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Liang T, Fu Q, Li F, Zhou W, Xin H, Wang H, Jin Y, Liang X. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography for the separation, purification, and quantification of raffinose family oligosaccharides from Lycopus lucidus
Turcz. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2607-13. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tu Liang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry; Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 PR China
| | - Qing Fu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry; Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 PR China
| | - Fangbing Li
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry; Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 PR China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry; Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 PR China
| | - Huaxia Xin
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry; Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry; Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 PR China
| | - Yu Jin
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry; Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 PR China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry; Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 PR China
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry; Key Lab of Natural Medicine, Liaoning Province, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian 116023 PR China
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Varasteh S, Braber S, Garssen J, Fink-Gremmels J. Galacto-oligosaccharides exert a protective effect against heat stress in a Caco-2 cell model. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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53
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Matros A, Peshev D, Peukert M, Mock HP, Van den Ende W. Sugars as hydroxyl radical scavengers: proof-of-concept by studying the fate of sucralose in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 82:822-39. [PMID: 25891826 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Substantial formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is inevitable in aerobic life forms. Due to their extremely high reactivity and short lifetime, hydroxyl radicals are a special case, because cells have not developed enzymes to detoxify these most dangerous ROS. Thus, scavenging of hydroxyl radicals may only occur by accumulation of higher levels of simple organic compounds. Previous studies have demonstrated that plant-derived sugars show hydroxyl radical scavenging capabilities during Fenton reactions with Fe(2+) and hydrogen peroxide in vitro, leading to formation of less detrimental sugar radicals that may be subject of regeneration to non-radical carbohydrates in vivo. Here, we provide further evidence for the occurrence of such radical reactions with sugars in planta, by following the fate of sucralose, an artificial analog of sucrose, in Arabidopsis tissues. The expected sucralose recombination and degradation products were detected in both normal and stressed plant tissues. Oxidation products of endogenous sugars were also assessed in planta for Arabidopsis and barley, and were shown to increase in abundance relative to the non-oxidized precursor during oxidative stress conditions. We concluded that such non-enzymatic reactions with hydroxyl radicals form an integral part of plant antioxidant mechanisms contributing to cellular ROS homeostasis, and may be more important than generally assumed. This is discussed in relation to the recently proposed roles for Fe(2+) and hydrogen peroxide in processes leading to the origin of metabolism and the origin of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Matros
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstraße 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Darin Peshev
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manuela Peukert
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstraße 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Mock
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstraße 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
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Krishna G. Inulin supplementation during gestation mitigates acrylamide-induced maternal and fetal brain oxidative dysfunctions and neurotoxicity in rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2015; 49:49-58. [PMID: 25801384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the developing brain is more susceptible to a variety of chemicals. Recent studies have shown a link between the enteric microbiota and brain function. While supplementation of non-digestible oligosaccharides during pregnancy has been demonstrated to positively influence human health mediated through stimulation of beneficial microbiota, our understanding on their neuromodulatory propensity is limited. In the present study, our primary focus was to examine whether supplementation of inulin (a well known fructan) during gestation can abrogate acrylamide (ACR)-induced oxidative impairments and neurotoxicity in maternal and fetal brain of rats. Initially, in a dose-determinative study, we recapitulated the impact of ACR exposure during gestation days (GD 6-19) on gestational parameters, extent of oxidative impairments in brain (maternal/fetal), cholinergic function and neurotoxicity. Subsequently, pregnant rats orally (gavage) administered with inulin (IN, 2 g/kg/day in two equal installments) supplements during gestation days (GD 0-19) were exposed to ACR (200 ppm) in drinking water. IN supplements significantly attenuated ACR-induced changes in exploratory activity (reduced open field exploration) measured on GD 14. Further, IN restored the placental weights among ACR exposed dams. Analysis of biochemical markers revealed that IN supplements effectively offset ACR associated oxidative stress not only in the maternal brain, but in the fetal brain as well. Elevated levels of protein carbonyls in maternal brain regions were completely normalized with IN supplements. More importantly, IN supplements significantly augmented the number of Bifidobacteria in the cecum of ACR rats which correlated well with the neurorestorative effect as evidenced by restored dopamine levels in the maternal cortex and fetal brain acetylcholinesterase activity among ACR-exposed dams. Further, IN supplements also conferred significant protection against mitochondrial dysfunction induced by ACR in both milieus. Although the precise mechanism/s by which IN supplements during pregnancy attenuate ACR induced neurotoxic impact merits further investigations, we hypothesize that it may mediate through enhanced enteric microbiota and abrogation of oxidative stress. Further, our study provides an experimental approach to explore the neuroprotective role of prebiotic oligosaccharides during pregnancy in reducing the adverse impact of developmental neurotoxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Krishna
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore 570020, Karnataka, India
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55
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Implication of fructans in health: immunomodulatory and antioxidant mechanisms. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:289267. [PMID: 25961072 PMCID: PMC4417592 DOI: 10.1155/2015/289267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that fructans, a soluble dietary fiber, are beneficial to human health and offer a promising approach for the treatment of some diseases. Fructans are nonreducing carbohydrates composed of fructosyl units and terminated by a single glucose molecule. These carbohydrates may be straight or branched with varying degrees of polymerization. Additionally, fructans are resistant to hydrolysis by human digestive enzymes but can be fermented by the colonic microbiota to produce short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), metabolic by-products that possess immunomodulatory activity. The indirect role of fructans in stimulating probiotic growth is one of the mechanisms through which fructans exert their prebiotic activity and improve health or ameliorate disease. However, a more direct mechanism for fructan activity has recently been suggested; fructans may interact with immune cells in the intestinal lumen to modulate immune responses in the body. Fructans are currently being studied for their potential as “ROS scavengers” that benefit intestinal epithelial cells by improving their redox environment. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of fructans interaction with the intestinal immune system, the gut microbiota, and other components of the intestinal lumen to provide an overview of the mechanisms underlying the effects of fructans on health and disease.
