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Huang AS, Rogers BP, Sheffield JM, Vandekar S, Anticevic A, Woodward ND. Characterizing effects of age, sex and psychosis symptoms on thalamocortical functional connectivity in youth. Neuroimage 2021; 243:118562. [PMID: 34506914 PMCID: PMC10021021 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The thalamus is composed of multiple nuclei densely connected with the cortex in an organized manner, forming parallel thalamocortical networks critical to sensory, motor, and cognitive functioning. Thalamocortical circuit dysfunction has been implicated in multiple neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia, which also often exhibit sex differences in prevalence, clinical characteristics, and neuropathology. However, very little is known about developmental and sex effects on thalamocortical networks in youth. The present study characterized the effects of age, sex and psychosis symptomatology in anatomically constrained thalamocortical networks in a large community sample of youth (n = 1100, aged 8-21) from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (PNC). Cortical functional connectivity of seven anatomically defined thalamic nuclear groups were examined: anterior, mediodorsal, ventral lateral, ventral posterolateral, pulvinar, medial and lateral geniculate nuclear groups. Age and sex effects were characterized using complementary thalamic region-of-interest (ROI) to cortical ROI and voxel-wise analyses. Effects of clinical symptomatology were analyzed by separating youth into three groups based on their clinical symptoms; typically developing youth (n = 298), psychosis spectrum youth (n = 320), and youth with other psychopathologies (n = 482). As an exploratory analysis, association with PRIME scores were used as a dimensional measure of psychopathology. Age effects were broadly characterized by decreasing connectivity with sensory/motor cortical areas, and increasing connectivity with heteromodal prefrontal and parietal cortical areas. This pattern was most pronounced for thalamic motor and sensory nuclei. Females showed greater connectivity between multiple thalamic nuclear groups and the visual cortex compared to males, while males showed greater connectivity with the inferior frontal and orbitofrontal cortices. Youth with psychosis spectrum symptoms showed a subtle decrease in thalamic connectivity with the premotor and prefrontal cortices. Across all youth, greater PRIME scores were associated with lower connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and mediodorsal thalamus. By characterizing typical development in anatomically constrained thalamocortical networks, this study provides an anchor for conceptualizing disruptions to the integrity of these networks observed in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Huang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.
| | - Baxter P Rogers
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Julia M Sheffield
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Simon Vandekar
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Alan Anticevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Neil D Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
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52
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Balance Expertise Is Associated with Superior Spatial Perspective-Taking Skills. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11111401. [PMID: 34827399 PMCID: PMC8615958 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Balance training interventions over several months have been shown to improve spatial cognitive functions and to induce structural plasticity in brain regions associated with visual-vestibular self-motion processing. In the present cross-sectional study, we tested whether long-term balance practice is associated with better spatial cognition. To this end, spatial perspective-taking abilities were compared between balance experts (n = 40) practicing sports such as gymnastics, acrobatics or slacklining for at least four hours a week for the last two years, endurance athletes (n = 38) and sedentary healthy individuals (n = 58). The balance group showed better performance in a dynamic balance task compared to both the endurance group and the sedentary group. Furthermore, the balance group outperformed the sedentary group in a spatial perspective-taking task. A regression analysis across all participants revealed a positive association between individual balance performance and spatial perspective-taking abilities. Groups did not differ in executive functions, and individual balance performance did not correlate with executive functions, suggesting a specific association between balance skills and spatial cognition. The results are in line with theories of embodied cognition, assuming that sensorimotor experience shapes cognitive functions.
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53
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Scharfen HE, Memmert D. Relationship of executive functions and physical abilities in elite soccer players. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-021-00767-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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54
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Yuan G, Liu G, Wei D. Roles of P300 and Late Positive Potential in Initial Romantic Attraction. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:718847. [PMID: 34720856 PMCID: PMC8552996 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.718847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Initial romantic attraction (IRA) refers to a series of positive reactions to potential romantic partners at the initial encounter; it evolved to promote mate selection, allowing individuals to focus their mating efforts on their preferred potential mates. After decades of effort, we now have a deeper understanding of the evolutionary value and dominant factors of IRA; however, little is known regarding the brain mechanisms related to its generation and evaluation. In this study, we combined classic event-related potential analysis with dipole-source analysis to examine electroencephalogram (EEG) signals generated while participants assessed their romantic interest in potential partners. The EEG signals were categorized into IRA-engendered and unengendered conditions based on behavioral indicators. We found that the faces elicited multiple late positivities, including P300 over the occipital-parietal regions and late positive potentials (LPPs) over the anterior regions. When compared to faces that did not engender IRA, faces that did engender IRA elicited (1) enhanced P300 over the parietal regions and heightened neural activity in the insula and cingulate cortex and (2) larger LPPs over the anterior regions and heightened neural activity in the orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, frontal eye field, visual cortex, and insula. These results suggest IRA is generated and evaluated by an extensive brain network involved in emotion processing, attention control, and social evaluations. Furthermore, these findings indicate that P300 and LPP may represent different cognitive processes during IRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjie Yuan
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Affective Computing and Information Processing, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Circuits and Intelligent Information Processing, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Affective Computing and Information Processing, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Circuits and Intelligent Information Processing, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongtao Wei
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
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55
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Yeh YY, Wang CC, Cheng SK, Chiu CD. Dissociation of posture remapping and cognitive load in level-2 perspective-taking. Cognition 2021; 214:104733. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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56
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Hwang EJ, Sato TR, Sato TK. A Canonical Scheme of Bottom-Up and Top-Down Information Flows in the Frontoparietal Network. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:691314. [PMID: 34475815 PMCID: PMC8406690 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.691314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Goal-directed behavior often involves temporal separation and flexible context-dependent association between sensory input and motor output. The control of goal-directed behavior is proposed to lie in the frontoparietal network, but the computational architecture of this network remains elusive. Based on recent rodent studies that measured and manipulated projection neurons in the frontoparietal network together with findings from earlier primate studies, we propose a canonical scheme of information flows in this network. The parietofrontal pathway transmits the spatial information of a sensory stimulus or internal motor bias to drive motor programs in the frontal areas. This pathway might consist of multiple parallel connections, each controlling distinct motor effectors. The frontoparietal pathway sends the spatial information of cognitively processed motor plans through multiple parallel connections. Each of these connections could support distinct spatial functions that use the motor target information, including attention allocation, multi-body part coordination, and forward estimation of movement state (i.e., forward models). The parallel pathways in the frontoparietal network enable dynamic interactions between regions that are tuned for specific goal-directed behaviors. This scheme offers a promising framework within which the computational architecture of the frontoparietal network and the underlying circuit mechanisms can be delineated in a systematic way, providing a holistic understanding of information processing in this network. Clarifying this network may also improve the diagnosis and treatment of behavioral deficits associated with dysfunctional frontoparietal connectivity in various neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Hwang
- Stanson Toshok Center for Brain Function and Repair, Brain Science Institute, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
- Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Takashi R. Sato
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Tatsuo K. Sato
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
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57
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Stout D. The Cognitive Science of Technology. Trends Cogn Sci 2021; 25:964-977. [PMID: 34362661 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Technology is central to human life but hard to define and study. This review synthesizes advances in fields from anthropology to evolutionary biology and neuroscience to propose an interdisciplinary cognitive science of technology. The foundation of this effort is an evolutionarily motivated definition of technology that highlights three key features: material production, social collaboration, and cultural reproduction. This broad scope respects the complexity of the subject but poses a challenge for theoretical unification. Addressing this challenge requires a comparative approach to reduce the diversity of real-world technological cognition to a smaller number of recurring processes and relationships. To this end, a synthetic perceptual-motor hypothesis (PMH) for the evolutionary-developmental-cultural construction of technological cognition is advanced as an initial target for investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich Stout
- Department of Anthropology, Emory University, 1557 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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58
