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Han J, Dzierlenga AL, Lu Z, Billheimer DD, Torabzadehkhorasani E, Lake AD, Li H, Novak P, Shipkova P, Aranibar N, Robertson D, Reily MD, Lehman-McKeeman LD, Cherrington NJ. Metabolomic profiling distinction of human nonalcoholic fatty liver disease progression from a common rat model. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:1069-1076. [PMID: 28452429 PMCID: PMC5513172 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Characteristic pathological changes define the progression of steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and are correlated to metabolic pathways. A common rodent model of NASH is the methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet. The objective of this study was to perform full metabolomic analyses on liver samples to determine which pathways are altered most pronouncedly in this condition in humans, and to compare these changes to rodent models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS A principal component analysis for all 91 metabolites measured indicated that metabolome perturbation is greater and less varied for humans than for rodents. RESULTS Metabolome changes in human and rat NAFLD were greatest for the amino acid and bile acid metabolite families (e.g., asparagine, citrulline, gamma-aminobutyric acid, lysine); although, in many cases, the trends were reversed when compared between species (cholic acid, betaine). CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results indicate that metabolites of specific pathways may be useful biomarkers for NASH progression, although these markers may not correspond to rodent NASH models. The MCD model may be useful when studying certain end points of NASH; however, the metabolomics results indicate important differences between humans and rodents in the biochemical pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- JianHua Han
- University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Anika L. Dzierlenga
- University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Zhengqiang Lu
- The Arizona Statistical Consulting Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Dean D. Billheimer
- The Arizona Statistical Consulting Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - April D. Lake
- University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Hui Li
- University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Petr Novak
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petia Shipkova
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Nelly Aranibar
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Donald Robertson
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Michael D. Reily
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, NJ, USA
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Li Z, Lin B, Lin G, Wu Y, Jie Y, Li X, Ko B, Chong Y, Luo J. Circulating FGF19 closely correlates with bile acid synthesis and cholestasis in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178580. [PMID: 28570655 PMCID: PMC5453554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Bile acid (BA) synthesis in the liver is regulated by Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 (FGF19) secreted from the ileum as an enterohepatic feedback mechanism. Although FGF19 mRNA is absent in normal liver, FGF19 gene expression was reported to increase in response to both extrahepatic and intrahepatic cholestasis. The impact of upregulated FGF19 expression on BA synthesis is unclear and the overall role of circulating FGF19 and BA synthesis under cholestatic conditions needs to be further investigated. METHODS BA synthesis was directly quantified by measuring serum concentrations of 7alpha-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one (C4), along with serum FGF19 and other parameters, in 44 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and 10 healthy subjects. RESULTS Serum C4 were substantially lower, while those of FGF19 were higher, in cirrhotic PBC patients, as compared to those of either healthy or non-cirrhotic PBC patients. Analyses of the relationships between circulating FGF19, BA synthesis and cholestasis revealed that circulating FGF19 was strongly correlated with BA synthesis (r = -0.735, p<0.0001) and the severity of cholestasis (r = 0.590, p<0.001). Moreover, BA synthesis was found to be strongly correlated with the degree of cholestasis (r = 0.522, p = 0.0005). CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that the regulation of BA synthesis in response to cholestasis is primarily controlled by circulating FGF19 and that under cholestatic conditions, the FGF19-BA synthesis feedback mechanism remains intact. Administering FGF19, or suitable mimetic, as a pharmacological intervention to increase circulating levels of FGF19 and suppress BA synthesis by inhibiting CYP7A1 gene expression is likely to provide therapeutic benefits for many PBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanyi Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bingliang Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoli Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuankai Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yusheng Jie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangyong Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Brian Ko
- NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yutian Chong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (YTC)
| | - Jian Luo
- NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JL); (YTC)
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Yokouchi Y, Imaoka M, Niino N, Kiyosawa N, Kai K. Comprehensive Evaluation of (+)-Usnic Acid–induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats by Sequential Cross-omics Analysis. Toxicol Pathol 2017; 45:481-492. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623317707074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Two-week administration of (+)-usnic acid (UA) induces mitochondrial swelling of cardiomyocytes, and toxicogenomic analysis of the heart revealed upregulation of oxidative stress, amino acid limitation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress–related genes in rats. To analyze the pathogenesis, UA was orally administrated to rats for 1, 4, 7, and 14 days, and sequential histopathological, genomic, and metabolomic analyses were performed on the heart, liver, and plasma. As a result, mitochondrial swelling of cardiomyocytes was observed on day 15 preceded by genomic upregulation on days 5 and 8. Of the focused gene groups, amino acid limitation–related genes represented by Mthfd2 showed numerically higher values or upregulation from day 5, which was sustained through the experimental period. On the contrary, oxidative stress–related genes were upregulated temporally on day 5. In metabolomic analysis, amino acids such as taurocholate and their metabolites fluctuated in concert with the upregulation of amino acid limitation–related genes in the heart, liver, and plasma. Moreover, accumulations of bile acids were manifested in all the tested tissues, while no histopathological change was seen in the liver. Increased bile acids might have an indirect effect on the myocardium; however, more detailed analysis is required. In conclusion, amino acid limitation was suggested as the pivotal toxic trigger of UA-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Yokouchi
- Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology Department, R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - M. Imaoka
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - N. Niino
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - N. Kiyosawa
- Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology Department, R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - K. Kai
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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Starokozhko V, Greupink R, van de Broek P, Soliman N, Ghimire S, de Graaf IAM, Groothuis GMM. Rat precision-cut liver slices predict drug-induced cholestatic injury. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3403-3413. [PMID: 28391356 PMCID: PMC5608839 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-1960-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced cholestasis (DIC) is one of the leading manifestations of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). As the underlying mechanisms for DIC are not fully known and specific and predictive biomarkers and pre-clinical models are lacking, the occurrence of DIC is often only reported when the drug has been approved for registration. Therefore, appropriate models that predict the cholestatic potential of drug candidates and/or provide insight into the mechanism of DIC are highly needed. We investigated the application of rat precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) to predict DIC, using several biomarkers of cholestasis: hepatocyte viability, intracellular accumulation of total as well as individual bile acids and changes in the expression of genes known to play a role in cholestasis. Rat PCLS exposed to the cholestatic drugs chlorpromazine, cyclosporine A and glibenclamide for 48 h in the presence of a 60 μM physiological bile acid (BA) mix reflected various changes associated with cholestasis, such as decrease in hepatocyte viability, accumulation and changes in the composition of BA and changes in the gene expression of Fxr, Bsep and Ntcp. The toxicity of the drugs was correlated with the accumulation of BA, and especially DCA and CDCA and their conjugates, but to a different extent for different drugs, indicating that BA toxicity is not the only cause for the toxicity of cholestatic drugs. Moreover, our study supports the use of several biomarkers to test drugs for DIC. In conclusion, our results indicate that PCLS may represent a physiological and valuable model to identify cholestatic drugs and provide insight into the mechanisms underlying DIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Starokozhko
- Division of Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Greupink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Petra van de Broek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nashwa Soliman
- Division of Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Samiksha Ghimire
- Division of Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge A M de Graaf
- Division of Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geny M M Groothuis
- Division of Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Ikeda Y, Morita SY, Terada T. Cholesterol attenuates cytoprotective effects of phosphatidylcholine against bile salts. Sci Rep 2017; 7:306. [PMID: 28331225 PMCID: PMC5428433 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile salts have potent detergent properties and damaging effects on cell membranes, leading to liver injury. However, the molecular mechanisms for the protection of hepatocytes against bile salts are not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrated that the cytotoxicity of nine human major bile salts to HepG2 cells and primary human hepatocytes was prevented by phosphatidylcholine (PC). In contrast, cholesterol had no direct cytotoxic effects but suppressed the cytoprotective effects of PC. PC reduced the cell-association of bile salt, which was reversed by cholesterol. Light scattering measurements and gel filtration chromatography revealed that cholesterol within bile salt/PC dispersions decreased mixed micelles but increased vesicles, bile salt simple micelles and monomers. These results suggest that cholesterol attenuates the cytoprotective effects of PC against bile salts by facilitating the formation of bile salt simple micelles and monomers. Therefore, biliary PC and cholesterol may play different roles in the pathogenesis of bile salt-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Ikeda
- Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu City, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Shin-Ya Morita
- Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu City, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Terada
- Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu City, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
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Duboué ER, Halpern ME. Genetic and Transgenic Approaches to Study Zebrafish Brain Asymmetry and Lateralized Behavior. LATERALIZED BRAIN FUNCTIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6725-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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Both cholestatic and steatotic drugs trigger extensive alterations in the mRNA level of biliary transporters in rat hepatocytes: Application to develop new predictive biomarkers for early drug development. Toxicol Lett 2016; 263:58-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Trifunović J, Borčić V, Vukmirović S, Vasović V, Mikov M. Bile acids and their oxo derivatives: environmentally safe materials for drug design and delivery. Drug Chem Toxicol 2016; 40:397-405. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2016.1244680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Trifunović
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Vladan Borčić
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Saša Vukmirović
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Velibor Vasović
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Momir Mikov
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Singh DP, Borse SP, Nivsarkar M. Clinical importance of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug enteropathy: the relevance of tumor necrosis factor as a promising target. Transl Res 2016; 175:76-91. [PMID: 27083387 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) enteropathy is still unclear, and consequently, there is no approved therapeutic strategy for ameliorating such damage. On the other hand, molecular treatment strategies targeting tumor necrosis factor (TNF) exerts beneficial effects on NSAID-induced intestinal lesions in rodents and rheumatoid arthritis patients. Thus, TNF appears to be a potential therapeutic target for both the prevention and treatment of NSAID enteropathy. However, the causative relationship between TNF and NSAID enteropathy is largely unknown. Currently approved anti-TNF agents are highly expensive and exhibit numerous side effects. Hence, in this review, the pivotal role of TNF in NSAID enteropathy has been summarized and plant-derived polyphenols have been suggested as useful alternative anti-TNF agents because of their ability to suppress TNF activated inflammatory pathways both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India; Registered Ph.D Scholar (External) at Institute of Pharmacy, NIRMA University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Swapnil P Borse
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India; Registered Ph.D Scholar (External) at Institute of Pharmacy, NIRMA University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Manish Nivsarkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
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Gonzalez-Sanchez E, Perez MJ, Nytofte NS, Briz O, Monte MJ, Lozano E, Serrano MA, Marin JJG. Protective role of biliverdin against bile acid-induced oxidative stress in liver cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 97:466-477. [PMID: 27387768 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of bile acids affects mitochondria causing oxidative stress. Antioxidant defense is accepted to include biotransformation of biliverdin (BV) into bilirubin (BR) through BV reductase α (BVRα). The mutation (c.214C>A) in BLVRA results in a non-functional enzyme (mutBVRα). Consequently, homozygous carriers suffering from cholestasis develop green jaundice. Whether BVRα deficiency reduces BV-dependent protection against bile acids is a relevant question because a screening of the mut-BLVRA allele (a) in 311 individuals in Greenland revealed that this SNP was relatively frequent in the Inuit population studied (1% a/a and 4.5% A/a). In three human liver cell lines an inverse correlation between BVRα expression (HepG2>Alexander>HuH-7) and basal reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels was found, however the ability of BV to reduce oxidative stress and cell death induced by deoxycholic acid (DCA) or potassium dichromate (PDC) was similar in these cells. The transduction of BVRα or mutBVRα in human placenta JAr cells with negligible BVRα expression or the silencing of endogenous BVRα expression in liver cells had no effect on DCA-induced oxidative stress and cell death or BV-mediated cytoprotection. DCA stimulated both superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide production, whereas BV only inhibited the latter. DCA and other dihydroxy-bile acids, but not PDC, induced up-regulation of both BVRα and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in liver cells through a FXR independent and BV insensitive mechanism. In conclusion, BV exerts direct and BVRα-independent antioxidant and cytoprotective effects, whereas bile acid accumulation in cholestasis stimulates the expression of enzymes favoring the heme biotransformation into BV and BR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Gonzalez-Sanchez
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Maria J Perez
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Oscar Briz
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria J Monte
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Elisa Lozano
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria A Serrano
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose J G Marin
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
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Chen Y, Qing W, Sun M, Lv L, Guo D, Jiang Y. Melatonin protects hepatocytes against bile acid-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress via the AMPK-SIRT3-SOD2 pathway. Free Radic Res 2016; 49:1275-84. [PMID: 26118716 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1067806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidative damage is hypothesized to contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic cholestatic liver diseases. Melatonin, an indolamine synthesized in the pineal gland, shows a wide range of physiological functions, and is under clinical investigation for expanded applications. Melatonin has demonstrated efficient protective effects against various types of oxidative damage in the liver system. This study investigates the protective effects of melatonin pretreatment on glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA)-induced hepatotoxicity and elucidates the potential mechanism of melatonin-mediated protection. Melatonin markedly decreased mitochondrial ROS (mROS) production in L02 cells treated with 100 μM GCDCA, and inhibited GCDCA-stimulated cytotoxicity. Notably, melatonin exerted its hepatoprotective effects by upregulating sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) activity and its expression level, thus regulating superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) acetylation and inhibiting the production of mROS induced by GCDCA. Moreover, siRNA targeting SIRT3 blocked the melatonin-mediated elevation in mitochondrial function by inhibiting SIRT3/SOD2 signaling. Importantly, melatonin-activated SIRT3 activity was completely abolished by AMP-activated, alpha 1 catalytic subunit (AMPK) siRNA transfection. Similar results were obtained in rat with bile duct ligation or BDL. In summary, our findings indicate that melatonin is a novel hepatoprotective small molecule that functions by elevating SIRT3, stimulating SOD2 activity, and suppressing mitochondrial oxidative stress at least through AMPK, and that SIRT3 may be of therapeutic value in liver cell protection for GCDCA-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- a Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery , Fuzhou General Hospital , Fuzhou , China
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Abstract
The animal model of common bile duct ligation is very toxic; therefore, the aim of this study was to establish a new model of obstructive jaundice in rats with partial common bile duct obstruction. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a sham operation or partial ligation of bile duct procedure. Serum biochemistry, liver histology, and expression of bile salt transporters were examined after surgery. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, and bile acids were significantly increased in the partial bile duct ligation group 3 days after surgery. However, these changes spontaneously normalized within 14 days after surgery in the partial bile duct ligation group compared with the sham group. Bile infarcts, ductular reaction, and abundant hepatocyte turnover were detected exclusively in the partial bile duct ligation group on postoperative day 3. However, these changes dramatically reversed 14 days after surgery. Bile salt transporter expression was significantly decreased at day 3 and gradually recovered in the following 2 weeks. In conclusion, the current rat model of obstructive cholestasis is reversible, representing the clinical characteristics of partial biliary obstruction, and may be used to investigate the effects of various therapeutic strategies on reversible acute cholestasis.
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Effect of taurine on chronic and acute liver injury: Focus on blood and brain ammonia. Toxicol Rep 2016; 3:870-879. [PMID: 28959615 PMCID: PMC5615919 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperammonemia is associated with chronic and acute liver injury. There is no promising therapeutic agent against ammonia-induced complications. Hence, finding therapeutic molecules with safe profile of administration has clinical value. The present study was conducted to evaluate the role of taurine (TA) administration on plasma and brain ammonia and its consequent events in different models of chronic and acute liver injury and hyperammonemia. Bile duct ligated (BDL) rats were used as a model of chronic liver injury. Thioacetamide and acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure were used as acute liver injury models. A high level of ammonia was detected in blood and brain of experimental groups. An increase in brain ammonia level coincided with a decreased total locomotor activity of animals and significant changes in the biochemistry of blood and also liver tissue. TA administration (500 and 1000 mg/kg, i.p), effectively alleviated liver injury and its consequent events including rise in plasma and brain ammonia and brain edema. The data suggested that TA is not only a useful and safe agent to preserve liver function, but also prevented hyperammonemia as a deleterious consequence of acute and chronic liver injury.