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56
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Cimini S, Locato V, Vergauwen R, Paradiso A, Cecchini C, Vandenpoel L, Verspreet J, Courtin CM, D'Egidio MG, Van den Ende W, De Gara L. Fructan biosynthesis and degradation as part of plant metabolism controlling sugar fluxes during durum wheat kernel maturation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:89. [PMID: 25750648 PMCID: PMC4335405 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Wheat kernels contain fructans, fructose based oligosaccharides with prebiotic properties, in levels between 2 and 35 weight % depending on the developmental stage of the kernel. To improve knowledge on the metabolic pathways leading to fructan storage and degradation, carbohydrate fluxes occurring during durum wheat kernel development were analyzed. Kernels were collected at various developmental stages and quali-quantitative analysis of carbohydrates (mono- and di-saccharides, fructans, starch) was performed, alongside analysis of the activities and gene expression of the enzymes involved in their biosynthesis and hydrolysis. High resolution HPAEC-PAD of fructan contained in durum wheat kernels revealed that fructan content is higher at the beginning of kernel development, when fructans with higher DP, such as bifurcose and 1,1-nystose, were mainly found. The changes in fructan pool observed during kernel maturation might be part of the signaling pathways influencing carbohydrate metabolism and storage in wheat kernels during development. During the first developmental stages fructan accumulation may contribute to make kernels more effective Suc sinks and to participate in osmotic regulation while the observed decrease in their content may mark the transition to later developmental stages, transition that is also orchestrated by changes in redox balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cimini
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry and Food Sciences, Campus Bio-Medico UniversityRome, Italy
| | - Vittoria Locato
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry and Food Sciences, Campus Bio-Medico UniversityRome, Italy
| | - Rudy Vergauwen
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Biology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | | | - Cristina Cecchini
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Unità di ricerca per la Valorizzazione Qualitativa dei CerealiRome, Italy
| | - Liesbeth Vandenpoel
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry and Food Sciences, Campus Bio-Medico UniversityRome, Italy
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Biology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Joran Verspreet
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | | | - Maria Grazia D'Egidio
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Unità di ricerca per la Valorizzazione Qualitativa dei CerealiRome, Italy
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Biology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Laura De Gara
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry and Food Sciences, Campus Bio-Medico UniversityRome, Italy
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57
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Bazinet L, Doyen A. Antioxidants, mechanisms, and recovery by membrane processes. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 57:677-700. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.912609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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58
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Franco-Robles E, López MG. Implication of fructans in health: immunomodulatory and antioxidant mechanisms. ScientificWorldJournal 2015. [PMID: 25961072 DOI: 10.1155/2015/289367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that fructans, a soluble dietary fiber, are beneficial to human health and offer a promising approach for the treatment of some diseases. Fructans are nonreducing carbohydrates composed of fructosyl units and terminated by a single glucose molecule. These carbohydrates may be straight or branched with varying degrees of polymerization. Additionally, fructans are resistant to hydrolysis by human digestive enzymes but can be fermented by the colonic microbiota to produce short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), metabolic by-products that possess immunomodulatory activity. The indirect role of fructans in stimulating probiotic growth is one of the mechanisms through which fructans exert their prebiotic activity and improve health or ameliorate disease. However, a more direct mechanism for fructan activity has recently been suggested; fructans may interact with immune cells in the intestinal lumen to modulate immune responses in the body. Fructans are currently being studied for their potential as "ROS scavengers" that benefit intestinal epithelial cells by improving their redox environment. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of fructans interaction with the intestinal immune system, the gut microbiota, and other components of the intestinal lumen to provide an overview of the mechanisms underlying the effects of fructans on health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Franco-Robles
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, 36821 Irapuato, GTO, Mexico
| | - Mercedes G López
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, 36821 Irapuato, GTO, Mexico
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Pavan V, Sancho RAS, Pastore GM. The effect of in vitro digestion on the antioxidant activity of fruit extracts (Carica papaya, Artocarpus heterophillus and Annona marcgravii). Lebensm Wiss Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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60
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Guerreiro I, Pérez-Jiménez A, Costas B, Oliva-Teles A. Effect of temperature and short chain fructooligosaccharides supplementation on the hepatic oxidative status and immune response of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:570-576. [PMID: 25149593 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study the effect of diet supplementation with different levels of short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) on the hepatic oxidative status, hematology and innate immune parameters was evaluated in turbot reared at 15 °C and 20 °C. Four practical diets containing half of the protein provided by plant ingredients and the other half by fish meal were supplemented with scFOS at 0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% and fed to turbot juveniles for 9 weeks. Independently of the rearing temperature, diet with 1% scFOS increased the haematocrit (Ht) while 2% scFOS augmented the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), white blood cells (%) and lysozyme were higher in fish reared at 15 °C, whereas red blood cells and neutrophil numbers increased in fish reared at 20 °C. Catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities were affected by rearing temperature being lower in fish reared at 20 °C. Compared to the control diet, at 15 °C, turbot fed 0.5 or 1% scFOS presented lower activities of CAT and glutathione reductase (GR). At 20 °C turbot fed the 2% scFOS diet presented lower activities of CAT and GPX. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity were not affected by temperature nor dietary prebiotic incorporation. Results of this study suggest scFOS has no effect on innate immunology or hematology. High temperature (20 °C) does not induce turbot oxidative stress, but the recommended dietary scFOS incorporation level for counteracting oxidative stress may differ with other rearing temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Guerreiro