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Lux V, Non AL, Pexman PM, Stadler W, Weber LAE, Krüger M. A Developmental Framework for Embodiment Research: The Next Step Toward Integrating Concepts and Methods. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:672740. [PMID: 34393730 PMCID: PMC8360894 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.672740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Embodiment research is at a turning point. There is an increasing amount of data and studies investigating embodiment phenomena and their role in mental processing and functions from across a wide range of disciplines and theoretical schools within the life sciences. However, the integration of behavioral data with data from different biological levels is challenging for the involved research fields such as movement psychology, social and developmental neuroscience, computational psychosomatics, social and behavioral epigenetics, human-centered robotics, and many more. This highlights the need for an interdisciplinary framework of embodiment research. In addition, there is a growing need for a cross-disciplinary consensus on level-specific criteria of embodiment. We propose that a developmental perspective on embodiment is able to provide a framework for overcoming such pressing issues, providing analytical tools to link timescales and levels of embodiment specific to the function under study, uncovering the underlying developmental processes, clarifying level-specific embodiment criteria, and providing a matrix and platform to bridge disciplinary boundaries among the involved research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Lux
- Department of Genetic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Amy L Non
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Penny M Pexman
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Waltraud Stadler
- Chair of Human Movement Science, Department of Sports and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lilian A E Weber
- Department of Psychiatry, Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Krüger
- Institute of Sports Science, Faculty of Humanities, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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59
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van den Berg L, de Weerd AW, Reuvekamp MHF, van der Meere JJ. Associating executive dysfunction with behavioral and socioemotional problems in children with epilepsy. A systematic review. Child Neuropsychol 2021; 27:661-708. [PMID: 33726631 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2021.1888906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
As children with epilepsy may have a number of learning and behavioral problems, it is important that insight into the underlying neurocognitive differences in these children, which may underlie these areas of challenge is gained. Executive function (EF) problems particularly are associated with specific learning abilities as well as behavioral problems. We aim to review systematically the current status of empirical studies on the association between EF problems and behavior and socioemotional problems in children with epilepsy. After search, 26 empirical studies were identified, most of them of moderate quality. Overall, attention problems were the most reported cognitive deficit in test assessment and the most reported problem by parents. In 54% of the studies, children with epilepsy scored below average compared to controls/normative samples on different aspects of EF. Most studies reported behavior problems, which ranged from mild to severe. Forty-two percent of the studies specifically reported relationships between EF deficits and behavioral problems. In the remaining studies, below average neuropsychological functioning seemed to be accompanied by above average reported behavioral problems. The association was most pronounced for cognitive control and attention in relation to externalizing behavior problems. This cognitive control is also associated with social functioning. Relevant epilepsy variables in this relationship were early age at onset and high seizure frequency.Future research should distinguish specific aspects of EF and take age into account, as this provides more insight on the association between EF and behavior in pediatric epilepsy, which makes it possible to develop appropriate and early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia van den Berg
- Psychology Department, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Zwolle, Netherlands.,RijksUniversiteitGroningen, Faculteit Gedrags- & Maatschappijwetenschappen, Klinische & Ontwikkelingsneuropsychologie, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Al W de Weerd
- Psychology Department, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Zwolle, Netherlands
| | - Marieke H F Reuvekamp
- Psychology Department, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Zwolle, Netherlands
| | - Jaap J van der Meere
- RijksUniversiteitGroningen, Faculteit Gedrags- & Maatschappijwetenschappen, Klinische & Ontwikkelingsneuropsychologie, Groningen, Netherlands
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60
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Hawco C, Dickie EW, Jacobs G, Daskalakis ZJ, Voineskos AN. Moving beyond the mean: Subgroups and dimensions of brain activity and cognitive performance across domains. Neuroimage 2021; 231:117823. [PMID: 33549760 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human neuroimaging during cognitive tasks has provided unique and important insights into the neurobiology of cognition. However, the vast majority of research relies on group aggregate or average statistical maps of activity, which do not fully capture the rich intersubject variability in brain function. In order to fully understand the neurobiology of cognitive processes, it is necessary to explore the range of variability in activation patterns across individuals. To better characterize individual variability, hierarchical clustering was performed separately on six fMRI tasks in 822 participants from the Human Connectome Project. Across all tasks, clusters ranged from a predominantly 'deactivating' pattern towards a more 'activating' pattern of brain activity, with significant differences in out-of-scanner cognitive test scores between clusters. Cluster stability was assessed via a resampling approach; a cluster probability matrix was generated, as the probability of any pair of participants clustering together when both were present in a random subsample. Rather than forming distinct clusters, participants fell along a spectrum or into pseudo-clusters without clear boundaries. A principal components analysis of the cluster probability matrix revealed three components explaining over 90% of the variance in clustering. Plotting participants in this lower-dimensional 'similarity space' revealed manifolds of variations along an S 'snake' shaped spectrum or a folded circle or 'tortilla' shape. The 'snake' shape was present in tasks where individual variability related to activity along covarying networks, while the 'tortilla' shape represented multiple networks which varied independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Hawco
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Erin W Dickie
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Grace Jacobs
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zafiris J Daskalakis
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aristotle N Voineskos
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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61
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The body schema: neural simulation for covert and overt actions of embodied cognitive agents. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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62
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Expert Programmers Have Fine-Tuned Cortical Representations of Source Code. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0405-20.2020. [PMID: 33318072 PMCID: PMC7877476 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0405-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Expertise enables humans to achieve outstanding performance on domain-specific tasks, and programming is no exception. Many studies have shown that expert programmers exhibit remarkable differences from novices in behavioral performance, knowledge structure, and selective attention. However, the underlying differences in the brain of programmers are still unclear. We here address this issue by associating the cortical representation of source code with individual programming expertise using a data-driven decoding approach. This approach enabled us to identify seven brain regions, widely distributed in the frontal, parietal, and temporal cortices, that have a tight relationship with programming expertise. In these brain regions, functional categories of source code could be decoded from brain activity and the decoding accuracies were significantly correlated with individual behavioral performances on a source-code categorization task. Our results suggest that programming expertise is built on fine-tuned cortical representations specialized for the domain of programming.
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63
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Lin CC, Hsieh SS, Chang YK, Huang CJ, Hillman CH, Hung TM. Up-regulation of proactive control is associated with beneficial effects of a childhood gymnastics program on response preparation and working memory. Brain Cogn 2021; 149:105695. [PMID: 33515859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The current study focused on the effects of an 8-week motor skill-based physical activity (i.e., gymnastics) program on the contingent negative variation derived from event-related brain potentials (CNV-ERP) during a working memory task in children. Children aged 7-10 years old were assigned to a gymnastics group (n = 26) or a wait-list control group (n = 24). The gymnastics group engaged in a gymnastics program whereas children in the control group were asked to maintain their typical routine during the intervention period. Working memory performance was measured by a delayed-matching working memory task, accompanied by CNV-ERP collection. The results revealed significant improvement of response accuracy from pre-test to post-test in the gymnastic group regardless of memory demands. Moreover, significant increase from pre-test to post-test in the initial CNV was observed in the gymnastic group regardless of memory demands. Bivariate correlations further indicated that, in the gymnastic group, increases in response accuracy from pre-test to post-test were correlated with increases in initial CNV from pre-test to post-test in task conditions with lower and higher memory loads. Overall, the current findings suggest that up-regulation of proactive control may characterize the beneficial effects of childhood motor skill-based physical activity on working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chien Lin
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Shih Hsieh
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, United States
| | - Yu-Kai Chang
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ju Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Pedagogy, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, United States; Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, United States
| | - Tsung-Min Hung
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute in Research Excellence and Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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64
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The manifestation of individual differences in sensitivity to punishment during resting state is modulated by eye state. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 21:144-155. [PMID: 33432544 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-020-00856-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Structural and functional neuroimaging studies have shown that brain areas associated with fear and anxiety (defensive system areas) are modulated by individual differences in sensitivity to punishment (SP). However, little is known about how SP is related to brain functional connectivity and the factors that modulate this relationship. In this study, we investigated whether a simple methodological manipulation, such as performing a resting state with eyes open or eyes closed, can modulate the manifestation of individual differences in SP. To this end, we performed an exploratory fMRI resting state study in which a group of participants (n = 88) performed a resting state with eyes closed and another group (n = 56) performed a resting state with eyes open. All participants completed the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire. Seed-based functional connectivity analyses were performed in the amygdala, hippocampus, and periaqueductal gray (PAG). Our results showed that the relationship between SP and left amygdala-precuneus and left hippocampus-precuneus functional connectivity was modulated by eye state. Moreover, in the eyes open group, SP was negatively related to the functional connectivity between the PAG and amygdala and between the PAG and left hippocampus, and it was positively related to the functional connectivity between the amygdala and hippocampus. Together, our results may suggest underlying differences in the connectivity between anxiety-related areas based on eye state, which in turn would affect the manifestation of individual differences in SP.