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Verhaag EM, Buist-Homan M, Koehorst M, Groen AK, Moshage H, Faber KN. Hormesis in Cholestatic Liver Disease; Preconditioning with Low Bile Acid Concentrations Protects against Bile Acid-Induced Toxicity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149782. [PMID: 26950211 PMCID: PMC4780766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cholestasis is characterized by accumulation of bile acids and inflammation, causing hepatocellular damage. Still, liver damage markers are highest in acute cholestasis and drop when this condition becomes chronic, indicating that hepatocytes adapt towards the hostile environment. This may be explained by a hormetic response in hepatocytes that limits cell death during cholestasis. Aim To investigate the mechanisms that underlie the hormetic response that protect hepatocytes against experimental cholestatic conditions. Methods HepG2.rNtcp cells were preconditioned (24 h) with sub-apoptotic concentrations (0.1–50 μM) of various bile acids, the superoxide donor menadione, TNF-α or the Farsenoid X Receptor agonist GW4064, followed by a challenge with the apoptosis-inducing bile acid glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA; 200 μM for 4 h), menadione (50 μM, 6 h) or cytokine mixture (CM; 6 h). Levels of apoptotic and necrotic cell death, mRNA expression of the bile salt export pump (ABCB11) and bile acid sensors, as well as intracellular GCDCA levels were analyzed. Results Preconditioning with the pro-apoptotic bile acids GCDCA, taurocholic acid, or the protective bile acids (tauro)ursodeoxycholic acid reduced GCDCA-induced caspase-3/7 activity in HepG2.rNtcp cells. Bile acid preconditioning did not induce significant levels of necrosis in GCDCA-challenged HepG2.rNtcp cells. In contrast, preconditioning with cholic acid, menadione or TNF-α potentiated GCDCA-induced apoptosis. GCDCA preconditioning specifically reduced GCDCA-induced cell death and not CM- or menadione-induced apoptosis. The hormetic effect of GCDCA preconditioning was concentration- and time-dependent. GCDCA-, CDCA- and GW4064- preconditioning enhanced ABCB11 mRNA levels, but in contrast to the bile acids, GW4064 did not significantly reduce GCDCA-induced caspase-3/7 activity. The GCDCA challenge strongly increased intracellular levels of this bile acid, which was not lowered by GCDCA-preconditioning. Conclusions Sub-toxic concentrations of bile acids in the range that occur under normal physiological conditions protect HepG2.rNtcp cells against GCDCA-induced apoptosis, which is independent of FXR-controlled changes in bile acid transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M. Verhaag
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manon Buist-Homan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Koehorst
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K. Groen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Moshage
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Nico Faber
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Liu Q, Li BS, Song YJ, Hu MG, Lu JY, Gao A, Sun XJ, Guo XM, Liu R. Hydrogen-rich saline protects against mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in mice with obstructive jaundice. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:3588-96. [PMID: 26936224 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that hydrogen-rich saline (HS) protects against bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced liver injury by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation. Mitochondria, which are targets of excessive reactive oxygen species and central mediators of apoptosis, have a pivotal role in hepatic injury during obstructive jaundice (OJ); however, the implications of HS in the hepatic mitochondria of BDL mice remain unknown. The present study investigated the hypothesis that HS could reduce OJ‑induced liver injury through the protection of mitochondrial structure and function, as well as inhibition of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three experimental groups: Sham operation group, BDL injury with normal saline (NS) treatment group, and BDL‑injury with HS treatment group. Mitochondrial damage and apoptotic parameters were determined 3 days post‑BDL injury and treatment. The results demonstrated that mitochondria isolated from the livers of NS-treated BDL mice exhibited increased mitochondrial swelling, cytochrome c release, and oxidative damage. In addition, liver samples from NS‑treated BDL mice exhibited significant increases in B‑cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2)‑associated X protein expression, caspase activities, and hepatocyte apoptosis compared with livers from sham‑operated controls. Notably, treatment with HS reduced the levels of these markers and alleviated morphological defects in the mitochondria following injury. In addition, HS markedly increased the antioxidant potential of mitochondria, as evidenced by elevated adenosine triphosphate levels, mitochondrial respiratory function, and increased levels of active Bcl‑2. In conclusion, HS attenuates mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction, and inhibits mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in the livers of BDL mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qu Liu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Shan Li
- Department of General Surgery, People's Liberation Army No. 254 Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin 300141, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Jiao Song
- Department of Cell Biology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Gen Hu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Yue Lu
- Department of General Surgery, People's Liberation Army No. 254 Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin 300141, P.R. China
| | - Ang Gao
- Department of General Surgery, People's Liberation Army No. 254 Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin 300141, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Jun Sun
- Department of Diving Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Xi-Ming Guo
- Department of Cell Biology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
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Zhou C, Jia HM, Liu YT, Yu M, Chang X, Ba YM, Zou ZM. Metabolism of glycerophospholipid, bile acid and retinol is correlated with the early outcomes of autoimmune hepatitis. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:1574-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00092d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study first reports the metabolic variations at the early stage of the liver injury related to autoimmune hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhou
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100193
- P. R. China
| | - Hong-mei Jia
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100193
- P. R. China
| | - Yue-tao Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100193
- P. R. China
| | - Meng Yu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100193
- P. R. China
| | - Xing Chang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100193
- P. R. China
| | - Yuan-ming Ba
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of TCM
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
| | - Zhong-mei Zou
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100193
- P. R. China
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Nelms MD, Mellor CL, Cronin MTD, Madden JC, Enoch SJ. Development of an in Silico Profiler for Mitochondrial Toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1891-902. [PMID: 26375963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This study outlines the analysis of mitochondrial toxicity for a variety of pharmaceutical drugs extracted from Zhang et al. ((2009) Toxicol. In Vitro, 23, 134-140). These chemicals were grouped into categories based upon structural similarity. Subsequently, mechanistic analysis was undertaken for each category to identify the molecular initiating event driving mitochondrial toxicity. The mechanistic information elucidated during the analysis enabled mechanism-based structural alerts to be developed and combined together to form an in silico profiler. This profiler is envisaged to be used to develop chemical categories based upon similar mechanisms as part of the adverse outcome pathway paradigm. Additionally, the profiler could be utilized in screening large data sets in order to identify chemicals with the potential to induce mitochondrial toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Nelms
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L Mellor
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| | - Mark T D Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| | - Judith C Madden
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| | - Steven J Enoch
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
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Weerachayaphorn J, Amaya MJ, Spirli C, Chansela P, Mitchell KA, Ananthanarayanan M, Nathanson MH. Nuclear Factor, Erythroid 2-Like 2 Regulates Expression of Type 3 Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor and Calcium Signaling in Cholangiocytes. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:211-222.e10. [PMID: 25796361 PMCID: PMC4478166 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Most cholestatic disorders are caused by defects in cholangiocytes. The type 3 isoform of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (ITPR3) is the most abundant intracellular calcium release channel in cholangiocytes. ITPR3 is required for bicarbonate secretion by bile ducts, and its expression is reduced in intrahepatic bile ducts of patients with cholestatic disorders. We investigated whether the nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2 (NFE2L2 or NRF2), which is sensitive to oxidative stress, regulates expression of ITPR3. METHODS The activity of the ITPR3 promoter was measured in normal human cholangiocyte (NHC) cells and primary mouse cholangiocytes. Levels of ITPR3 protein and messenger RNA were examined by immunoblot and polymerase chain reaction analyses, respectively. ITPR3 activity was determined by measuring calcium signaling in normal human cholangiocyte cells and secretion in isolated bile duct units. Levels of NRF2 were measured in liver tissues from rats with cholestasis (induced by administration of α-napthylisothiocyanate) and from patients with biliary diseases. RESULTS We identified a musculo-aponeurotic fibrosarcoma recognition element in the promoter of ITPR3 that bound NRF2 directly in NHC cells and mouse cholangiocytes. Increasing binding of NRF2 at this site resulted in chromatin remodeling that reduced promoter activity. Mutant forms of the musculo-aponeurotic fibrosarcoma recognition element did not bind NRF2. Activation of NRF2 with quercetin or by oxidative stress reduced expression of ITPR3 and calcium signaling in NHC cells; quercetin also reduced secretion by bile duct units isolated from rats. Knockdown of NRF2 with small interfering RNAs restored expression and function of ITPR3 in NHC cells incubated with quercetin. Bile ducts from rats with cholestasis and patients with cholangiopathic disorders expressed higher levels of NRF2 and lower levels of ITPR3 than ducts from control rats or patients with other liver disorders. CONCLUSIONS The transcription factor NRF2 binds to the promoter of ITPR3 to inhibit its expression in cholangiocytes, leading to reduced calcium signaling and bile duct secretion. This could be a mechanism by which oxidative stress inhibits these processes and contributes to cholangiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jittima Weerachayaphorn
- Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Maria Jimena Amaya
- Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Carlo Spirli
- Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Piyachat Chansela
- Department of Anatomy, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kisha A. Mitchell
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Michael H. Nathanson
- Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA,Corresponding Author: Michael H. Nathanson MD., PhD., Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, TAC S241D, New Haven, CT, 06519 USA, Tel: (203)-785-7312, Fax: (203)-785-7273,