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Amalia Pérez-Jiménez
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Benjamín Costas
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Aires Oliva-Teles
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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61
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Zulkafli ZD, Wang H, Miyashita F, Utsumi N, Tamura K. Cosolvent-modified supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of phenolic compounds from bamboo leaves (Sasa palmata). J Supercrit Fluids 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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62
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Pasqualetti V, Altomare A, Guarino MPL, Locato V, Cocca S, Cimini S, Palma R, Alloni R, De Gara L, Cicala M. Antioxidant activity of inulin and its role in the prevention of human colonic muscle cell impairment induced by lipopolysaccharide mucosal exposure. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98031. [PMID: 24837182 PMCID: PMC4024047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fructans, such as inulin, are dietary fibers which stimulate gastro-intestinal (GI) function acting as prebiotics. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) impairs GI motility, through production of reactive oxygen species. The antioxidant activity of various fructans was tested and the protective effect of inulin on colonic smooth muscle cell (SMC) impairment, induced by exposure of human mucosa to LPS, was assessed in an ex vivo experimental model. METHODS The antioxidant capacity of fructans was measured in an in vitro system that simulates cooking and digestion processes. Human colonic mucosa and submucosa, obtained from disease-free margins of resected segments for cancer, were sealed between two chambers, with the mucosal side facing upwards with Krebs solution with or without purified LPS from a pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli (O111:B4) and inulin (Frutafit IQ), and the submucosal side facing downwards into Krebs solution. The solutions on the submucosal side were collected following mucosal exposure to Krebs in the absence (N-undernatant) or presence of LPS (LPS-undernatant) or LPS+inulin (LPS+INU-undernatant). Undernatants were tested for their antioxidant activity and the effects on SMCs contractility. Inulin protective effects on mucosa and submucosa layers were assessed measuring the protein oxidation level in the experimental conditions analyzed. RESULTS Antioxidant activity of inulin, which was significantly higher compared to simple sugars, remained unaltered despite cooking and digestion processes. Inulin protected the mucosal and submucosal layers against protein oxidation. Following exposure to LPS-undernatant, a significant decrease in maximal acetylcholine (Ach)-induced contraction was observed when compared to the contraction induced in cells incubated with the N-undernatant (4±1% vs 25±5% respectively, P<0.005) and this effect was completely prevented by pre-incubation of LPS with Inulin (35±5%). CONCLUSIONS Inulin protects the human colon mucosa from LPS-induced damage and this effect appears to be related to the protective effect of inulin against LPS-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pasqualetti
- Food Sciences and Human Nutrition Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Annamaria Altomare
- Gastroenterology Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Vittoria Locato
- Food Sciences and Human Nutrition Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Cocca
- Gastroenterology Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Cimini
- Food Sciences and Human Nutrition Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Palma
- Gastroenterology Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossana Alloni
- Surgery Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura De Gara
- Food Sciences and Human Nutrition Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Cicala
- Gastroenterology Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
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64
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Liu W, Wang J, Zhang Z, Xu J, Xie Z, Slavin M, Gao X. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of a fructan from the roots of Arctium lappa L. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 65:446-53. [PMID: 24508920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To explore new antioxidant resource from food, a water-soluble polysaccharide (ALP1) was extracted and purified from the roots of Arctium lappa L. (A. lappa L.) through hot water extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The antioxidant activity of ALP1 was then evaluated in vitro and in vivo. ALP1 was characterized as a fructan composed of fructose and glucose in the ratio of 13.0:1.0, with an average molecular weight of 4600 Da. The linkages in ALP1 were →1)-Fruf-(2→, Fruf-(2→ and Glcp-(1→. In vitro antioxidant assays demonstrated that ALP1 possessed moderate ABTS(+) scavenging activity, strong hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and strong ferrous ion chelating activity. In in vivo antioxidant assays, ALP1 administration significantly enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and total antioxidant capacity, as well as decreased the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in both the serum and liver of aging mice. These results suggest that ALP1 has potential as a novel natural antioxidant in food industry and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jinnan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Zhuohong Xie
- International Chemistry Testing, Milford, MA 01757, USA
| | - Margaret Slavin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Xiangdong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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65