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65
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Wang F, Hujjaree K, Wang X. Electroencephalographic Microstates in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:638722. [PMID: 33716831 PMCID: PMC7952514 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.638722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCH) and bipolar disorder (BD) are characterized by many types of symptoms, damaged cognitive function, and abnormal brain connections. The microstates are considered to be the cornerstones of the mental states shown in EEG data. In our study, we investigated the use of microstates as biomarkers to distinguish patients with bipolar disorder from those with schizophrenia by analyzing EEG data measured in an eyes-closed resting state. The purpose of this article is to provide an electron directional physiological explanation for the observed brain dysfunction of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients. Methods: We used microstate resting EEG data to explore group differences in the duration, coverage, occurrence, and transition probability of 4 microstate maps among 20 SCH patients, 26 BD patients, and 35 healthy controls (HCs). Results: Microstate analysis revealed 4 microstates (A-D) in global clustering across SCH patients, BD patients, and HCs. The samples were chosen to be matched. We found the greater presence of microstate B in BD patients, and the less presence of microstate class A and B, the greater presence of microstate class C, and less presence of D in SCH patients. Besides, a greater frequent switching between microstates A and B and between microstates B and A in BD patients than in SCH patients and HCs and less frequent switching between microstates C and D and between microstates D and C in BD patients compared with SCH patients. Conclusion: We found abnormal features of microstate A, B in BD patients and abnormal features of microstate A, B, C, and D in SCH patients. These features may indicate the potential abnormalities of SCH patients and BD patients in distributing neural resources and influencing opportune transitions between different states of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglan Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Khamlesh Hujjaree
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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66
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Wymbs NF, Nebel MB, Ewen JB, Mostofsky SH. Altered Inferior Parietal Functional Connectivity is Correlated with Praxis and Social Skill Performance in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Cereb Cortex 2020; 31:2639-2652. [PMID: 33386399 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have difficulties perceiving and producing skilled gestures, or praxis. The inferior parietal lobule (IPL) is crucial to praxis acquisition and expression, yet how IPL connectivity contributes to autism-associated impairments in praxis as well as social-communicative skill remains unclear. Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, we applied independent component analysis to test how IPL connectivity relates to praxis and social-communicative skills in children with and without ASD. Across all children (with/without ASD), praxis positively correlated with connectivity of left posterior-IPL with the left dorsal premotor cortex and with the bilateral posterior/medial parietal cortex. Praxis also correlated with connectivity of right central-IPL connectivity with the left intraparietal sulcus and medial parietal lobe. Further, in children with ASD, poorer praxis and social-communicative skills both correlated with weaker right central-IPL connectivity with the left cerebellum, posterior cingulate, and right dorsal premotor cortex. Our findings suggest that IPL connectivity is linked to praxis development, that contributions arise bilaterally, and that right IPL connectivity is associated with impaired praxis and social-communicative skills in autism. The findings underscore the potential impact of IPL connectivity and impaired skill acquisition on the development of a range of social-communicative and motor functions during childhood, including autism-associated impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas F Wymbs
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Mary Beth Nebel
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Joshua B Ewen
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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67
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Kraeutner SN, McArthur JL, Kraeutner PH, Westwood DA, Boe SG. Leveraging the effector independent nature of motor imagery when it is paired with physical practice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21335. [PMID: 33288785 PMCID: PMC7721807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
While considered analogous to physical practice, the nature of imagery-based skill acquisition—specifically whether or not both effector independent and dependent encoding occurs through motor imagery—is not well understood. Here, motor imagery-based training was applied prior to or after physical practice-based training to probe the nature of imagery-based skill acquisition. Three groups of participants (N = 38) engaged in 10 days of training of a dart throwing task: 5 days of motor imagery prior to physical practice (MIP-PP), motor imagery following physical practice (PP-MIP), or physical practice only (PP-PP). Performance-related outcomes were assessed throughout. Brain activity was measured at three time points using fMRI (pre/mid/post-training; MIP-PP and PP-MIP groups). In contrast with physical practice, motor imagery led to changes in global versus specific aspects of the movement. Following 10 days of training, performance was greater when motor imagery preceded physical practice, although remained inferior to performance resulting from physical practice alone. Greater activation of regions that support effector dependent encoding was observed mid-, but not post-training for the PP-MIP group. Findings indicate that changes driven by motor imagery reflect effector independent encoding, providing new information regarding how motor imagery may be leveraged for skill acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Kraeutner
- Brain Behaviour Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Jennifer L McArthur
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H4R1, Canada
| | - Paul H Kraeutner
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H4R1, Canada
| | - David A Westwood
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H4R2, Canada.,School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H4R2, Canada
| | - Shaun G Boe
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H4R1, Canada. .,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H4R2, Canada. .,School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H4R2, Canada. .,School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie University, Rm 407, 4th Floor Forrest Building, 5869 University Avenue, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H4R2, Canada.
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68
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Fischer M, Moscovitch M, Alain C. A systematic review and meta‐analysis of memory‐guided attention: Frontal and parietal activation suggests involvement of fronto‐parietal networks. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2020; 12:e1546. [DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manda Fischer
- Department of Psychology Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Morris Moscovitch
- Department of Psychology Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Claude Alain
- Department of Psychology Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
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69
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D'Croz-Baron DF, Bréchet L, Baker M, Karp T. Auditory and Visual Tasks Influence the Temporal Dynamics of EEG Microstates During Post-encoding Rest. Brain Topogr 2020; 34:19-28. [PMID: 33095401 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-020-00802-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Re-activations of task-dependent patterns of neural activity take place during post-encoding periods of wakeful rest and sleep. However, it is still unclear how the temporal dynamics of brain states change during these periods, which are shaped by prior conscious experiences. Here, we examined the very brief periods of wakeful rest immediately after encoding and recognition of auditory and visual stimuli, by applying the EEG microstate analysis, in which the global variance of the EEG is explained by only a few prototypical topographies. We identified the dominant brain states of sub-second duration during the tasks-dependent periods of rest, finding that the temporal dynamics-represented here by two temporal parameters: the frequency of occurrence and the fraction of time coverage-of three task-related microstate classes changed compared to wakeful rest. This study provides evidence of experience-dependent temporal changes in post-encoding periods of resting brain activity, which can be captured using the EEG microstates approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F D'Croz-Baron
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, 2500 Broadway, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
| | - Lucie Bréchet
- Arthur and Hinda Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mary Baker
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, 2500 Broadway, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Tanja Karp
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, 2500 Broadway, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
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70
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Zhou S, Xiong P, Ren H, Tan W, Yan Y, Gao Y. Aberrant dorsal attention network homogeneity in patients with right temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 111:107278. [PMID: 32693375 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The dorsal attention network (DAN) is involved in the process that causes wide-ranging cognitive damage resulted in right temporal lobe epilepsy (rTLE). Nevertheless, few studies have evaluated the relationship between DAN and rTLE. There has been little research on alterations in the network homogeneity (NH) of the DAN in rTLE. The aim of the present study was to investigate NH changes in DAN in patients with rTLE. We included 85 patients with rTLE and 69 healthy controls in this study, and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data were acquired. The NH method was used for data analysis. All subjects took the attention network test (ANT). Network homogeneity in the right superior parietal lobule (SPL) and right precuneus (PCU) was significantly higher in patients with rTLE than in healthy controls. The reaction time (RT) was significantly longer in patients with rTLE than in controls. Notably, we observed no significant relationship between the clinical variables and the abnormal NH. These results indicated that abnormal alterations in DAN existed in patients with rTLE and highlighted the crucial role of DAN in the pathophysiology of cognitive damage in rTLE. Our findings suggested that the executive function (EF) significantly weakened in patients with rTLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangyu Zhou
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China; Department of Psychiatry, Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
| | - Pingan Xiong
- Department of Taihe Hospital Reproductive Medicine Center Affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Hongwei Ren
- Department of Medical Imaging, Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Hospital of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
| | - Yanguo Yan
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
| | - Yujun Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China.
