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Hamad MK, He K, Abdulrazeq HF, Mustafa AM, Luceri R, Kamal N, Ali M, Nakhla J, Herzallah MM, Mammis A. Potential Uses of Isolated Toxin Peptides in Neuropathic Pain Relief: A Literature Review. World Neurosurg 2018; 113:333-347.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.01.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Geha P, Schulman BR, Dib-Hajj SD, Waxman SG. Brain activity associated with pain in inherited erythromelalgia: stimulus-free pain engages brain areas involved in valuation and learning. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2018; 3:8-14. [PMID: 31080911 PMCID: PMC6505710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Inherited erythromelalgia (IEM) is a chronic pain disorder caused by gain-of-function mutations of peripheral sodium channel Nav1.7, in which warmth triggers severe pain. Little is known about the brain representation of pain in IEM. Here we study two subjects with the IEM Nav1.7-S241T mutation using functional brain imaging (fMRI). Subjects were scanned during each of five visits. During each scan, pain was first triggered using a warming boot and subjects rated their thermal-heat pain. Next, the thermal stimulus was terminated and subjects rated stimulus-free pain. Last, subjects performed a control visual rating task. Thermal-heat induced pain mapped to the frontal gyrus, ventro-medial prefrontal cortex, superior parietal lobule, supplementary motor area, insula, primary and secondary somato-sensory motor cortices, dorsal and ventral striatum, amygdala, and hippocampus. Stimulus-free pain, by contrast, mapped mainly to the frontal cortex, including dorsal, ventral and medial prefrontal cortex, and supplementary motor area. Examination of time periods when stimulus-free pain was changing showed further activations in the valuation network including the rostral anterior cingulate cortex, striatum and amygdala, in addition to brainstem, thalamus, and insula. We conclude that, similar to other chronic pain conditions, the brain representation of stimulus-free pain during an attack in subjects with IEM engages brain areas involved in acute pain as well as valuation and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Geha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven CT 06519, United States
| | - Betsy R. Schulman
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Hospital, West Haven, CT 06516, United States
| | - Sulayman D. Dib-Hajj
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Hospital, West Haven, CT 06516, United States
| | - Stephen G. Waxman
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Hospital, West Haven, CT 06516, United States
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Annecchino LA, Schultz SR. Progress in automating patch clamp cellular physiology. Brain Neurosci Adv 2018; 2:2398212818776561. [PMID: 32166142 PMCID: PMC7058203 DOI: 10.1177/2398212818776561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Patch clamp electrophysiology has transformed research in the life sciences over the last few decades. Since their inception, automatic patch clamp platforms have evolved considerably, demonstrating the capability to address both voltage- and ligand-gated channels, and showing the potential to play a pivotal role in drug discovery and biomedical research. Unfortunately, the cell suspension assays to which early systems were limited cannot recreate biologically relevant cellular environments, or capture higher order aspects of synaptic physiology and network dynamics. In vivo patch clamp electrophysiology has the potential to yield more biologically complex information and be especially useful in reverse engineering the molecular and cellular mechanisms of single-cell and network neuronal computation, while capturing important aspects of human disease mechanisms and possible therapeutic strategies. Unfortunately, it is a difficult procedure with a steep learning curve, which has restricted dissemination of the technique. Luckily, in vivo patch clamp electrophysiology seems particularly amenable to robotic automation. In this review, we document the development of automated patch clamp technology, from early systems based on multi-well plates through to automated planar-array platforms, and modern robotic platforms capable of performing two-photon targeted whole-cell electrophysiological recordings in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca A. Annecchino
- Centre for Neurotechnology and Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Simon R. Schultz
- Centre for Neurotechnology and Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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DRG Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel 1.7 Is Upregulated in Paclitaxel-Induced Neuropathy in Rats and in Humans with Neuropathic Pain. J Neurosci 2017; 38:1124-1136. [PMID: 29255002 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0899-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common adverse effect experienced by cancer patients receiving treatment with paclitaxel. The voltage-gated sodium channel 1.7 (Nav1.7) plays an important role in multiple preclinical models of neuropathic pain and in inherited human pain phenotypes, and its gene expression is increased in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) of paclitaxel-treated rats. Hence, the potential of change in the expression and function of Nav1.7 protein in DRGs from male rats with paclitaxel-related CIPN and from male and female humans with cancer-related neuropathic pain was tested here. Double immunofluorescence in CIPN rats showed that Nav1.7 was upregulated in small DRG neuron somata, especially those also expressing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and in central processes of these cells in the superficial spinal dorsal horn. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in rat DRG neurons revealed that paclitaxel induced an enhancement of ProTx II (a selective Nav1.7 channel blocker)-sensitive sodium currents. Bath-applied ProTx II suppressed spontaneous action potentials in DRG neurons occurring in rats with CIPN, while intrathecal injection of ProTx II significantly attenuated behavioral signs of CIPN. Complementarily, DRG neurons isolated from segments where patients had a history of neuropathic pain also showed electrophysiological and immunofluorescence results indicating an increased expression of Nav1.7 associated with spontaneous activity. Nav1.7 was also colocalized in human cells expressing transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 and CGRP. Furthermore, ProTx II decreased firing frequency in human DRGs with spontaneous action potentials. This study suggests that Nav1.7 may provide a potential new target for the treatment of neuropathic pain, including chemotherapy (paclitaxel)-induced neuropathic pain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This work demonstrates that the expression and function of the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.7 are increased in a preclinical model of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), the most common treatment-limiting side effect of all the most common anticancer therapies. This is key as gain-of-function mutations in human Nav1.7 recapitulate both the distribution and pain percept as shown by CIPN patients. This work also shows that Nav1.7 is increased in human DRG neurons only in dermatomes where patients are experiencing acquired neuropathic pain symptoms. This work therefore has major translational impact, indicating an important novel therapeutic avenue for neuropathic pain as a class.
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Lai MC, Hung TY, Lin KM, Sung PS, Wu SJ, Yang CS, Wu YJ, Tsai JJ, Wu SN, Huang CW. Sodium Metabisulfite: Effects on Ionic Currents and Excitotoxicity. Neurotox Res 2017; 34:1-15. [PMID: 29188487 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9844-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
How sodium metabisulfite (SMB; Na2S2O5), a popular food preservative and antioxidant, interacts with excitable membrane and induces excitotoxicity is incompletely understood. In this study, the patch-clamp technique was used to investigate and record the electrophysiological effect of SMB on electrically excitable HL-1 cardiomyocytes and NSC-34 neurons, as well as its relationship to pilocarpine-induced seizures and neuronal excitotoxicity in rats. We used Western blotting, to analyze sodium channel expression on hippocampi after chronic SMB treatment. It was found that voltage-gated Na+ current (I Na) was stimulated, and current inactivation and deactivation were slowed in SMB-treated (30 μM) HL-1 cardiomyocytes. SMB-induced increases of I Na were attenuated in cells treated with ranolazine (10 μM) or eugenol (30 μM). The current-voltage relationship of I Na shifted to slightly more negative potentials in SMB-treated cells, the peak I Na with an EC50 value of 18 μM increased, and the steady-state inactivation curve of I Na shifted to a more positive potential. However, the tail component of the rapidly activating delayed-rectifier K+ current (I Kr) was dose-dependently inhibited. Cell-attached voltage-clamp recordings in SMB-treated cells showed that the frequency of action currents and prolonged action potential were higher. In SMB-treated NSC-34 neurons, the peak I Na was higher; however, neither the time to peak nor the inactivation time constant (I Na) changed. Pilocarpine-induced seizures were exacerbated, and acute neuronal damage and chronic mossy fiber sprouting increased in SMB-treated rats. Western blotting showed higher expression of the sodium channel in cells after chronic SMB treatment. We conclude that SMB contributes to the sodium channel-activating mechanism through which it alters cellular excitability and excitotoxicity in wide-spectrum excitable cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chi Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Te-Yu Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kao-Min Lin
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Shan Sung
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Jong Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Yang
- Department of Neurology, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Wu
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Jane Tsai
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Nan Wu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Chin-Wei Huang
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Fouillet A, Watson JF, Piekarz AD, Huang X, Li B, Priest B, Nisenbaum E, Sher E, Ursu D. Characterisation of Nav1.7 functional expression in rat dorsal root ganglia neurons by using an electrical field stimulation assay. Mol Pain 2017; 13:1744806917745179. [PMID: 29166836 PMCID: PMC5731621 DOI: 10.1177/1744806917745179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Nav1.7 subtype of voltage-gated sodium channels is specifically expressed in sensory and sympathetic ganglia neurons where it plays an important role in the generation and transmission of information related to pain sensation. Human loss or gain-of-function mutations in the gene encoding Nav1.7 channels (SCN9A) are associated with either absence of pain, as reported for congenital insensitivity to pain, or with exacerbation of pain, as reported for primary erythromelalgia and paroxysmal extreme pain disorder. Based on this important human genetic evidence, numerous drug discovery efforts are ongoing in search for Nav1.7 blockers as a novel therapeutic strategy to treat pain conditions. Results We are reporting here a novel approach to study Nav1.7 function in cultured rat sensory neurons. We used live cell imaging combined with electrical field stimulation to evoke and record action potential-driven calcium transients in the neurons. We have shown that the tarantula venom peptide Protoxin-II, a known Nav1.7 subtype selective blocker, inhibited electrical field stimulation-evoked calcium responses in dorsal root ganglia neurons with an IC50 of 72 nM, while it had no activity in embryonic hippocampal neurons. The results obtained in the live cell imaging assay were supported by patch-clamp studies as well as by quantitative PCR and Western blotting experiments that confirmed the presence of Nav1.7 mRNA and protein in dorsal root ganglia but not in embryonic hippocampal neurons. Conclusions The findings presented here point to a selective effect of Protoxin-II in sensory neurons and helped to validate a new method for investigating and comparing Nav1.7 pharmacology in sensory versus central nervous system neurons. This will help in the characterisation of the selectivity of novel Nav1.7 modulators using native ion channels and will provide the basis for the development of higher throughput models for enabling pain-relevant phenotypic screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Fouillet