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Jiang Y, Han W, Shen T, Wang MH. Antioxidant Activity and Protection from DNA Damage by Water Extract from Pine (Pinus densiflora) Bark. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2014; 17:116-21. [PMID: 24471072 PMCID: PMC3866746 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2012.17.2.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Water extract from Pinus densiflora (WPD) was investigated for its antioxidant activity and its ability to provide protection from DNA damage. A series of antioxidant assays, including a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging assay, a reducing power assay, a metal-chelating assay, a superoxide radical scavenging assay, and a nitrite scavenging ability, as well as a DNA damage protection assay were performed. Total phenolic content was found to be 211.32 mg Tan/g WPD. The extract scavenged 50% DPPH free radical at a concentration of 21.35 μg/mL. At that same concentration, the reducing power ability of WPD was higher than that of α-tocopherol. The extract chelated 68.9% ferrous ion at the concentration of 4 mg/mL. WPD showed better nitrite scavenging effect at the lower pH. Meanwhile, WPD exhibited a strong capability for DNA damage protection at 1 mg/mL concentration. Taken together, these data suggest water extract from Pinus densiflora could be used as a suitable natural antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyao Jiang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Gangwon 200-701, Korea
| | - Woong Han
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Gangwon 200-701, Korea
| | - Ting Shen
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Gangwon 200-701, Korea
| | - Myeong-Hyeon Wang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Gangwon 200-701, Korea
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ElSayed AI, Rafudeen MS, Golldack D. Physiological aspects of raffinose family oligosaccharides in plants: protection against abiotic stress. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2014; 16:1-8. [PMID: 23937337 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses resulting from water deficit, high salinity or periods of drought adversely affect plant growth and development and represent major selective forces during plant evolution. The raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) are synthesised from sucrose by the subsequent addition of activated galactinol moieties donated by galactinol. RFOs are characterised as compatible solutes involved in stress tolerance defence mechanisms, although evidence also suggests that they act as antioxidants, are part of carbon partitioning strategies and may serve as signals in response to stress. The key enzyme and regulatory point in RFO biosynthesis is galactinol synthase (GolS), and an increase of GolS in expression and activity is often associated with abiotic stress. It has also been shown that different GolS isoforms are expressed in response to different types of abiotic stress, suggesting that the timing and accumulation of RFOs are controlled for each abiotic stress. However, the accumulation of RFOs in response to stress is not universal and other functional roles have been suggested for RFOs, such as being part of a carbon storage mechanism. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants with increased galactinol and raffinose concentrations had better ROS scavenging capacity, while many sugars have been shown in vitro to have antioxidant activity, suggesting that RFOs may also act as antioxidants. The RFO pathway also interacts with other carbohydrate pathways, such as that of O-methyl inositol (OMI), which shows that the functional relevance of RFOs must not be seen in isolation to overall carbon re-allocation during stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I ElSayed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - M S Rafudeen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - D Golldack
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
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Action of Chicory Fructooligosaccharides on Biomimetic Membranes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/186109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructooligosaccharides from chicory (FOSC) are functional prebiotic foods recognized to exert several well-being effects in human health and animal production, as decreasing blood lipids, modulating the gut immune system, enhancing mineral bioavailability, and inhibiting microbial growth, among others. Mechanisms of actions directly on cell metabolism and structure are however little known. In this sense this work was targeted to investigate the interaction of FOSC with biomimetic membranes (liposomes and supported bilayer membrane; s-BLM) through cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy, spectrofluorimetry, and microscopy. FOSC was able to disrupt the membrane structure of liposomes and s-BLM from the onset of molecular pores induced on it. The mechanism of interaction of fructans with biomimetic membranes suggests hydrogen bonding between the polyhydroxylated structure of the oligosaccharides and the negative polar group of L-α-phosphatidylcholine (PC) present in both liposomes and s-BLM.
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68
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Verspreet J, Cimini S, Vergauwen R, Dornez E, Locato V, Le Roy K, De Gara L, Van den Ende W, Delcour JA, Courtin CM. Fructan Metabolism in Developing Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Kernels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 54:2047-57. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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69
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den Ende WV. Multifunctional fructans and raffinose family oligosaccharides. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:247. [PMID: 23882273 PMCID: PMC3713406 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fructans and raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) are the two most important classes of water-soluble carbohydrates in plants. Recent progress is summarized on their metabolism (and regulation) and on their functions in plants and in food (prebiotics, antioxidants). Interest has shifted from the classic inulin-type fructans to more complex fructans. Similarly, alternative RFOs were discovered next to the classic RFOs. Considerable progress has been made in the understanding of structure-function relationships among different kinds of plant fructan metabolizing enzymes. This helps to understand their evolution from (invertase) ancestors, and the evolution and role of so-called "defective invertases." Both fructans and RFOs can act as reserve carbohydrates, membrane stabilizers and stress tolerance mediators. Fructan metabolism can also play a role in osmoregulation (e.g., flower opening) and source-sink relationships. Here, two novel emerging roles are highlighted. First, fructans and RFOs may contribute to overall cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis by specific ROS scavenging processes in the vicinity of organellar membranes (e.g., vacuole, chloroplasts). Second, it is hypothesized that small fructans and RFOs act as phloem-mobile signaling compounds under stress. It is speculated that such underlying antioxidant and oligosaccharide signaling mechanisms contribute to disease prevention in plants as well as in animals and in humans.
