could be a viable option. In this review, we summarize the latest research on the potential use of nanoparticle-based CRISPR/Cas9 systems in cancer therapeutics, in order to further their clinical application. We hope that this review will provide a novel insight into the CRISPR/Cas9 system and offer guidance for nanocarrier designs that will enable its use in cancer clinical applications.
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Bharucha N, Arias A, Karakikes I. The potential of CRISPR-Cas9 prime editing for cardiovascular disease research and therapy. Curr Opin Cardiol 2022; 37:413-418. [PMID: 35880456 PMCID: PMC10165891 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0000000000000985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The ability to edit any genomic sequence has led to a better understanding of gene function and holds promise for the development of therapies for genetic diseases. This review describes prime editing - the latest CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology. Prime editing enables precise and accurate genome editing in terminally differentiated, postmitotic cells like cardiomyocytes, paving the way for therapeutic applications for genetic cardiomyopathies. RECENT FINDINGS Prime editing has been used to precisely insert up to 40 bases, create deletions up to 80 base pairs, and can perform all 12 possible transition and transversion base mutations with lower indels and off-target effects than other genome editing methods. The development of several software tools has simplified the experimental design and led to increased efficiency of the process. Improvements in methods for in-vivo delivery of the prime editing components should enable this technology to be used to edit the genome in patients. SUMMARY Prime editing has the potential to revolutionize the future of biomedical research and transform cardiovascular medicine. Improved understanding of the prime editing process and developments in agent design, efficacy and delivery will benefit scientists and patients and could be an effective way to cure cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nike Bharucha
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ariel Arias
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ioannis Karakikes
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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CRISPR/dCas9 for hepatic fibrosis therapy: implications and challenges. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:11403-11408. [PMID: 35960410 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07713-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a pathological reaction of tissue damage and repair caused by various pathogenic factors acting on liver. At present, there is no effective anti-fibrotic specific therapy. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (dCas9) system is a new generation of gene editing technology. The CRISPR/dCas9 system provides a platform for studying site-specific transcriptional regulation, which has high efficiency in gene transcriptional activation for achieving robust. This system holds promise for hepatic fibrosis therapy via acting on liver fibrosis effector cells. However, there are some challenges associated with this novel technology, such as large structural variants at on-target, off-target sites, and targeted delivery efficiency. In this review, we present the potential implications and describe the challenges of CRISPR/dCas9 system that might be encountered in hepatic fibrosis therapy.
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Gonzalez-Salinas F, Martinez-Amador C, Trevino V. Characterizing genes associated with cancer using the CRISPR/Cas9 system: A systematic review of genes and methodological approaches. Gene 2022; 833:146595. [PMID: 35598687 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 system enables a versatile set of genomes editing and genetic-based disease modeling tools due to its high specificity, efficiency, and accessible design and implementation. In cancer, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been used to characterize genes and explore different mechanisms implicated in tumorigenesis. Different experimental strategies have been proposed in recent years, showing dependency on various intrinsic factors such as cancer type, gene function, mutation type, and technical approaches such as cell line, Cas9 expression, and transfection options. However, the successful methodological approaches, genes, and other experimental factors have not been analyzed. We, therefore, initially considered more than 1,300 research articles related to CRISPR/Cas9 in cancer to finally examine more than 400 full-text research publications. We summarize findings regarding target genes, RNA guide designs, cloning, Cas9 delivery systems, cell enrichment, and experimental validations. This analysis provides valuable information and guidance for future cancer gene validation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gonzalez-Salinas
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Morones Prieto avenue 3000, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64710, Mexico
| | - Claudia Martinez-Amador
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Morones Prieto avenue 3000, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64710, Mexico
| | - Victor Trevino
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Morones Prieto avenue 3000, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64710, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, The Institute for Obesity Research, Eugenio Garza Sada avenue 2501, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64849, México.
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García-Fernández A, Vivo-Llorca G, Sancho M, García-Jareño AB, Ramírez-Jiménez L, Barber-Cano E, Murguía JR, Orzáez M, Sancenón F, Martínez-Máñez R. Nanodevices for the Efficient Codelivery of CRISPR-Cas9 Editing Machinery and an Entrapped Cargo: A Proposal for Dual Anti-Inflammatory Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071495. [PMID: 35890389 PMCID: PMC9322049 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, we report one of the few examples of nanoparticles capable of simultaneously delivering CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing machinery and releasing drugs for one-shot treatments. Considering the complexity of inflammation in diseases, the synergistic effect of nanoparticles for gene-editing/drug therapy is evaluated in an in vitro inflammatory model as proof of concept. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), able to deliver the CRISPR/Cas9 machinery to edit gasdermin D (GSDMD), a key protein involved in inflammatory cell death, and the anti-inflammatory drug VX-765 (GSDMD45CRISPR-VX-MSNs), were prepared. Nanoparticles allow high cargo loading and CRISPR-Cas9 plasmid protection and, thus, achieve the controlled codelivery of CRISPR-Cas9 and the drug in cells. Nanoparticles exhibit GSDMD gene editing by downregulating inflammatory cell death and achieving a combined effect on decreasing the inflammatory response by the codelivery of VX-765. Taken together, our results show the potential of MSNs as a versatile platform by allowing multiple combinations for gene editing and drug therapy to prepare advanced nanodevices to meet possible biomedical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba García-Fernández
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (G.V.-L.); (J.R.M.); (F.S.)
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (M.S.); (A.B.G.-J.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.-F.); (M.O.); (R.M.-M.)
| | - Gema Vivo-Llorca
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (G.V.-L.); (J.R.M.); (F.S.)
- Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (M.S.); (A.B.G.-J.)
| | - Mónica Sancho
- Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (M.S.); (A.B.G.-J.)
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (L.R.-J.); (E.B.-C.)
| | - Alicia Belén García-Jareño
- Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (M.S.); (A.B.G.-J.)
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (L.R.-J.); (E.B.-C.)
| | - Laura Ramírez-Jiménez
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (L.R.-J.); (E.B.-C.)
| | - Eloísa Barber-Cano
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (L.R.-J.); (E.B.-C.)
| | - José Ramón Murguía
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (G.V.-L.); (J.R.M.); (F.S.)
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (M.S.); (A.B.G.-J.)
| | - Mar Orzáez
- Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (M.S.); (A.B.G.-J.)
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (L.R.-J.); (E.B.-C.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.-F.); (M.O.); (R.M.-M.)
| | - Félix Sancenón
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (G.V.-L.); (J.R.M.); (F.S.)
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (M.S.); (A.B.G.-J.)
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores, UPV-IIS La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (G.V.-L.); (J.R.M.); (F.S.)
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (M.S.); (A.B.G.-J.)
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores, UPV-IIS La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.G.-F.); (M.O.); (R.M.-M.)