- 1 Lilly Research Centre, 1539 Eli Lilly and Company , Windlesham, UK
| | - Jake F Watson
- 1 Lilly Research Centre, 1539 Eli Lilly and Company , Windlesham, UK
| | - Andrew D Piekarz
- 2 Lilly Research Laboratories, 1539 Eli Lilly and Company , IN, USA
| | - Xiaofang Huang
- 2 Lilly Research Laboratories, 1539 Eli Lilly and Company , IN, USA
| | - Baolin Li
- 2 Lilly Research Laboratories, 1539 Eli Lilly and Company , IN, USA
| | - Birgit Priest
- 2 Lilly Research Laboratories, 1539 Eli Lilly and Company , IN, USA
| | - Eric Nisenbaum
- 2 Lilly Research Laboratories, 1539 Eli Lilly and Company , IN, USA
| | - Emanuele Sher
- 1 Lilly Research Centre, 1539 Eli Lilly and Company , Windlesham, UK
| | - Daniel Ursu
- 1 Lilly Research Centre, 1539 Eli Lilly and Company , Windlesham, UK
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57
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The NA v1.7 blocker protoxin II reduces burn injury-induced spinal nociceptive processing. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 96:75-84. [PMID: 29063143 PMCID: PMC5750333 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Controlling pain in burn-injured patients poses a major clinical challenge. Recent findings suggest that reducing the activity of the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.7 in primary sensory neurons could provide improved pain control in burn-injured patients. Here, we report that partial thickness scalding-type burn injury on the rat paw upregulates Nav1.7 expression in primary sensory neurons 3 h following injury. The injury also induces upregulation in phosphorylated cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (p-CREB), a marker for nociceptive activation in primary sensory neurons. The upregulation in p-CREB occurs mainly in Nav1.7-immunopositive neurons and exhibits a peak at 5 min and, following a decline at 30 min, a gradual increase from 1 h post-injury. The Nav1.7 blocker protoxin II (ProTxII) or morphine injected intraperitoneally 15 min before or after the injury significantly reduces burn injury-induced spinal upregulation in phosphorylated serine 10 in histone H3 and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, which are both markers for spinal nociceptive processing. Further, ProTxII significantly reduces the frequency of spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic currents in spinal dorsal horn neurons following burn injury. Together, these findings indicate that using Nav1.7 blockers should be considered to control pain in burn injury. KEY MESSAGES • Burn injury upregulates Nav1.7 expression in primary sensory neurons. • Burn injury results in increased activity of Nav1.7-expressing primary sensory neurons. • Inhibiting Nav1.7 by protoxin II reduces spinal nociceptive processing. • Nav1.7 represents a potential target to reduce pain in burn injury.
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58
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Tosti E, Boni R, Gallo A. µ-Conotoxins Modulating Sodium Currents in Pain Perception and Transmission: A Therapeutic Potential. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E295. [PMID: 28937587 PMCID: PMC5666403 DOI: 10.3390/md15100295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Conus genus includes around 500 species of marine mollusks with a peculiar production of venomous peptides known as conotoxins (CTX). Each species is able to produce up to 200 different biological active peptides. Common structure of CTX is the low number of amino acids stabilized by disulfide bridges and post-translational modifications that give rise to different isoforms. µ and µO-CTX are two isoforms that specifically target voltage-gated sodium channels. These, by inducing the entrance of sodium ions in the cell, modulate the neuronal excitability by depolarizing plasma membrane and propagating the action potential. Hyperexcitability and mutations of sodium channels are responsible for perception and transmission of inflammatory and neuropathic pain states. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of µ-CTX interacting with the different sodium channels subtypes, the mechanism of action and their potential therapeutic use as analgesic compounds in the clinical management of pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Tosti
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy.
| | - Raffaele Boni
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 75100 Potenza, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Gallo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy.
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Haskins W, Benitez S, Mercado JM, Acosta CG. Cutaneous inflammation regulates THIK1 expression in small C-like nociceptor dorsal root ganglion neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 83:13-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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60
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Meng X, Xu Y, Wang F, Zhao M, Hou X, Ma Y, Jin Y, Liu Y, Song Y, Zhang J. The roles of conserved aromatic residues (Tyr5 and Tyr42) in interaction of scorpion toxin BmK AGP-SYPU1 with human Na v 1.7. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 99:105-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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61
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Weiss MM, Dineen TA, Marx IE, Altmann S, Boezio A, Bregman H, Chu-Moyer M, DiMauro EF, Feric Bojic E, Foti RS, Gao H, Graceffa R, Gunaydin H, Guzman-Perez A, Huang H, Huang L, Jarosh M, Kornecook T, Kreiman CR, Ligutti J, La DS, Lin MHJ, Liu D, Moyer BD, Nguyen HN, Peterson EA, Rose PE, Taborn K, Youngblood BD, Yu V, Fremeau RT. Sulfonamides as Selective NaV1.7 Inhibitors: Optimizing Potency and Pharmacokinetics While Mitigating Metabolic Liabilities. J Med Chem 2017; 60:5969-5989. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Kornecook
- Department
of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | | | - Joseph Ligutti
- Department
of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | | | | | - Dong Liu
- Department
of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Bryan D. Moyer
- Department
of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
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62
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Tanaka BS, Nguyen PT, Zhou EY, Yang Y, Yarov-Yarovoy V, Dib-Hajj SD, Waxman SG. Gain-of-function mutation of a voltage-gated sodium channel Na V1.7 associated with peripheral pain and impaired limb development. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:9262-9272. [PMID: 28381558 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.778779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dominant mutations in voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7 cause inherited erythromelalgia, a debilitating pain disorder characterized by severe burning pain and redness of the distal extremities. NaV1.7 is preferentially expressed within peripheral sensory and sympathetic neurons. Here, we describe a novel NaV1.7 mutation in an 11-year-old male with underdevelopment of the limbs, recurrent attacks of burning pain with erythema, and swelling in his feet and hands. Frequency and duration of the episodes gradually increased with age, and relief by cooling became less effective. The patient's sister had short stature and reported similar complaints of erythema and burning pain, but with less intensity. Genetic analysis revealed a novel missense mutation in NaV1.7 (2567G>C; p.Gly856Arg) in both siblings. The G856R mutation, located within the DII/S4-S5 linker of the channel, substitutes a highly conserved non-polar glycine by a positively charged arginine. Voltage-clamp analysis of G856R currents revealed that the mutation hyperpolarized (-11.2 mV) voltage dependence of activation and slowed deactivation but did not affect fast inactivation, compared with wild-type channels. A mutation of Gly-856 to aspartic acid was previously found in a family with limb pain and limb underdevelopment, and its functional assessment showed hyperpolarized activation, depolarized fast inactivation, and increased ramp current. Structural modeling using the Rosetta computational modeling suite provided structural clues to the divergent effects of the substitution of Gly-856 by arginine and aspartic acid. Although the proexcitatory changes in gating properties of G856R contribute to the pathophysiology of inherited erythromelalgia, the link to limb underdevelopment is not well understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Tanaka
- From the Department of Neurology.,the Center for Neuroscience & Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510.,the Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut 06516
| | - Phuong T Nguyen
- the Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology and.,the Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Eray Yihui Zhou
- the Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China, and.,the Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China
| | - Yong Yang
- the Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China, and
| | - Vladimir Yarov-Yarovoy
- the Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology and.,the Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Sulayman D Dib-Hajj
- From the Department of Neurology.,the Center for Neuroscience & Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510.,the Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut 06516
| | - Stephen G Waxman
- From the Department of Neurology, .,the Center for Neuroscience & Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510.,the Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut 06516
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Spider peptide toxin HwTx-IV engineered to bind to lipid membranes has an increased inhibitory potency at human voltage-gated sodium channel hNa V1.7. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:835-844. [PMID: 28115115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The human voltage-gated sodium channel sub-type 1.7 (hNaV1.7) is emerging as an attractive target for the development of potent and sub-type selective novel analgesics with increased potency and fewer side effects than existing therapeutics. HwTx-IV, a spider derived peptide toxin, inhibits hNaV1.7 with high potency and is therefore of great interest as an analgesic lead. In the current study we examined whether engineering a HwTx-IV analogue with increased ability to bind to lipid membranes would improve its inhibitory potency at hNaV1.7. This hypothesis was explored by comparing HwTx-IV and two analogues [E1PyrE]HwTx-IV (mHwTx-IV) and [E1G,E4G,F6W,Y30W]HwTx-IV (gHwTx-IV) on their membrane-binding affinity and hNaV1.7 inhibitory potency using a range of biophysical techniques including computational analysis, NMR spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance, and fluorescence spectroscopy. HwTx-IV and mHwTx-IV exhibited weak affinity for lipid membranes, whereas gHwTx-IV showed improved affinity for the model membranes studied. In addition, activity assays using SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells expressing hNaV1.7 showed that gHwTx-IV has increased activity at hNaV1.7 compared to HwTx-IV. Based on these results we hypothesize that an increase in the affinity of HwTx-IV for lipid membranes is accompanied by improved inhibitory potency at hNaV1.7 and that increasing the affinity of gating modifier toxins to lipid bilayers is a strategy that may be useful for improving their potency at hNaV1.7.