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71
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Ptak R, Bourgeois A, Cavelti S, Doganci N, Schnider A, Iannotti GR. Discrete Patterns of Cross-Hemispheric Functional Connectivity Underlie Impairments of Spatial Cognition after Stroke. J Neurosci 2020; 40:6638-6648. [PMID: 32709694 PMCID: PMC7486659 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0625-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite intense research, the neural correlates of stroke-induced deficits of spatial cognition remain controversial. For example, several cortical regions and white-matter tracts have been designated as possible anatomic predictors of spatial neglect. However, many studies focused on local anatomy, an approach that does not harmonize with the notion that brain-behavior relationships are flexible and may involve interactions among distant regions. We studied in humans of either sex resting-state fMRI connectivity associated with performance in line bisection, reading and visual search, tasks commonly used for he clinical diagnosis of neglect. We defined left and right frontal, parietal, and temporal areas as seeds (or regions of interest, ROIs), and measured whole-brain seed-based functional connectivity (FC) and ROI-to-ROI connectivity in subacute right-hemisphere stroke patients. Performance on the line bisection task was associated with decreased FC between the right fusiform gyrus and left superior occipital cortex. Complementary increases and decreases of connectivity between both temporal and occipital lobes predicted reading errors. In addition, visual search deficits were associated with modifications of FC between left and right inferior parietal lobes and right insular cortex. These distinct connectivity patterns were substantiated by analyses of FC between left- and right-hemispheric ROIs, which revealed that decreased interhemispheric and right intrahemispheric FC was associated with higher levels of impairment. Together, these findings indicate that intrahemispheric and interhemispheric cooperation between brain regions lying outside the damaged area contributes to spatial deficits in a way that depends on the different cognitive components recruited during reading, spatial judgments, and visual exploration.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Focal damage to the right cerebral hemisphere may result in a variety of deficits, often affecting the domain of spatial cognition. The neural correlates of these disorders have traditionally been studied with lesion-symptom mapping, but this method fails to capture the network dynamics that underlie cognitive performance. We studied functional connectivity in patients with right-hemisphere stroke and found a pattern of correlations between the left and right temporo-occipital, inferior parietal, and right insular cortex that were distinctively predictive of deficits in reading, spatial judgment, and visual exploration. This finding reveals the importance of interhemispheric interactions and network adaptations for the manifestation of spatial deficits after damage to the right hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Ptak
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1206, Switzerland
- Division of Neurorehabilitation, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, 1206, Switzerland
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1205, Switzerland
| | - Alexia Bourgeois
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1206, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Cavelti
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1206, Switzerland
| | - Naz Doganci
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1206, Switzerland
| | - Armin Schnider
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1206, Switzerland
- Division of Neurorehabilitation, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, 1206, Switzerland
| | - Giannina Rita Iannotti
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1206, Switzerland
- Swiss Foundation for Innovation and Training in Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, 1206, Switzerland
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72
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Alderson TH, Bokde ALW, Kelso JAS, Maguire L, Coyle D. Metastable neural dynamics underlies cognitive performance across multiple behavioural paradigms. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:3212-3234. [PMID: 32301561 PMCID: PMC7375112 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite resting state networks being associated with a variety of cognitive abilities, it remains unclear how these local areas act in concert to express particular cognitive operations. Theoretical and empirical accounts indicate that large-scale resting state networks reconcile dual tendencies towards integration and segregation by operating in a metastable regime of their coordination dynamics. Metastability may confer important behavioural qualities by binding distributed local areas into large-scale neurocognitive networks. We tested this hypothesis by analysing fMRI data in a large cohort of healthy individuals (N = 566) and comparing the metastability of the brain's large-scale resting network architecture at rest and during the performance of several tasks. Metastability was estimated using a well-defined collective variable capturing the level of 'phase-locking' between large-scale networks over time. Task-based reasoning was principally characterised by high metastability in cognitive control networks and low metastability in sensory processing areas. Although metastability between resting state networks increased during task performance, cognitive ability was more closely linked to spontaneous activity. High metastability in the intrinsic connectivity of cognitive control networks was linked to novel problem solving or fluid intelligence, but was less important in tasks relying on previous experience or crystallised intelligence. Crucially, subjects with resting architectures similar or 'pre-configured' to a task-general arrangement demonstrated superior cognitive performance. Taken together, our findings support a key linkage between the spontaneous metastability of large-scale networks in the cerebral cortex and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Alderson
- Intelligent Systems Research CentreUlster UniversityAntrimUnited Kingdom
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and TechnologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUnited States
| | - Arun L. W. Bokde
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems Group, Discipline of Psychiatry, School of MedicineTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - J. A. Scott Kelso
- Intelligent Systems Research CentreUlster UniversityAntrimUnited Kingdom
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain SciencesFlorida Atlantic UniversityBoca RatonFloridaUnited States
| | - Liam Maguire
- Intelligent Systems Research CentreUlster UniversityAntrimUnited Kingdom
| | - Damien Coyle
- Intelligent Systems Research CentreUlster UniversityAntrimUnited Kingdom
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73
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Luckett P, Lee JJ, Park KY, Dierker D, Daniel AGS, Seitzman BA, Hacker CD, Ances BM, Leuthardt EC, Snyder AZ, Shimony JS. Mapping of the Language Network With Deep Learning. Front Neurol 2020; 11:819. [PMID: 32849247 PMCID: PMC7419701 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Pre-surgical functional localization of eloquent cortex with task-based functional MRI (T-fMRI) is part of the current standard of care prior to resection of brain tumors. Resting state fMRI (RS-fMRI) is an alternative method currently under investigation. Here, we compare group level language localization using T-fMRI vs. RS-fMRI analyzed with 3D deep convolutional neural networks (3DCNN). Methods: We analyzed data obtained in 35 patients with brain tumors that had both language T-fMRI and RS-MRI scans during pre-surgical evaluation. The T-fMRI data were analyzed using conventional techniques. The language associated resting state network was mapped using a 3DCNN previously trained with data acquired in >2,700 normal subjects. Group level results obtained by both methods were evaluated using receiver operator characteristic analysis of probability maps of language associated regions, taking as ground truth meta-analytic maps of language T-fMRI responses generated on the Neurosynth platform. Results: Both fMRI methods localized major components of the language system (areas of Broca and Wernicke). Word-stem completion T-fMRI strongly activated Broca's area but also several task-general areas not specific to language. RS-fMRI provided a more specific representation of the language system. Conclusion: 3DCNN was able to accurately localize the language network. Additionally, 3DCNN performance was remarkably tolerant of a limited quantity of RS-fMRI data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Luckett
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - John J Lee
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Ki Yun Park
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Donna Dierker
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Andy G S Daniel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Benjamin A Seitzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Carl D Hacker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Beau M Ances
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Eric C Leuthardt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Abraham Z Snyder
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Joshua S Shimony
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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74
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Conrad BN, Wilkey ED, Yeo DJ, Price GR. Network topology of symbolic and nonsymbolic number comparison. Netw Neurosci 2020; 4:714-745. [PMID: 32885123 PMCID: PMC7462424 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of brain activity during number processing suggest symbolic and nonsymbolic numerical stimuli (e.g., Arabic digits and dot arrays) engage both shared and distinct neural mechanisms. However, the extent to which number format influences large-scale functional network organization is unknown. In this study, using 7 Tesla MRI, we adopted a network neuroscience approach to characterize the whole-brain functional architecture supporting symbolic and nonsymbolic number comparison in 33 adults. Results showed the degree of global modularity was similar for both formats. The symbolic format, however, elicited stronger community membership among auditory regions, whereas for nonsymbolic, stronger membership was observed within and between cingulo-opercular/salience network and basal ganglia communities. The right posterior inferior temporal gyrus, left intraparietal sulcus, and two regions in the right ventromedial occipital cortex demonstrated robust differences between formats in terms of their community membership, supporting prior findings that these areas are differentially engaged based on number format. Furthermore, a unified fronto-parietal/dorsal attention community in the nonsymbolic condition was fractionated into two components in the symbolic condition. Taken together, these results reveal a pattern of overlapping and distinct network architectures for symbolic and nonsymbolic number processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N. Conrad
- Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric D. Wilkey
- Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Brain & Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Darren J. Yeo
- Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Gavin R. Price
- Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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75
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Anderson S, Stegemöller EL. Effects of Levodopa on Impairments to High-Level Vision in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2020; 11:708. [PMID: 32849191 PMCID: PMC7380130 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have reported that Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with impairments on cognitive visual tasks. However, the effects of dopamine on cognitive vision remain equivocal. The purpose of this study was to examine performance on cognitive vision tasks in persons with PD and the effects of levodopa on these tasks. Fourteen individuals with PD and 14 age- and sex-matched healthy older adults completed the study. Participants with PD completed the visual tasks following a 12-h withdrawal of dopaminergic medication and again 1 h after taking 1.5 times their normal dose of levodopa. Healthy older adults completed the visual tasks twice using the same session format. Five complex visual tasks were completed, including line discrimination, object discrimination, facial discrimination, visual working memory, and object rotation. The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale was also collected off and on medication. Participants with PD performed significantly worse than the healthy older adults across all five visual tasks. There were no significant differences in performance between the off and on medication state in persons with PD. This finding indicates either that dopamine deficiency may not be responsible for cognitive visual impairments in PD or that cognitive visual impairments in PD might simply be the result of deficits in more basic visual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Anderson