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Wei J, Brophy B, Cole SA, Moormann J, Boch J, Laible G. Cytoplasmic Injection of Zygotes to Genome Edit Naturally Occurring Sequence Variants Into Bovine Embryos. Front Genet 2022; 13:925913. [PMID: 35899192 PMCID: PMC9310181 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.925913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome editing provides opportunities to improve current cattle breeding strategies through targeted introduction of natural sequence variants, accelerating genetic gain. This can be achieved by harnessing homology-directed repair mechanisms following editor-induced cleavage of the genome in the presence of a repair template. Introducing the genome editors into zygotes and editing in embryos has the advantage of uncompromised development into live animals and alignment with contemporary embryo-based improvement practices. In our study, we investigated the potential to introduce sequence variants, known from the pre-melanosomal protein 17 (PMEL) and prolactin receptor (PRLR) genes, and produce non-mosaic, edited embryos, completely converted into the precision genotype. Injection of gRNA/Cas9 editors into bovine zygotes to introduce a 3 bp deletion variant into the PMEL gene produced up to 11% fully converted embryos. The conversion rate was increased to up to 48% with the use of TALEN but only when delivered by plasmid. Testing three gRNA/Cas9 editors in the context of several known PRLR sequence variants, different repair template designs and delivery as DNA, RNA or ribonucleoprotein achieved full conversion rates up to 8%. Furthermore, we developed a biopsy-based screening strategy for non-mosaic embryos which has the potential for exclusively producing non-mosaic animals with intended precision edits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Wei
- Animal Biotechnology, Ruakura Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Brigid Brophy
- Animal Biotechnology, Ruakura Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Sally-Ann Cole
- Animal Biotechnology, Ruakura Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Jannis Moormann
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Boch
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gӧtz Laible
- Animal Biotechnology, Ruakura Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Gӧtz Laible,
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CRISPR-Cas9-Based Technology and Its Relevance to Gene Editing in Parkinson's Disease. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061252. [PMID: 35745824 PMCID: PMC9229276 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) and other chronic and debilitating neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) impose a substantial medical, emotional, and financial burden on individuals and society. The origin of PD is unknown due to a complex combination of hereditary and environmental risk factors. However, over the last several decades, a significant amount of available data from clinical and experimental studies has implicated neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, dysregulated protein degradation, and mitochondrial dysfunction as the primary causes of PD neurodegeneration. The new gene-editing techniques hold great promise for research and therapy of NDs, such as PD, for which there are currently no effective disease-modifying treatments. As a result, gene therapy may offer new treatment options, transforming our ability to treat this disease. We present a detailed overview of novel gene-editing delivery vehicles, which is essential for their successful implementation in both cutting-edge research and prospective therapeutics. Moreover, we review the most recent advancements in CRISPR-based applications and gene therapies for a better understanding of treating PD. We explore the benefits and drawbacks of using them for a range of gene-editing applications in the brain, emphasizing some fascinating possibilities.
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Hematopoietic Stem Cell Gene-Addition/Editing Therapy in Sickle Cell Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111843. [PMID: 35681538 PMCID: PMC9180595 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-targeted gene therapy provides a one-time cure for various genetic diseases including sickle cell disease (SCD) and β-thalassemia. SCD is caused by a point mutation (20A > T) in the β-globin gene. Since SCD is the most common single-gene disorder, curing SCD is a primary goal in HSC gene therapy. β-thalassemia results from either the absence or the reduction of β-globin expression, and it can be cured using similar strategies. In HSC gene-addition therapy, patient CD34+ HSCs are genetically modified by adding a therapeutic β-globin gene with lentiviral transduction, followed by autologous transplantation. Alternatively, novel gene-editing therapies allow for the correction of the mutated β-globin gene, instead of addition. Furthermore, these diseases can be cured by γ-globin induction based on gene addition/editing in HSCs. In this review, we discuss HSC-targeted gene therapy in SCD with gene addition as well as gene editing.
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Nie W, Chen J, Wang B, Gao X. Nonviral vector system for cancer immunogene therapy. MEDCOMM – BIOMATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/mba2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Nie
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu PR China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu PR China
| | - Bilan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University Chengdu PR China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu PR China
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63
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Liu SS, Yang R. Inner Ear Drug Delivery for Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Current Challenges and Opportunities. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:867453. [PMID: 35685768 PMCID: PMC9170894 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.867453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most therapies for treating sensorineural hearing loss are challenged by the delivery across multiple tissue barriers to the hard-to-access anatomical location of the inner ear. In this review, we will provide a recent update on various pharmacotherapy, gene therapy, and cell therapy approaches used in clinical and preclinical studies for the treatment of sensorineural hearing loss and approaches taken to overcome the drug delivery barriers in the ear. Small-molecule drugs for pharmacotherapy can be delivered via systemic or local delivery, where the blood-labyrinth barrier hinders the former and tissue barriers including the tympanic membrane, the round window membrane, and/or the oval window hinder the latter. Meanwhile, gene and cell therapies often require targeted delivery to the cochlea, which is currently achieved via intra-cochlear or intra-labyrinthine injection. To improve the stability of the biomacromolecules during treatment, e.g., RNAs, DNAs, proteins, additional packing vehicles are often required. To address the diverse range of biological barriers involved in inner ear drug delivery, each class of therapy and the intended therapeutic cargoes will be discussed in this review, in the context of delivery routes commonly used, delivery vehicles if required (e.g., viral and non-viral nanocarriers), and other strategies to improve drug permeation and sustained release (e.g., hydrogel, nanocarriers, permeation enhancers, and microfluidic systems). Overall, this review aims to capture the important advancements and key steps in the development of inner ear therapies and delivery strategies over the past two decades for the treatment and prophylaxis of sensorineural hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie S. Liu
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Rong Yang
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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64
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Rouatbi N, McGlynn T, Al-Jamal KT. Pre-clinical non-viral vectors exploited for in vivo CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing: an overview. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:3410-3432. [PMID: 35604372 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01452h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats or CRISPR/Cas9 has emerged as a potent and versatile tool for efficient genome editing. This technology has been exploited for several applications including disease modelling, cell therapy, diagnosis, and treatment of many diseases including cancer. The in vivo application of CRISPR/Cas9 is hindered by poor stability, pharmacokinetic profile, and the limited ability of the CRISPR payloads to cross biological barriers. Although viral vectors have been implemented as delivery tools for efficient in vivo gene editing, their application is associated with high immunogenicity and toxicity, limiting their clinical translation. Hence, there is a need to explore new delivery methods that can guarantee safe and efficient delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 components to target cells. In this review, we first provide a brief history and principles of nuclease-mediated gene editing, we then focus on the different CRISPR/Cas9 formats outlining their potentials and limitations. Finally, we discuss the alternative non-viral delivery strategies currently adopted for in vivo CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Rouatbi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Tasneem McGlynn
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Khuloud T Al-Jamal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
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65
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Chen Z, Devi G, Arif A, Zamore PD, Sontheimer EJ, Watts JK. Tetrazine-Ligated CRISPR sgRNAs for Efficient Genome Editing. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1045-1050. [PMID: 35446558 PMCID: PMC9127786 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas technology has revolutionized genome editing. Its broad and fast-growing application in biomedical research and therapeutics has led to increased demand for guide RNAs. The synthesis of chemically modified single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) containing >100 nucleotides remains a bottleneck. Here we report the development of a tetrazine ligation method for the preparation of sgRNAs. A tetrazine moiety on the 3'-end of the crRNA and a norbornene moiety on the 5'-end of the tracrRNA enable successful ligation between crRNA and tracrRNA to form sgRNA under mild conditions. Tetrazine-ligated sgRNAs allow efficient genome editing of reporter and endogenous loci in human cells. High-efficiency editing requires structural optimization of the linker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexiang Chen
- RNA
Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts
Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Gitali Devi
- RNA
Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts
Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Amena Arif
- RNA
Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts
Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Phillip D. Zamore
- RNA
Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts
Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, University of
Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Erik J. Sontheimer
- RNA
Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts
Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program
in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts
Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Jonathan K. Watts
- RNA
Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts
Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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66
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In Vitro CRISPR/Cas9 Transfection and Gene-Editing Mediated by Multivalent Cationic Liposome-DNA Complexes. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051087. [PMID: 35631673 PMCID: PMC9143451 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated nuclease 9 (Cas9) gene-editing offers exciting new therapeutic possibilities for disease treatment with a genetic etiology such as cancer, cardiovascular, neuronal, and immune disorders. However, its clinical translation is being hampered by the lack of safe, versatile, and effective nonviral delivery systems. Herein we report on the preparation and application of two cationic liposome−DNA systems (i.e., lipoplexes) for CRISPR/Cas9 gene delivery. For that purpose, two types of cationic lipids are used (DOTAP, monovalent, and MVL5, multivalent with +5e nominal charge), along with three types of helper lipids (DOPC, DOPE, and monoolein (GMO)). We demonstrated that plasmids encoding Cas9 and single-guide RNA (sgRNA), which are typically hard to transfect due to their large size (>9 kb), can be successfully transfected into HEK 293T cells via MVL5-based lipoplexes. In contrast, DOTAP-based lipoplexes resulted in very low transfection rates. MVL5-based lipoplexes presented the ability to escape from lysosomes, which may explain the superior transfection efficiency. Regarding gene editing, MVL5-based lipoplexes achieved promising GFP knockout levels, reaching rates of knockout superior to 35% for charge ratios (+/−) of 10. Despite the knockout efficiency being comparable to that of Lipofectamine 3000® commercial reagent, the non-specific gene knockout is more pronounced in MVL5-based formulations, probably resulting from the considerable cytotoxicity of these formulations. Altogether, these results show that multivalent lipid-based lipoplexes are promising CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid delivery vehicles, which by further optimization and functionalization may become suitable in vivo delivery systems.