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Rice FL, Xie JY, Albrecht PJ, Acker E, Bourgeois J, Navratilova E, Dodick DW, Porreca F. Anatomy and immunochemical characterization of the non-arterial peptidergic diffuse dural innervation of the rat and Rhesus monkey: Implications for functional regulation and treatment in migraine. Cephalalgia 2016; 37:1350-1372. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102416677051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective The interplay between neuronal innervation and other cell types underlies the physiological functions of the dura mater and contributes to pathophysiological conditions such as migraine. We characterized the extensive, but understudied, non-arterial diffuse dural innervation (DDI) of the rat and Rhesus monkey. Methods We used a comprehensive integrated multi-molecular immunofluorescence labeling strategy to extensively profile the rat DDI and to a lesser extent that of the Rhesus monkey. Results The DDI was distributed across a dense, pervasive capillary network and included free nerve endings of peptidergic CGRP-expressing C fibers that were closely intertwined with noradrenergic (NA) sympathetic fibers and thin-caliber nonpeptidergic “C/Aδ” fibers. These newly identified C/Aδ fibers were unmyelinated, like C fibers, but expressed NF200, usually indicative of Aδ fibers, and uniquely co-labeled for the CGRP co-receptor, RAMP1. Slightly-larger caliber NF200-positive fibers co-labeled for myelin basic protein (MBP) and terminated as unbranched corpuscular endings. The DDI peptidergic fibers co-labeled for the lectin IB4 and expressed presumably excitatory α1-adrenergic receptors, as well as inhibitory 5HT1D receptors and the delta opioid receptor (δOR), but rarely the mu opioid receptor (µOR). Labeling for P2X3, TRPV1, TRPA1, and parasympathetic markers was not observed in the DDI. Interpretation These results suggest potential functional interactions, wherein peptidergic DDI fibers may be activated by stress-related sympathetic activity, resulting in CGRP release that could be detected in the circulation. CGRP may also activate nonpeptidergic C/Aδ fibers that are likely mechanosensitive or polymodal, leading to activation of post-synaptic pain transmission circuits. The distribution of α1-adrenergic receptors, RAMP1, and the unique expression of the δOR on CGRP-expressing DDI fibers suggest strategies for functional modulation and application to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank L Rice
- Integrated Tissue Dynamics LLC, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Arizona Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Emily Acker
- Integrated Tissue Dynamics LLC, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | | | - Edita Navratilova
- Department of Pharmacology, Arizona Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - David W Dodick
- Departments of Collaborative Research and Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Frank Porreca
- Department of Pharmacology, Arizona Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Departments of Collaborative Research and Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
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Voltage-gated sodium channels and pain-related disorders. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:2257-2265. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20160041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are heteromeric transmembrane protein complexes. Nine homologous members, SCN1A–11A, make up the VGSC gene family. Sodium channel isoforms display a wide range of kinetic properties endowing different neuronal types with distinctly varied firing properties. Among the VGSCs isoforms, Nav1.7, Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 are preferentially expressed in the peripheral nervous system. These isoforms are known to be crucial in the conduction of nociceptive stimuli with mutations in these channels thought to be the underlying cause of a variety of heritable pain disorders. This review provides an overview of the current literature concerning the role of VGSCs in the generation of pain and heritable pain disorders.
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Marx IE, Dineen TA, Able J, Bode C, Bregman H, Chu-Moyer M, DiMauro EF, Du B, Foti RS, Fremeau RT, Gao H, Gunaydin H, Hall BE, Huang L, Kornecook T, Kreiman CR, La DS, Ligutti J, Lin MHJ, Liu D, McDermott JS, Moyer BD, Peterson EA, Roberts JT, Rose P, Wang J, Youngblood BD, Yu V, Weiss MM. Sulfonamides as Selective Na V1.7 Inhibitors: Optimizing Potency and Pharmacokinetics to Enable in Vivo Target Engagement. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:1062-1067. [PMID: 27994738 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human genetic evidence has identified the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7 as an attractive target for the treatment of pain. We initially identified naphthalene sulfonamide 3 as a potent and selective inhibitor of NaV1.7. Optimization to reduce biliary clearance by balancing hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity (Log D) while maintaining NaV1.7 potency led to the identification of quinazoline 16 (AM-2099). Compound 16 demonstrated a favorable pharmacokinetic profile in rat and dog and demonstrated dose-dependent reduction of histamine-induced scratching bouts in a mouse behavioral model following oral dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac E. Marx
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Engineering, §Department of Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, ∥Department of Neuroscience, and ⊥Department of Biologics, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Thomas A. Dineen
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Engineering, §Department of Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, ∥Department of Neuroscience, and ⊥Department of Biologics, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Jessica Able
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Engineering, §Department of Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, ∥Department of Neuroscience, and ⊥Department of Biologics, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Christiane Bode
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Engineering, §Department of Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, ∥Department of Neuroscience, and ⊥Department of Biologics, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Howard Bregman
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Engineering, §Department of Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, ∥Department of Neuroscience, and ⊥Department of Biologics, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Margaret Chu-Moyer
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Engineering, §Department of Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, ∥Department of Neuroscience, and ⊥Department of Biologics, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Erin F. DiMauro
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Engineering, §Department of Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, ∥Department of Neuroscience, and ⊥Department of Biologics, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Bingfan Du
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Engineering, §Department of Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, ∥Department of Neuroscience, and ⊥Department of Biologics, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Robert S. Foti
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Engineering, §Department of Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, ∥Department of Neuroscience, and ⊥Department of Biologics, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Robert T. Fremeau
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Engineering, §Department of Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, ∥Department of Neuroscience, and ⊥Department of Biologics, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Hua Gao
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Engineering, §Department of Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, ∥Department of Neuroscience, and ⊥Department of Biologics, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Hakan Gunaydin
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Engineering, §Department of Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, ∥Department of Neuroscience, and ⊥Department of Biologics, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Brian E. Hall
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Engineering, §Department of Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, ∥Department of Neuroscience, and ⊥Department of Biologics, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Liyue Huang
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Engineering, §Department of Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, ∥Department of Neuroscience, and ⊥Department of Biologics, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Thomas Kornecook
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Engineering, §Department of Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, ∥Department of Neuroscience, and ⊥Department of Biologics, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Charles R. Kreiman
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Engineering, §Department of Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, ∥Department of Neuroscience, and ⊥Department of Biologics, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Daniel S. La
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Engineering, §Department of Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, ∥Department of Neuroscience, and ⊥Department of Biologics, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Joseph Ligutti
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Engineering, §Department of Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, ∥Department of Neuroscience, and ⊥Department of Biologics, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Min-Hwa Jasmine Lin
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Engineering, §Department of Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, ∥Department of Neuroscience, and ⊥Department of Biologics, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Engineering, §Department of Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, ∥Department of Neuroscience, and ⊥Department of Biologics, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Jeff S. McDermott
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Engineering, §Department of Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, ∥Department of Neuroscience, and ⊥Department of Biologics, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Bryan D. Moyer
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Engineering, §Department of Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, ∥Department of Neuroscience, and ⊥Department of Biologics, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Emily A. Peterson
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Engineering, §Department of Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, ∥Department of Neuroscience, and ⊥Department of Biologics, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Jonathan T. Roberts
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Engineering, §Department of Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, ∥Department of Neuroscience, and ⊥Department of Biologics, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Paul Rose
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Engineering, §Department of Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, ∥Department of Neuroscience, and ⊥Department of Biologics, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Jean Wang
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Engineering, §Department of Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, ∥Department of Neuroscience, and ⊥Department of Biologics, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Beth D. Youngblood
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Engineering, §Department of Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, ∥Department of Neuroscience, and ⊥Department of Biologics, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Violeta Yu
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Engineering, §Department of Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, ∥Department of Neuroscience, and ⊥Department of Biologics, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Matthew M. Weiss
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Engineering, §Department of Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, ∥Department of Neuroscience, and ⊥Department of Biologics, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
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[Erythromelalgia: Diagnosis and therapeutic approach]. Rev Med Interne 2016; 38:176-180. [PMID: 27639908 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Erythromelalgia is a rare intermittent vascular acrosyndrome characterized by the combination of recurrent burning pain, warmth and redness of the extremities. It is considered in its primary form as an autosomal dominant neuropathy related to mutations of SCN9A, the encoding gene of a voltage-gated sodium channel subtype Nav1.7. Secondary erythromelalgia is associated with myeloproliferative disorders, drugs (bromocriptine, calcium channel blockers), or clinical conditions such as rheumatic diseases or viral infection. Primary familial erythromelalgia include genetics and sporadic forms associated with small fibers neuropathy. Aspirin is a useful treatment of erythromelagia associated with myeloproliferative disorders. Treatment of primary erythromelalgia is difficult, individualized, with sodium channel blockers such as lidocaine, carbamazepine and mexiletine.