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70
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Keunen E, Peshev D, Vangronsveld J, Van Den Ende W, Cuypers A. Plant sugars are crucial players in the oxidative challenge during abiotic stress: extending the traditional concept. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:1242-55. [PMID: 23305614 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants suffering from abiotic stress are commonly facing an enhanced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with damaging as well as signalling effects at organellar and cellular levels. The outcome of an environmental challenge highly depends on the delicate balance between ROS production and scavenging by both enzymatic and metabolic antioxidants. However, this traditional classification is in need of renewal and reform, as it is becoming increasingly clear that soluble sugars such as disaccharides, raffinose family oligosaccharides and fructans--next to their associated metabolic enzymes--are strongly related to stress-induced ROS accumulation in plants. Therefore, this review aims at extending the current concept of antioxidants functioning during abiotic stress, with special focus on the emanate role of sugars as true ROS scavengers. Examples are given based on their cellular location, as different organelles seem to exploit distinct mechanisms. Moreover, the vacuole comes into the picture as important player in the ROS signalling network of plants. Elucidating the interplay between the mechanisms controlling ROS signalling during abiotic stress will facilitate the development of strategies to enhance crop tolerance to stressful environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els Keunen
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Darin Peshev
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KULeuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jaco Vangronsveld
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KULeuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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71
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Ceusters J, Godts C, Peshev D, Vergauwen R, Dyubankova N, Lescrinier E, De Proft MP, Van den Ende W. Sedoheptulose accumulation under CO₂ enrichment in leaves of Kalanchoë pinnata: a novel mechanism to enhance C and P homeostasis? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:1497-507. [PMID: 23378377 PMCID: PMC3617823 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the well-documented roles of its mono- and bisphosphate esters, the occurrence of free sedoheptulose in plant tissues remains a matter of conjecture. The present work sought to determine the origin of sedoheptulose formation in planta, as well as its physiological importance. Elevated CO2 and sucrose induction experiments were used to study sedoheptulose metabolism in the Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants Kalanchoë pinnata and Sedum spectabile. Experimental evidence suggested that sedoheptulose is produced from the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway intermediate sedoheptulose-7-phosphate, by a sedoheptulose-7-phosphate phosphatase. Carbon flux through this pathway was stimulated by increased triose-phosphate levels (elevated CO2, compromised sink availability, and sucrose incubation of source leaves) and attenuated by ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi). The accumulation of free sedoheptulose is proposed to act as a mechanism contributing to both C and P homeostasis by serving as an alternative carbon store under elevated CO2 or a compromised sink capacity to avoid sucrose accumulation, depletion of inorganic phosphate, and suppression of photosynthesis. It remains to be established whether this acclimation-avoiding mechanism is confined to CAM plants, which might be especially vulnerable to Pi imbalances, or whether some C3 and C4 plants also dispose of the genetic capacity to induce and accelerate sedoheptulose synthesis upon CO2 elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Ceusters
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biosystems, Division of Crop Biotechnics, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 42, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Christof Godts
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biosystems, Division of Crop Biotechnics, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 42, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Darin Peshev
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Rudy Vergauwen
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Natalia Dyubankova
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eveline Lescrinier
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maurice P. De Proft
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biosystems, Division of Crop Biotechnics, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 42, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Pourghassem Gargari B, Dehghan P, Aliasgharzadeh A, Asghari Jafar-abadi M. Effects of high performance inulin supplementation on glycemic control and antioxidant status in women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab J 2013; 37:140-8. [PMID: 23641355 PMCID: PMC3638225 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2013.37.2.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of high performance inulin supplementation on blood glycemic control and antioxidant status in women with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In a randomized, triple-blind controlled trial, 49 females (fiber intake <30 g/day, 25<body mass index <35 kg/m(2)) with type 2 diabetes were recruited from the Iran Diabetes Society and from endocrinology and metabolism clinics associated with the Tabriz University of Medical Science. The participants were divided into one of two groups in which the participants either received 10 g/day of inulin (intervention, n=24) or maltodextrin (control, n=25) for 2 months. Fasting blood samples were obtained and both glycemic control and antioxidant status were determined at baseline and at the end of the study. RESULTS At the end of the study period, there were significant decreases in fasting plasma glucose (8.47%), glycosylated hemoglobin (10.43%), and malondialdehyde (37.21%) levels and significant increases in total antioxidant capacity (18.82%) and superoxide dismutase activity (4.36%) in the inulin group when compared to the maltodextrin group (P<0.05). Changes in fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and catalase activity were not significant in the inulin group when compared with the maltodextrin group. Glutathione peroxidase activity remained unchanged in both groups. CONCLUSION Inulin supplementation may improve some glycemic and antioxidant indices and decrease malondialdehyde levels in women with type 2 diabetes. Further investigations are needed in order to confirm the positive effects that inulin may have on the glycemic and antioxidant indices of patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Pourghassem Gargari
- Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parvin Dehghan
- Student Research Center, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Akbar Aliasgharzadeh
- Endocrine and Metabolism Section, Imam Reza Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asghari Jafar-abadi
- Department of Statistic and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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dos Santos R, Vergauwen R, Pacolet P, Lescrinier E, Van den Ende W. Manninotriose is a major carbohydrate in red deadnettle (Lamium purpureum, Lamiaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 111:385-93. [PMID: 23264235 PMCID: PMC3579443 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There is a great need to search for natural compounds with superior prebiotic, antioxidant and immunostimulatory properties for use in (food) applications. Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) show such properties. Moreover, they contribute to stress tolerance in plants, acting as putative membrane stabilizers, antioxidants and signalling agents. METHODS A large-scale soluble carbohydrate screening was performed within the plant kingdom. An unknown compound accumulated to a high extent in early-spring red deadnettle (Lamium purpureum) but not in other RFO plants. The compound was purified and its structure was unravelled with NMR. Organs and organ parts of red deadnettle were carefully dissected and analysed for soluble sugars. Phloem sap content was analysed by a common EDTA-based method. KEY RESULTS Early-spring red deadnettle stems and roots accumulate high concentrations of the reducing trisaccharide manninotriose (Galα1,6Galα1,6Glc), a derivative of the non-reducing RFO stachyose (Galα1,6Galα1,6Glcα1,2βFru). Detailed soluble carbohydrate analyses on dissected stem and leaf sections, together with phloem sap analyses, strongly suggest that stachyose is the main transport compound, but extensive hydrolysis of stachyose to manninotriose seems to occur along the transport path. Based on the specificities of the observed carbohydrate dynamics, the putative physiological roles of manninotriose in red deadnettle are discussed. CONCLUSIONS It is demonstrated for the first time that manninotriose is a novel and important player in the RFO metabolism of red dead deadnettle. It is proposed that manninotriose represents a temporary storage carbohydrate in early-spring deadnettle, at the same time perhaps functioning as a membrane protector and/or as an antioxidant in the vicinity of membranes, as recently suggested for other RFOs and fructans. This novel finding urges further research on this peculiar carbohydrate on a broader array of RFO accumulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel dos Santos
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rudy Vergauwen
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Pacolet
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eveline Lescrinier
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Szeto YT, Cheng NF, Pak SC, Kalle W. Genoprotective Effect of the Chinese Herbal Decoction Xiao Jian Zhong Tang. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300800328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chinese herbal decoction formula Xiao Jian Zhong Tang (XJZT) is one of the classic formulas from the classic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Previous studies on XJZT found that it is effective for treating peptic ulcer, irritable bowel syndrome, functional gastroenteritis and similar psychosomatic disorders of the digestive organs. It has also been shown that all the herbs used in XJZT contain antioxidants. In this study, we investigated the in vitro DNA protection effect of the individual herb extracts and the whole formula. Water extract of the herbs and XJZT were used to pre-treat human lymphocytes. The lymphocytes were then exposed to hydrogen peroxide. The in vitro DNA protection effect of the herbs was investigated by comet assay. No DNA protective effect ( P <0.05) was found for individual herb extracts, but XJZT showed protection of human lymphocytic DNA upon oxidative stress ( P<0.05). The in vitro DNA protection effect of XJZT was conferred by the synergistic effect of the herbs, while the individual herbs had no such effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yim-Tong Szeto
- Department of Applied Science, Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education (Shatin), 21 Yuen Wo Road, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
- Macao Society for the Study of Women's Health, Macao
| | - Ngok-Fung Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, 3 Lok Man Road, Hong Kong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, NSW, Australia
| | - Sok-Cheon Pak
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, NSW, Australia
| | - Wouter Kalle
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, NSW, Australia
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Peshev D, Vergauwen R, Moglia A, Hideg É, Van den Ende W. Towards understanding vacuolar antioxidant mechanisms: a role for fructans? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:1025-38. [PMID: 23349141 PMCID: PMC3580814 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent in vitro, in vivo, and theoretical experiments strongly suggest that sugar-(like) molecules counteract oxidative stress by acting as genuine reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers. A concept was proposed to include the vacuole as a part of the cellular antioxidant network. According to this view, sugars and sugar-like vacuolar compounds work in concert with vacuolar phenolic compounds and the 'classic' cytosolic antioxidant mechanisms. Among the biologically relevant ROS (H(2)O(2), O(2)·(-), and ·OH), hydroxyl radicals are the most reactive and dangerous species since there are no enzymatic systems known to neutralize them in any living beings. Therefore, it is important to study in more detail the radical reactions between ·OH and different biomolecules, including sugars. Here, Fenton reactions were used to compare the ·OH-scavenging capacities of a range of natural vacuolar compounds to establish relationships between antioxidant capacity and chemical structure and to unravel the mechanisms of ·OH-carbohydrate reactions. The in vitro work on the ·OH-scavenging capacity of sugars and phenolic compounds revealed a correlation between structure and ·OH-scavenging capacity. The number and position of the C=C type of linkages in phenolic compounds greatly influence antioxidant properties. Importantly, the splitting of disaccharides and oligosaccharides emerged as a predominant outcome of the ·OH-carbohydrate interaction. Moreover, non-enzymatic synthesis of new fructan oligosaccharides was found starting from 1-kestotriose. Based on these and previous findings, a working model is proposed describing the putative radical reactions involving fructans and secondary metabolites at the inner side of the tonoplast and in the vacuolar lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darin Peshev