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67
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Chen Y, Sun W, Tang H, Li Y, Li C, Wang L, Chen J, Lin W, Li S, Fan Z, Cheng Y, Chen C. Interactions Between Immunomodulatory Biomaterials and Immune Microenvironment: Cues for Immunomodulation Strategies in Tissue Repair. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:820940. [PMID: 35646833 PMCID: PMC9140325 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.820940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The foreign body response (FBR) caused by biomaterials can essentially be understood as the interaction between the immune microenvironment and biomaterials, which has severely impeded the application of biomaterials in tissue repair. This concrete interaction occurs via cells and bioactive substances, such as proteins and nucleic acids. These cellular and molecular interactions provide important cues for determining which element to incorporate into immunomodulatory biomaterials (IMBs), and IMBs can thus be endowed with the ability to modulate the FBR and repair damaged tissue. In terms of cellular, IMBs are modified to modulate functions of immune cells, such as macrophages and mast cells. In terms of bioactive substances, proteins and nucleic acids are delivered to influence the immune microenvironment. Meanwhile, IMBs are designed with high affinity for spatial targets and the ability to self-adapt over time, which allows for more efficient and intelligent tissue repair. Hence, IMB may achieve the perfect functional integration in the host, representing a breakthrough in tissue repair and regeneration medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiyan Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingze Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiafei Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weikang Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenghui Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziwen Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yu Cheng, ; Chang Chen,
| | - Chang Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yu Cheng, ; Chang Chen,
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68
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Xu Z, Wang Q, Zhong H, Jiang Y, Shi X, Yuan B, Yu N, Zhang S, Yuan X, Guo S, Yang Y. Carrier strategies boost the application of CRISPR/Cas system in gene therapy. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2022; 2:20210081. [PMID: 37323878 PMCID: PMC10190933 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Emerging clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) genome editing technology shows great potential in gene therapy. However, proteins and nucleic acids suffer from enzymatic degradation in the physiological environment and low permeability into cells. Exploiting carriers to protect the CRISPR system from degradation, enhance its targeting of specific tissues and cells, and reduce its immunogenicity is essential to stimulate its clinical applications. Here, the authors review the state-of-the-art CRISPR delivery systems and their applications, and describe strategies to improve the safety and efficacy of CRISPR mediated genome editing, categorized by three types of cargo formats, that is, Cas: single-guide RNA ribonucleoprotein, Cas mRNA and single-guide RNA, and Cas plasmid expressing CRISPR/Cas systems. The authors hope this review will help develop safe and efficient nanomaterial-based carriers for CRISPR tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunkai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Institute of Polymer ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Qingnan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation CenterChengduChina
| | - Haiping Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Institute of Polymer ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Yaoyao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Institute of Polymer ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xiaoguang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Institute of Polymer ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Bo Yuan
- School of MedicineNankai UniversityTianjinChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceTianjin Eye InstituteTianjin Eye HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Na Yu
- Translational Medicine CenterKey Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical PharmacologySchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Second Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Shubiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of EducationDalian Minzu UniversityDalianChina
| | - Xiaoyong Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceTianjin Eye InstituteTianjin Eye HospitalTianjinChina
- Clinical College of OphthalmologyTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Shutao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Institute of Polymer ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation CenterChengduChina
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69
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Liu N, Zhu L, Sun H, Zhou Z, Dong J, Sun M. Crosslinked Protein Delivery Strategy with Precise Activity Regulation Properties for Cancer Therapy and Gene Editing. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2102329. [PMID: 35032155 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202102329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein drugs hold tremendous promise for therapeutic applications due to their direct and superior pharmacological effects. However, protein drugs can be degraded in blood stream and unable to cross many physical barriers to exert therapeutic effect. Degradable synthetic crosslinking is a versatile strategy to enhance the stability of the nanoparticle in a complex physiological medium and is helpful to get through physical barriers. Herein, crosslinked polypeptide (PABP) composed of poly-amino acids including cystine, tyrosine, lysine, ketal bridge, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) is modularly explored and synthesized for protein delivery. Notably, plasma membrane V-ATPase is the particular pathway which induces the macropinocytosis of the inner peptide analogous core (PAB/protein) after the outer PEG shell disassociation at tumor intercellular sites. In addition, PABP/protein achieves proteins' activity shielding in systemic circulation and recovery in tumor cytoplasm precisely. In application, PABP/RNase-A shows satisfying tumor accumulation and antineoplastic efficacy. More importantly, PABP/Cas9 + small guide RNA displays obvious gene editing efficiency. The crosslinked protein delivery strategy not only makes the accurate protein transport and activity regulation possible but also is promising in paving the way for clinical translation of protein drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Department of Pharmaceutics China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Lianghan Zhu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Department of Pharmaceutics China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Honghao Sun
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Department of Pharmaceutics China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Zhanwei Zhou
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Department of Pharmaceutics China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Jingwen Dong
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Department of Pharmaceutics China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Minjie Sun
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Department of Pharmaceutics China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 China
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70
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Li Y, Ye Z, Yang H, Xu Q. Tailoring combinatorial lipid nanoparticles for intracellular delivery of nucleic acids, proteins, and drugs. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2624-2639. [PMID: 35755280 PMCID: PMC9214058 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Zhongfeng Ye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Hanyi Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Qiaobing Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Corresponding author.
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71
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Huang Y, Shang M, Liu T, Wang K. High-throughput methods for genome editing: the more the better. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1731-1745. [PMID: 35134245 PMCID: PMC8968257 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, targeted genome-editing technologies, especially clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) technologies, have permitted efficient targeting of genomes, thereby modifying these genomes to offer tremendous opportunities for deciphering gene function and engineering beneficial traits in many biological systems. As a powerful genome-editing tool, the CRISPR/Cas systems, combined with the development of next-generation sequencing and many other high-throughput techniques, have thus been quickly developed into a high-throughput engineering strategy in animals and plants. Therefore, here, we review recent advances in using high-throughput genome-editing technologies in animals and plants, such as the high-throughput design of targeted guide RNA (gRNA), construction of large-scale pooled gRNA, and high-throughput genome-editing libraries, high-throughput detection of editing events, and high-throughput supervision of genome-editing products. Moreover, we outline perspectives for future applications, ranging from medication using gene therapy to crop improvement using high-throughput genome-editing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Meiqi Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Kejian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China
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72
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Zhang Q, Tan W, Xu B. Enzymatic Noncovalent Synthesis for Targeting Subcellular Organelles. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200060. [PMID: 35420712 PMCID: PMC9508291 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic noncovalent synthesis (ENS) exploits enzymatic reactions to produce spatially organized higher-order supramolecular assemblies that modulate cellular processes. While ENS is a general mechanism to create higher-order assemblies of proteins for diverse cellular functions, the exploration of ENS of other bioactive molecules, such as peptides or small organic molecules, is rather limited. Since ENS generates non-diffusive supramolecular assemblies locally, it provides a unique approach to targeting subcellular organelles. In this Review, we highlight the recent progress of the application of ENS of peptide assemblies for targeting subcellular organelles. After a brief introduction of the concept of ENS, we introduce the case of generating artificial filaments by ENS in cell cytosol, then discuss the use of ENS for targeting endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes, and finally we describe the targeting of nucleus by ENS. We hope to illustrate the promise of ENS, as a localized molecular process in an open system, for understanding diseases, controlling cell behaviors, and developing new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Weiyi Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
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73