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Weeder PD, van Rijn R, Porte RJ. Machine perfusion in liver transplantation as a tool to prevent non-anastomotic biliary strictures: Rationale, current evidence and future directions. J Hepatol 2015; 63:265-75. [PMID: 25770660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The high incidence of non-anastomotic biliary strictures (NAS) after transplantation of livers from extended criteria donors is currently a major barrier to widespread use of these organs. This review provides an update on the most recent advances in the understanding of the etiology of NAS. These new insights give reason to believe that machine perfusion can reduce the incidence of NAS after transplantation by providing more protective effects on the biliary tree during preservation of the donor liver. An overview is presented regarding the different endpoints that have been used for assessment of biliary injury and function before and after transplantation, emphasizing on methods used during machine perfusion. The wide spectrum of different approaches to machine perfusion is discussed, including the many different combinations of techniques, temperatures and perfusates at varying time points. In addition, the current understanding of the effect of machine perfusion in relation to biliary injury is reviewed. Finally, we explore directions for future research such as the application of (pharmacological) strategies during machine perfusion to further improve preservation. We stress the great potential of machine perfusion to possibly expand the donor pool by reducing the incidence of NAS in extended criteria organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pepijn D Weeder
- Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne van Rijn
- Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J Porte
- Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Chen J, Zhao KN, Chen C. The role of CYP3A4 in the biotransformation of bile acids and therapeutic implication for cholestasis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2014; 2:7. [PMID: 25332983 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2013.03.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CYP3A4 is a major cytochrome P450. It catalyses a broad range of substrates including xenobiotics such as clinically used drugs and endogenous compounds bile acids. Its function to detoxify bile acids could be used for treating cholestasis, which is a condition characterised by accumulation of bile acids. Although bile acids have important physiological functions, they are very toxic when their concentrations are excessively high. The accumulated bile acids in cholestasis can cause liver and other tissue injuries. Thus, control of the concentrations of bile acids is critical for treatment of cholestasis. CYP3A4 is responsively upregulated in cholestasis mediated by the nuclear receptors farnesol X receptor (FXR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR) as a defence mechanism. However, the regulation of CYP3A4 is complicated by estrogen, which is increased in cholestasis and down regulates CYP3A4 expression. The activity of CYP3A4 is also inhibited by accumulated bile acids due to their property of detergent effect. In some cholestasis cases, genetic polymorphisms of the CYP3A4 and PXR genes may interfere with the adaptive response. Further stimulation of CYP3A4 activity in cholestasis could be an effective approach for treatment of the disease. In this review, we summarise recent progress about the roles of CYP3A4 in the metabolism of bile acids, its regulation and possible implication in the treatment of cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiezhong Chen
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia ; 2 Centre for Kidney Disease-Venomics Research, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Kong-Nan Zhao
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia ; 2 Centre for Kidney Disease-Venomics Research, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Chen Chen
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia ; 2 Centre for Kidney Disease-Venomics Research, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
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Sellinger M, Xu W, Pathil A, Stremmel W, Chamulitrat W. Ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide inhibits cholestasis- and hypoxia-induced apoptosis by upregulating antiapoptosis proteins. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 240:252-60. [PMID: 25125499 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214547157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase of toxic bile acids such as glycochenodeoxycholic acid occurs during warm ischemia reperfusion causing cholestasis and damage in hepatocytes and intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells. We aim to test antiapoptosis effects of ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide under cholestatic induction by glycochenodeoxycholic acid treatment of mouse hepatocytes and hypoxia induction by cobalt chloride treatment of intrahepatic biliary epithelial cancer Mz-ChA-1cell line. Such treatments caused marked increases in apoptosis as evidenced by activation of caspase 3, caspase 8 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1. Co-treatment with ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide significantly inhibited these increases. Interestingly, ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide was able to increase expression of antiapoptotic cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein in both cell types. Ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide also prevented the decreases of myeloid cell leukemia sequence-1 protein in both experimental systems, and this protection was due to ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide's ability to inhibit ubiquitination-mediated degradation of myeloid cell leukemia sequence-1, and to increase the phosphorylation of GSK-3β. In addition, ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide was able to prevent the decreased expression of another antiapoptotic cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 2 in cobalt chloride-treated Mz-ChA-1 cells. Hence, ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide mediated cytoprotection against apoptosis during toxic bile-acid and ischemic stresses by a mechanism involving accumulation of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein, myeloid cell leukemia sequence-1 and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 2 proteins. Ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide may thus be used as an agent to prevent hepatic ischemia reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra Sellinger
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, University Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Weihong Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, University Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anita Pathil
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, University Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Stremmel
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, University Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walee Chamulitrat
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, University Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Soroka CJ, Boyer JL. Biosynthesis and trafficking of the bile salt export pump, BSEP: therapeutic implications of BSEP mutations. Mol Aspects Med 2014; 37:3-14. [PMID: 23685087 PMCID: PMC3784619 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The bile salt export pump (BSEP, ABCB11) is the primary transporter of bile acids from the hepatocyte to the biliary system. This rate-limiting step in bile formation is essential to the formation of bile salt dependent bile flow, the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, and the digestion of dietary fats. Mutations in BSEP are associated with cholestatic diseases such as progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 2 (PFIC2), benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis type 2 (BRIC2), drug-induced cholestasis, and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Development of clinical therapies for these conditions necessitates a clear understanding of the cell biology of biosynthesis, trafficking, and transcriptional and translational regulation of BSEP. This chapter will focus on the molecular and cell biological aspects of this critical hepatic membrane transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol J Soroka
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.
| | - James L Boyer
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.
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Baghdasaryan A, Chiba P, Trauner M. Clinical application of transcriptional activators of bile salt transporters. Mol Aspects Med 2014; 37:57-76. [PMID: 24333169 PMCID: PMC4045202 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatobiliary bile salt (BS) transporters are critical determinants of BS homeostasis controlling intracellular concentrations of BSs and their enterohepatic circulation. Genetic or acquired dysfunction of specific transport systems causes intrahepatic and systemic retention of potentially cytotoxic BSs, which, in high concentrations, may disturb integrity of cell membranes and subcellular organelles resulting in cell death, inflammation and fibrosis. Transcriptional regulation of canalicular BS efflux through bile salt export pump (BSEP), basolateral elimination through organic solute transporters alpha and beta (OSTα/OSTβ) as well as inhibition of hepatocellular BS uptake through basolateral Na(+)-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) represent critical steps in protection from hepatocellular BS overload and can be targeted therapeutically. In this article, we review the potential clinical implications of the major BS transporters BSEP, OSTα/OSTβ and NTCP in the pathogenesis of hereditary and acquired cholestatic syndromes, provide an overview on transcriptional control of these transporters by the key regulatory nuclear receptors and discuss the potential therapeutic role of novel transcriptional activators of BS transporters in cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Baghdasaryan
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Chiba
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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Selective factors governing in vitro β-carotene bioaccessibility: negative influence of low filtration cutoffs and alterations by emulsifiers and food matrices. Nutr Res 2014; 34:1101-10. [PMID: 25476193 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Because of their putative health benefits, the biological fate of carotenoids after digestion has been met with much interest, and ex vivo methods using carotenoid standards to study their digestion and further metabolism have been developed. In the absence of a complex food matrix, that is, when studying isolated carotenoids, protocol conditions of gastrointestinal digestion models have to be adjusted. In this investigation, we hypothesized that certain selected factors would significantly influence the bioaccessibility of β-carotene in vitro. The factors considered included (i) type of lipid matrix employed (milk, cream, or oil), (ii) presence/absence of emulsifiers (e.g. lecithin and taurocholate), (iii) addition of a gastric lipase, and (iv) final filtration (20 or 200 nm) of the digesta. Adding an emulsifier mixture (10 mg lecithin + 50 mg monoolein + 5 mg oleic acid) enhanced β-carotene bioaccessibility 3 times (P < 0.001), whereas additional taurocholate and the presence/absence of gastric lipase added before intestinal digestion had no significant effect. β-Carotene bioaccessibility was superior with oil than with milk (18.8% ± 0.7% and 6.1% ± 0.7%, respectively; P = 0.03), especially after filtration, thus suggesting incomplete micelle formation after addition of milk. Filtration through 20 nm filters reduced carotenoid concentration in the aqueous fraction (from 7.1% ± 0.2% to 5.5% ± 0.2% in samples digested with canola oil, P < 0.001), indicating that not all formed micelles compared in size with those normally formed in vivo. When studying carotenoid standards during in vitro digestion, care should be taken to separate mixed micelles by filtration, and the choice of emulsifier and matrix should be considered.