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rudy Vergauwen
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrea Moglia
- University of Turin, DISAFA-Plant Genetics and Breeding, Via Leonardo da Vinci, 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Éva Hideg
- University of Pécs, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology, Ifjusag u. 6. H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Van den Ende W. Multifunctional fructans and raffinose family oligosaccharides. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013. [PMID: 23882273 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.201300247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fructans and raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) are the two most important classes of water-soluble carbohydrates in plants. Recent progress is summarized on their metabolism (and regulation) and on their functions in plants and in food (prebiotics, antioxidants). Interest has shifted from the classic inulin-type fructans to more complex fructans. Similarly, alternative RFOs were discovered next to the classic RFOs. Considerable progress has been made in the understanding of structure-function relationships among different kinds of plant fructan metabolizing enzymes. This helps to understand their evolution from (invertase) ancestors, and the evolution and role of so-called "defective invertases." Both fructans and RFOs can act as reserve carbohydrates, membrane stabilizers and stress tolerance mediators. Fructan metabolism can also play a role in osmoregulation (e.g., flower opening) and source-sink relationships. Here, two novel emerging roles are highlighted. First, fructans and RFOs may contribute to overall cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis by specific ROS scavenging processes in the vicinity of organellar membranes (e.g., vacuole, chloroplasts). Second, it is hypothesized that small fructans and RFOs act as phloem-mobile signaling compounds under stress. It is speculated that such underlying antioxidant and oligosaccharide signaling mechanisms contribute to disease prevention in plants as well as in animals and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
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77
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Di Bartolomeo F, Startek JB, Van den Ende W. Prebiotics to fight diseases: reality or fiction? Phytother Res 2012; 27:1457-73. [PMID: 23280537 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Revised: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria living in the gastrointestinal tract are crucial for human health and disease occurrence. Increasing the beneficial intestinal microflora by consumption of prebiotics, which are 'functional foods', could be an elegant way to limit the number and incidence of disorders and to recover from dysbiosis or antibiotic treatments. This review focuses on the short-chain low-digestible carbohydrates (LDCs) which are metabolized by gut microbiota serving as energy source, immune system enhancers or facilitators of mineral uptake. Intake of foods containing LDCs can improve the state of health and may prevent diseases as for example certain forms of cancer. Given the large number of different molecules belonging to LDCs, we focused our attention on fructans (inulin, fructo-oligosaccharides), galacto-oligosaccharides and resistant starches and their therapeutic and protective applications. Evidence is accumulating that LDCs can inhibit bacterial and viral infections by modulating host defense responses and by changing the interactions between pathogenic and beneficial bacteria. Animal studies and studies on small groups of human subjects suggest that LDCs might help to counteract colorectal cancer, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. The action mechanisms of LDCs in the human body might be broader than originally thought, perhaps also including reactive oxygen species scavenging and signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Di Bartolomeo
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001, Leuven, Belgium; University of the Studies of Molise - Department of Agriculture Food and Environment (D.A.A.A.) - Terzo edificio polifunzionale, Via de Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
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Abe T, Horiuchi K, Kikuchi H, Aritsuka T, Takata Y, Fukushi E, Fukushi Y, Kawabata J, Ueno K, Onodera S, Shiomi N. Structural confirmation of oligosaccharides newly isolated from sugar beet molasses. Chem Cent J 2012; 6:89. [PMID: 22925105 PMCID: PMC3465250 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-6-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sugar beet molasses is a viscous by-product of the processing of sugar beets into sugar. The molasses is known to contain sucrose and raffinose, a typical trisaccharide, with a well-established structure. Although sugar beet molasses contains various other oligosaccharides as well, the structures of those oligosaccharides have not been examined in detail. The purpose of this study was isolation and structural confirmation of these other oligosaccharides found in sugar beet molasses. Results Four oligosaccharides were newly isolated from sugar beet molasses using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and carbon-Celite column chromatography. Structural confirmation of the saccharides was provided by methylation analysis, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionaization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements. Conclusion The following oligosaccharides were identified in sugar beet molasses: β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1- > 6)-β-D-fructofuranosyl-(2 <-> 1)-α-D-glucopyranoside (named β-planteose), α-D-galactopyranosyl-(1- > 1)-β-D-fructofuranosyl-(2 <-> 1)-α-D-glucopyranoside (named1-planteose), α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1- > 6)-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 <-> 2)-β-D-fructofuranoside (theanderose), and β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1- > 3)-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 <-> 2)-β-D-fructofuranoside (laminaribiofructose). 1-planteose and laminaribiofructose were isolated from natural sources for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Abe
- Department of Food and Nutrition Science, Graduate School of Dairy Science Research, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, 069-8501, Japan.