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Feng S, Wang Z, Li A, Xie X, Liu J, Li S, Li Y, Wang B, Hu L, Yang L, Guo T. Strategies for High-Efficiency Mutation Using the CRISPR/Cas System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:803252. [PMID: 35198566 PMCID: PMC8860194 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.803252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated systems have revolutionized traditional gene-editing tools and are a significant tool for ameliorating gene defects. Characterized by high target specificity, extraordinary efficiency, and cost-effectiveness, CRISPR/Cas systems have displayed tremendous potential for genetic manipulation in almost any organism and cell type. Despite their numerous advantages, however, CRISPR/Cas systems have some inherent limitations, such as off-target effects, unsatisfactory efficiency of delivery, and unwanted adverse effects, thereby resulting in a desire to explore approaches to address these issues. Strategies for improving the efficiency of CRISPR/Cas-induced mutations, such as reducing off-target effects, improving the design and modification of sgRNA, optimizing the editing time and the temperature, choice of delivery system, and enrichment of sgRNA, are comprehensively described in this review. Additionally, several newly emerging approaches, including the use of Cas variants, anti-CRISPR proteins, and mutant enrichment, are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the authors provide a deep analysis of the current challenges in the utilization of CRISPR/Cas systems and the future applications of CRISPR/Cas systems in various scenarios. This review not only serves as a reference for improving the maturity of CRISPR/Cas systems but also supplies practical guidance for expanding the applicability of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Feng
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zilong Wang
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aifang Li
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuxuan Li
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yalan Li
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Baiyan Wang
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lina Hu
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lianhe Yang
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tao Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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74
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Rems L, Tang X, Zhao F, Pérez-Conesa S, Testa I, Delemotte L. Identification of electroporation sites in the complex lipid organization of the plasma membrane. eLife 2022; 11:e74773. [PMID: 35195069 PMCID: PMC8912918 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane of a biological cell is a complex assembly of lipids and membrane proteins, which tightly regulate transmembrane transport. When a cell is exposed to strong electric field, the membrane integrity becomes transiently disrupted by formation of transmembrane pores. This phenomenon termed electroporation is already utilized in many rapidly developing applications in medicine including gene therapy, cancer treatment, and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. However, the molecular mechanisms of electroporation are not yet sufficiently well understood; in particular, it is unclear where exactly pores form in the complex organization of the plasma membrane. In this study, we combine coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, machine learning methods, and Bayesian survival analysis to identify how formation of pores depends on the local lipid organization. We show that pores do not form homogeneously across the membrane, but colocalize with domains that have specific features, the most important being high density of polyunsaturated lipids. We further show that knowing the lipid organization is sufficient to reliably predict poration sites with machine learning. Additionally, by analysing poration kinetics with Bayesian survival analysis we show that poration does not depend solely on local lipid arrangement, but also on membrane mechanical properties and the polarity of the electric field. Finally, we discuss how the combination of atomistic and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, machine learning methods, and Bayesian survival analysis can guide the design of future experiments and help us to develop an accurate description of plasma membrane electroporation on the whole-cell level. Achieving this will allow us to shift the optimization of electroporation applications from blind trial-and-error approaches to mechanistic-driven design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Rems
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Dept. Applied Physics, Science for Life LaboratorySolnaSweden
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical EngineeringLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Xinru Tang
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Dept. Applied Physics, Science for Life LaboratorySolnaSweden
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Fangwei Zhao
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Dept. Applied Physics, Science for Life LaboratorySolnaSweden
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Sergio Pérez-Conesa
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Dept. Applied Physics, Science for Life LaboratorySolnaSweden
| | - Ilaria Testa
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Dept. Applied Physics, Science for Life LaboratorySolnaSweden
| | - Lucie Delemotte
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Dept. Applied Physics, Science for Life LaboratorySolnaSweden
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75
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An oncogenic splice variant of PDGFRα in adult glioblastoma as a therapeutic target for selective CDK4/6 inhibitors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1275. [PMID: 35075231 PMCID: PMC8786844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding human genome alterations is necessary to optimize genome-based cancer therapeutics. However, some newly discovered mutations remain as variants of unknown significance (VUS). Here, the mutation c.1403A > G in exon 10 of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PDGFRA) gene, a VUS found in adult glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), was introduced in human embryonal kidney 293 T (HEK293T) cells using genome editing to investigate its potential oncogenic functions. Genome editing was performed using CRISPR/Cas9; the proliferation, drug sensitivity, and carcinogenic potential of genome-edited cells were investigated. We also investigated the mechanism underlying the observed phenotypes. Three GBM patients carrying the c.1403A > G mutation were studied to validate the in vitro results. The c.1403A > G mutation led to a splice variant (p.K455_N468delinsN) because of the generation of a 3’-acceptor splice site in exon 10. PDGFRA-mutated HEK293T cells exhibited a higher proliferative activity via PDGFRα and the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4/CDK6-cyclin D1 signaling pathway in a ligand-independent manner. They showed higher sensitivity to multi-kinase, receptor tyrosine kinase, and CDK4/CDK6 inhibitors. Of the three GBM patients studied, two harbored the p.K455_N468delinsN splice variant. The splicing mutation c.1403A > G in PDGFRA is oncogenic in nature. Kinase inhibitors targeting PDGFRα and CDK4/CDK6 signaling should be evaluated for treating GBM patients harboring this mutation.
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76
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Shin H, Kim J. Nanoparticle-based non-viral CRISPR delivery for enhanced immunotherapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1860-1870. [PMID: 35040444 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05999h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The CRISPR Cas9 system has received considerable attention due to its simplicity, efficiency, and high precision for gene editing. The development of various therapeutic applications of the CRISPR system is under active research. In particular, its proven effects and promise in immunotherapy are of note. CRISPR/Cas9 components can be transported in various forms, such as plasmid DNA, mRNA of the Cas9 protein with gRNA, or a ribonucleoprotein complex. Even with its proven gene editing superiority, there are limitations in delivering the CRISPR system to target cells. CRISPR systems can be delivered via physical methods, viral vectors, or non-viral carriers. The development of diverse types of nanoparticles that could be used as non-viral carriers could overcome the disadvantages of physical techniques and viral vectors such as low cell viability, induction of immune response, limited loading capacity, and lack of targeting ability. Herein, we review the recent developments in applications of CRISPR system-mediated non-viral carriers in immunotherapy, depending on the targeting cell types, and discuss future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsu Shin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaeyun Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Seoul 06355, Republic of Korea.,Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Quantum Biophysics (IQB), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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77
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Tarab-Ravski D, Stotsky-Oterin L, Peer D. Delivery strategies of RNA therapeutics to leukocytes. J Control Release 2022; 342:362-371. [PMID: 35041904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing RNA-based therapeutics for cancer, inflammation, and viral diseases is hindered by poor delivery of therapeutic RNA molecules. Targeting leukocytes to treat these conditions holds great promise, as they are key participants in their initiation, drug response, and treatment. The various extra- and intra-cellular obstacles that impediment the clinical implementation of therapeutic RNA can be overcome by utilizing drug delivery systems. However, delivery of therapeutic RNA to leukocytes poses an even greater challenge as these cells are difficult to reach and transfect upon systemic administration. This review briefly describes the existing successful delivery strategies that efficiently target leukocytes in vivo and discuss their potential clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Tarab-Ravski
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Materials Sciences & Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lior Stotsky-Oterin
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Materials Sciences & Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dan Peer
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Materials Sciences & Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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78
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Gene Therapy Using Nanocarriers for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Applications and Challenges in Cancer Therapeutics. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010137. [PMID: 35057033 PMCID: PMC8780888 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide, and its incidence is increasing. PDAC often shows resistance to several therapeutic modalities and a higher recurrence rate after surgical treatment in the early localized stage. Combination chemotherapy in advanced pancreatic cancer has minimal impact on overall survival. RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising tool for regulating target genes to achieve sequence-specific gene silencing. Here, we summarize RNAi-based therapeutics using nanomedicine-based delivery systems that are currently being tested in clinical trials and are being developed for the treatment of PDAC. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) genome editing has been widely used for the development of cancer models as a genetic screening tool for the identification and validation of therapeutic targets, as well as for potential cancer therapeutics. This review discusses current advances in CRISPR/Cas9 technology and its application to PDAC research. Continued progress in understanding the PDAC tumor microenvironment and nanomedicine-based gene therapy will improve the clinical outcomes of patients with PDAC.