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Peng J, Cai S, Wang L, Zhao N, Zhang TJ, Chen ZX, Meng FH. A metabonomic analysis of serum from rats treated with ricinine using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90416. [PMID: 24618672 PMCID: PMC3949718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A metabonomic approach based on ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS) was used to study the hepatotoxicity of ricinine in rats. Potential biomarkers of ricinine toxicity and toxicological mechanism were analyzed by serum metabonomic method. The significant differences in the metabolic profiling of the control and treated rats were clear by using the principal components analysis (PCA) of the chromatographic data. Significant changes of metabolite biomarkers like phenylalanine, tryptophan, cholic acid, LPC and PC were detected in the serum. These biochemical changes were related to the metabolic disorders in amino acids and phospholipids. This research indicates that UPLC/MS-based metabonomic analysis of serum samples can be used to predict the hepatotoxicity and further understand the toxicological mechanism induced by ricinine. This work shows that metabonomics method is a valuable tool in drug mechanism study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Peng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuang Cai
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ting-jian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zai-xing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Fan-hao Meng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- * E-mail:
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76
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Shoda LKM, Woodhead JL, Siler SQ, Watkins PB, Howell BA. Linking physiology to toxicity using DILIsym®, a mechanistic mathematical model of drug-induced liver injury. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2013; 35:33-49. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisl K. M. Shoda
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences; The Hamner Institutes; Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Woodhead
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences; The Hamner Institutes; Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA
| | - Scott Q. Siler
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences; The Hamner Institutes; Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA
| | - Paul B. Watkins
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences; The Hamner Institutes; Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA
| | - Brett A. Howell
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences; The Hamner Institutes; Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA
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77
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Rössger K, Charpin-El-Hamri G, Fussenegger M. Bile acid-controlled transgene expression in mammalian cells and mice. Metab Eng 2013; 21:81-90. [PMID: 24280297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, using trigger-inducible mammalian gene switches to design sophisticated transcription-control networks has become standard practice in synthetic biology. These switches provide unprecedented precision, complexity and reliability when programming novel mammalian cell functions. Metabolite-responsive repressors of human-pathogenic bacteria are particularly attractive for use in these orthogonal synthetic mammalian gene switches because the trigger compound sensitivity often matches the human physiological range. We have designed both a bile acid-repressible (BEAROFF) as well as a bile-acid-inducible (BEARON) gene switch by capitalizing on components that have evolved to manage bile acid resistance in Campylobacter jejuni, the leading causative agent of human food-borne enteritis. We have shown that both of these switches enable bile acid-adjustable transgene expression in different mammalian cell lines as well as in mice. For the BEAROFF device, the C. jejuni repressor CmeR was fused to the VP16 transactivation domain to create a synthetic transactivator that activates minimal promoters containing tandem operator modules (Ocme) in a bile acid-repressible manner. Fusion of CmeR to a transsilencing domain resulted in an artificial transsilencer that binds and represses a constitutive Ocme-containing promoter until it is released by addition of bile acid (BEARON). A tailored multi-step tuning program for the inducible gene switch, which included the optimization of individual component performance, control of their relative abundances, the choice of the cell line and trigger compound, resulted in a BEARON device with significantly improved bile acid-responsive control characteristics. Synthetic metabolite-triggered gene switches that are able to interface with host metabolism may foster advances in future gene and cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Rössger
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ghislaine Charpin-El-Hamri
- Département Génie Biologique, Institut Universitaire de Technologie (IUTA), F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Martin Fussenegger
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland; Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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78
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Rivera-Posada J, Caballes CF, Pratchett MS. Lethal doses of oxbile, peptones and thiosulfate-citrate-bile-sucrose agar (TCBS) for Acanthaster planci; exploring alternative population control options. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 75:133-139. [PMID: 23972677 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Effective control of outbreaks of Acanthaster planci represents the most immediate and practical intervention to reverse sustained declines in coral cover on reefs in the Indo-Pacific. This study explored the minimum doses of oxbile, oxgall, and thiosulfate-citrate-bile-sucrose agar (TCBS) that result in reliable and comprehensive mortality when injected into adult A. planci. The minimum doses required to induce 100% mortality among starfish (n=10) were 4 g l(-1) of oxbile, 8 g l(-1) of oxgall and 22 g l(-1) of TCBS. Moreover, there was no evidence of unintended side effects for other coral reef organisms (e.g., scleractinian corals, echinoderms and fishes) when using oxbile, oxgall, or TCBS at minimum doses. The effectiveness of peptones in killing crown-of-thorns starfish was also tested, but inconsistency in the results revealed that these proteins are unreliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Rivera-Posada
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4812, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No. 3, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia.
| | - Ciemon F Caballes
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4812, Australia
| | - Morgan S Pratchett
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4812, Australia
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79
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Fang ZZ, He RR, Cao YF, Tanaka N, Jiang C, Krausz KW, Qi Y, Dong PP, Ai CZ, Sun XY, Hong M, Ge GB, Gonzalez FJ, Ma XC, Sun HZ. A model of in vitro UDP-glucuronosyltransferase inhibition by bile acids predicts possible metabolic disorders. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:3334-44. [PMID: 24115227 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m040519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased levels of bile acids (BAs) due to the various hepatic diseases could interfere with the metabolism of xenobiotics, such as drugs, and endobiotics including steroid hormones. UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are involved in the conjugation and elimination of many xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. The present study sought to investigate the potential for inhibition of UGT enzymes by BAs. The results showed that taurolithocholic acid (TLCA) exhibited the strongest inhibition toward UGTs, followed by lithocholic acid. Structure-UGT inhibition relationships of BAs were examined and in vitro-in vivo extrapolation performed by using in vitro inhibition kinetic parameters (Ki) in combination with calculated in vivo levels of TLCA. Substitution of a hydrogen with a hydroxyl group in the R1, R3, R4, R5 sites of BAs significantly weakens their inhibition ability toward most UGTs. The in vivo inhibition by TLCA toward UGT forms was determined with following orders of potency: UGT1A4 > UGT2B7 > UGT1A3 > UGT1A1 ∼ UGT1A7 ∼ UGT1A10 ∼ UGT2B15. In conclusion, these studies suggest that disrupted homeostasis of BAs, notably taurolithocholic acid, found in various diseases such as cholestasis, could lead to altered metabolism of xenobiotics and endobiotics through inhibition of UGT enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Ze Fang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
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80
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Morgan RE, van Staden CJ, Chen Y, Kalyanaraman N, Kalanzi J, Dunn RT, Afshari CA, Hamadeh HK. A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development. Toxicol Sci 2013; 136:216-41. [PMID: 23956101 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The bile salt export pump (BSEP) is expressed at the canalicular domain of hepatocytes, where it serves as the primary route of elimination for monovalent bile acids (BAs) into the bile canaliculi. The most compelling evidence linking dysfunction in BA transport with liver injury in humans is found with carriers of mutations that render BSEP nonfunctional. Based on mounting evidence, there appears to be a strong association between drug-induced BSEP interference and liver injury in humans; however, causality has not been established. For this reason, drug-induced BSEP interference is best considered a susceptibility factor for liver injury as other host- or drug-related properties may contribute to the development of hepatotoxicity. To better understand the association between BSEP interference and liver injury in humans, over 600 marketed or withdrawn drugs were evaluated in BSEP expressing membrane vesicles. The example of a compound that failed during phase 1 human trials is also described, AMG 009. AMG 009 showed evidence of liver injury in humans that was not predicted by preclinical safety studies, and BSEP inhibition was implicated. For 109 of the drugs with some effect on in vitro BSEP function, clinical use, associations with hepatotoxicity, pharmacokinetic data, and other information were annotated. A steady state concentration (C(ss)) for each of these annotated drugs was estimated, and a ratio between this value and measured IC₅₀ potency values were calculated in an attempt to relate exposure to in vitro potencies. When factoring for exposure, 95% of the annotated compounds with a C(ss)/BSEP IC₅₀ ratio ≥ 0.1 were associated with some form of liver injury. We then investigated the relationship between clinical evidence of liver injury and effects to multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) believed to play a role in BA homeostasis. The effect of 600+ drugs on MRP2, MRP3, and MRP4 function was also evaluated in membrane vesicle assays. Drugs with a C(ss)/BSEP IC₅₀ ratio ≥ 0.1 and a C(ss)/MRP IC₅₀ ratio ≥ 0.1 had almost a 100% correlation with some evidence of liver injury in humans. These data suggest that integration of exposure data, and knowledge of an effect to not only BSEP but also one or more of the MRPs, is a useful tool for informing the potential for liver injury due to altered BA transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Morgan
- * Department of Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Discovery Toxicology
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81