- Integrated Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Elizabeth L Stegemöller
- Integrated Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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76
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Suárez-Méndez I, Doval S, Walter S, Pasquín N, Bernabé R, Gallo EC, Valdés M, Maestú F, López-Sanz D, Rodríguez-Mañas L. Functional Connectivity Disruption in Frail Older Adults Without Global Cognitive Deficits. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:322. [PMID: 32733905 PMCID: PMC7360673 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Frailty is a common representation of cumulative age-related decline that may precede disability in older adults. In our study, we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to explore the existence of abnormalities in the synchronization patterns of frail individuals without global cognitive impairment. Fifty-four older (≥70 years) and cognitively healthy (Mini-Mental State Examination ≥24) adults, 34 robust (not a single positive Fried criterion) and 20 frail (≥3 positive Fried criteria) underwent a resting-state MEG recording and a T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scan. Seed-based functional connectivity (FC) analyses were used to explore group differences in the synchronization of fronto-parietal areas relevant to motor function. Additionally, we performed group comparisons of intra-network FC for key resting-state networks such as the sensorimotor, fronto-parietal, default mode, and attentional (dorsal and ventral) networks. Frail participants exhibited reduced FC between posterior regions of the parietal cortex (bilateral supramarginal gyrus, right superior parietal lobe, and right angular gyrus) and widespread clusters spanning mainly fronto-parietal regions. Frail participants also demonstrated reduced intra-network FC within the fronto-parietal, ventral attentional, and posterior default mode networks. All the FC results concerned the upper beta band, a frequency range classically linked to motor function. Overall, our findings reveal the existence of abnormalities in the synchronization patterns of frail individuals within central structures important for accurate motor control. This study suggests that alterations in brain connectivity might contribute to some motor impairments associated with frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Suárez-Méndez
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience (UCM-UPM), Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Structure of Matter, Thermal Physics and Electronics, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Experimental Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Doval
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience (UCM-UPM), Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Experimental Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefan Walter
- Foundation for Biomedical Research, University Hospital of Getafe, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine and Public Health, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Pasquín
- Foundation for Biomedical Research, University Hospital of Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Bernabé
- Foundation for Biomedical Research, University Hospital of Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Myriam Valdés
- Foundation for Biomedical Research, University Hospital of Getafe, Madrid, Spain.,Geriatric Service, University Hospital of Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Maestú
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience (UCM-UPM), Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Experimental Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - David López-Sanz
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience (UCM-UPM), Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Experimental Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Leocadio Rodríguez-Mañas
- Foundation for Biomedical Research, University Hospital of Getafe, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.,Geriatric Service, University Hospital of Getafe, Madrid, Spain
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77
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Howells H, Puglisi G, Leonetti A, Vigano L, Fornia L, Simone L, Forkel SJ, Rossi M, Riva M, Cerri G, Bello L. The role of left fronto-parietal tracts in hand selection: Evidence from neurosurgery. Cortex 2020; 128:297-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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78
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Matthews TE, Witek MA, Lund T, Vuust P, Penhune VB. The sensation of groove engages motor and reward networks. Neuroimage 2020; 214:116768. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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79
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Bönstrup M, Iturrate I, Hebart MN, Censor N, Cohen LG. Mechanisms of offline motor learning at a microscale of seconds in large-scale crowdsourced data. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2020; 5:7. [PMID: 32550003 PMCID: PMC7272649 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-020-0066-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Performance improvements during early human motor skill learning are suggested to be driven by short periods of rest during practice, at the scale of seconds. To reveal the unknown mechanisms behind these "micro-offline" gains, we leveraged the sampling power offered by online crowdsourcing (cumulative N over all experiments = 951). First, we replicated the original in-lab findings, demonstrating generalizability to subjects learning the task in their daily living environment (N = 389). Second, we show that offline improvements during rest are equivalent when significantly shortening practice period duration, thus confirming that they are not a result of recovery from performance fatigue (N = 118). Third, retroactive interference immediately after each practice period reduced the learning rate relative to interference after passage of time (N = 373), indicating stabilization of the motor memory at a microscale of several seconds. Finally, we show that random termination of practice periods did not impact offline gains, ruling out a contribution of predictive motor slowing (N = 71). Altogether, these results demonstrate that micro-offline gains indicate rapid, within-seconds consolidation accounting for early skill learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Bönstrup
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Iñaki Iturrate
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Martin N. Hebart
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Nitzan Censor
- School of Psychological Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Leonardo G. Cohen
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
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80
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Bone MB, Ahmad F, Buchsbaum BR. Feature-specific neural reactivation during episodic memory. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1945. [PMID: 32327642 PMCID: PMC7181630 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15763-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a multi-voxel analytical approach, feature-specific informational connectivity (FSIC), that leverages hierarchical representations from a neural network to decode neural reactivation in fMRI data collected while participants performed an episodic visual recall task. We show that neural reactivation associated with low-level (e.g. edges), high-level (e.g. facial features), and semantic (e.g. “terrier”) features occur throughout the dorsal and ventral visual streams and extend into the frontal cortex. Moreover, we show that reactivation of both low- and high-level features correlate with the vividness of the memory, whereas only reactivation of low-level features correlates with recognition accuracy when the lure and target images are semantically similar. In addition to demonstrating the utility of FSIC for mapping feature-specific reactivation, these findings resolve the contributions of low- and high-level features to the vividness of visual memories and challenge a strict interpretation the posterior-to-anterior visual hierarchy. Memory recollection involves reactivation of neural activity that occurred during the recalled experience. Here, the authors show that neural reactivation can be decomposed into visual-semantic features, is widely synchronized throughout the brain, and predicts memory vividness and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Bone
- Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada. .,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Fahad Ahmad
- Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Bradley R Buchsbaum
- Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
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81
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Zillekens IC, Schliephake LM, Brandi ML, Schilbach L. A look at actions: direct gaze modulates functional connectivity of the right TPJ with an action control network. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 14:977-986. [PMID: 31593216 PMCID: PMC6917026 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Social signals such as eye contact and motor actions are essential elements of social interactions. However, our knowledge about the interplay of gaze signals and the control of actions remains limited. In a group of 30 healthy participants, we investigated the effect of gaze (direct gaze vs averted) on behavioral and neural measures of action control as assessed by a spatial congruency task (spatially congruent vs incongruent button presses in response to gaze shifts). Behavioral results demonstrate that inter-individual differences in condition-specific incongruency costs were associated with autistic traits. While there was no interaction effect of gaze and action control on brain activation, in a context of incongruent responses to direct gaze shifts, a psychophysiological interaction analysis showed increased functional coupling between the right temporoparietal junction, a key region in gaze processing, and the inferior frontal gyri, which have been related to both social cognition and motor inhibition. Conversely, incongruency costs to averted gaze were reflected in increased connectivity with action control areas implicated in top-down attentional processes. Our findings indicate that direct gaze perception inter-individually modulates motor actions and enforces the functional integration of gaze-related social cognition and action control processes, thereby connecting functional elements of social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imme Christina Zillekens
- Independent Max Planck Research Group for Social Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Marie-Luise Brandi
- Independent Max Planck Research Group for Social Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Leonhard Schilbach
- Independent Max Planck Research Group for Social Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.,Outpatient and Day Clinic for Disorders of Social Interaction, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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82
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Modolo J, Hassan M, Wendling F, Benquet P. Decoding the circuitry of consciousness: From local microcircuits to brain-scale networks. Netw Neurosci 2020; 4:315-337. [PMID: 32537530 PMCID: PMC7286300 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying the physiological processes underlying the emergence and maintenance of consciousness is one of the most fundamental problems of neuroscience, with implications ranging from fundamental neuroscience to the treatment of patients with disorders of consciousness (DOCs). One major challenge is to understand how cortical circuits at drastically different spatial scales, from local networks to brain-scale networks, operate in concert to enable consciousness, and how those processes are impaired in DOC patients. In this review, we attempt to relate available neurophysiological and clinical data with existing theoretical models of consciousness, while linking the micro- and macrocircuit levels. First, we address the relationships between awareness and wakefulness on the one hand, and cortico-cortical and thalamo-cortical connectivity on the other hand. Second, we discuss the role of three main types of GABAergic interneurons in specific circuits responsible for the dynamical reorganization of functional networks. Third, we explore advances in the functional role of nested oscillations for neural synchronization and communication, emphasizing the importance of the balance between local (high-frequency) and distant (low-frequency) activity for efficient information processing. The clinical implications of these theoretical considerations are presented. We propose that such cellular-scale mechanisms could extend current theories of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Modolo
- University of Rennes, INSERM, LTSI-U1099, Rennes, France
| | - Mahmoud Hassan
- University of Rennes, INSERM, LTSI-U1099, Rennes, France
| | | | - Pascal Benquet
- University of Rennes, INSERM, LTSI-U1099, Rennes, France
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83