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79
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Li Y, Glass Z, Xu Q. Chemical Modification of Proteins and Their Intracellular Delivery Using Lipidoid Nanoparticles. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2394:555-573. [PMID: 35094346 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1811-0_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein-based therapeutics are a class of drugs considered to be one of most safe and straightforward approaches for manipulating cell function and treating diseases. However, in contrast to traditional small-molecule drugs, most protein drugs cannot easily pass through biological membrane barriers due to their large size and surface chemistry. Consequently, most of the current FDA approved protein pharmaceuticals target secreted domains or cell surface-bound receptors, for which the drug does not need to pass through the cell membrane. Effective delivery systems that can transport functionally intact protein molecules to their intracellular targets can contribute to further expanding the therapeutic modalities of protein-based drugs. Furthermore, proteins themselves can be engineered, either to facilitate their interaction with the delivery system, or to improve their specificity and efficacy upon intracellular delivery. Both physical and biochemical methods have been developed for intracellular protein delivery and each strategy has its own advantages and drawbacks. We describe here the methods of chemical modification of therapeutic proteins in combination of the lipid-like molecules or lipidoids to enhance their intracellular delivery efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Zachary Glass
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Qiaobing Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
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80
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Son S, Park SR. Challenges Facing CRISPR/Cas9-Based Genome Editing in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:902413. [PMID: 35677236 PMCID: PMC9169250 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.902413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of plant varieties with desired traits is imperative to ensure future food security. The revolution of genome editing technologies based on the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated nuclease 9 (Cas9) system has ushered in a new era in plant breeding. Cas9 and the single-guide RNA (sgRNA) form an effective targeting complex on a locus or loci of interest, enabling genome editing in all plants with high accuracy and efficiency. Therefore, CRISPR/Cas9 can save both time and labor relative to what is typically associated with traditional breeding methods. However, despite improvements in gene editing, several challenges remain that limit the application of CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing in plants. Here, we focus on four issues relevant to plant genome editing: (1) plant organelle genome editing; (2) transgene-free genome editing; (3) virus-induced genome editing; and (4) editing of recalcitrant elite crop inbred lines. This review provides an up-to-date summary on the state of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing in plants that will push this technique forward.
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81
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Dubey AK, Kumar Gupta V, Kujawska M, Orive G, Kim NY, Li CZ, Kumar Mishra Y, Kaushik A. Exploring nano-enabled CRISPR-Cas-powered strategies for efficient diagnostics and treatment of infectious diseases. JOURNAL OF NANOSTRUCTURE IN CHEMISTRY 2022; 12:833-864. [PMID: 35194511 PMCID: PMC8853211 DOI: 10.1007/s40097-022-00472-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Biomedical researchers have subsequently been inspired the development of new approaches for precisely changing an organism's genomic DNA in order to investigate customized diagnostics and therapeutics utilizing genetic engineering techniques. Clustered Regulatory Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) is one such technique that has emerged as a safe, targeted, and effective pharmaceutical treatment against a wide range of disease-causing organisms, including bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses, as well as genetic abnormalities. The recent discovery of very flexible engineered nucleic acid binding proteins has changed the scientific area of genome editing in a revolutionary way. Since current genetic engineering technique relies on viral vectors, issues about immunogenicity, insertional oncogenesis, retention, and targeted delivery remain unanswered. The use of nanotechnology has the potential to improve the safety and efficacy of CRISPR/Cas9 component distribution by employing tailored polymeric nanoparticles. The combination of two (CRISPR/Cas9 and nanotechnology) offers the potential to open new therapeutic paths. Considering the benefits, demand, and constraints, the goal of this research is to acquire more about the biology of CRISPR technology, as well as aspects of selective and effective diagnostics and therapies for infectious illnesses and other metabolic disorders. This review advocated combining nanomedicine (nanomedicine) with a CRISPR/Cas enabled sensing system to perform early-stage diagnostics and selective therapy of specific infectious disorders. Such a Nano-CRISPR-powered nanomedicine and sensing system would allow for successful infectious illness control, even on a personal level. This comprehensive study also discusses the current obstacles and potential of the predicted technology. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40097-022-00472-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, 600036, Chennai, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG UK
| | - Małgorzata Kujawska
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dojazd 30, 60-631 Poznań, Poland
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- CIBER Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBERBBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Nanobiocel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology, UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nam-Young Kim
- Department of Electronics Engineering, RFIC Bio Centre, NDAC Centre, RFIC Bio Centre, NDAC Centre, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01897 South Korea
| | - Chen-zhong Li
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
| | - Yogendra Kumar Mishra
- Mads Clausen Institute, NanoSYD, University of Southern Denmark, Alison 2, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Health System Engineering, Department of Natural Sciences, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL-33805 USA
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82
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Duan J, Bao C, Xie Y, Guo H, Liu Y, Li J, Liu R, Li P, Bai J, Yan Y, Mu L, Li X, Wang G, Lu W. Targeted core-shell nanoparticles for precise CTCF gene insert in treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Bioact Mater 2021; 11:1-14. [PMID: 34938908 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology emerges a remarkable potential for cure of refractory cancer like metastatic breast cancer. However, how to efficiently deliver the CRISPR system with non-viral carrier remains a major issue to be solved. Here, we report a kind of targeted core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) carrying dual plasmids (pHR-pCas9) for precise CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) gene insert to circumvent metastatic breast cancer. The targeted core-shell NPs carrying pHR-pCas9 can accomplish γGTP-mediated cellular uptake and endosomal escape, facilitate the precise insert and stable expression of CTCF gene, inhibit the migration, metastasis, and colonization of metastatic breast cancer cells. Besides, the finding further reveals that the inhibitory mechanism of metastasis could be associated with up-regulating CTCF protein, followed by down-regulating stomatin (STOM) protein. The study offers a universal nanostrategy enabling the robust non-viral delivery of gene-editing system for treatment of severe illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialun Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, And School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Chunjie Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, And School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ying Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, And School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Haitao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, And School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yixuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, And School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jianwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, And School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, And School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Peishan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, And School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jing Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, And School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, And School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Limin Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, And School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xueqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, And School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Guiling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, And School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wanliang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, And School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
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83
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Abstract
Genetic diseases present formidable hurdles in maintaining a good quality of life for those suffering from these ailments. Often, patients look to inadequate treatments to manage symptoms, which can result in harmful effects on the body. Through genetic engineering, scientists utilize the clustered regularly short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated protein, known as Cas9, to treat the root of the problem. The Cas9 protein is often codelivered with guide RNAs or in ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNP) to ensure targeted delivery of the genetic tool as well as to limit off-target effects. This paper provides an overview of the current advances made toward the encapsulation and delivery of Cas9 to desired locations in the body through encapsulating nanoparticles. Several factors must be considered when employing the Cas9 system to allow gene editing to occur. Material selection is crucial to protect the payload of the delivery vector. Current literature indicates that lipid- and polymer-based nanoparticles show the most potential as delivery vessels for Cas9. Lipid nanoparticles greatly outpace polymer-based nanoparticles in the clinic, despite the benefits that polymers may introduce. When developing translatable systems, there are factors that have not yet been considered that are relevant to Cas9 delivery that are highlighted in this Viewpoint. The proper functioning of Cas9 is dependent on maintaining a proper internal environment; however, there are gaps in the literature regarding these optimal conditions. Interactions between charges of the Cas9 protein, codelivered molecules, and delivery vehicles could impact the effectiveness of the gene editing taking place. While the internal charges of nanoparticles and their effects on Cas9 are presently undetermined, nanoparticles currently offer the ideal delivery method for the Cas9 protein due to their adequate size, modifiable external charge, and ability to be modified. Overall, a cationic lipid-/polymer-based nanoparticle system was found to have the most prospects in Cas9 delivery thus far. By understanding the successes of other systems, translatable, polymer-based delivery vehicles may be developed.