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Cai W, Cao J, Ren X, Qiao L, Chen X, Li M, Zang W. shRNA mediated knockdown of Nav1.7 in rat dorsal root ganglion attenuates pain following burn injury. BMC Anesthesiol 2016; 16:59. [PMID: 27514860 PMCID: PMC4982321 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-016-0215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal acute pain after burn injury still torments patients severely. In this study, we investigated that one voltage gated sodium channel Nav1.7 plays a vital role in lowering heat pain threshold after burn injury, and the hypothesis that knockdown of Nav1.7 attenuates pain following burn injury. Methods Sixty eight adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into 4 treatment groups: (1) sham, which hind paw was put on the room temperature metal plate for 15 s (2) burn model, which hind paw was put on the 85 °C metal plate for 15 s. (3) Burn injury + lentiviral vector -SCN9AsiRNA-GFP (LV- SCN9AsiRNA-GFP group, n = 18), which receive the DRG microinjection of LV- SCN9AsiRNA-GFP on the zero day. (4) Burn injury + lentiviral vector negative control (LV-NC-GFP group, n = 18), which receive the DRG microinjection of empty lentiviral vector on the zero day. Results Both mechanical and heat threshold were measured from day 1 to 21. Meanwhile, expression of sodium channels Nav1.7 in injured dorsal root ganglia were measured on post-operative days 7(POD 7). Rats exhibited decreased thresholds on both mechanical allodynia and thermal withdrawl latency, accompanied by increased Nav1.7 and c-fos expression in dorsal root ganglion (DRG). And knockdown of Nav1.7 in L5DRG led to the attenuation of burn injury-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in the rats. Conclusion We provide evidence that shRNA mediated knockdown of Nav1.7 attenuates burn induced pain in rats as well as decreased the activiation of c-fos protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Cai
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Xiuhua Ren
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Liang Qiao
- Department of E.N.T, Zhoukou Central Hospital, Henan, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Weidong Zang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China.
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69
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Ramachandra R, Elmslie KS. EXPRESS: Voltage-dependent sodium (NaV) channels in group IV sensory afferents. Mol Pain 2016; 12:12/0/1744806916660721. [PMID: 27385723 PMCID: PMC4956173 DOI: 10.1177/1744806916660721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with intermittent claudication suffer from both muscle pain and an exacerbated exercise pressor reflex. Excitability of the group III and group IV afferent fibers mediating these functions is controlled in part by voltage-dependent sodium (NaV) channels. We previously found tetrodotoxin-resistant NaV1.8 channels to be the primary type in muscle afferent somata. However, action potentials in group III and IV afferent axons are blocked by TTX, supporting a minimal role of NaV1.8 channels. To address these apparent differences in NaV channel expression between axon and soma, we used immunohistochemistry to identify the NaV channels expressed in group IV axons within the gastrocnemius muscle and the dorsal root ganglia sections. Positive labeling by an antibody against the neurofilament protein peripherin was used to identify group IV neurons and axons. We show that >67% of group IV fibers express NaV1.8, NaV1.6, or NaV1.7. Interestingly, expression of NaV1.8 channels in group IV somata was significantly higher than in the fibers, whereas there were no significant differences for either NaV1.6 or NaV1.7. When combined with previous work, our results suggest that NaV1.8 channels are expressed in most group IV axons, but that, under normal conditions, NaV1.6 and/or NaV1.7 play a more important role in action potential generation to signal muscle pain and the exercise pressor reflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Ramachandra
- The Baker Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, AT Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO, USA
- Renuka Ramachandra, The Baker Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, AT Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA.
| | - Keith S Elmslie
- The Baker Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, AT Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO, USA
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70
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Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of lacosamide in patients with gain-of-function Nav1.7 mutation-related small fiber neuropathy: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial-the LENSS study. Trials 2016; 17:306. [PMID: 27363506 PMCID: PMC4929773 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1430-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small fiber neuropathy generally leads to considerable pain and autonomic symptoms. Gain-of-function mutations in the SCN9A- gene, which codes for the Nav1.7 voltage-gated sodium channel, have been reported in small fiber neuropathy, suggesting an underlying genetic basis in a subset of patients. Currently available sodium channel blockers lack selectivity, leading to cardiac and central nervous system side effects. Lacosamide is an anticonvulsant, which blocks Nav1.3, Nav1.7, and Nav1.8, and stabilizes channels in the slow-inactivation state. Since multiple Nav1.7 mutations in small fiber neuropathy showed impaired slow-inactivation, lacosamide might be effective. Methods/design The Lacosamide-Efficacy-‘N’-Safety in Small fiber neuropathy (LENSS) study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial in patients with SCN9A-associated small fiber neuropathy, with the primary objective to evaluate the efficacy of lacosamide versus placebo. Eligible patients (the aim is to recruit 25) fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria will be randomized to receive lacosamide (200 mg b.i.d.) or placebo during the first double-blinded treatment period (8 weeks), which is preceded by a titration period (3 weeks). The first treatment period will be followed by a tapering period (2 weeks). After a 2-week washout period, patients will crossover to the alternate arm for the second period consisting of an equal titration phase, treatment period, and tapering period. The primary efficacy endpoint will be the proportion of patients demonstrating a 1-point average pain score reduction compared to baseline using the Pain Intensity Numerical Rating Scale. We assume a response rate of approximately 60 % based on the criteria composed by the Initiative on Methods, Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials (IMMPACT) group for measurement of pain. Patients withdrawing from the study will be considered non- responders. Secondary outcomes will include changes in maximum pain score, the Small Fiber Neuropathy Symptoms Inventory Questionnaire, sleep quality and the quality of life assessment, patients’ global impressions of change, and safety and tolerability measurements. Sensitivity analyses will include assessing the proportion of patients having ≥ 2 points average pain improvement compared to the baseline Pain Intensity Numerical Rating Scale scores. Discussion This is the first study that will be evaluating the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of lacosamide versus placebo in patients with SCN9A-associated small fiber neuropathy. The findings may increase the knowledge on lacosamide as a potential treatment option in patients with painful neuropathies, considering the central role of Nav1.7 in pain. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01911975. Registered on 13 July 2013. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1430-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Tabakoff B, Ren W, Vanderlinden L, Snell LD, Matheson CJ, Wang ZJ, Levinson R, Smothers CT, Woodward JJ, Honse Y, Lovinger D, Rush AM, Sather WA, Gustafson DL, Hoffman PL. A novel substituted aminoquinoline selectively targets voltage-sensitive sodium channel isoforms and NMDA receptor subtypes and alleviates chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 784:1-14. [PMID: 27158117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent understanding of the systems that mediate complex disease states, has generated a search for molecules that simultaneously modulate more than one component of a pathologic pathway. Chronic pain syndromes are etiologically connected to functional changes (sensitization) in both peripheral sensory neurons and in the central nervous system (CNS). These functional changes involve modifications of a significant number of components of signal generating, signal transducing and signal propagating pathways. Our analysis of disease-related changes which take place in sensory neurons during sensitization led to the design of a molecule that would simultaneously inhibit peripheral NMDA receptors and voltage sensitive sodium channels. In the current report, we detail the selectivity of N,N-(diphenyl)-4-ureido-5,7-dichloro-2-carboxy-quinoline (DCUKA) for action at NMDA receptors composed of different subunit combinations and voltage sensitive sodium channels having different α subunits. We show that DCUKA is restricted to the periphery after oral administration, and that circulating blood levels are compatible with its necessary concentrations for effects at the peripheral cognate receptors/channels that were assayed in vitro. Our results demonstrate that DCUKA, at concentrations circulating in the blood after oral administration, can modulate systems which are upregulated during peripheral sensitization, and are important for generating and conducting pain information to the CNS. Furthermore, we demonstrate that DCUKA ameliorates the hyperalgesia of chronic pain without affecting normal pain responses in neuropathic and inflammation-induced chronic pain models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Tabakoff
- Lohocla Research Corporation, Colorado Bioscience Building, 12635 East Montview Blvd., Suite 128, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Campus Box: C238 12850, E. Montview Blvd., Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Wenhua Ren
- Lohocla Research Corporation, Colorado Bioscience Building, 12635 East Montview Blvd., Suite 128, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Lauren Vanderlinden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Campus Box: C238 12850, E. Montview Blvd., Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Lawrence D Snell
- Lohocla Research Corporation, Colorado Bioscience Building, 12635 East Montview Blvd., Suite 128, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Christopher J Matheson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Campus Box: C238 12850, E. Montview Blvd., Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Ze-Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19 Ave., Aurora, CO 80045 USA.
| | - Rock Levinson
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - C Thetford Smothers
- Department of Neurosciences and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Ave., Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - John J Woodward
- Department of Neurosciences and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Ave., Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Yumiko Honse
- Clinical and Biological Research Unit, NIAAA, 12420 Parklawn Dr., MSC 8115, Bethesda, MD 20892-8115, USA.
| | - David Lovinger
- Clinical and Biological Research Unit, NIAAA, 12420 Parklawn Dr., MSC 8115, Bethesda, MD 20892-8115, USA.
| | | | - William A Sather
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19 Ave., Aurora, CO 80045 USA.
| | - Daniel L Gustafson
- UCCC Pharmacology Shared Resource, Colorado State University, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, A CC246, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80023, USA.
| | - Paula L Hoffman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19 Ave., Aurora, CO 80045 USA.