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Marin JJG, Hernandez A, Revuelta IE, Gonzalez-Sanchez E, Gonzalez-Buitrago JM, Perez MJ. Mitochondrial genome depletion in human liver cells abolishes bile acid-induced apoptosis: role of the Akt/mTOR survival pathway and Bcl-2 family proteins. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 61:218-28. [PMID: 23597504 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Acute accumulation of bile acids in hepatocytes may cause cell death. However, during long-term exposure due to prolonged cholestasis, hepatocytes may develop a certain degree of chemoresistance to these compounds. Because mitochondrial adaptation to persistent oxidative stress may be involved in this process, here we have investigated the effects of complete mitochondrial genome depletion on the response to bile acid-induced hepatocellular injury. A subline (Rho) of human hepatoma SK-Hep-1 cells totally depleted of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was obtained, and bile acid-induced concentration-dependent activation of apoptosis/necrosis and survival signaling pathways was studied. In the absence of changes in intracellular ATP content, Rho cells were highly resistant to bile acid-induced apoptosis and partially resistant to bile acid-induced necrosis. In Rho cells, both basal and bile acid-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion, was decreased. Bile acid-induced proapoptotic signals were also decreased, as evidenced by a reduction in the expression ratios Bax-α/Bcl-2, Bcl-xS/Bcl-2, and Bcl-xS/Bcl-xL. This was mainly due to a downregulation of Bax-α and Bcl-xS. Moreover, in these cells the Akt/mTOR pathway was constitutively activated in a ROS-independent manner and remained similarly activated in the presence of bile acid treatment. In contrast, ERK1/2 activation was constitutively reduced and was not activated by incubation with bile acids. In conclusion, these results suggest that impaired mitochondrial function associated with mtDNA alterations, which may occur in liver cells during prolonged cholestasis, may activate mechanisms of cell survival accounting for an enhanced resistance of hepatocytes to bile acid-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose J G Marin
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting, (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alicia Hernandez
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting, (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd
| | - Isabel E Revuelta
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting, (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd
| | - Ester Gonzalez-Sanchez
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting, (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jose M Gonzalez-Buitrago
- University Hospital of Salamanca, IECSCYL-IBSAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria J Perez
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting, (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd; University Hospital of Salamanca, IECSCYL-IBSAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
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82
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Liang S, Su WW, Wang YG, Peng W, Nie YC, Li PB. Effect of quercetin 7-rhamnoside on glycochenodeoxycholic acid-induced L-02 human normal liver cell apoptosis. Int J Mol Med 2013; 32:323-30. [PMID: 23756642 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin 7-rhamnoside (Q7R) is one of the main flavonoid components of Hypericum japonicum. However, whether Q7R is one of the active ingredients responsible for the hepatopreventive effects of Hypericum japonicum has not yet been ascertained. Thus, the aim of the present study was to elucidate whether Q7R attenuates apoptosis induced by glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC) in vitro, and to elucidate the mechanisms involved. L-02 human normal liver cells were pre-incubated with 0, 50, 100 and 200 µM Q7R for 30 min and then exposed to 100 µM GCDC for the indicated periods of time. Methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) was performed to examine cell viability. Apoptosis was evaluated by Hoechst 33258 staining and Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by flow cytometry using the oxidation-sensitive fluorescent probe, DCFH-DA. The assay for glutathione (GSH) was performed using a GSH detection kit. Intracellular Ca2+ concentration was evaluated using a confocal laser scanning microscope with Fluo-3 as the Ca2+ probe and mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) was measured by rhodamine 123 (Rh123) fluorescence. Q7R attenuated the GCDC-induced reduction in cell viability and the high apoptotic rate. Moreover, Q7R protected the L-02 cells from ROS overproduction, GSH depletion, intracellular Ca2+ accumulation and Δψm decrease induced by GCDC. These results suggest that Q7R attenuates L-02 cell injury induced by GCDC, possibly by inhibiting the overproduction of ROS, GSH depletion, intracellular Ca2+ accumulation and Δψm decrease, thereby minimizing L-02 cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, P.R. China
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83
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Chen Y, Lv L, Jiang Z, Yang H, Li S, Jiang Y. Mitofusin 2 protects hepatocyte mitochondrial function from damage induced by GCDCA. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65455. [PMID: 23755235 PMCID: PMC3675030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial impairment is hypothesized to contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic cholestatic liver diseases. Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) regulates mitochondrial morphology and signaling and is involved in the development of numerous mitochondrial-related diseases; however, a functional role for Mfn2 in chronic liver cholestasis which is characterized by increased levels of toxic bile acids remain unknown. Therefore, the aims of this study were to evaluate the expression levels of Mfn2 in liver samples from patients with extrahepatic cholestasis and to investigate the role Mfn2 during bile acid induced injury in vitro. Endogenous Mfn2 expression decreased in patients with extrahepatic cholestasis. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) is the main toxic component of bile acid in patients with extrahepatic cholestasis. In human normal hepatocyte cells (L02), Mfn2 plays an important role in GCDCA-induced mitochondrial damage and changes in mitochondrial morphology. In line with the mitochondrial dysfunction, the expression of Mfn2 decreased significantly under GCDCA treatment conditions. Moreover, the overexpression of Mfn2 effectively attenuated mitochondrial fragmentation and reversed the mitochondrial damage observed in GCDCA-treated L02 cells. Notably, a truncated Mfn2 mutant that lacked the normal C-terminal domain lost the capacity to induce mitochondrial fusion. Increasing the expression of truncated Mfn2 also had a protective effect against the hepatotoxicity of GCDCA. Taken together, these findings indicate that the loss of Mfn2 may play a crucial role the pathogenesis of the liver damage that is observed in patients with extrahepatic cholestasis. The findings also indicate that Mfn2 may directly regulate mitochondrial metabolism independently of its primary fusion function. Therapeutic approaches that target Mfn2 may have protective effects against hepatotoxic of bile acids during cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbiao Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- * E-mail: (YC); (YJ)
| | - Lizhi Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhelong Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hejun Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Song Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- * E-mail: (YC); (YJ)
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84
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Schulz S, Schmitt S, Wimmer R, Aichler M, Eisenhofer S, Lichtmannegger J, Eberhagen C, Artmann R, Tookos F, Walch A, Krappmann D, Brenner C, Rust C, Zischka H. Progressive stages of mitochondrial destruction caused by cell toxic bile salts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:2121-33. [PMID: 23685124 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cell-toxic bile salt glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) and taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) are responsible for hepatocyte demise in cholestatic liver diseases, while tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is regarded hepatoprotective. We demonstrate the direct mitochondrio-toxicity of bile salts which deplete the mitochondrial membrane potential and induce the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). The bile salt mediated mechanistic mode of destruction significantly differs from that of calcium, the prototype MPT inducer. Cell-toxic bile salts initially bind to the mitochondrial outer membrane. Subsequently, the structure of the inner boundary membrane disintegrates. And it is only thereafter that the MPT is induced. This progressive destruction occurs in a dose- and time-dependent way. We demonstrate that GCDCA and TCDCA, but not TUDCA, preferentially permeabilize liposomes containing the mitochondrial membrane protein ANT, a process resembling the MPT induction in whole mitochondria. This suggests that ANT is one decisive target for toxic bile salts. To our knowledge this is the first report unraveling the consecutive steps leading to mitochondrial destruction by cell-toxic bile salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schulz
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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85
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Salvador JAR, Carvalho JFS, Neves MAC, Silvestre SM, Leitão AJ, Silva MMC, Sá e Melo ML. Anticancer steroids: linking natural and semi-synthetic compounds. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:324-74. [PMID: 23151898 DOI: 10.1039/c2np20082a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Steroids, a widespread class of natural organic compounds occurring in animals, plants and fungi, have shown great therapeutic value for a broad array of pathologies. The present overview is focused on the anticancer activity of steroids, which is very representative of a rich structural molecular diversity and ability to interact with various biological targets and pathways. This review encompasses the most relevant discoveries on steroid anticancer drugs and leads through the last decade and comprises 668 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A R Salvador
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-508, Coimbra, Portugal.
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86
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van Staden CJ, Morgan RE, Ramachandran B, Chen Y, Lee PH, Hamadeh HK. Membrane vesicle ABC transporter assays for drug safety assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; Chapter 23:Unit 23.5. [PMID: 23169270 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx2305s54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of plasma membrane vesicles that overexpress the bile salt export pump (BSEP) or multidrug resistance-associated protein 2, 3, or 4 (MRP2-4) with an in vitro vacuum filtration system offers a rapid and reliable means for screening drug candidates for their effects on transporter function in hepatocytes and thus their potential for causing drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Comparison of transporter activity in the presence and absence of ATP allows for determination of a specific assay window for each transporter. This window is used to determine the degree to which each test compound inhibits transporter activity. This assay battery is helpful for prioritizing and rank-ordering compounds within a chemical series with respect to each other and in the context of known inhibitors of transporter activity and/or liver injury. This model can be used to influence the drug development process at an early stage and provide rapid feedback regarding the selection of compounds for advancement to in vivo safety evaluations. A detailed protocol for the high-throughput assessment of ABC transporter function is provided, including specific recommendations for curve-fitting to help ensure consistent results.