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84
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Qiao H, Wu J, Zhang X, Luo J, Wang H, Ming D. The Advance of CRISPR-Cas9-Based and NIR/CRISPR-Cas9-Based Imaging System. Front Chem 2021; 9:786354. [PMID: 34976954 PMCID: PMC8716450 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.786354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of different genes, chromosomes and the spatiotemporal relationship between them is of great significance in the field of biomedicine. CRISPR-Cas9 has become the most widely used gene editing tool due to its excellent targeting ability. In recent years, a series of advanced imaging technologies based on Cas9 have been reported, providing fast and convenient tools for studying the sites location of genome, RNA, and chromatin. At the same time, a variety of CRISPR-Cas9-based imaging systems have been developed, which are widely used in real-time multi-site imaging in vivo. In this review, we summarized the component and mechanism of CRISPR-Cas9 system, overviewed the NIR imaging and the application of NIR fluorophores in the delivery of CRISPR-Cas9, and highlighted advances of the CRISPR-Cas9-based imaging system. In addition, we also discussed the challenges and potential solutions of CRISPR-Cas9-based imaging methods, and looked forward to the development trend of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Qiao
- Functional Materials Laboratory, Institute of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jieting Wu
- Functional Materials Laboratory, Institute of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Functional Materials Laboratory, Institute of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian Luo
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Hao Wang
- Functional Materials Laboratory, Institute of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Wang, ; Dong Ming,
| | - Dong Ming
- Functional Materials Laboratory, Institute of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Wang, ; Dong Ming,
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85
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Horn JM, Obermeyer AC. Genetic and Covalent Protein Modification Strategies to Facilitate Intracellular Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4883-4904. [PMID: 34855385 PMCID: PMC9310055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein-based therapeutics represent a rapidly growing segment of approved disease treatments. Successful intracellular delivery of proteins is an important precondition for expanded in vivo and in vitro applications of protein therapeutics. Direct modification of proteins and peptides for improved cytosolic translocation are a promising method of increasing delivery efficiency and expanding the viability of intracellular protein therapeutics. In this Review, we present recent advances in both synthetic and genetic protein modifications for intracellular delivery. Active endocytosis-based and passive internalization pathways are discussed, followed by a review of modification methods for improved cytosolic delivery. After establishing how proteins can be modified, general strategies for facilitating intracellular delivery, such as chemical supercharging or inclusion of cell-penetrating motifs, are covered. We then outline protein modifications that promote endosomal escape. We finally examine the delivery of two potential classes of therapeutic proteins, antibodies and associated antibody fragments, and gene editing proteins, such as cas9.
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86
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Yi M, Tan W, Guo J, Xu B. Enzymatic noncovalent synthesis of peptide assemblies generates multimolecular crowding in cells for biomedical applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12870-12879. [PMID: 34817487 PMCID: PMC8711086 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05565h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic noncovalent synthesis enables the spatiotemporal control of multimolecular crowding in cells, thus offering a unique opportunity for modulating cellular functions. This article introduces some representative enzymes and molecular building blocks for generating peptide assemblies as multimolecular crowding in cells, highlights the relevant biomedical applications, such as anticancer therapy, molecular imaging, trafficking proteins, genetic engineering, artificial intracellular filaments, cell morphogenesis, and antibacterial, and briefly discusses the promises of ENS as a multistep molecular process in biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihui Yi
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
| | - Weiyi Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
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87
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Dong Z, Chang L. Recent electroporation-based systems for intracellular molecule delivery. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1063/10.0005649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zaizai Dong
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lingqian Chang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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88
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Kong H, Ju E, Yi K, Xu W, Lao Y, Cheng D, Zhang Q, Tao Y, Li M, Ding J. Advanced Nanotheranostics of CRISPR/Cas for Viral Hepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2102051. [PMID: 34665528 PMCID: PMC8693080 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Liver disease, particularly viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is a global healthcare burden and leads to more than 2 million deaths per year worldwide. Despite some success in diagnosis and vaccine development, there are still unmet needs to improve diagnostics and therapeutics for viral hepatitis and HCC. The emerging clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/associated proteins (CRISPR/Cas) technology may open up a unique avenue to tackle these two diseases at the genetic level in a precise manner. Especially, liver is a more accessible organ over others from the delivery point of view, and many advanced strategies applied for nanotheranostics can be adapted in CRISPR-mediated diagnostics or liver gene editing. In this review, the focus is on these two aspects of viral hepatitis and HCC applications. An overview on CRISPR editor development and current progress in clinical trials is first given, followed by highlighting the recent advances integrating the merits of gene editing and nanotheranostics. The promising systems that are used in other applications but may hold potentials in liver gene editing are also discussed. This review concludes with the perspectives on rationally designing the next-generation CRISPR approaches and improving the editing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Kong
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational MedicineCenter for Nanomedicine and Biotherapy CenterThe Third Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen University600 Tianhe RoadGuangzhou510630P. R. China
| | - Enguo Ju
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational MedicineCenter for Nanomedicine and Biotherapy CenterThe Third Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen University600 Tianhe RoadGuangzhou510630P. R. China
| | - Ke Yi
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational MedicineCenter for Nanomedicine and Biotherapy CenterThe Third Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen University600 Tianhe RoadGuangzhou510630P. R. China
| | - Weiguo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer EcomaterialsChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences5625 Renmin StreetChangchun130022P. R. China
| | - Yeh‐Hsing Lao
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringColumbia University3960 Broadway Lasker Room 450New YorkNY10032USA
| | - Du Cheng
- PCFM Lab of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringSun Yat‐sen University135 Xingangxi RoadGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational MedicineCenter for Nanomedicine and Biotherapy CenterThe Third Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen University600 Tianhe RoadGuangzhou510630P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research600 Tianhe RoadGuangzhou510630P. R. China
| | - Yu Tao
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational MedicineCenter for Nanomedicine and Biotherapy CenterThe Third Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen University600 Tianhe RoadGuangzhou510630P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research600 Tianhe RoadGuangzhou510630P. R. China
| | - Mingqiang Li
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational MedicineCenter for Nanomedicine and Biotherapy CenterThe Third Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen University600 Tianhe RoadGuangzhou510630P. R. China
| | - Jianxun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Polymer EcomaterialsChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences5625 Renmin StreetChangchun130022P. R. China
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89
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Tyumentseva MA, Tyumentsev AI, Akimkin VG. Protocol for assessment of the efficiency of CRISPR/Cas RNP delivery to different types of target cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259812. [PMID: 34752487 PMCID: PMC8577758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delivery of CRISPR/Cas RNPs to target cells still remains the biggest bottleneck to genome editing. Many efforts are made to develop efficient CRISPR/Cas RNP delivery methods that will not affect viability of target cell dramatically. Popular current methods and protocols of CRISPR/Cas RNP delivery include lipofection and electroporation, transduction by osmocytosis and reversible permeabilization and erythrocyte-based methods. METHODS In this study we will assess the efficiency and optimize current CRISPR/Cas RNP delivery protocols to target cells. We will conduct our work using molecular cloning, protein expression and purification, cell culture, flow cytometry (immunocytochemistry) and cellular imaging techniques. DISCUSSION This will be the first extensive comparative study of popular current methods and protocols of CRISPR/Cas RNP delivery to human cell lines and primary cells. All protocols will be optimized and characterized using the following criteria i) protein delivery and genome editing efficacy; ii) viability of target cells after delivery (post-transduction recovery); iii) scalability of delivery process; iv) cost-effectiveness of the delivery process and v) intellectual property rights. Some methods will be considered 'research-use only', others will be recommended for scaling and application in the development of cell-based therapies.
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90
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Ahmad A, Munawar N, Khan Z, Qusmani AT, Khan SH, Jamil A, Ashraf S, Ghouri MZ, Aslam S, Mubarik MS, Munir A, Sultan Q, Abd-Elsalam KA, Qari SH. An Outlook on Global Regulatory Landscape for Genome-Edited Crops. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11753. [PMID: 34769204 PMCID: PMC8583973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The revolutionary technology of CRISPR/Cas systems and their extraordinary potential to address fundamental questions in every field of biological sciences has led to their developers being awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. In agriculture, CRISPR/Cas systems have accelerated the development of new crop varieties with improved traits-without the need for transgenes. However, the future of this technology depends on a clear and truly global regulatory framework being developed for these crops. Some CRISPR-edited crops are already on the market, and yet countries and regions are still divided over their legal status. CRISPR editing does not require transgenes, making CRISPR crops more socially acceptable than genetically modified crops, but there is vigorous debate over how to regulate these crops and what precautionary measures are required before they appear on the market. This article reviews intended outcomes and risks arising from the site-directed nuclease CRISPR systems used to improve agricultural crop plant genomes. It examines how various CRISPR system components, and potential concerns associated with CRISPR/Cas, may trigger regulatory oversight of CRISPR-edited crops. The article highlights differences and similarities between GMOs and CRISPR-edited crops, and discusses social and ethical concerns. It outlines the regulatory framework for GMO crops, which many countries also apply to CRISPR-edited crops, and the global regulatory landscape for CRISPR-edited crops. The article concludes with future prospects for CRISPR-edited crops and their products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab Ahmad
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.H.K.); (M.Z.G.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.); (Q.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.J.); (S.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Nayla Munawar
- Department of Chemistry, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Zulqurnain Khan
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, MNS University of Agriculture Multan, Multan 60000, Pakistan;
| | - Alaa T. Qusmani
- Biology Department, Al-Jumum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24243, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sultan Habibullah Khan
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.H.K.); (M.Z.G.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.); (Q.S.)