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Frost JM, DeGoey DA, Shi L, Gum RJ, Fricano MM, Lundgaard GL, El-Kouhen OF, Hsieh GC, Neelands T, Matulenko MA, Daanen JF, Pai M, Ghoreishi-Haack N, Zhan C, Zhang XF, Kort ME. Substituted Indazoles as Nav1.7 Blockers for the Treatment of Pain. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3373-91. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Frost
- Research
and Development, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - David A. DeGoey
- Research
and Development, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Lei Shi
- Research
and Development, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Rebecca J. Gum
- Research
and Development, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Meagan M. Fricano
- Research
and Development, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Greta L. Lundgaard
- Research
and Development, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Odile F. El-Kouhen
- Research
and Development, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Gin C. Hsieh
- Research
and Development, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Torben Neelands
- Research
and Development, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Mark A. Matulenko
- Research
and Development, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Jerome F. Daanen
- Research
and Development, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Madhavi Pai
- Research
and Development, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | | | - Cenchen Zhan
- Research
and Development, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Xu-Feng Zhang
- Research
and Development, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Michael E. Kort
- Research
and Development, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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73
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Pappalardo LW, Black JA, Waxman SG. Sodium channels in astroglia and microglia. Glia 2016; 64:1628-45. [PMID: 26919466 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels are required for electrogenesis in excitable cells. Their activation, triggered by membrane depolarization, generates transient sodium currents that initiate action potentials in neurons, cardiac, and skeletal muscle cells. Cells that have not traditionally been considered to be excitable (nonexcitable cells), including glial cells, also express sodium channels in physiological conditions as well as in pathological conditions. These channels contribute to multiple functional roles that are seemingly unrelated to the generation of action potentials. Here, we discuss the dynamics of sodium channel expression in astrocytes and microglia, and review evidence for noncanonical roles in effector functions of these cells including phagocytosis, migration, proliferation, ionic homeostasis, and secretion of chemokines/cytokines. We also examine possible mechanisms by which sodium channels contribute to the activity of glial cells, with an eye toward therapeutic implications for central nervous system disease. GLIA 2016;64:1628-1645.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura W Pappalardo
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Rehabilitation Research Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| | - Joel A Black
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Rehabilitation Research Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| | - Stephen G Waxman
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Rehabilitation Research Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
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74
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McDonnell A, Schulman B, Ali Z, Dib-Hajj SD, Brock F, Cobain S, Mainka T, Vollert J, Tarabar S, Waxman SG. Inherited erythromelalgia due to mutations inSCN9A:natural history, clinical phenotype and somatosensory profile. Brain 2016; 139:1052-65. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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75
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Finley M, Cassaday J, Kreamer T, Li X, Solly K, O'Donnell G, Clements M, Converso A, Cook S, Daley C, Kraus R, Lai MT, Layton M, Lemaire W, Staas D, Wang J. Kinetic Analysis of Membrane Potential Dye Response to NaV1.7 Channel Activation Identifies Antagonists with Pharmacological Selectivity against NaV1.5. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:480-9. [PMID: 26861708 DOI: 10.1177/1087057116629669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The NaV1.7 voltage-gated sodium channel is a highly valued target for the treatment of neuropathic pain due to its expression in pain-sensing neurons and human genetic mutations in the gene encoding NaV1.7, resulting in either loss-of-function (e.g., congenital analgesia) or gain-of-function (e.g., paroxysmal extreme pain disorder) pain phenotypes. We exploited existing technologies in a novel manner to identify selective antagonists of NaV1.7. A full-deck high-throughput screen was developed for both NaV1.7 and cardiac NaV1.5 channels using a cell-based membrane potential dye FLIPR assay. In assay development, known local anesthetic site inhibitors produced a decrease in maximal response; however, a subset of compounds exhibited a concentration-dependent delay in the onset of the response with little change in the peak of the response at any concentration. Therefore, two methods of analysis were employed for the screen: one to measure peak response and another to measure area under the curve, which would capture the delay-to-onset phenotype. Although a number of compounds were identified by a selective reduction in peak response in NaV1.7 relative to 1.5, the AUC measurement and a subsequent refinement of this measurement were able to differentiate compounds with NaV1.7 pharmacological selectivity over NaV1.5 as confirmed in electrophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Finley
- Merck Research Labs, Screening and Protein Sciences, North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Jason Cassaday
- Merck Research Labs, Screening and Protein Sciences, North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Tony Kreamer
- Merck Research Labs, Screening and Protein Sciences, North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Xinnian Li
- Merck Research Labs, Screening and Protein Sciences, North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Kelli Solly
- Merck Research Labs, Screening and Protein Sciences, North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Greg O'Donnell
- Merck Research Labs, Screening and Protein Sciences, North Wales, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Sean Cook
- Merck Research Labs, Pharmacology, West Point, PA, USA CNS Discovery Research, Teva Pharmaceuticals, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Chris Daley
- Merck Research Labs, Pharmacology, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Richard Kraus
- Merck Research Labs, Pharmacology, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Ming-Tain Lai
- Merck Research Labs, Pharmacology, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Mark Layton
- Merck Research Labs, Chemistry, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Wei Lemaire
- Merck Research Labs, Pharmacology, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Donnette Staas
- Merck Research Labs, Chemical Modeling and Informatics, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Jixin Wang
- Merck Research Labs, Pharmacology, West Point, PA, USA
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76
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Barbosa C, Cummins TR. Unusual Voltage-Gated Sodium Currents as Targets for Pain. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2016; 78:599-638. [PMID: 27586296 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pain is a serious health problem that impacts the lives of many individuals. Hyperexcitability of peripheral sensory neurons contributes to both acute and chronic pain syndromes. Because voltage-gated sodium currents are crucial to the transmission of electrical signals in peripheral sensory neurons, the channels that underlie these currents are attractive targets for pain therapeutics. Sodium currents and channels in peripheral sensory neurons are complex. Multiple-channel isoforms contribute to the macroscopic currents in nociceptive sensory neurons. These different isoforms exhibit substantial variations in their kinetics and pharmacology. Furthermore, sodium current complexity is enhanced by an array of interacting proteins that can substantially modify the properties of voltage-gated sodium channels. Resurgent sodium currents, atypical currents that can enhance recovery from inactivation and neuronal firing, are increasingly being recognized as playing potentially important roles in sensory neuron hyperexcitability and pain sensations. Here we discuss unusual sodium channels and currents that have been identified in nociceptive sensory neurons, describe what is known about the molecular determinants of the complex sodium currents in these neurons. Finally, we provide an overview of therapeutic strategies to target voltage-gated sodium currents in nociceptive neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Barbosa
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - T R Cummins
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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77
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Luiz AP, Wood JN. Sodium Channels in Pain and Cancer: New Therapeutic Opportunities. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2016; 75:153-78. [PMID: 26920012 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) underpin electrical activity in the nervous system through action potential propagation. First predicted by the modeling studies of Hodgkin and Huxley, they were subsequently identified at the molecular level by groups led by Catterall and Numa. VGSC dysfunction has long been linked to neuronal and cardiac disorders with some nonselective sodium channel blockers in current use in the clinic. The lack of selectivity means that side effect issues are a major impediment to the use of broad spectrum sodium channel blockers. Nine different sodium channels are known to exist, and selective blockers are now being developed. The potential utility of these drugs to target diseases ranging from migraine, multiple sclerosis, muscle, and immune system disorders, to cancer and pain is being explored. Four channels are potential targets for pain disorders. This conclusion comes from mouse knockout studies and human mutations that prove the involvement of Nav1.3, Nav1.7, Nav1.8, and Nav1.9 in the development and maintenance of acute and chronic pain. In this chapter, we present a short overview of the possible role of Nav1.3, Nav1.7, Nav1.8, and Nav1.9 in human pain and the emerging and unexpected role of sodium channels in cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Luiz
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John N Wood
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Ion Channels and Oxidative Stress as a Potential Link for the Diagnosis or Treatment of Liver Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:3928714. [PMID: 26881024 PMCID: PMC4736365 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3928714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress results from a disturbed balance between oxidation and antioxidant systems. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) may be either harmful or beneficial to the cells. Ion channels are transmembrane proteins that participate in a large variety of cellular functions and have been implicated in the development of a variety of diseases. A significant amount of the available drugs in the market targets ion channels. These proteins have sulfhydryl groups of cysteine and methionine residues in their structure that can be targeted by ROS and RNS altering channel function including gating and conducting properties, as well as the corresponding signaling pathways associated. The regulation of ion channels by ROS has been suggested to be associated with some pathological conditions including liver diseases. This review focuses on understanding the role and the potential association of ion channels and oxidative stress in liver diseases including fibrosis, alcoholic liver disease, and cancer. The potential association between ion channels and oxidative stress conditions could be used to develop new treatments for major liver diseases.