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Bossi F, Premoli I, Pizzamiglio S, Balaban S, Ricciardelli P, Rivolta D. Theta- and Gamma-Band Activity Discriminates Face, Body and Object Perception. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:74. [PMID: 32226369 PMCID: PMC7080986 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Face and body perception is mediated by configural mechanisms, which allow the perception of these stimuli as a whole, rather than the sum of individual parts. Indirect measures of configural processing in visual cognition are the face and body inversion effects (FIE and BIE), which refer to the drop in performance when these stimuli are perceived upside-down. Albeit FIE and BIE have been well characterized at the behavioral level, much still needs to be understood in terms of the neurophysiological correlates of these effects. Thus, in the current study, the brain’s electrical activity has been recorded by a 128 channel electroencephalogram (EEG) in 24 healthy participants while perceiving (upright and inverted) faces, bodies and houses. EEG data were analyzed in both the time domain (i.e., event-related potentials—ERPs) and the frequency domain [i.e., induced theta (5–7 Hz) and gamma (28–45 Hz) oscillations]. ERPs amplitude results showed increased N170 amplitude for inverted faces and bodies (compared to the same stimuli presented in canonical position) but not for houses. ERPs latency results showed delayed N170 components for inverted (vs. upright) faces, houses, but not bodies. Spectral analysis of induced oscillations indicated physiological FIE and BIE; that is decreased gamma-band synchronization over right occipito-temporal electrodes for inverted (vs. upright) faces, and increased bilateral frontoparietal theta-band synchronization for inverted (vs. upright) faces. Furthermore, increased left occipito-temporal and right frontal theta-band synchronization for upright (vs. inverted) bodies was found. Our findings, thus, demonstrate clear differences in the neurophysiological correlates of face and body perception. The neurophysiological FIE suggests disruption of feature binding processes (decrease in occipital gamma oscillations for inverted faces), together with enhanced feature-based attention (increase in frontoparietal theta oscillations for inverted faces). In contrast, the BIE may suggest that structural encoding for bodies is mediated by the first stages of configural processing (decrease in occipital theta oscillations for inverted bodies).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bossi
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,School of Psychology, University of East London (UEL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Isabella Premoli
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Pizzamiglio
- School of Architecture, Computing and Engineering, University of East London (UEL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Sema Balaban
- School of Psychology, University of East London (UEL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Ricciardelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,NeuroMI: Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Rivolta
- School of Psychology, University of East London (UEL), London, United Kingdom.,Department of Education, Psychology, and Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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84
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Orlandi A, Arno E, Proverbio AM. The Effect of Expertise on Kinesthetic Motor Imagery of Complex Actions. Brain Topogr 2020; 33:238-254. [PMID: 32112306 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-020-00760-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability to mentally simulate an action by recalling the body sensations relative to the real execution is referred to as kinesthetic motor imagery (MI). Frontal and parietal motor-related brain regions are generally engaged during MI. The present study aimed to investigate the time course and neural correlates of complex action imagery and possible effects of expertise on the underlying action representation processes. Professional ballet dancers and controls were presented with effortful and effortless ballet steps and instructed to mentally reproduce each movement during EEG recording. Time-locked MI was associated with an Anterior Negativity (AN) component (400-550 ms) that was larger in dancers relative to controls. The AN was differentially modulated by the motor content (effort) as a function of ballet expertise. It was more negative in response to effortful (than effortless) movements in control participants only. This effect also had a frontal distribution in controls and a centro-parietal distribution in dancers, as shown by the topographic maps of the scalp voltage. The source reconstruction (swLORETA) of the recorded potentials in the AN time-window showed enhanced engagement of prefrontal regions in controls (BA 10/47) relative to dancers, and occipitotemporal (BA 20) and bilateral sensorimotor areas in dancers (BA6/40) compared with controls. This evidence seems to suggest that kinesthetic MI of complex action relied on visuomotor simulation processes in participants with acquired dance expertise. Simultaneously, increased cognitive demands occurred in participants lacking in motor knowledge with the specific action. Hence, professional dance training may lead to refined action representation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Orlandi
- Department of Psychology, Neuro-MI, Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Elisa Arno
- Department of Psychology, Neuro-MI, Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Mado Proverbio
- Department of Psychology, Neuro-MI, Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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85
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Lopez KC, Kandala S, Marek S, Barch DM. Development of Network Topology and Functional Connectivity of the Prefrontal Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2019; 30:2489-2505. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) comprises distinct regions and networks that vary in their trajectories across development. Further understanding these diverging trajectories may elucidate the neural mechanisms by which distinct PFC regions contribute to cognitive maturity. In particular, it remains unclear whether PFC regions of distinct network affiliations differ in topology and their relationship to cognition. We examined 615 individuals (8–21 years) to characterize age-related effects in participation coefficient of 28 PFC regions of distinct networks, evaluating connectivity profiles of each region to understand patterns influencing topological maturity. Findings revealed that PFC regions of attention, frontoparietal, and default mode networks (DMN) displayed varying rates of decline in participation coefficient with age, characterized by stronger connectivity with each PFC’s respective network; suggesting that PFC regions largely aid network segregation. Conversely, PFC regions of the cinguloopercular/salience network increased in participation coefficient with age, marked by stronger between-network connections, suggesting that some PFC regions feature a distinctive ability to facilitate network integration. PFC topology of the DMN, in particular, predicted improvements in global cognition, including motor speed and higher order abilities. Together, these findings elucidate systematic differences in topology across PFC regions of different network affiliation, representing important neural signatures of typical brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C Lopez
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University, St Louis, 63130 MO, USA
| | - Sridhar Kandala
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, 63110 MO, USA
| | - Scott Marek
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, 63110 MO, USA
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University, St Louis, 63130 MO, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, 63110 MO, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St Louis, 63110 MO, USA
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86
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Lanssens A, Pizzamiglio G, Mantini D, Gillebert CR. Role of the dorsal attention network in distracter suppression based on features. Cogn Neurosci 2019; 11:37-46. [PMID: 31674886 PMCID: PMC6882310 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2019.1683525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Selective attention allows us to prioritize the processing of relevant information and filter out irrelevant information. Human functional neuroimaging and lesion-based studies have highlighted the fronto-parietal dorsal attention network (DAN) as an important network in this process. In this study, we investigated the role of the DAN in distracter suppression by dynamically modifying the priority of visual information (target > high priority distracter > low priority distracter) based on features only. To this end, we collected fMRI data in 24 healthy subjects, who performed a feature-based variant of the sustained attention to response task. Participants had to select one or attend two stream(s) of overlapping digits that differed in color and respond to each digit in the task-relevant stream(s) except to a single non-target digit. Results showed higher DAN activity when a target was co-presented with a high versus low priority distracter. Furthermore, higher DAN activity was observed when selectively attending one (target + high/low priority distracter) versus simultaneously attending two (target + target) stream(s) of digits. In conclusion, our study highlights the contribution of the DAN in the feature-based suppression of task-irrelevant information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armien Lanssens
- Department of Brain and Cognition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Dante Mantini
- Research Center for Motor Control and Neuroplasticity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Brain Imaging and Neural Dynamics Research Group, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Celine R Gillebert
- Department of Brain and Cognition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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87
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Mohan V, Bhat A, Morasso P. Muscleless motor synergies and actions without movements: From motor neuroscience to cognitive robotics. Phys Life Rev 2019; 30:89-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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88
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Rossini P, Di Iorio R, Bentivoglio M, Bertini G, Ferreri F, Gerloff C, Ilmoniemi R, Miraglia F, Nitsche M, Pestilli F, Rosanova M, Shirota Y, Tesoriero C, Ugawa Y, Vecchio F, Ziemann U, Hallett M. Methods for analysis of brain connectivity: An IFCN-sponsored review. Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 130:1833-1858. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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89
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Shi L, Lou W, Wong A, Zhang F, Abrigo J, Chu WC, Kwok TC, Wong KK, Abbott D, Wang D, Mok VC. Neural evidence for long-term marriage shaping the functional brain network organization between couples. Neuroimage 2019; 199:87-92. [PMID: 31129301 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term married couples have been reported to share personality and behavioural similarities, but whether long-term marriage would shape the brain is hitherto unknown. In this study, 35 pairs of long-term married couples, who have married and living together at least 30 years, were recruited, and resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine the neural correlates of long-term marriage between couples. Seven intrinsic connectivity networks were extracted using spatially constrained group independent component analysis, and the spatial similarity of each network as well as functional connectome similarity between couples were investigated respectively. The significant spatial similarities in the salience and frontoparietal networks as well as marginally significant connectome similarity were observed in long-term married couples. In addition, the marital duration showed a significantly positive correlation with the spatial similarity in the frontoparietal network and connectome similarity. The results provide objective evidence that long-term marriage would shape brain network organization, and the combination of initial personality traits and long-term common experience of the couples may be potential factors that account for similar brain network organizations between couples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shi
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR; Research Center for Medical Image Computing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR; BrainNow Research Institute, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Wutao Lou
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Adrian Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Taipo, NT, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Jill Abrigo
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Winnie Cw Chu
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Timothy Cy Kwok
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kelvin Kl Wong
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Derek Abbott
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering and School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Defeng Wang
- Research Center for Medical Image Computing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China; School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
| | - Vincent Ct Mok
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR.