- Center for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Amer Jamil
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.J.); (S.A.); (A.M.)
- Center for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Ashraf
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.J.); (S.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Muhammad Zubair Ghouri
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.H.K.); (M.Z.G.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.); (Q.S.)
- Center for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sabin Aslam
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.H.K.); (M.Z.G.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.); (Q.S.)
| | - Muhammad Salman Mubarik
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.H.K.); (M.Z.G.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.); (Q.S.)
| | - Ahmad Munir
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.J.); (S.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Qaiser Sultan
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.H.K.); (M.Z.G.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.); (Q.S.)
| | - Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt;
| | - Sameer H. Qari
- Molecular Biology Central Laboratory (GMCL), Department of Biology/Genetics, Aljumum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24243, Saudi Arabia
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91
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Ahmad A, Munawar N, Khan Z, Qusmani AT, Khan SH, Jamil A, Ashraf S, Ghouri MZ, Aslam S, Mubarik MS, Munir A, Sultan Q, Abd-Elsalam KA, Qari SH. An Outlook on Global Regulatory Landscape for Genome-Edited Crops. Int J Mol Sci 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The revolutionary technology of CRISPR/Cas systems and their extraordinary potential to address fundamental questions in every field of biological sciences has led to their developers being awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. In agriculture, CRISPR/Cas systems have accelerated the development of new crop varieties with improved traits—without the need for transgenes. However, the future of this technology depends on a clear and truly global regulatory framework being developed for these crops. Some CRISPR-edited crops are already on the market, and yet countries and regions are still divided over their legal status. CRISPR editing does not require transgenes, making CRISPR crops more socially acceptable than genetically modified crops, but there is vigorous debate over how to regulate these crops and what precautionary measures are required before they appear on the market. This article reviews intended outcomes and risks arising from the site-directed nuclease CRISPR systems used to improve agricultural crop plant genomes. It examines how various CRISPR system components, and potential concerns associated with CRISPR/Cas, may trigger regulatory oversight of CRISPR-edited crops. The article highlights differences and similarities between GMOs and CRISPR-edited crops, and discusses social and ethical concerns. It outlines the regulatory framework for GMO crops, which many countries also apply to CRISPR-edited crops, and the global regulatory landscape for CRISPR-edited crops. The article concludes with future prospects for CRISPR-edited crops and their products.
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92
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Abstract
The revolutionary technology of CRISPR/Cas systems and their extraordinary potential to address fundamental questions in every field of biological sciences has led to their developers being awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. In agriculture, CRISPR/Cas systems have accelerated the development of new crop varieties with improved traits-without the need for transgenes. However, the future of this technology depends on a clear and truly global regulatory framework being developed for these crops. Some CRISPR-edited crops are already on the market, and yet countries and regions are still divided over their legal status. CRISPR editing does not require transgenes, making CRISPR crops more socially acceptable than genetically modified crops, but there is vigorous debate over how to regulate these crops and what precautionary measures are required before they appear on the market. This article reviews intended outcomes and risks arising from the site-directed nuclease CRISPR systems used to improve agricultural crop plant genomes. It examines how various CRISPR system components, and potential concerns associated with CRISPR/Cas, may trigger regulatory oversight of CRISPR-edited crops. The article highlights differences and similarities between GMOs and CRISPR-edited crops, and discusses social and ethical concerns. It outlines the regulatory framework for GMO crops, which many countries also apply to CRISPR-edited crops, and the global regulatory landscape for CRISPR-edited crops. The article concludes with future prospects for CRISPR-edited crops and their products.
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93
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Dilip Kumar S, Aashabharathi M, KarthigaDevi G, Subbaiya R, Saravanan M. Insights of CRISPR-Cas systems in stem cells: progress in regenerative medicine. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:657-673. [PMID: 34687393 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06832-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine, a therapeutic approach using stem cells, aims to rejuvenate and restore the normalized function of the cells, tissues, and organs that are injured, malfunctioning, and afflicted. This influential technology reaches its zenith when it is integrated with the CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR associated) technology of genome editing. This tool acts as a programmable restriction enzyme system, which targets DNA as well as RNA and gets redeployed for the customization of DNA/RNA sequences. The dynamic behaviour of nuclear manipulation and transcriptional regulation by CRISPR-Cas technology renders it with numerous employment in the field of biologics and research. Here, the possible impact of the commonly practiced CRISPR-Cas systems in regenerative medicines is being reviewed. Primarily, the discussion of the working mechanism of this system and the fate of stem cells will be scrutinized. A detailed description of the CRISPR based regenerative therapeutic approaches for a horde of diseases like genetic disorders, neural diseases, and blood-related diseases is elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugam Dilip Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602 117, India
| | - Manimaran Aashabharathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chembarambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 123, India
| | - Guruviah KarthigaDevi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602 117, India
| | - Ramasamy Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P.O Box. 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Muthupandian Saravanan
- AMR and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 077, India.
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94
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Naeem M, Hoque MZ, Ovais M, Basheer C, Ahmad I. Stimulus-Responsive Smart Nanoparticles-Based CRISPR-Cas Delivery for Therapeutic Genome Editing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11300. [PMID: 34681959 PMCID: PMC8540563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The innovative research in genome editing domains such as CRISPR-Cas technology has enabled genetic engineers to manipulate the genomes of living organisms effectively in order to develop the next generation of therapeutic tools. This technique has started the new era of "genome surgery". Despite these advances, the barriers of CRISPR-Cas9 techniques in clinical applications include efficient delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 and risk of off-target effects. Various types of viral and non-viral vectors are designed to deliver the CRISPR/Cas9 machinery into the desired cell. These methods still suffer difficulties such as immune response, lack of specificity, and efficiency. The extracellular and intracellular environments of cells and tissues differ in pH, redox species, enzyme activity, and light sensitivity. Recently, smart nanoparticles have been synthesized for CRISPR/Cas9 delivery to cells based on endogenous (pH, enzyme, redox specie, ATP) and exogenous (magnetic, ultrasound, temperature, light) stimulus signals. These methodologies can leverage genome editing through biological signals found within disease cells with less off-target effects. Here, we review the recent advances in stimulus-based smart nanoparticles to deliver the CRISPR/Cas9 machinery into the desired cell. This review article will provide extensive information to cautiously utilize smart nanoparticles for basic biomedical applications and therapeutic genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naeem
- Department of Bioengineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (M.N.); (M.Z.H.)
| | - Mubasher Zahir Hoque
- Department of Bioengineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (M.N.); (M.Z.H.)
| | - Muhammad Ovais
- National Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology (NCNST), Beijing 100190, China;
| | - Chanbasha Basheer
- Chemistry Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Department of Bioengineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (M.N.); (M.Z.H.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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95
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Schreurs J, Sacchetto C, Colpaert RMW, Vitiello L, Rampazzo A, Calore M. Recent Advances in CRISPR/Cas9-Based Genome Editing Tools for Cardiac Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10985. [PMID: 34681646 PMCID: PMC8537312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, genome editing has proven its value as a powerful tool for modeling or even treating numerous diseases. After the development of protein-guided systems such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), which for the first time made DNA editing an actual possibility, the advent of RNA-guided techniques has brought about an epochal change. Based on a bacterial anti-phage system, the CRISPR/Cas9 approach has provided a flexible and adaptable DNA-editing system that has been able to overcome several limitations associated with earlier methods, rapidly becoming the most common tool for both disease modeling and therapeutic studies. More recently, two novel CRISPR/Cas9-derived tools, namely base editing and prime editing, have further widened the range and accuracy of achievable genomic modifications. This review aims to provide an overview of the most recent developments in the genome-editing field and their applications in biomedical research, with a particular focus on models for the study and treatment of cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliët Schreurs
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, ER 6229 Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.S.); (C.S.); (R.M.W.C.)
| | - Claudia Sacchetto
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, ER 6229 Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.S.); (C.S.); (R.M.W.C.)
| | - Robin M. W. Colpaert
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, ER 6229 Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.S.); (C.S.); (R.M.W.C.)
| | - Libero Vitiello
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.V.); (A.R.)
| | - Alessandra Rampazzo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.V.); (A.R.)
| | - Martina Calore
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, ER 6229 Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.S.); (C.S.); (R.M.W.C.)