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79
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Rivara M, Zuliani V. Novel sodium channel antagonists in the treatment of neuropathic pain. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 25:215-26. [PMID: 26576738 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2016.1121992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Effective and safe drugs for the treatment of neuropathic pain are still an unmet clinical need. Neuropathic pain, caused by a lesion or disease that affects the somatosensory system, is a debilitating and hampering condition that has a great economic cost and, above all, a tremendous impact on the quality of life. Sodium channels are one of the major players in generating and propagating action potentials. They represent an appealing target for researchers involved in the development of new and safer drugs useful in the treatment of neuropathic pain. The actual goal for researchers is to target sodium channels selectively to stop the abnormal signaling that characterizes neuropathic pain while leaving normal somatosensory functions intact. AREAS COVERED This review covers the most recent publications regarding sodium channel blockers and their development as new treatments for neuropathic pain. The main areas discussed are the natural sources of new blockers, such as venom extracts and the recent efforts from many pharmaceutical companies in the field. EXPERT OPINION There have been serious efforts by both the pharmaceutical industry and academia to develop new and safer therapeutic options for neuropathic pain. A number of different strategies have been undertaken; the main efforts directed towards the identification of selective blockers starting from both natural products or screening chemical libraries. At this time, researchers have identified and characterized selective compounds against NaV1.7 or NaV1.8 voltage-gated sodium channels but only time will tell if they reach the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Rivara
- a Dipartimento di Farmacia , Università degli Studi di Parma , Via Area delle Scienze 27/A, I-43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Valentina Zuliani
- a Dipartimento di Farmacia , Università degli Studi di Parma , Via Area delle Scienze 27/A, I-43124 Parma , Italy
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80
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Duan G, Guo S, Zhang Y, Ying Y, Huang P, Wang Q, Zhang L, Zhang X. The Effect of SCN9A Variation on Basal Pain Sensitivity in the General Population: An Experimental Study in Young Women. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2015; 16:971-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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81
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Tang Z, Chen Z, Tang B, Jiang H. Primary erythromelalgia: a review. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2015; 10:127. [PMID: 26419464 PMCID: PMC4589109 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-015-0347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary erythromelalgia (PE ORPHA90026) is a rare autosomal dominant neuropathy characterized by the combination of recurrent burning pain, warmth and redness of the extremities. The incidence rate of PE ranges from 0.36 to 1.1 per 100,000 persons. Gender ratio differs according to different studies and no evidence showed a gender preference. Clinical onset of PE is often in the first decade of life. Burning pain is the most predominant symptom and is usually caused and precipitated by warmth and physical activities. Reported cases of PE contain both inherited and sporadic forms. Genetic etiology of PE is mutations on SCN9A, the encoding gene of a voltage-gated sodium channel subtype Nav1.7. Diagnosis of PE is made upon clinical manifestations and screening for mutations on SCN9A. Exclusion of several other treatable diseases/secondary erythromelalgia is also necessary because of the lack of biomarkers specifically for PE. Differential diagnoses can include Fabry disease, cellulites, Raynaud phenomenon, vasculitis and so on. Diagnostic methods often involve complete blood count, imaging studies and thermograph. Treatment for PE is unsatisfactory and highly individualized. Frequently used pain relieving drugs involve sodium channel blockers such as lidocaine, carbamazepine and mexiletine. Novel drugs such as PF-05089771 and TV-45070 could be promising in ameliorating pain symptoms due to their Nav1.7 selectivity. Patients’ symptoms often worsen over time and many patients develop ulcerations and gangrenes caused by excessive exposure to low temperature in order to relieve pain. This review mainly focuses on PE and the causative gene SCN9A -- its mutations and their effects on Nav1.7 channels’ electrophysiological properties. We propose a genotype-channelopathy-phenotype correlation network underlying PE etiology which could provide guidance for future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoli Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, 87 Xiangya road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,State Key Lab of Medical Genetics, Central South University, 110 Xiangya road, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, 87 Xiangya road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,State Key Lab of Medical Genetics, Central South University, 110 Xiangya road, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
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82
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Barbosa C, Tan ZY, Wang R, Xie W, Strong JA, Patel RR, Vasko MR, Zhang JM, Cummins TR. Navβ4 regulates fast resurgent sodium currents and excitability in sensory neurons. Mol Pain 2015; 11:60. [PMID: 26408173 PMCID: PMC4582632 DOI: 10.1186/s12990-015-0063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased electrical activity in peripheral sensory neurons including dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and trigeminal ganglia neurons is an important mechanism underlying pain. Voltage gated sodium channels (VGSC) contribute to the excitability of sensory neurons and are essential for the upstroke of action potentials. A unique type of VGSC current, resurgent current (INaR), generates an inward current at repolarizing voltages through an alternate mechanism of inactivation referred to as open-channel block. INaRs are proposed to enable high frequency firing and increased INaRs in sensory neurons are associated with pain pathologies. While Nav1.6 has been identified as the main carrier of fast INaR, our understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to INaR generation is limited. Specifically, the open-channel blocker in sensory neurons has not been identified. Previous studies suggest Navβ4 subunit mediates INaR in central nervous system neurons. The goal of this study was to determine whether Navβ4 regulates INaR in DRG sensory neurons. RESULTS Our immunocytochemistry studies show that Navβ4 expression is highly correlated with Nav1.6 expression predominantly in medium-large diameter rat DRG neurons. Navβ4 knockdown decreased endogenous fast INaR in medium-large diameter neurons as measured with whole-cell voltage clamp. Using a reduced expression system in DRG neurons, we isolated recombinant human Nav1.6 sodium currents in rat DRG neurons and found that overexpression of Navβ4 enhanced Nav1.6 INaR generation. By contrast neither overexpression of Navβ2 nor overexpression of a Navβ4-mutant, predicted to be an inactive form of Navβ4, enhanced Nav1.6 INaR generation. DRG neurons transfected with wild-type Navβ4 exhibited increased excitability with increases in both spontaneous activity and evoked activity. Thus, Navβ4 overexpression enhanced INaR and excitability, whereas knockdown or expression of mutant Navβ4 decreased INaR generation. CONCLUSION INaRs are associated with inherited and acquired pain disorders. However, our ability to selectively target and study this current has been hindered due to limited understanding of how it is generated in sensory neurons. This study identified Navβ4 as an important regulator of INaR and excitability in sensory neurons. As such, Navβ4 is a potential target for the manipulation of pain sensations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Barbosa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, 320 West 25th Street, NB-414F, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-2266, USA.
| | - Zhi-Yong Tan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, 320 West 25th Street, NB-414F, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-2266, USA.
| | - Ruizhong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Wenrui Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Judith A Strong
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Reesha R Patel
- Medical Neuroscience Graduate Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, 320 West 25th Street, NB-414F, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-2266, USA.
| | - Michael R Vasko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, 320 West 25th Street, NB-414F, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-2266, USA.
| | - Jun-Ming Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Theodore R Cummins
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, 320 West 25th Street, NB-414F, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-2266, USA.
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Upregulation of Nav1.8 in demyelinated facial nerves might be relevant to the generation of hemifacial spasm. J Craniofac Surg 2015; 25:1334-6. [PMID: 24892416 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000000802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that the abnormal muscle response could vanish when the ipsilateral superior cervical ganglion was removed and reappear when norepinephrine was dripped at the neurovascular conflict site. Evidentially, we believed that the mechanism of hemifacial spasm should involve emersion of ectopical action potential in the compressed facial nerve fibers. As the action potential is ignited by ion channel opening, we focused on Nav1.8 that has been found overexpressed in peripheral nerve while damaged. In this study, Moller model was adopted, 20 Sprague-Dawley rats underwent drip of norepinephrine, and the abnormal muscle response wave was monitored in 14 rats. Antibodies against unique epitopes of the α subunit of sodium channel isoforms were used to detect the Nav1.8 neuronal isoforms, and the immunohistochemistry showed strong staining in 13 rats, which were all in the abnormal muscle response positive group (P < 0.05). Accordingly, we concluded that the substance of hemifacial spasm is an ectopic action potential that emerged on the damaged facial nerve, which might be coupled by Nav1.8.