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87
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Otte C, Penning L, Rothuizen J, Favier R. Retrospective comparison of prednisolone and ursodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of feline lymphocytic cholangitis. Vet J 2013; 195:205-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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88
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Barrasa JI, Olmo N, Lizarbe MA, Turnay J. Bile acids in the colon, from healthy to cytotoxic molecules. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 27:964-77. [PMID: 23274766 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids are natural detergents mainly involved in facilitating the absorption of dietary fat in the intestine. In addition to this absorptive function, bile acids are also essential in the maintenance of the intestinal epithelium homeostasis. To accomplish this regulatory function, bile acids may induce programmed cell death fostering the renewal of the epithelium. Here we first discuss on the different molecular pathways of cell death focusing on apoptosis in colon epithelial cells. Bile acids may induce apoptosis in colonocytes through different mechanisms. In contrast to hepatocytes, the extrinsic apoptotic pathway seems to have a low relevance regarding bile acid cytotoxicity in the colon. On the contrary, these molecules mainly trigger apoptosis through direct or indirect mitochondrial perturbations, where oxidative stress plays a key role. In addition, bile acids may also act as regulatory molecules involved in different cell signaling pathways in colon cells. On the other hand, there is increasing evidence that the continuous exposure to certain hydrophobic bile acids, due to a fat-rich diet or pathological conditions, may induce oxidative DNA damage that, in turn, may lead to colorectal carcinogenesis as a consequence of the appearance of cell populations resistant to bile acid-induced apoptosis. Finally, some bile acids, such as UDCA, or low concentrations of hydrophobic bile acids, can protect colon cells against apoptosis induced by high concentrations of cytotoxic bile acids, suggesting a dual behavior of these agents as pro-death or pro-survival molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I Barrasa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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89
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Yang F, Xu Y, Xiong A, He Y, Yang L, Wan YJY, Wang Z. Evaluation of the protective effect of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma against α-naphthylisothiocyanate induced liver injury based on metabolic profile of bile acids. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 144:599-604. [PMID: 23058990 PMCID: PMC7232858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE To evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of the root and rhizome of Rhubarb (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma) against α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced liver injury using metabolic profile of bile acids (BAs) along with biochemical parameters and histological alterations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) was applied to determinate the concentration of BAs, which was followed by multivariate statistical analysis of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares Discriminate Analysis (PLS-DA). RESULTS Based on PCA results, three groups (Vehicle group, ANIT group and RhO+ANIT group) were clearly distinguished. Tauro-cholic acid (TCA), tauro-hyodesoxycholic acid (THDCA), glyco-cholic acid (GCA), and glyco-chenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) were proved to be the most important markers corresponding to ANIT-induced liver injury and protection provided by Rhubarb, which is further confirmed by PLS-DA. A correlation was found between the foregoing BAs and biochemical parameters including serum aspartate aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), which confirmed that TCA, THDAC, GCA, and GCDCA could be considered as sensitive biomarkers. CONCLUSION The variance of the BAs contents can be used to evaluate ANIT-induced hepatotoxicity caused by ANIT and protective effects of Rhubarb. It also lays the foundation for the further research on the mechanisms of cholestasis as well as the therapeutic effect of Rhubarb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ying Xu
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Aizhen Xiong
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yugi He
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Room 3400B, 4645 2nd Ave, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yu-Jui Yvonne Wan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Room 3400B, 4645 2nd Ave, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai 201210, China
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90
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Vollmers C, Schmitz RJ, Nathanson J, Yeo G, Ecker JR, Panda S. Circadian oscillations of protein-coding and regulatory RNAs in a highly dynamic mammalian liver epigenome. Cell Metab 2012; 16:833-45. [PMID: 23217262 PMCID: PMC3541940 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the mouse liver, circadian transcriptional rhythms are necessary for metabolic homeostasis. Whether dynamic epigenomic modifications are associated with transcript oscillations has not been systematically investigated. We found that several antisense RNA, lincRNA, and microRNA transcripts also showed circadian oscillations in adult mouse livers. Robust transcript oscillations often correlated with rhythmic histone modifications in promoters, gene bodies, or enhancers, although promoter DNA methylation levels were relatively stable. Such integrative analyses identified oscillating expression of an antisense transcript (asPer2) to the gene encoding the circadian oscillator component Per2. Robust transcript oscillations often accompanied rhythms in multiple histone modifications and recruitment of multiple chromatin-associated clock components. Coupling of cycling histone modifications with nearby oscillating transcripts thus established a temporal relationship between enhancers, genes, and transcripts on a genome-wide scale in a mammalian liver. The results offer a framework for understanding the dynamics of metabolism, circadian clock, and chromatin modifications involved in metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Vollmers
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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91
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Ceuppens S, Uyttendaele M, Hamelink S, Boon N, Van de Wiele T. Inactivation of Bacillus cereus vegetative cells by gastric acid and bile during in vitro gastrointestinal transit. Gut Pathog 2012; 4:11. [PMID: 23034184 PMCID: PMC3500208 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-4-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND The foodborne pathogen Bacillus cereus can cause diarrhoeal food poisoning by production of enterotoxins in the small intestine. The prerequisite for diarrhoeal disease is thus survival during gastrointestinal passage. METHODS Vegetative cells of 3 different B. cereus strains were cultivated in a real composite food matrix, lasagne verde, and their survival during subsequent simulation of gastrointestinal passage was assessed using in vitro experiments simulating transit through the human upper gastrointestinal tract (from mouth to small intestine). RESULTS No survival of vegetative cells was observed, despite the high inoculum levels of 7.0 to 8.0 log CFU/g and the presence of various potentially protective food components. Significant fractions (approx. 10% of the consumed inoculum) of B. cereus vegetative cells survived gastric passage, but they were subsequently inactivated by bile exposure in weakly acidic intestinal medium (pH 5.0). In contrast, the low numbers of spores present (up to 4.0 log spores/g) showed excellent survival and remained viable spores throughout the gastrointestinal passage simulation. CONCLUSION Vegetative cells are inactivated by gastric acid and bile during gastrointestinal passage, while spores are resistant and survive. Therefore, the physiological form (vegetative cells or spores) of the B. cereus consumed determines the subsequent gastrointestinal survival and thus the infective dose, which is expected to be much lower for spores than vegetative cells. No significant differences in gastrointestinal survival ability was found among the different strains. However, considerable strain variability was observed in sporulation tendency during growth in laboratory medium and food, which has important implications for the gastrointestinal survival potential of the different B. cereus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siele Ceuppens
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Gent, Belgium.
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92
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García-Cañaveras JC, Donato MT, Castell JV, Lahoz A. Targeted profiling of circulating and hepatic bile acids in human, mouse, and rat using a UPLC-MRM-MS-validated method. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2231-2241. [PMID: 22822028 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d028803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are a group of chemically related steroids recognized as regulatory molecules whose profiles can change in different physio-pathological situations. We have developed a sensitive, fast, and reproducible ultraperformance liquid chromatography/multiple reaction monitoring/mass spectrometry method to determine the tissue and sera BA profiles in different species (human, rat, and mouse) by quantifying 31 major and minor BA species in a single 21-min run. The method has been validated according to FDA guidelines, and it generally provides good results in terms of intra- and interday precision (less than 8.6% and 16.0%, respectively), accuracy (relative error measurement between -11.9% and 8.6%), and linearity (R(2) > 0.996 and dynamic ranges between two and four orders of magnitude), with limits of quantification between 2.5 and 20 nM. The new analytical approach was applied to determine BA concentrations in human, rat, and mouse serum and in liver tissue. Our comparative study confirmed and extended previous reports, showing marked interspecies differences in circulating and hepatic BA composition. The targeted analysis revealed the presence of unexpected minoritary BAs, such as tauro-alpha-Muricholic acid in human serum, thus allowing us to obtain a thorough profiling of human samples. Its great sensitivity, low sample requirements (25 µl of serum, 5 mg of tissue), and comprehensive capacity to profile a considerable number of BAs make the present method a good choice to study BA metabolism in physiological and pathological situations, particularly in toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C García-Cañaveras
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain; and CIBERehd
| | - M Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain; and CIBERehd; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, FIS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José V Castell
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain; and CIBERehd; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, FIS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agustín Lahoz
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
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93
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Xu SC, Chen YB, Lin H, Pi HF, Zhang NX, Zhao CC, Shuai L, Zhong M, Yu ZP, Zhou Z, Bie P. Damage to mtDNA in liver injury of patients with extrahepatic cholestasis: the protective effects of mitochondrial transcription factor A. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:1543-51. [PMID: 22306509 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are involved in the pathogenesis of chronic liver cholestasis. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is highly susceptible to oxidative stress and mtDNA damage leads to mitochondrial dysfunction. This study aimed to investigate the mtDNA alterations that occurred during liver injury in patients with extrahepatic cholestasis. Along with an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and a decrease in ATP levels, extrahepatic cholestatic patients presented a significant increase in mitochondrial 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels and decreases in mtDNA copy number, mtDNA transcript levels, and mtDNA nucleoid structure. In L02 cells, glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) induced similar damage to the mtDNA and mitochondria. In line with the mtDNA alterations, the mRNA and protein levels of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) were significantly decreased both in cholestatic patients and in GCDCA-treated L02 cells. Moreover, overexpression of TFAM could efficiently attenuate the mtDNA damage induced by GCDCA in L02 cells. However, without its C-tail, ΔC-TFAM appeared less effective against the hepatotoxicity of GCDCA than the wild-type TFAM. Overall, our study demonstrates that mtDNA damage is involved in liver damage in extrahepatic cholestatic patients. The mtDNA damage is attributable to the loss of TFAM. TFAM has mtDNA-protective effects against the hepatotoxicity of bile acid during cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Cheng Xu
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
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94
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Trottier J, Białek A, Caron P, Straka RJ, Heathcote J, Milkiewicz P, Barbier O. Metabolomic profiling of 17 bile acids in serum from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis: a pilot study. Dig Liver Dis 2012; 44:303-10. [PMID: 22169272 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2011.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis are two cholestatic diseases characterised by hepatic accumulation of bile acids. AIMS This study compares serum bile acid levels in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis and from age and sex-matched non cholestatic donors. METHODS Seventeen bile acids were quantified using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Serum samples from cholestatic patients were compared with those of non-cholestatic donors. RESULTS The concentration of total bile acids, taurine and glycine conjugates of primary bile acids was elevated in both patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis when compared to non-cholestatic donors. Samples from primary sclerosing cholangitis patients displayed reduced levels of secondary acids, when compared to non cholestatic and primary biliary cirrhosis sera. The ratio of total glycine versus total taurine conjugates was reduced in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, but not in primary sclerosing cholangitis. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that circulating bile acids are altered differentially in primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Trottier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHUQ Research Center and the Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
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95
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Cholic acid changes defense response to oxidative stress in soybean induced by Aspergillus niger. Open Life Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11535-011-0104-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe oxidative stress and antioxidant systems in soybean leaves and roots infected with plant pathogen Aspergillus niger were studied following treatment with different concentrations of cholic acid. Several oxidative stress parameters were analyzed: production of superoxide (O2
·−) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH), lipid peroxidation (LP), and superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1) activity, as well as the content of reduced glutathione (GSH). Results showed that inoculation with A. niger led to the increase of O2
·− production and GSH quantities in leaves and ·OH in roots. The highest activity of SOD occured in infected plants treated with cholic acid in concentrations of 40 and 60 mg L−1 which ultimately led to a decrease in O2
·− production. Inoculation with Aspergillus in combination with elevated cholic acid concentrations also increased ·OH production which is correlated with increased LP. These results may support the idea of using cholic acid as an elicitor to trigger hypersensitive response in plant cells. Use of cholic acid may also actively contribute to soybean plants defense response against pathogen attack.