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90
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Fazekas P, Nemeth G. Dream experiences and the neural correlates of perceptual consciousness and cognitive access. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0356. [PMID: 30061469 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper approaches the debate whether perceptual consciousness requires cognitive access from the perspective of dream studies, and investigates what kind of findings could support the opposing views of this debate. Two kinds of arguments are discussed, one that claims that the hypoactivity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in rapid eye movement sleep is directly relevant, and another that proposes that locating the neural correlates of dream experiences can indirectly inform the debate. It is argued that under closer reflection, neither the classical claim about dorsolateral prefrontal cortex hypoactivity nor the more recent emphasis on general posterior hot zone activity during dreaming stand up to scrutiny. White dreaming is identified as the phenomenon that, nevertheless, holds the most promise to have an impact on the debate. Going beyond the topic if studying dreams can contribute to this debate, it is argued that cognitive access is not a monolithic phenomenon, and its neural correlates are not well understood. There seems to be a relevant form of cognitive access that can operate in the absence of activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and maybe also in the whole frontal region. If so, then exclusive posterior activation during conscious experiences might very well be compatible with the hypothesis that perceptual consciousness requires cognitive access.This article is part of the theme issue 'Perceptual consciousness and cognitive access'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fazekas
- Centre for Philosophical Psychology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Georgina Nemeth
- Behavioural Psychology Programme, Doctoral School of Psychology, Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary
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91
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Bréchet L, Brunet D, Birot G, Gruetter R, Michel CM, Jorge J. Capturing the spatiotemporal dynamics of self-generated, task-initiated thoughts with EEG and fMRI. Neuroimage 2019; 194:82-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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92
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Solomon JP, Kraeutner SN, Bardouille T, Boe SG. Probing the temporal dynamics of movement inhibition in motor imagery. Brain Res 2019; 1720:146310. [PMID: 31251906 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Beyond the lack of overt movement in motor imagery (MI), MI is thought to be functionally equivalent to motor execution (ME). Two theories appear viable to explain the neural mechanism underlying the inhibition of movement in MI, with one suggesting the inhibition of movement in MI occurs early in the planning process, and the other suggesting it occurs after the planning for movement is compete. Here we sought to generate evidence related to the timing of movement inhibition in MI. Participants performed a motor task via MI and ME that had distinct preparation and performance phases, with brain activity obtained throughout. Analysis of sensor-level data was performed to isolate event related desynchrony (ERD) in the mu and beta frequency bands in both a sensorimotor and left parietal region of interest (ROI). The magnitude of ERD in the sensorimotor ROI was significantly greater in ME than MI during both the preparatory and performance phases. The reduced ERD in the mu and beta frequency bands in the sensorimotor ROI during the preparatory phase for MI, compared to ME, suggests that movement planning is inhibited (or at least reduced) in MI, contributing to the lack of movement. While past work has shown that the networks of functional brain activity underlying MI and ME are heavily overlapping, differences in the temporal dynamics of this activity suggest that MI and ME are not equivalent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack P Solomon
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H4R2, Canada; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R2, Canada
| | - Sarah N Kraeutner
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H4R2, Canada; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R2, Canada
| | - Timothy Bardouille
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R2, Canada; Department of Physics & Atmospheric Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R2, Canada
| | - Shaun G Boe
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H4R2, Canada; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R2, Canada; School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R2, Canada.
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93
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De Micco R, Esposito F, di Nardo F, Caiazzo G, Siciliano M, Russo A, Cirillo M, Tedeschi G, Tessitore A. Sex-related pattern of intrinsic brain connectivity in drug-naïve Parkinson's disease patients. Mov Disord 2019; 34:997-1005. [PMID: 31180598 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex difference is related to specific clinical features in PD patients over the disease course. OBJECTIVES To investigate the potential sex-difference effect on the spontaneous neuronal activity within the most reported resting-state networks in early untreated PD patients and its correlation with baseline and longitudinal clinical features. METHODS Fifty-six drug-naïve PD patients (30/26 male/female) and 30 (15/15 male/female) matched controls were enrolled in the study. Topological and spectral resting-state functional MRI features of the sensorimotor, dorsal and ventral attention, frontoparietal, and default-mode networks were analyzed for possible sex-difference effects in both PD patients and controls groups. Additionally, a region-of-interest analysis was performed to test for a sex effect on basal ganglia connectivity. Multivariate ordinal regression was used to investigate whether connectivity findings at baseline were predictors of motor impairment over a 2-year follow-up period. RESULTS Compared to female PD patients and controls, male PD patients showed an abnormal spectral composition of the sensorimotor and dorsal attention networks in the slow-5 band. The region-of-interest analysis showed an increased connectivity within the basal ganglia in female PD patients compared to males. Functional sensorimotor connectivity changes at baseline showed to be an independent predictor of disease severity at 2-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed the presence of a disease-related, sex-specific cortical and subcortical connectivity pattern within the sensorimotor network, in the early stage of PD. We hypothesize that these findings may be related to the presence of different sex-specific nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways and might predict PD progression. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa De Micco
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy.,MRI Research Center, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Esposito
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, (SA), Italy
| | - Federica di Nardo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy.,MRI Research Center, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Caiazzo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy.,MRI Research Center, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Mattia Siciliano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy.,Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Antonio Russo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy.,MRI Research Center, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Mario Cirillo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy.,MRI Research Center, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Tedeschi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy.,MRI Research Center, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tessitore
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy.,MRI Research Center, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
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94
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Johnen A, Bertoux M. Psychological and Cognitive Markers of Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia-A Clinical Neuropsychologist's View on Diagnostic Criteria and Beyond. Front Neurol 2019; 10:594. [PMID: 31231305 PMCID: PMC6568027 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) is the second leading cognitive disorder caused by neurodegeneration in patients under 65 years of age. Characterized by frontal, insular, and/or temporal brain atrophy, patients present with heterogeneous constellations of behavioral and psychological symptoms among which progressive changes in social conduct, lack of empathy, apathy, disinhibited behaviors, and cognitive impairments are frequently observed. Since the histopathology of the disease is heterogeneous and identified genetic mutations only account for ~30% of cases, there are no reliable biomarkers for the diagnosis of bvFTD available in clinical routine as yet. Early detection of bvFTD thus relies on correct application of clinical diagnostic criteria. Their evaluation however, requires expertise and in-depth assessments of cognitive functions, history taking, clinical observations as well as caregiver reports on behavioral and psychological symptoms and their respective changes. With this review, we aim for a critical appraisal of common methods to access the behavioral and psychological symptoms as well as the cognitive alterations presented in the diagnostic criteria for bvFTD. We highlight both, practical difficulties as well as current controversies regarding an overlap of symptoms and particularly cognitive impairments with other neurodegenerative and primary psychiatric diseases. We then review more recent developments and evidence on cognitive, behavioral and psychological symptoms of bvFTD beyond the diagnostic criteria which may prospectively enhance the early detection and differential diagnosis in clinical routine. In particular, evidence on specific impairments in social and emotional processing, praxis abilities as well as interoceptive processing in bvFTD is summarized and potential links with behavior and classic cognitive domains are discussed. We finally outline both, future opportunities and major challenges with regard to the role of clinical neuropsychology in detecting bvFTD and related neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Johnen
- Section for Neuropsychology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Maxime Bertoux
- Univ Lille, Inserm UMR 1171 Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, CHU Lille, Lille, France