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84
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Tanaka KI, Sekino S, Ikegami M, Ikeda H, Kamei J. Antihyperalgesic effects of ProTx-II, a Nav1.7 antagonist, and A803467, a Nav1.8 antagonist, in diabetic mice. J Exp Pharmacol 2015; 7:11-6. [PMID: 27186141 PMCID: PMC4863530 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s79973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of intrathecal administration of ProTx-II (tarantula venom peptide) and A803467 (5-[4-chloro-phenyl]-furan-2-carboxylic acid [3,5-dimethoxy-phenyl]-amide), selective Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 antagonists, respectively, on thermal hyperalgesia in a painful diabetic neuropathy model of mice. Intrathecal administration of ProTx-II at doses from 0.04 to 4 ng to diabetic mice dose-dependently and significantly increased the tail-flick latency. Intrathecal administration of A803467 at doses from 10 to 100 ng to diabetic mice also dose-dependently and significantly increased the tail-flick latency. However, intrathecal administration of either ProTx-II (4 ng) or A803467 (100 ng) had no effect on the tail-flick latency in nondiabetic mice. The expression of either the Nav1.7 or Nav1.8 sodium channel protein in the dorsal root ganglion in diabetic mice was not different from that in nondiabetic mice. The present results suggest that ProTx-II and A803467, highly selective blockers of Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 sodium channels, respectively, in the spinal cord, can have antihyperalgesic effects in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Tanaka
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shota Sekino
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Megumi Ikegami
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ikeda
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junzo Kamei
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
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85
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Amarouch MY, Abriel H. Cellular hyper-excitability caused by mutations that alter the activation process of voltage-gated sodium channels. Front Physiol 2015; 6:45. [PMID: 25741286 PMCID: PMC4330716 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav) are widely expressed as macro-molecular complexes in both excitable and non-excitable tissues. In excitable tissues, the upstroke of the action potential is the result of the passage of a large and rapid influx of sodium ions through these channels. NaV dysfunction has been associated with an increasingly wide range of neurological, muscular and cardiac disorders. The purpose of this review is to summarize the recently identified sodium channel mutations that are linked to hyper-excitability phenotypes and associated with the alteration of the activation process of voltage gated sodium channels. Indeed, several clinical manifestations that demonstrate an alteration of tissue excitability were recently shown to be strongly associated with the presence of mutations that affect the activation process of the Nav. These emerging genotype-phenotype correlations have expanded the clinical spectrum of sodium channelopathies to include disorders which feature a hyper-excitability phenotype that may or may not be associated with a cardiomyopathy. The p.I141V mutation in SCN4A and SCN5A, as well as its homologous p.I136V mutation in SCN9A, are interesting examples of mutations that have been linked to inherited hyperexcitability myotonia, exercise-induced polymorphic ventricular arrhythmias and erythromelalgia, respectively. Regardless of which sodium channel isoform is investigated, the substitution of the isoleucine to valine in the locus 141 induces similar modifications in the biophysical properties of the Nav by shifting the voltage-dependence of steady state activation toward more negative potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed-Yassine Amarouch
- Materials, Natural Substances, Environment and Modeling Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Faculty of Taza, University of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah-Fes Taza, Morocco
| | - Hugues Abriel
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
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86
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Tan AM. Dendritic spine dysgenesis in neuropathic pain. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 131:385-408. [PMID: 25744680 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The failure of neuropathic pain to abate even years after trauma suggests that adverse changes to synaptic function must exist in a chronic pathological state in nociceptive pathways. The chronicity of neuropathic pain therefore underscores the importance of understanding the contribution of dendritic spines--micron-sized postsynaptic structures that represent modifiable sites of synaptic contact. Historically, dendritic spines have been of great interest to the learning and memory field. More recent evidence points to the exciting implication that abnormal dendritic spine structure following disease or injury may represent a "molecular memory" for maintaining chronic pain. Dendritic spine dysgenesis in dorsal horn neurons contributes to nociceptive hyperexcitability associated with neuropathic pain, as demonstrated in multiple pain models, i.e., spinal cord injury, peripheral nerve injury, diabetic neuropathy, and thermal burn injury. Because of the relationship between dendritic spine structure and neuronal function, a thorough investigation of dendritic spine behavior in the spinal cord is a unique opportunity to better understand the mechanisms of sensory dysfunction after injury or disease. At a conceptual level, a spinal memory mechanism that engages dendritic spine remodeling would also contribute to a broad range of intractable neurological conditions. Molecules involved in regulating dendritic spine plasticity may offer novel targets for the development of effective and durable therapies for neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Michael Tan
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA; Hopkins School, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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Abstract
Following injury, nociceptive systems become sensitized, leading to heightened pain perception. The evolutionary reason for this phenomenon has been hard to pinpoint. A study in squid now suggests that nociceptive sensitization enhances survival from predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore J Price
- University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavior and Brain Sciences, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Gregory Dussor
- University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavior and Brain Sciences, Dallas, TX, USA; University of Arizona School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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An Introduction to Pain Pathways and Pain “Targets”. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 131:1-30. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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89
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Yang SW, Ho GD, Tulshian D, Bercovici A, Tan Z, Hanisak J, Brumfield S, Matasi J, Sun X, Sakwa SA, Herr RJ, Zhou X, Bridal T, Urban M, Vivian J, Rindgen D, Sorota S. Bioavailable pyrrolo-benzo-1,4-diazines as Nav1.7 sodium channel blockers for the treatment of pain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4958-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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90
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Zhang Z, Schmelz M, Segerdahl M, Quiding H, Centerholt C, Juréus A, Carr TH, Whiteley J, Salter H, Kvernebo MS, Ørstavik K, Helås T, Kleggetveit IP, Lunden LK, Jørum E. Exonic mutations in SCN9A (NaV1.7) are found in a minority of patients with erythromelalgia. Scand J Pain 2014; 5:217-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sjpain.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background and aim
“Gain-of-function” mutations in voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7 have been linked to erythromelalgia (EM), characterized by painful hot and red hands and feet. We investigated the proportion of patients with EM that carry a mutation in NaV1.7 or in other pain-related genes and studied possible clinical differences.
Methods
In this study, 48 patients with EM were screened for mutations in a total of 29 candidate genes, including all sodium channel subunits, transient receptor potential channels (TRPA1, TRPV1, TRPM8), neurotrophic factors (NGF, NGFR, BDNF, GDNF, NTRK1 and WNK1) and other known pain-related genes (CACNG2, KCNS1, COMT, P2RX3, TAC1, TACR1), using a combination of next generation sequencing and classical Sanger sequencing.
Results
In 7/48 patients protein-modifying mutations of NaV1.7 (P187L, I228M, I848T (n = 4) and N1245S) were identified. Patients with the I848T mutation could be identified clinically based on early onset and severity of the disease. In contrast, there were no clinical characteristics that differentiated the other patients with NaV1.7 mutation from those patients without. We also found more than twenty rare protein-modifying genetic variants in the genes coding for sodium channels (NaV1.8, NaV1.9, NaV1.6, NaV1.5, NaV2.1, SCN1B, SCN3B), transient receptor potential channel (TRPA1, TRPV1), and other pain-related targets (WNK1 and NGFR).
Conclusion
We conclude that functionally characterized mutations of NaV1.7 (I848T) are present only in a minority of patient with EM. Albeit the majority of patients (27/48) carried rare protein-modifying mutations the vast majority of those will most probably not be causally linked to their disease.
Implications
The key question remaining to be solved is the possible role of rare variants of NaV1.8, NaV1.9, or beta-subunits in provoking chronic pain conditions or even EM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Schmelz
- Department of Anesthesiology Mannheim , Heidelberg University , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Märta Segerdahl
- AstraZeneca R&D , Södertälje , Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hugh Salter
- AstraZeneca Translational Science Centre , Department of Clinical Neuroscience , Karolinska Institutet , Karolinska , Sweden
| | | | - Kristin Ørstavik
- Section of Clinical Neurophysiology , Department of Neurology , Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway
| | - Tormod Helås
- Section of Clinical Neurophysiology , Department of Neurology , Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway
| | - Inge-Petter Kleggetveit
- Section of Clinical Neurophysiology , Department of Neurology , Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway
| | - Lars Kristian Lunden
- Section of Clinical Neurophysiology , Department of Neurology , Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway
| | - Ellen Jørum
- Section of Clinical Neurophysiology , Department of Neurology , Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway
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91
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Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels initiate action potentials in brain neurons, mutations in sodium channels cause inherited forms of epilepsy, and sodium channel blockers-along with other classes of drugs-are used in therapy of epilepsy. A mammalian voltage-gated sodium channel is a complex containing a large, pore-forming α subunit and one or two smaller β subunits. Extensive structure-function studies have revealed many aspects of the molecular basis for sodium channel structure, and X-ray crystallography of ancestral bacterial sodium channels has given insight into their three-dimensional structure. Mutations in sodium channel α and β subunits are responsible for genetic epilepsy syndromes with a wide range of severity, including generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+), Dravet syndrome, and benign familial neonatal-infantile seizures. These seizure syndromes are treated with antiepileptic drugs that offer differing degrees of success. The recent advances in understanding of disease mechanisms and sodium channel structure promise to yield improved therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Catterall
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7280;
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92
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Ho GD, Tulshian D, Bercovici A, Tan Z, Hanisak J, Brumfield S, Matasi J, Heap CR, Earley WG, Courneya B, Jason Herr R, Zhou X, Bridal T, Rindgen D, Sorota S, Yang SW. Discovery of pyrrolo-benzo-1,4-diazines as potent Nav1.7 sodium channel blockers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4110-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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93
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The role of TNF-alpha/NF-kappa B pathway on the up-regulation of voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.7 in DRG neurons of rats with diabetic neuropathy. Neurochem Int 2014; 75:112-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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94
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Mutational Consequences of Aberrant Ion Channels in Neurological Disorders. J Membr Biol 2014; 247:1083-127. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-014-9716-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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95
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Liu Y, Tang J, Zhang Y, Xun X, Tang D, Peng D, Yi J, Liu Z, Shi X. Synthesis and analgesic effects of μ-TRTX-Hhn1b on models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:2363-78. [PMID: 25123556 PMCID: PMC4147587 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6082363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
μ-TRTX-Hhn1b (HNTX-IV) is a 35-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the spider, Ornithoctonus hainana. It inhibits voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.7, which has been considered as a therapeutic target for pain. The goal of the present study is to elucidate the analgesic effects of synthetic μ-TRTX-Hhn1b on animal models of pain. The peptide was first synthesized and then successfully refolded/oxidized. The synthetic peptide had the same inhibitory effect on human Nav1.7 current transiently expressed in HEK 293 cells as the native toxin. Furthermore, the analgesic potentials of the synthetic peptide were examined on models of inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain. μ-TRTX-Hhn1b produced an efficient reversal of acute nociceptive pain in the abdominal constriction model, and significantly reduced the pain scores over the 40-min period in the formalin model. The efficiency of μ-TRTX-Hhn1b on both models was equivalent to that of morphine. In the spinal nerve model, the reversal effect of μ-TRTX-Hhn1b on allodynia was longer and higher than mexiletine. These results demonstrated that μ-TRTX-Hhn1b efficiently alleviated acute inflammatory pain and chronic neuropathic pain in animals and provided an attractive template for further clinical analgesic drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, Hunan, China.