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96
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Lv W, Li T, Wang S, Wang H, Li X, Zhang S, Wang L, Xu Y, Wei W. The Application of the CRISPR/Cas9 System in the Treatment of Hepatitis B Liver Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20:15330338211045206. [PMID: 34605326 PMCID: PMC8493308 DOI: 10.1177/15330338211045206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system was originally discovered in prokaryotes and functions as part of the adaptive immune system. The experimental research of many scholars, as well as scientific and technological advancements, has allowed prokaryote-derived CRISPR/Cas genome-editing systems to transform our ability to manipulate, detect, image, and annotate specific DNA and RNA sequences in the living cells of diverse species. Through modern genetic engineering editing technology and high-throughput gene sequencing, we can edit and splice covalently closed circular DNA to silence it, and correct the mutation and deletion of liver cancer genes to achieve precise in situ repair of defective genes and prohibit viral infection or replication. Such manipulations do not destroy the structure of the entire genome and facilitate the cure of diseases. In this review, we discussed the possibility that CRISPR/Cas could be used as a treatment for patients with liver cancer caused by hepatitis B virus infection, and reviewed the challenges incurred by this effective gene-editing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lv
- 36639The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tao Li
- 36639The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- 36639The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- 36639The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- 36639The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shubing Zhang
- 36639The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lianzi Wang
- 36639The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanhong Xu
- 36639The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- 36639The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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97
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Abstract
The CRISPR-Cas system has revolutionized the biomedical research field with its simple and flexible genome editing method. In October 2020, Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna were awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in chemistry in recognition of their outstanding contributions to the discovery of CRISPR-Cas9 genetic scissors, which allow scientists to alter DNA sequences with high precision. Recently, the first phase I clinical trials in cancer patients affirmed the safety and feasibility of ex vivo CRISPR-edited T cells. However, specific and effective CRISPR delivery in vivo remains challenging due to the multiple extracellular and intracellular barriers. Here, we discuss the recent advances in novel lipid nanomaterials for CRISPR delivery and describe relevant examples of potential therapeutics in cancers, genetic disorders, and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Yan
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
| | - Diana D Kang
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
| | - Yizhou Dong
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; The Center for Clinical and Translational Science; The Comprehensive Cancer Center; Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute; Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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98
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Sun B, Chen H, Gao X. Versatile modification of the CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein system to facilitate in vivo application. J Control Release 2021; 337:698-717. [PMID: 34364918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems has created a tremendous wave that is sweeping the world of genome editing. The ribonucleoprotein (RNP) method has evolved to be the most advantageous form for in vivo application. Modification of the CRISPR/Cas9 RNP method to adapt delivery through a variety of carriers can either directly improve the stability and specificity of the gene-editing tool in vivo or indirectly endow the system with high gene-editing efficiency that induces few off-target mutations through different delivery methods. The exploration of in vivo applications mediated by various delivery methods lays the foundation for genome research and variety improvements, which is especially promising for better in vivo research in the field of translational biomedicine. In this review, we illustrate the modifiable structures of the Cas9 nuclease and single guide RNA (sgRNA), summarize the latest research progress and discuss the feasibility and advantages of various methods. The highlighted results will enhance our knowledge, stimulate extensive research and application of Cas9 and provide alternatives for the development of rational delivery carriers in multiple fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bixi Sun
- Department of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Hening Chen
- Department of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiaoshu Gao
- Department of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun 130021, China.
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99
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Raes L, Pille M, Harizaj A, Goetgeluk G, Van Hoeck J, Stremersch S, Fraire JC, Brans T, de Jong OG, Maas-Bakker R, Mastrobattista E, Vader P, De Smedt SC, Vandekerckhove B, Raemdonck K, Braeckmans K. Cas9 RNP transfection by vapor nanobubble photoporation for ex vivo cell engineering. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 25:696-707. [PMID: 34589287 PMCID: PMC8463438 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The CRISPR-Cas9 technology represents a powerful tool for genome engineering in eukaryotic cells, advancing both fundamental research and therapeutic strategies. Despite the enormous potential of the technology, efficient and direct intracellular delivery of Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes in target cells poses a significant hurdle, especially in refractive primary cells. In the present work, vapor nanobubble (VNB) photoporation was explored for Cas9 RNP transfection in a variety of cell types. Proof of concept was first demonstrated in H1299-EGFP cells, before proceeding to hard-to-transfect stem cells and T cells. Gene knock-out levels over 80% and up to 60% were obtained for H1299 cells and mesenchymal stem cells, respectively. In these cell types, the unique possibility of VNB photoporation to knock out genes according to user-defined spatial patterns was demonstrated as well. Next, effective targeting of the programmed cell death 1 receptor and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome gene in primary human T cells was demonstrated, reaching gene knock-out levels of 25% and 34%, respectively. With a throughput of >200,000 T cells per second, VNB photoporation is a scalable and versatile intracellular delivery method that holds great promise for CRISPR-Cas9-mediated ex vivo engineering of cell therapy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Raes
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Melissa Pille
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aranit Harizaj
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Glenn Goetgeluk
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jelter Van Hoeck
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephan Stremersch
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Juan C. Fraire
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Toon Brans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier Gerrit de Jong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roel Maas-Bakker
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Enrico Mastrobattista
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter Vader
- CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stefaan C. De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Vandekerckhove
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Raemdonck
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Corresponding author: Kevin Braeckmans, Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.E-mail:
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Berger AG, Chou JJ, Hammond PT. Approaches to Modulate the Chronic Wound Environment Using Localized Nucleic Acid Delivery. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2021; 10:503-528. [PMID: 32496978 PMCID: PMC8260896 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2020.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: Nonhealing wounds have been the subject of decades of basic and clinical research. Despite new knowledge about the biology of impaired wound healing, little progress has been made in treating chronic wounds, leaving patients with few therapeutic options. Diabetic ulcers are a particularly common form of nonhealing wound. Recent Advances: Recently, investigation of therapeutic nucleic acids (TNAs), including plasmid DNA, small interfering RNA, microRNA mimics, anti-microRNA oligonucleotides, messenger RNA, and antisense oligonucleotides, has created a new treatment strategy for chronic wounds. TNAs can modulate the wound toward a prohealing environment by targeting gene pathways associated with inflammation, proteases, cell motility, angiogenesis, epithelialization, and oxidative stress. A variety of delivery systems have been investigated for TNAs, including dendrimers, lipid nanoparticles (NPs), polymeric micelles, polyplexes, metal NPs, and hydrogels. This review summarizes recent developments in TNA delivery for therapeutic targets associated with chronic wounds, with an emphasis on diabetic ulcers. Critical Issues: Translational potential of TNAs remains a key challenge; we highlight some drug delivery approaches for TNAs that may hold promise. We also describe current commercial efforts to locally deliver nucleic acids to modulate the wound environment. Future Directions: Localized nucleic acid delivery holds promise for the treatment of nonhealing chronic wounds. Future efforts to improve targeting of these nucleic acid therapies in the wound with both spatial and temporal control through drug delivery systems will be crucial to successful clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G. Berger
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan J. Chou
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paula T. Hammond
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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