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96
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Sullivan BP, Cui W, Copple BL, Luyendyk JP. Early growth response factor-1 limits biliary fibrosis in a model of xenobiotic-induced cholestasis in mice. Toxicol Sci 2011; 126:267-74. [PMID: 22094456 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic expression of the transcription factor early growth response-1 (Egr-1) is increased in livers of patients with cholestatic liver disease. Bile acid induction of inflammatory genes in hepatocytes is Egr-1 dependent, and Egr-1 expression is increased in livers of mice after bile duct ligation. Of importance, Egr-1 deficiency reduces liver inflammation and injury in that model. However, it is not known whether Egr-1 promotes inflammation in other models of cholestasis. We tested the hypothesis that Egr-1 contributes to liver inflammation in mice exposed chronically to the bile duct epithelial cell (BDEC) toxicant alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT). Egr-1-knockout (Egr-1(-/-)) mice and wild-type mice were fed a diet containing 0.025% ANIT for 2 weeks. Expression of Egr-1 mRNA and protein was significantly increased in livers of mice fed ANIT diet. Egr-1 deficiency did not significantly affect ANIT diet-induced hepatocellular injury, inflammatory gene induction, BDEC hyperplasia, or hepatic neutrophil accumulation. In contrast, the deposition of Type 1 collagen was significantly increased in livers of Egr-1(-/-) mice fed ANIT diet compared with wild-type mice fed ANIT diet. Interestingly, this increase in liver fibrosis occurred in association with elevated expression of the β6 integrin (Itgb6) gene, suggesting the potential for increased local activation of transforming growth factor beta. Taken together, the results indicate that Egr-1 does not contribute to liver injury or inflammation in mice fed a diet containing ANIT. Rather, these studies indicate that Egr-1 deficiency worsens liver fibrosis in conjunction with enhanced expression of the profibrogenic Itgb6 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley P Sullivan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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97
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Yu Y, Ma C, Bi K, Yang G, Xie P, Wang J, Chen XH. A metabonomic analysis of urine from rats treated with rhizoma alismatis using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:2633-2640. [PMID: 23657958 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A metabonomic approach based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS) was used to study the nephrotoxicity of rhizoma alismatis (RA) in rats. Potential biomarkers of RA toxicity were identified and the toxicological mechanism is discussed. Urine samples were collected from control and treated rats at various stages and analyzed by UPLC/MS in positive ionization mode. Histopathological analysis was used to evaluate renal function. The differences in the metabolic profiles of the control and treated rats were clearly distinguishable with principal components analysis (PCA) of the chromatographic data, and significant changes in 13 metabolite biomarkers were detected in the urine. This metabonomic method combined with PCA could discriminate the treated rats from the control rats on days 60, 120, and 180 after treatment, before serious organic renal damage was apparent on day 180 with histopathology. This research indicates that UPLC/MS-based metabonomic analysis of urine samples can be used to predict the chronic nephrotoxicity induced by rhizoma alismatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
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98
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García-Cañaveras JC, Donato MT, Castell JV, Lahoz A. A comprehensive untargeted metabonomic analysis of human steatotic liver tissue by RP and HILIC chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry reveals important metabolic alterations. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:4825-34. [PMID: 21830829 DOI: 10.1021/pr200629p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Steatosis, or excessive accumulation of lipids in the liver, is a generally accepted previous step to the development of more severe conditions like nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. We aimed to characterize the metabolic profile that defines simple steatosis in human tissue and to identify potential disturbances in the hepatic metabolism that could favor the switch to progressive liver damage. A total of 46 samples, 23 from steatotic and 23 from nonsteatotic human livers, were analyzed following a holistic LC-MS-based metabonomic analysis that combines RP and HILIC chromatographic separations. Multivariate statistical data analysis satisfactorily classified samples and revealed steatosis-associated biomarkers. Increased levels of bile acids and phospholipid degradation products, and decreased levels of antioxidant species, were found in steatotic livers, indicating disturbances in lipid and bile acid homeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction. Changes in hypoxanthine, creatinine, glutamate, glutamine, or γ-glutamyl-dipeptides concentrations, suggestive of alterations in energy metabolism and amino acid metabolism and transport, were also found. The results show that the proposed analytical strategy is suitable to achieve a comprehensive metabolic profile of steatotic human liver tissue and provide new insights into the metabolic alterations occurring in fatty liver that could contribute to its predisposition to damage evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C García-Cañaveras
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Hospital La Fe , Valencia, Spain
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99
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100
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Goldman A, Chen H, Khan MR, Roesly H, Hill KA, Shahidullah M, Mandal A, Delamere NA, Dvorak K. The Na+/H+ exchanger controls deoxycholic acid-induced apoptosis by a H+-activated, Na+-dependent ionic shift in esophageal cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23835. [PMID: 21887327 PMCID: PMC3161789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis resistance is a hallmark of cancer cells. Typically, bile acids induce apoptosis. However during gastrointestinal (GI) tumorigenesis the cancer cells develop resistance to bile acid-induced cell death. To understand how bile acids induce apoptosis resistance we first need to identify the molecular pathways that initiate apoptosis in response to bile acid exposure. In this study we examined the mechanism of deoxycholic acid (DCA)-induced apoptosis, specifically the role of Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) and Na+ influx in esophageal cells. In vitro studies revealed that the exposure of esophageal cells (JH-EsoAd1, CP-A) to DCA (0.2 mM -0.5 mM) caused lysosomal membrane perturbation and transient cytoplasmic acidification. Fluorescence microscopy in conjunction with atomic absorption spectrophotometry demonstrated that this effect on lysosomes correlated with influx of Na+, subsequent loss of intracellular K+, an increase of Ca2+ and apoptosis. However, ethylisopropyl-amiloride (EIPA), a selective inhibitor of NHE, prevented Na+, K+ and Ca2+ changes and caspase 3/7 activation induced by DCA. Ouabain and amphotericin B, two drugs that increase intracellular Na+ levels, induced similar changes as DCA (ion imbalance, caspase3/7 activation). On the contrary, DCA-induced cell death was inhibited by medium with low a Na+ concentrations. In the same experiments, we exposed rat ileum ex-vivo to DCA with or without EIPA. Severe tissue damage and caspase-3 activation was observed after DCA treatment, but EIPA almost fully prevented this response. In summary, NHE-mediated Na+ influx is a critical step leading to DCA-induced apoptosis. Cells tolerate acidification but evade DCA-induced apoptosis if NHE is inhibited. Our data suggests that suppression of NHE by endogenous or exogenous inhibitors may lead to apoptosis resistance during GI tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Goldman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - HwuDauRw Chen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Mohammad R. Khan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Heather Roesly
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kimberly A. Hill
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Shahidullah
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Amritlal Mandal
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Nicholas A. Delamere
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Katerina Dvorak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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