| | - Jianguang Tang
- The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Yunxiao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Xiaohong Xun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, Hunan, China.
| | - Dongfang Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, Hunan, China.
| | - Dezheng Peng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, Hunan, China.
| | - Jianming Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Xiaoliu Shi
- The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.
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96
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Benarroch EE. The clinical approach to autonomic failure in neurological disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2014; 10:396-407. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2014.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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97
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Tamura R, Nemoto T, Maruta T, Onizuka S, Yanagita T, Wada A, Murakami M, Tsuneyoshi I. Up-regulation of NaV1.7 sodium channels expression by tumor necrosis factor-α in cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells and rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Anesth Analg 2014; 118:318-324. [PMID: 24445633 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is not only a key regulator of inflammatory response but also an important pain modulator. TNF-α enhances both tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) and tetrodotoxin-resistant Na channel currents in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. However, it remains unknown whether TNF-α affects the function and expression of the TTX-S NaV1.7 Na channel, which plays crucial roles in pain generation. METHODS We used cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells expressing the NaV1.7 Na channel isoform and compared them with cultured rat DRG neurons. The expression of TNF receptor 1 and 2 (TNFR1 and TNFR2) in adrenal chromaffin cells was studied by Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The effects of TNF-α on the expression of NaV1.7 were examined with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. Results were expressed as mean ± SEM. RESULTS TNFR1 and TNFR2 were expressed in adrenal chromaffin cells, as well as reported in DRG neurons. TNF-α up-regulated NaV1.7 mRNA by 132% ± 9% (N = 5, P = 0.004) in adrenal chromaffin cells, as well as 117% ± 2% (N = 5, P < 0.0001) in DRG neurons. Western blot analysis showed that TNF-α increased NaV1.7 protein up to 166% ± 24% (N = 5, corrected P < 0.0001) in adrenal chromaffin cells, concentration- and time-dependently. CONCLUSIONS TNF-α up-regulated NaV1.7 mRNA in both adrenal chromaffin cells and DRG neurons. In addition, TNF-α up-regulated the protein expression of the TTX-S NaV1.7 channel in adrenal chromaffin cells. Our findings may contribute to understanding the peripheral nociceptive mechanism of TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Tamura
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care and Pharmacology, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan; Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Basic Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Sports Health and Welfare, Faculty of Social Welfare, Kyusyu University of Health and Welfare, Miyazaki, Japan
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98
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Ochoa-Cortes F, Guerrero-Alba R, Valdez-Morales EE, Spreadbury I, Barajas-Lopez C, Castro M, Bertrand J, Cenac N, Vergnolle N, Vanner SJ. Chronic stress mediators act synergistically on colonic nociceptive mouse dorsal root ganglia neurons to increase excitability. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:334-45. [PMID: 24286174 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress hormones can signal to colonic dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons and may play a role in sustained hyperexcitability of nociceptors. METHODS Mouse DRG neurons were exposed overnight to epinephrine (Epi) 5 nM and/or corticosterone (Cort) 1 μM or prior water-avoidance stress. Patch clamp recordings, visceromotor reflexes (VMRs) and molecular studies were conducted. KEY RESULTS Water-avoidance stress induced neuronal hyperexcitability. Incubation of DRG neurons in both Cort and Epi (but neither alone) induced hyperexcitability (rheobase decreased 51%, p < 0.05; action potential discharge increased 95%, p < 0.01); this was blocked by antagonists of the β2 adrenoreceptor (butoxamine, But) and Cort receptor (mifepristone) in combination or alone. Stress hormones enhanced voltage-gated Nav 1.7 currents (p < 0.05) and suppressed IA (p < 0.0001) and IK+ (p < 0.05) currents. Furthermore, stress hormones increased DRG β2 adrenoreceptor mRNA (59%, p = 0.007) and protein (125%, p < 0.05), also Nav 1.7 transcript (45%, p = 0.004) and protein (114%, p = 0.002). In whole-animal studies, the WAS hyperexcitability of DRG neurons was blocked by antagonists of the β2 and glucocorticoid receptors (GCR) but together they paradoxically increased VMRs to colorectal balloon distension. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Stress mediators Epi and Cort activate β2 and GCR on DRG neurons which synergistically induce hyperexcitability of nociceptive DRG neurons and cause corresponding changes in voltage-gated Na(+) and K(+) currents. Furthermore, they increase the expression of β2 adrenoreceptors and Nav1.7 channels, suggesting transcriptional changes could contribute to sustained signaling following stress. The paradoxical effects of But and mifepristone in electrophysiological compared to VMR testing may reflect different peripheral and central actions on sensory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ochoa-Cortes
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, ON, Canada
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99
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Ionic mechanisms in peripheral pain. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014. [PMID: 24560139 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397897-4.00010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Chronic pain constitutes an important and growing problem in society with large unmet needs with respect to treatment and clear implications for quality of life. Computational modeling is used to complement experimental studies to elucidate mechanisms involved in pain states. Models representing the peripheral nerve ending often address questions related to sensitization or reduction in pain detection threshold. In models of the axon or the cell body of the unmyelinated C-fiber, a large body of work concerns the role of particular sodium channels and mutations of these. Furthermore, in central structures: spinal cord or higher structures, sensitization often refers not only to enhanced synaptic efficacy but also to elevated intrinsic neuronal excitability. One of the recent developments in computational neuroscience is the emergence of computational neuropharmacology. In this area, computational modeling is used to study mechanisms of pathology with the objective of finding the means of restoring healthy function. This research has received increased attention from the pharmaceutical industry as ion channels have gained increased interest as drug targets. Computational modeling has several advantages, notably the ability to provide mechanistic links between molecular and cellular levels on the one hand and functions at the systems level on the other hand. These characteristics make computational modeling an additional tool to be used in the process of selecting pharmaceutical targets. Furthermore, large-scale simulations can provide a framework to systematically study the effects of several interacting disease parameters or effects from combinations of drugs.
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100
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Al-Minshawy SM, El-Mazary AAM. An Egyptian child with erythromelalgia responding to a new line of treatment: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep 2014; 8:69. [PMID: 24568362 PMCID: PMC3943265 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-8-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Erythromelalgia is a rare clinical syndrome characterized by episodic erythema, warmth and intense burning pain, which commonly involves the extremities. For those affected, this disorder may lead to significant long-term morbidity. Unfortunately, to date, no definitive therapy is available. This case report describes an Egyptian child with primary erythromelalgia that manifested at an early age and showed partial response to therapy with cetirizine hydrochloride. This anecdotal case report may have a diagnostic value for clinicians who have not seen this disorder. Case presentation A 34-month-old previously healthy right-handed Hamitic boy without any significant past medical history presented at the age of 2 years with episodic bilateral pain in his feet. His mother reported associated warmth and erythema localized to his feet that never extended beyond his ankle joints. This pain is triggered by exertion and/or warm temperature exposure and is relieved by cooling measures. The diagnosis of erythromelalgia was made based on the patient’s medical history and a thorough physical examination during the episodes. No evidence of local or systemic infection was present. Other causes for the symptoms were excluded by a negative extensive diagnostic work-up. Our patient did not respond to ibuprofen (15mg/kg/dose) three times a day but partial improvement with the oral non-sedating antihistaminic cetirizine hydrochloride (2.5mg/kg/once daily) was observed. When the child stopped cetirizine hydrochloride for 1 month as a test, the symptoms became aggravated and were relieved when cetirizine therapy was restarted. Cetirizine hydrochloride had not previously been reported to have this effect in children with erythromelalgia. Conclusions Erythromelalgia is a clinical syndrome of which the etiology, diagnosis and management are controversial. We describe a case of a 34-month-old Egyptian child with primary erythromelalgia that manifested at an early age. We believe that this is the first Egyptian case report of this kind in the literature. Partial response of this patient to cetirizine hydrochloride may grant us a new clue to understanding this mysterious condition.
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