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Hernandez-Marin E, Martínez A. Carbohydrates and their free radical scavenging capability: a theoretical study. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:9668-75. [PMID: 22853004 DOI: 10.1021/jp304814r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A density functional theory (DFT) study on the free radical (OH(•) and OOH(•)) scavenging properties of some mono- and polysaccharides is presented. Two mechanisms, single electron transfer (SET) and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), are considered. The former mechanism is studied by making use of the vertical ionization energy and vertical electron affinity of the radicals and carbohydrates. It is confirmed that the SET mechanism is not plausible to occur. With respect to the HAT, not only does the OH(•) radical react preferably with one hydrogen atom bonded to one carbon atom, but also the reaction with a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen is possible. Finally, it is suggested that the carbohydrates are not able to directly scavenge OOH(•).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Hernandez-Marin
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, C. U. P.O. Box 70-360, Coyoacán, 04510 México, DF México.
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80
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Beta-glucans improve growth, viability and colonization of probiotic microorganisms. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:6026-6039. [PMID: 22754347 PMCID: PMC3382753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13056026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics are frequently-used components for the elaboration of functional food. Currently, most of the commercialized probiotics are limited to a few strains of the genera Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus and Streptococcus, most of which produce exopolysaccharides (EPS). This suggests that the beneficial properties of these microorganisms may be related to the biological activities of these biopolymers. In this work we report that a 2-substituted-(1,3)-β-d-glucan of non-dairy bacterial origin has a prebiotic effect on three probiotic strains. Moreover, the presence of this β-d-glucan potentiates in vitro adhesion of the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 to human intestinal epithelial cells.
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81
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Lammens W, Le Roy K, Yuan S, Vergauwen R, Rabijns A, Van Laere A, Strelkov SV, Van den Ende W. Crystal structure of 6-SST/6-SFT from Pachysandra terminalis, a plant fructan biosynthesizing enzyme in complex with its acceptor substrate 6-kestose. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 70:205-19. [PMID: 22098191 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04858.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fructans play important roles as reserve carbohydrates and stress protectants in plants, and additionally serve as prebiotics with emerging antioxidant properties. Various fructan types are synthesized by an array of plant fructosyltransferases belonging to family 32 of the glycoside hydrolases (GH32), clustering together with GH68 in Clan-J. Here, the 3D structure of a plant fructosyltransferase from a native source, the Pachysandra terminalis 6-SST/6-SFT (Pt6-SST/6-SFT), is reported. In addition to its 1-SST (1-kestose-forming) and hydrolytic side activities, the enzyme uses sucrose to create graminan- and levan-type fructans, which are probably associated with cold tolerance in this species. Furthermore, a Pt6-SST/6-SFT complex with 6-kestose was generated, representing a genuine acceptor binding modus at the +1, +2 and +3 subsites in the active site. The enzyme shows a unique configuration in the vicinity of its active site, including a unique D/Q couple located at the +1 subsite that plays a dual role in donor and acceptor substrate binding. Furthermore, it shows a unique orientation of some hydrophobic residues, probably contributing to its specific functionality. A model is presented showing formation of a β(2-6) fructosyl linkage on 6-kestose to create 6,6-nystose, a mechanism that differs from the creation of a β(2-1) fructosyl linkage on sucrose to produce 1-kestose. The structures shed light on the evolution of plant fructosyltransferases from their vacuolar invertase ancestors, and contribute to further understanding of the complex structure-function relationships within plant GH32 members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Lammens
- Biology Department, Laboratory for Molecular Plant Physiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Box 2434, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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82
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Verspreet J, Pollet A, Cuyvers S, Vergauwen R, Van den Ende W, Delcour JA, Courtin CM. A simple and accurate method for determining wheat grain fructan content and average degree of polymerization. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:2102-2107. [PMID: 22324634 DOI: 10.1021/jf204774n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An improved method for the measurement of fructans in wheat grains is presented. A mild acid treatment is used for fructan hydrolysis, followed by analysis of the released glucose and fructose with high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). Not only the amount of fructose set free from fructans but also the released glucose can be quantified accurately, allowing determination of the average degree of polymerization of fructans (DP(av)). Application of the mild acid treatment to different grain samples demonstrated that a correction should be made for the presence of sucrose and raffinose, but not for stachyose or higher raffinose oligosaccharides. The fructan content and DP(av) of spelt flour, wheat flour, and whole wheat flour were 0.6%, 1.2%, and 1.8% of the total weight and 4, 5, and 6, respectively. Validation experiments demonstrate that the proposed quantification method is accurate and repeatable and that also the DP(av) determination is precise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joran Verspreet
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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83
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Murgia I, Arosio P, Tarantino D, Soave C. Biofortification for combating 'hidden hunger' for iron. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 17:47-55. [PMID: 22093370 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Micronutrient deficiencies are responsible for so-called 'hidden undernutrition'. In particular, iron (Fe) deficiency adversely affects growth, immune function and can cause anaemia. However, supplementation of iron can exacerbate infectious diseases and current policies of iron therapy carefully evaluate the risks and benefits of these interventions. Here we review the approaches of biofortification of valuable crops for reducing 'hidden undernutrition' of iron in the light of the latest nutritional and medical advances. The increase of iron and prebiotics in edible parts of plants is expected to improve health, whereas the reduction of phytic acid concentration, in crops valuable for human diet, might be less beneficial for the developed countries, or for the developing countries exposed to endemic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Murgia
- Sezione di Fisiologia e Biochimica delle Piante, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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