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95
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Brissenden JA, Somers DC. Cortico-cerebellar networks for visual attention and working memory. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 29:239-247. [PMID: 31202085 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar cortex, which is cytoarchitectonically homogenous, can be functionally differentiated by connectivity differences across the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortical dorsal attention network exhibits strong, selective connectivity with a set of cerebellar circuits, including lobule VIIb/VIIIa. Recent findings demonstrate that lobule VIIb/VIIIa exhibits functional properties characteristic of the cortical dorsal attention network: task-specific activation; working memory load-dependent responses; and the representation of visuospatial location. Moreover, functional cortico-cerebellar subnetworks exhibit topographic specialization for different aspects of visual attentional processing. Thus, cerebellar lobule VIIb/VIIIa, rather than simply supporting motor functions, appears to be an integral part of the brain's visual attentional circuitry. More generally, these findings suggest that parallel cortico-cerebellar networks may play highly specific functional roles in a broad range of cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Brissenden
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - David C Somers
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
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96
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Scharfen HE, Memmert D. The Relationship Between Cognitive Functions and Sport-Specific Motor Skills in Elite Youth Soccer Players. Front Psychol 2019; 10:817. [PMID: 31105611 PMCID: PMC6494938 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between basic cognitive functions and sport-specific motor skills in elite youth soccer players. A total of 15 elite youth soccer players aged 11–13 years performed a computer-based test battery measuring the attention window (AW), perceptual load (PL), working memory capacity (WMC), and multiple object tracking (MOT). Another set of tests was used to asses speed abilities and football-specific technical skills (sprint, change of direction, dribbling, ball control, shooting, and juggling). Spearman’s correlation tests showed that the diagonal AW was positively associated with dribbling skills (rs = 0.656) which indicates that a broader AW could be beneficial for highly demanding motor skills like dribbling. WMC was positively related to dribbling (rs = 0.562), ball control (rs = 0.669), and ball juggling (rs = 0.727). Additionally, the cumulated score of all cognitive tests was positively related to the cumulated motor test score (rs = 0.614) which supports the interplay of physical and psychological skills. Our findings highlight the need for more, and especially longitudinal, studies to enhance the knowledge of cognition-motor skill relationships for talent identification, talent development, and performance in soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Erik Scharfen
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Memmert
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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97
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Yildirim I, Wu J, Kanwisher N, Tenenbaum J. An integrative computational architecture for object-driven cortex. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2019; 55:73-81. [PMID: 30825704 PMCID: PMC6548583 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Computational architecture for object-driven cortex Objects in motion activate multiple cortical regions in every lobe of the human brain. Do these regions represent a collection of independent systems, or is there an overarching functional architecture spanning all of object-driven cortex? Inspired by recent work in artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and cognitive science, we consider the hypothesis that these regions can be understood as a coherent network implementing an integrative computational system that unifies the functions needed to perceive, predict, reason about, and plan with physical objects-as in the paradigmatic case of using or making tools. Our proposal draws on a modeling framework that combines multiple AI methods, including causal generative models, hybrid symbolic-continuous planning algorithms, and neural recognition networks, with object-centric, physics-based representations. We review evidence relating specific components of our proposal to the specific regions that comprise object-driven cortex, and lay out future research directions with the goal of building a complete functional and mechanistic account of this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilker Yildirim
- Center for Brains, Minds, and Machines, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States; Department of Brain & Cognitive Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States.
| | - Jiajun Wu
- Center for Brains, Minds, and Machines, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Nancy Kanwisher
- Center for Brains, Minds, and Machines, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States; Department of Brain & Cognitive Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Joshua Tenenbaum
- Center for Brains, Minds, and Machines, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States; Department of Brain & Cognitive Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
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98
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A Rapid Form of Offline Consolidation in Skill Learning. Curr Biol 2019; 29:1346-1351.e4. [PMID: 30930043 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The brain strengthens memories through consolidation, defined as resistance to interference (stabilization) or performance improvements between the end of a practice session and the beginning of the next (offline gains) [1]. Typically, consolidation has been measured hours or days after the completion of training [2], but the same concept may apply to periods of rest that occur interspersed in a series of practice bouts within the same session. Here, we took an unprecedented close look at the within-seconds time course of early human procedural learning over alternating short periods of practice and rest that constitute a typical online training session. We found that performance did not markedly change over short periods of practice. On the other hand, performance improvements in between practice periods, when subjects were at rest, were significant and accounted for early procedural learning. These offline improvements were more prominent in early training trials when the learning curve was steep and no performance decrements during preceding practice periods were present. At the neural level, simultaneous magnetoencephalographic recordings showed an anatomically defined signature of this phenomenon. Beta-band brain oscillatory activity in a predominantly contralateral frontoparietal network predicted rest-period performance improvements. Consistent with its role in sensorimotor engagement [3], modulation of beta activity may reflect replay of task processes during rest periods. We report a rapid form of offline consolidation that substantially contributes to early skill learning and may extend the concept of consolidation to a time scale in the order of seconds, rather than the hours or days traditionally accepted.
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99
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Aberrant functional connectivity in patients with Parkinson's disease and freezing of gait: a within- and between-network analysis. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 14:1543-1554. [PMID: 30887415 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Freezing of gait (FOG) is a disabling motor symptom that affects patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). MRI-based evidence suggest that multiple brain structures are involved in the occurrence of FOG. We investigated the integrity of the neuronal networks in PD patients with FOG (PD-FOG), considering both within-network resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) and between-network rsFC. Thirty-one PD patients (15 PD-FOG and 16 PD-nFOG) and 16 healthy subjects (HS) underwent a rsfMRI study. The data was analysed by using FSL Melodic and FSLNets software to study within- and between-network rsFC. PD-FOG displayed a higher within-network rsFC that involved a greater number of resting-state networks (RSNs) than PD-nFOG. rsFC in the basal ganglia network significantly correlated with the Timed Up and Go test. Moreover, when compared with HS, PD-FOG displayed reduced rsFC between the right fronto-parietal and executive-control RSNs, which significantly correlated with FOG severity. This study demonstrates that FOG is associated with an impaired interplay and communication between the RSNs that underpin attentive and executive abilities, especially in the right hemisphere.
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100
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Disruption of motor imagery performance following inhibition of the left inferior parietal lobe. Neuropsychologia 2019; 127:106-112. [PMID: 30807756 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The left inferior parietal lobe (IPL), a brain region localized to the ventro-dorsal stream, is known to be critical to motor imagery (MI) performance. Yet its specific role in processes underlying MI, namely the generation, maintenance, manipulation, and controllability of motor images, is conflicting in the literature. To determine the specific role of the left IPL in MI, the current study sought to examine the effect inhibition of the left IPL has on performance on two disparate measures thought to probe different MI processes within the same participants. Participants (N = 31) completed the hand laterality judgment task (HLJT), employed to probe processes related to manipulation and controllability, and mental chronometry, employed to probe processes related to generation and maintenance, after receiving either inhibitory transcranial magnetic stimulation to the left IPL (Active-TMS group), or with the coil angled away from the scalp (Sham group). Impaired performance on the HLJT was observed following active TMS relative to sham. Similar mental chronometry performance resulted regardless of left IPL inhibition. In showing that inhibition of the left IPL selectively disrupted performance on the HLJT but not mental chronometry, our findings indicate that the left IPL is specifically involved in image manipulation and controllability during MI. Ultimately, the current study extends our understanding of the role of the left IPL in MI.
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